Biometrics
PARSA HOSSEINI
WHAT IS BIOMETRICS?
refers to the identification of humans by their
characteristics or traits.
Many different aspects of human physiology,
chemistry or behavior can be used for biometric
identification and authentication.
Rapid!
Know
Be Have
IN GENERAL
Biometrics can be sorted into two classes:
Physiological
Examples: face, fingerprint, hand
geometry and iris recognition
Behavioral
Examples: signature and voice
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BIOMETRIC DEVICE
BIOMETRIC IDENTIFIERS
Common: Others:
DNA
Fingerprint Recognition
Retina recognition
Face Recognition Thermograms
Speaker Recognition Ear recognition
Iris Recognition Skin reflection
Lip motion
Hand Geometry Body odor
Signature verification Brain Wave Pattern
Footprint and Foot
Dynamics
1. FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION
An extremely useful biometrics technology
since fingerprints have long been
recognized as a primary and accurate
identification method.
Acquisition Devices
Ink & paper – the oldest way
Ink-less Methods - sense the
ridges on a finger
“Livescan” fingerprint scanners
Optical methods (FTIR)
CMOS capacitance
Thermal sensing
Ultrasound sensing
APPLICATIONS
Authentication, or 1-to-1: matches a
person's claimed identity to his/her
biometric and one or more other security
technologies (password, PIN, Token).
Identification, or 1-to-Many:
identifies a person from the entire
enrolled population. (See http://www.biometrics.dod.mil/bio101/index.aspx )
MINUTIAE
Uses the ridge endings and bifurcation's on a
persons finger to plot points known as Minutiae
The number and locations of the minutiae vary from
finger to finger in any particular person, and from
person to person for any particular finger
Finger Image Finger Image + Minutiae
Minutiae
Fingerprint scanning (Minutiae based approach)
MATCHING APPROACHES
Two basic classes of matching techniques:
Image techniques
Use both optical and numerical image correlation
techniques
• Feature techniques
Extracts features and develop representations
from these features
Combining the above two techniques:
• Hybrid techniques (with improved accuracy)
2. FACE RECOGNITION
• Uses an image or series of images either
from a camera or photograph to recognize a
person.
• Principle: analysis of the unique shape,
pattern and positioning of facial features.
FEATURES
Passive biometrics and does not require a
persons cooperation
Highly complex technology and largely
software based.
Primary advantage is that the biometric
system is able to operate “hands-free” and
a user’s identity is confirmed by simply
staring at the screen.
DETAILS
Source of data: Single image, video
sequence, 3D image and Near Infrared
Models: weak models of the human face
that model face shape in terms of facial
texture
Face appearance
Face geometry
EXAMPLES
Vision and Modeling Group
Face Recognition Demo
3. VOICE RECOGNITION
Voice recognition is not the same as speech
recognition, it is speaker recognition
Considered both physiological and behavioral
Popular and low-cost, but less accurate and
sometimes lengthy enrollment
APPLICATION CATEGORIES
Fixed text
Text dependent
Text independent
Conversational
FEATURES
Advantage
Less requirements for users, such that they do not have to go
through a separate process for verification
Very little hardware is required, and ideally suited to telephone-
based system for a remote identification
• Disadvantage
Acoustic features : 1. Misspoken or misread phrases; 2. The
human voice's tremendous variability, due to colds, aging, and
simple tiredness
Can be captured surreptitiously by a third party and replayed
4. IRIS RECOGNITION
Analysis of the iris of the eye, which is the colored ring of tissue
that surrounds the pupil of the eye.
Based on visible features.
Widely regarded as the most safe, accurate biometrics technology
high speeds, High accuracy.
Example Iris Images
APPLICATIONS
Iris recognition is a highly
mature technology with a
proven track record in a
number of application areas.
Used very effectively all
over the world.
Heathrow Airport (London) - Iris
HAND GEOMETRY 5.
• Hand geometry systems are commonly
available in two main forms. Full hand
geometry systems take an image of the entire
hand for comparison while Two Finger
readers only image two fingers of the hand.
• Hand recognition technology is currently one
of the most deployed biometrics disciplines
world wide
HOW DOES IT WORK
A camera capture an image of the hand, with the help of a
mirror to get also the edge. and some geometrical
characteristics stored.
( See Jain et al. A Prototype Hand Geometry-based Verification System )
APPLICATIONS
BenGurion Airport - Hand Geometry INSPASS - Hand Geometry
see INS Passenger
Accelerated Service System
6. SIGNATURE VERIFICATION
Static/Off-line: the conventional way
Dynamic/On-line: using electronically instrumented
device
Principle: the movement of the pen during the signing
process rather than the static image of the signature.
Many aspects of the signature in motion can be studied,
such as pen pressure, the sound the pen makes
Applications
For more technical information:
• IBM online signature verification
Examples of Commercial products:
• Cyber-SIGN PenOp
• CIC Communication Intelligence
Corp.
"The power to sign online"
BIOMETRICS IN EARLY STAGES
DNA Retina Thermograms
recognition
Gait Keystroke Ear recognition
Skin reflection Lip motion Body odor
I. DNA
DNA has been called the “ultimate identifier”
Identify information from every cell in the body in a
digital form
Not yet fully automated, not fast and expensive
Theoretical limitation: Identical twins have the same
DNA
Privacy issue – DNA contains information about race,
paternity, and medical conditions for certain disease
COMPARISON CHART
DNA Conventional Biometrics
Requires an actual Uses an impression, image, or
physical sample recording
Not done in real-time; not Done in real-time; automated
all stages of comparison process
are automated
Does a comparison of Uses templates or feature extraction
actual samples
II. RETINA RECOGNITION
The pattern of blood vessels that comes from
the optic nerve and disperse throughout the
retina depends on individuals and never
changes.
No two retinas are the same, even in
identical twins.
Commercial products: Retinal Technologies
III. THERMOGRAMS
Thermograms requires an infrared camera to detect
the heat patterns of parts of the body that are unique
to every human being (such as the face)
Normally expensive because of the sensors
Useful paper: Illumination Invariant Face Recognition
Using Thermal Infrared Imagery (Solikinski & als)
GAIT IV.
The final objective: to recognize
persons using standard cameras in
any conditions.
Gait recognition is particularly
studied as it may enable
identification at distance.
Examples for measurements
(from Georgia Institute of
Technology)
V. KEYSTROKE
• The rhythms with which one types at a keyboard are
sufficiently distinctive to form the basis of the biometric
technology known as keystroke dynamics
100% software-based, requiring
no sensor more than a home
computer
Example
VI. EAR RECOGNITION
Ear geometry recognition uses the shape of the
ear to perform identification
Suggestions have been made that the shapes
and characteristics of the human ear are widely
different
Might be recognized at a distance
EXAMPLE
VII. SKIN REFLECTION
Lumidigm Inc. has established that the
absorption spectrum of the skin depends on the
individuals.
In a range of wavelengths over 6mm patch,
several LEDs send light into the skin, and
photodiodes read the scattered light, which is
analyzed to perform the authentication.
VIII. LIP MOTION
Compares the characteristic lip motions of
people while they speak.
Identification needs associated with speaker
recognition.
Different imaging conditions: Infrared (high
security & cost) and Near Infrared (cheap,
normally used for active sensing)
CONCLUSION
Security = Biometrics
RESOURSE
1- Introduction to Biometric Authentication
By Norman Poh
2- Types of Biometrics By Chang Jia
3- Wikipedia
4- Internet Sources
Any Question?
THANK
YOU.
