BIOLOGICAL

Macromolecules

Prepared by: Rosemarie F. Diego

BIOMOLECULES
Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules, which are
involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living
organisms. These non-living molecules are the actual foot-soldiers
of the battle of sustenance of life. They range from small
molecules such as primary and secondary metabolites and
hormones to large macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, and lipids.
CARBOHYDRATES
most abundant of all organic compounds. It is well-
known as a great sources of energy.
the term carbohydrate literally means "hydrated
carbon".
Carbohydrates include simple and complex sugars.
 3 TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES
1. Monosaccharides
also called as simple sugars because they are the monomers, or the single
structural units of come complex carbohydrates.
They are classified as aldoses and ketoses according to the placement of
chemicals in the structure.
Aldoses are characterized by the presence of an aldehyde (-CHO) usually at
the terminal, or the first carbon atom.
Ketoses are characterized by having a carbonyl (C=O) group, or a ketone,
which is located at thd second carbon atom of the molecule.
 3 TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES
2. Disaccharides
it is composed of two monosaccharides joined together through a
process called condensation reaction.
are sweet and soluble in water.
Examples of Disaccharides:
Sucrose (table sugar) comes from combining glucose and fructose.
Lactose (milk sugar) it is the combination of glucose and galactose.
Maltose (malt or beer sugar) comes from two glucose.
 3 TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES
3. Polysaccharides
composed of at least three or more monosaccharides.
the acctual structure of certain tissues or cellular parts may depend on the
polysaccharides molecular structures, which is either branded or linear.
Linear Polysaccharides forms a rigid structure and is soluble in water.
Branched Polysaccharides is soluble in water.
Most polysaccharide are used for energy storage. In plants, the energy storage is in
form of starch while in animals, energy storage is in form of glycogen.
Some polysaccharides may also give structure to an organisms.
Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose- found in the cell walls of plants.
Chitin- found in exoskeleton of some animals such as shrimp, crabs, scrorpion and etc.
LIPIDS
a biomolecules that is containing chains of
hydrocarbons- are organic compunds that are made
up of carbon and hydrogen. and are insoluble in
water.
Types of Lipids
1. Triglycerides
Generally known as fats, it contains a glycerol attached
to three fatty acids- composed of a long chain of
carbon atoms connected to a carboxylic acid (-COOH).
Types of Fatty Acids
1. Saturated Fats - contains only single bonds in the fatty
acid chain. They are normally solid.
2. Unsaturated Fats - mostly known as oils, contain one or
more double bonds in fatty acid chains. They are normally
liquid.
2. Phospholipids
attached on one side of the glycerol backbone are the
hydrophobic or nonpolar "tails" , which is composed of two
chains of fatty acids. Attached on the other side of the
glycerol backbone is the hydrophilic or polar head.
3. Steroids
it has four fused carbon rings.
helps in regulating metabolism, immune response,
reproduction and other essential biological processes.
Types of Steroids
1. Cholesterol- one of the most common steroid forms. It is
synthesized from cholesterol in the testes.
2. Testosterone- a male sex hormone, is responsible for the
development of secondary sex characteristics.
3. Progesterone and Estrogen (Estradiol) - which are
female sex hormones controlling the ovulation cycle. It is
synthesized from cholesterol in the ovaries.

Other forms of steroids are formed in the adrenal gland.

They are known as the adrenocorticoid hormones.
4. Waxes
are esters (carboxylic axid derivatives), which are combined
from certain alcohols and fatty acids.
Because of the long hydrocarbon chains, waxes are
extremely hydrophobic , which means they do not react
with water.
PROTEINS
the most diverse among the biomolecules. It is a
central compound necessary for life, also known as life
building blocks.
it plays major roles as antibodies, enzymes, hormones,
and other substances involved with digestions,
respiration, reproduction, and even normal vision.
it is compposed of chains of amino acids- contain
amino group (-NH2) and an acid group (-COOH) AND
the third group is called R group- helps distinguish
the amino acid from others.
Amino acids requirement of humans are classifie into
three groups.
 Amino acids with different R groups are joined
together by the formation of peptide bonds- is a type
of chemical bonds that forms when carboxyl group (-
COOH) of one molecule reacts with an amino group (-
NH2) from the other molecule , releasing water in the
process.
Shape of Proteins
Primary Structure- simplest structure of all the
proteins, this is composed of a linear sequence of amino
acid in petide chains.
 Shape of Proteins
Secondary Structure- a three-dimensional shape created by several
hydrogen bonds.
The first two patterns of the secondary dstructure were first predicted
by Linus Pauling and Robert Croy in 1951. They called the coiling
structure as alpha (a) helix because it was the first pattern they
discovered. The second shape that was discovered was called the
beta pleated sheet, which is wavelike in appearance.
 Shape of Proteins
Tertiary Structure- three dimensional shape of peptide,
which can either be fibrous or globular in structure,
 Shape of Proteins
Quarternary Structure- proteins have more than one
polypeptide.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
largest molecules that is composed pf several nucleotide
subunits.
containing vital information is the primary function of nucleic
acid.
each nucleotide is composed of nitrogenous base, a five-
carbon sugar (i.e., ribose or deoxyribose) and at least one
phosphate group.
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID
DNA
it is a long molecule that contains coded instructions for
cellular activities such as growth, reproduction, death and
production and acceptance of certain substances.

RNA
the uses of RNA may range from encoding to decoding ad
regulating the expression of genes, depending on the type
of RNA present,
Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as a temporary copy of gene in
the DNA that directs the sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) translates the sequence of nucleic acids in a
gene to create a correct sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the peptide bonds between amino
acids in a polypeptide.
Composition of Dna and RNA
DNA has a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, whereas RNA
has a pentose sugar called ribose.
Both DNA and RNA have four nucleotide with a single base ring
called pyrimidine and a double ring called purine.
Complementary Base Pairing
Thymine (T) with Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C)
Note: the uracil in RNA is the counterpart for thymine in DNA.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
another special nucleotidethat is incorporated in the nucleic
acid. Its structure shows the presence of an adenine and three
phosphate groups all attached to the ribose.
Thank
you