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Nature Environment and Pollution Technology (Print copies up to 2016)

Vol. 20 No. 1 pp. 349-355 2021
An International Quarterly Scientific Journal
e-ISSN: 2395-3454

Original Research Paper https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2021.v20i01.040

Original Research Paper Open Access Journal

Novel Approaches Towards Sustainable Management of an Agricultural

Residue - The Rice Husk
A. Geethakarthi†
Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 049, Tamilnadu, India
†Corresponding author: A. Geethakarthi; geethadivaakar2005@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Nat. Env. & Poll. Tech.
Website: www.neptjournal.com Recent developments in the reuse of agricultural residues/resources have led to environmental
sustainability and cleaner technology emphasizing the utilisation of natural resources. Novel approaches
Received: 09-08-2020
to sustainable and energy conservations inter-relates the scientific and practical applications employed
Revised: 06-10-2020
in engineering solutions. The increasing importance of biomass had led to an acute need for mitigating
Accepted: 16-10-2020
global sustainable problems. In the third world economics, Rice Husk (RH) collected from rice milling
Key Words: industry is considered as one of the abundant and invaluable agro-based residues. A focus on industrial
Adsorption food production and its sustainability is due to the generation of huge quantity of RH. The improper
Biomaterials handling and disposal management of RH has resulted in environmental and population health risk,
Composting due to its large space occupancy and leaching. The effective utilization and study of rice husk in
Rice milling waste various industrial applications such as construction industry, energy production, water purification and
soil stabilization have shown acceptable results. This review discusses the current research works
focussing on the suitability of RH and its ash over a wide field of applications. Silica being the dominant
content in RH and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) has attracted interest among the researchers to develop it into
high strength composite materials, porous nanomaterials, a precursor of renewable energy and soil
stabilising biochars. Replacement of fine aggregates with RHA has improved the strength and durability
of the concrete. The RHA is also developed into an adsorbent and coagulant in water purification.
The binding between the ions present in impure water and highly reactive silica bond enhances the
removal efficiencies of metal ions in water treatments. Very few researches are carried out using RH
compared with the pyrolyzed RHA as an alternative. This paper highlights the various field of RH
applications and suggests composting of RH with nitrogen-rich garden waste to obtain an enriched
soil stabilizing product with high nutrient and organic value. This approach would restore RH in its the
place of generation, thereby improving the economic value of the agricultural mass and sustainable
way of living.

INTRODUCTION alcohol production, water purification, energy production,

composting and landfill under controlled conditions.
The major sustainability challenge faced by the earth is
environmental degradation caused by the deterioration of One among the agricultural wastes is the Rice Husk
the biotic and abiotic resources. The huge quantity of waste (RH). This review paper discusses the wider applications of
generated from natural resources such as plants and biomass RH in various fields. Inefficient use of agricultural wastes
has led to a serious disposal problem along with the release on vegetative lands for soil amendment is limited. Studies
of synthetic/man-made pollutants. The conventional practice have shown the negative nutrient balance leading to a decline
in disposing of these wastes are either to burn or naturally in soil fertility in traditional farming (Tewodros et al. 2007).
convert into organic fertilizer under favourable conditions. Replacement of nutrient and feed with organic amendments
The decomposition of organic matter leads to water pollution in an effective manner are viable options for soil fertility
by releasing dreadful pathogens causing various diseases in and crop production (Negassa et al. 2015, Dercon & Chris-
the surrounding environment. Recent developments have tiaensen 2011). The treatment methodology of RH as an
shown several alternatives in broader field areas as low-cost alternate source is elaborated with their respective advantages
materials in replacement with the conventional materials and disadvantages. A suggestion is also given in using RH
used. A few among those industries are the construction as a soil stabilizing agent by composting. The significance
field, cement manufacturing, paint industry, ceramics, and utilization of compost derived from RH in increasing
adhesives, water stabilizers, nanofibres, dietary fibres, the soil organic content are also discussed.
350 A. Geethakarthi

Rice Husk (RH) rice and groundnut, fibres of coir, kenaf and jute, straw and
sawdust have been identified as most economically important
More than 50% of the world’s population has rice grains replacements in constructional industries. The rice husk
(Oryza sativa) as their staple food. The RH generated from under the focus of study cannot be used as an alternative
the milling industry form about 22% by weight of paddy replacement material and is used only as RHA. 85-90%
and is used as an alternate fuel for paddy processing and amorphous silica is obtained by the controlled burning of
producing energy through gasification (Patil & Sharanagouda rice husk under an optimum derived temperature of 650°C to
2017). India being the second-largest rice producer in the 850°C. The replacement of conventional aggregates with rice
world produces about 20 million tonnes of RHA (Shwetha husk ash is used as a good binding ingredient in the cement
et al. 2014). The major rice producers across the globe are industry and other construction industry (Nehdi et al. 2003).
indicated in Table 1. The untreated RH comprises of 75%
organic matter of that 25% of ash is generated. The chemical The major factor influencing the grade of RHA is the
composition and analysis of RH is given in Table 2. The al- burning condition of rice husk including the burning temper-
ternate usage of RH and RHA in a wide field of applications ature. The RHA exist in two main forms such as crystalline
such as synthesis of highly porous carbon fibres, development and amorphous, which has a wide application in various
as catalyst and chips and lightweight construction materials industrial fields.
are briefly summarized in this review. Unlike steel and ceramics industries using crystalline
silica, amorphous silica is useful in construction and rubber
ALTERNATE USE OF RICE HUSK (RH) industries (Mehta & Pitt 1976). Table 3 shows the prepara-
tion of RHA under various conditions with their strengths
Biochar Production and workability. RHA in cement or concrete leads to the
Recycling of crop residue is gaining back its intensification, improvement in various properties due to its fibrous, crys-
due to awareness among the rural agricultural mass leading to talline and amorphous nature. Researchers have proved that
the production of low-cost organic fertilizer. The production a replacement of 70% of pozzolanic material by RHA yields
of biochar improves the soil fertility and increased nutrient higher durability and strength than conventional cement
contents of the soil, yielding effective plant growth. The mortar. Though many ongoing research works are carried
presence of silica content enhances the bio-productivity over due to the amorphous nature of silica, an increase in
in the biochar amended soil, thereby improving the silica compressive strength observed in many studies was due to
mobilization to the plant growth. The silica beneficiates the
plant by reducing metal toxicity, salt content and supports in Table 2: Chemical composition, proximate and ultimate analysis of rice
husk.
increasing culm wall thickness and vascular bundle. Addition
of biochar in agricultural land shows lower bulk density and Constituents Rice Husk (by weight)
improved water holding capacity by 77.92% (Lehmann et al. Silica (SiO2) 94.50
2009). Studies analysed by Ghorbani & Amirahmadi (2018) Oxide of manganese (MnO) 1.09
on fertility management of soil, have shown influences of
Oxide of iron (Fe2O3) 0.54
RH amended soil in pH, soil electrical conductance (EC),
Oxide of calcium (CaO) 0.48
ion exchange, organic content and some macro element such
as potassium and nitrogen. Oxide of magnesium (MgO) 0.23
Alumina (Al2O3) 0.21
Construction Industry Proximate Analysis 15
Agricultural biomass and residues such as husk and hulls of Fixed carbon (%)
Volatile matter (%) 67
Ash (%) 18
Table 1: Countries with major rice production.
Ultimate Analysis 40
Country Rice Production (in million tons)
Carbon (%)
China 205.21
Hydrogen (%) 5
India 104.80
Nitrogen (%) 34.8
Indonesia 71.29
Oxygen (%) 0.8
Bangladesh 51.50
Sulphur (%) 0.1
Vietnam 44.04
(Reference: Ghosh & Bhattacherjee 2013)

Vol. 20, No. 1, 2021 • Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE RICE HUSK 351

Table 3: Characterization of RHA in the construction industry.

S.No. Constituents Combustion time/ Analytical methods 28 days Compressive References

temperature strength (Mpa)
1 10% RHA 400°C - 600°C - 22 Godwin et al. (2013)
2 20% RHA + 10% Microsilica 6h/680°C XRF 93.28 Zareei et al. (2017)
3 RHA - XRD, SEM 35.39 Kaur et al. (2018)
4 MgO + RHA - XRD FT-IR, OM, SEM 1.1 Qin et al. (2018)
5 20% RHA 1h-4h/550°C - 700°C XRD, EDAX 168.6 Vigneshwari et al. (2018)

the increasing percentage of carbon present in RHA. The industries. It is also confirmed that the energy recovery from
fineness nature of the RHA enhances the pozzolanic reaction RH has a low release of CO2 gas into the environment thus
and is effectively carried out in Reactive Powdered Concrete having a lesser impact than fossil fuels (Swaina et al. 2011).
(RPC) production. The Silica Fume (SF), one of the major
constituent present in the RPC makes the reaction rate faster. Water Purification
In India, researchers are also focusing on the suitability of Adsorption: Several biosorbents such as rice husk, corn,
RHA in replacing SFs (Raman et al. 2011, Van et al. 2014, hemp, wheat straw, coffee and tea waste, fruit peel, seed
Van Tuan et al. 2011). hull and sawdust have been investigated for adsorbing the
Super-hydrophobic coatings and admixtures for con- dyes and heavy metals present in water and wastewater.
struction materials are widely used in recent year due to their During the last decade, extensive research was explored and
anti-corrosion, anti-icing and anti-fouling nature (Junaidi et carried out in this area for removing organic and inorganic
al. 2016, Ramachandran et al. 2016, Tittarelli & Moriconi compounds such as chloro-phenols, other pharmaceutical and
2011). The replacement of nanoparticles in the super-hydro- pesticide pollutants (Chuah et al. 2005, Gupta et al. 2006,
phobic coating is replaced with the RHA, which enhances Lata & Samadder 2014).
the roughness by the hydrophobic coating on the concrete. The pre-treatment of amorphous silica in developing it
Energy Production into highly reactive activated carbon with improved specific
surface area is an important technique in the preparation of
For millennia, the conventional energy source on the planet RH carbon. The effect of chemical treatment increased the
is the biomass. The burning of biomass such as hulls, corn surface properties of RHA and was reported by Alyosef et
and jute into fuel leads to a renewable energy source with al. (2013), Salas et al. (2009). However, some limitations
high calorific value, thereby satisfying the energy consump- and setbacks were identified in the pre-treatment process
tion needs and demands. The RH contains 30 -50% of organic observed from previous literature. The results for the work
carbon with a high calorific value of 13,000 to 16,000 KJ/ carried by Chen et al. (2018) showed non-interference of
kg, whereas the power plant ranges between 9,500 KJ/kg to adsorption process due to the presence of potassium (K),
27,000 KJ/kg. Table 4 gives the heating value of some of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn). About
the predominantly used agricultural residues. Though the
organic content and ash content is higher than coal, the fixed Table 4: Calorific value of major agricultural residue/resource.
carbon content of RH is much lower than in coal. The lower
Agricultural residue Heating or calorific value (MJ/kg)
fixed carbon content in RH and the wearing of components
Flax 17,800
during Rice Husk processing is a major limitation of RH
energy conversion. 198 kg of RH is utilized to generate 1 Jute stick 17,800
MWH by boiler with the emission of gases such as CO2, CO, Sugarcane bagasse 17,700
NO2, SO2 and total suspended particles (TSP). Due to the Corn stalks 16,800
limitations, the rice husk fuel power plant is operated and Switchgrass 16,800
appended with water pre-treatment and electricity generator Hemp 16,500
units (Prasara & Gheewala 2017). Hay 16,200
The bio-oil yielded by direct or indirect combustion Rice husk 16,000
minimizes the formation of biochar. The stored bio-oil and Wheat straw 15,000
the other liquid derivatives such as carboxylic acids and other
Rice straw 13,500
biomolecule compounds can be used in food and chemical

Nature Environment and Pollution Technology • Vol. 20, No. 1, 2021

352 A. Geethakarthi

Table 5: Organic composition of rice husk. Some of the agro and biomass wastes are by nature
Organic constituents Composition in percentage
good in coagulation mechanism, which are derived from the
various plant components such as seed, root, bark, leaves
Hemicellulose 22.82 ± 1.50
etc. These may be commercialized in future at a lower
Cellulose 33.32 ± 1.05
price for water purification technique. A cost-effective
Lignin 20.32 ± 1.12 and environmentally friendly coagulant can be prepared
Ash 16.95 ± 1.90 and installed in a water purification system for removing
Trace elements 3.25 suspended particles. Previous studies have shown effective
removal efficiencies with proven results using plant-based
70%-98% of these metal were further removed by leaching coagulants.
in suitable solvents such as water and acid. The adsorption A study was conducted to remove the turbid water
capacity of 16.9 mg/g was observed on RH adsorbent using RHA derived from carbonization of RH. About 96%
in removing synthetic silk yarn. A positive value of ΔH of turbidity was removed with high TDS (816 ppm) as
(160.97kJ/mol) showed endothermic adsorption (Sawasdee observed by Adams et al. (2014) by using Rice hull ash as
et al. 2017). Arsenic (As), one of the major groundwater the coagulant. The coagulation mechanism and biological
contaminant had effective removal by column adsorption treatment process have shown higher removal of chemical
studies using RH adsorbent. Furthermore, intensive research oxygen demand (COD) of about 85% for various domestic
in the development and applications of RH adsorbent is and industrial effluents. Though effectiveness in the removal
prevailing for the last three decades. Ahmaruzzaman & of organic matter was observed, excessive sludge generation,
Vinod (2011) have reviewed the removal of pollutants on frequent pH variations, cost and skilled personnel were
rice husk under favourable parametric conditions and their limiting these treatment techniques to be established at large
adsorption mechanisms. scales (Mehta & Chavan 2009). Table 6 summarizes some of
Coagulant: A number of pure and complex form of silicon the recent treatment and process investigations in the removal
compounds like zeolite, silicon carbide, silicon chloride and of dyes, organic and inorganic constituents.
nitride are extracted from 15% - 20% silica present in the In India, a large part of the country has poor organic
RHA (Adylov et al. 2003, Matori et al. 2009). These extracted content in the soil. Sustainability and productivity are
compounds are used in the purification of impurities with restored by appending the soil with the required and needed
fine dispersion. These ligno-cellulosic derivative compounds nutrients and conditioners. The efficiency of the plant
contain active sites of tannins and lignin entrapping the heavy growth and soil requirement is increased by the application
metal cations to form immobilized complexes or chelates of fertilizer produced from biomass and crop residues.
through the ion exchange process. Table 5 represents the The processed organic compost mixed soil strengthens the
organic composition of RH. structure of the soil and void ratio, improves water holding

Table 6: Treatment methodology for water purification and removal efficiency.

Type of dye/metal ion Purification technique Modification/ Pollutant Removal Efficiency Reference
Pre-treatment (%)
Strom water –Suspended Coagulation RHA 93.34 Nnaji et al. (2017)
Solids
Basic Green 4 Adsorption Con. Nitric acid pre-treatment - Guo et al. (2003)
Congo Red Adsorption Rice Husk 84 Han et al. (2008)
Phenols Adsorption ZnCl2 impregnation 80 Kalderis et al. (2008)
Acid Yellow 36 Adsorption Steam activation 90 Malik (2003)
Methylene Blue Adsorption Rice husk - McKay (1986)
Cr (VI) Electro-coagulation Rice Husk 97 Ait Ouaissa et al. (2013)
Zn(II) Adsorption Grounded 90 Roy et.al. (1993)
Cr(VI) Adsorption Acid impregnation/Carbonization 99 Srinivasan et al. (1988)
Pb Adsorption Tartaric acid impregnated 86 Wong et al. (2003)
Cu(II) Column Adsorption ZnCl2 impregnation - Yahaya et al. (2011)
As(V) Column Adsorption Rice Husk 90.7 Asif & Chen (2015)

Vol. 20, No. 1, 2021 • Nature Environment and Pollution Technology

 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE RICE HUSK 353

Table 7: Rice husk composting and their physical and chemical properties.

Compost Compost Physical Chemical Properties (%) Plant yield Experimen- References
material period Properties (%) tal Design
(days) pH EC OM N P K C C/N
ds/m %
Rice Husk 90 7.66 1.16 9 0.55 21.14 38:1 7.77 (ton/da) Rand- Zeynep &
(tomato) omized plot Coskun
(2015)
RH + Enhy- 90 7.8 0.27 16 1.10 0.96 1.24 25.62 14:1 16 & 17 Pot Experi- Thiyagesh-
drobacter+ (black & red ment wari et al.
Aspergillus sp. soil) (2017)
RH + Chicken 60 8.03 0.30 39 1.64 1.26 1.02 43.24 30:1 - Complete Shareef et
bones Rand- al. (2016)
omized plot
& ANNO-
VA
RH 219 7.02 0.33 - 2.90 - - 53.0 13:1 - - Leconte et
al. (2009)

capacity and microbial activity. The compost-rich soil has CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
high nutrients and can be used in natural and organic farming.
The use of RH based compost processed through aerobic In most of the research work carried so far, RHA is utilised
degradation increases the nutrient value of the unprocessed as the raw materials as an alternative source in various fields
soil. The end products thus obtained can be used as a rich such as building construction, energy production, water
soil conditioner in small and large scale agro-farming for purification etc. A very few attempts have been made in the
further substantial yield and productivity. disposal of RH as a natural component. One such way is the
composting of RH yielding a higher C/N ratio to enrich the
COMPOSTING soil fertility. Studies have shown the higher organic matter
in the end compost forms a strong stabilizing agent. The
The sustainability of soil could be reached by adopting major elemental constituent of RH are K, Ca, Zn, Fe and Mn.
improved agricultural management and practices such as
Though the ionic leaching of the RH in natural dumping is
leguminous and cover crop plantation. This leads to the
studied, no specific effect in the degradation of contamination
reduced application of fertilizers and pesticides, thereby
of the ground soil and water is discussed. Based on the review
enhancing carbon sequestration to restore the environment by
of various research papers, further study of this work will
preventing global warming. The improvement in soil quality
focus on the composting of the RH with a nitrogen-rich waste
and soil parameters are influenced by the organic and nutrient
such as garden waste. The soil leaching studies during the
level of the soil (Cercioglu et al. 2014, Gulser & Candemir
composting are also to be studied.
2012). The biochemical and geological properties show good
improvements in the addition of organic compost along with
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