You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on the
Reading Passage below.
Genealogy
A. Genealogy, the study of tracing family connections and relationships through
history – so building a cohesive family tree, has become an increasingly popular
hobby from non-specialist enthusiasts over recent decades. The introduction of the
Internet has, in many ways, spurred interest levels since historical information has
been made far more accessible than previously. Experts warn, however, that sources
obtained from the internet must be considered with caution as they may often
contain inaccuracies, often advising novice genealogists to join a family history
society where they are able to learn useful skills from experienced researchers.
B. Originally, prior to developing a more mainstream following, the practice of
genealogy focused on establishing the ancestral links of rulers and noblemen often
with the purpose of disputing or confirming the legitimacy of inherited rights to wealth
or position. More recently, genealogists are often interested in not only where and
when previous generations of families lived but also details of their lifestyle and
motivations, interpreting the effects of law, political restrictions, immigration and the
social conditions on an individual’s or family’s behaviour at the given time.
Genealogy searches may also result in location of living relatives and consequently
family reunions, in some cases helping to reunite family members who had been
separated in the past due to fostering/adoptlon, migration or war.
C. In Australia, there has been a great deal of interest of late, from families wishing
to trace their links to the early settlers. As a result of the loss of the American
colonies in the 1700s, Britain was in need of an alternative destination for prisoners
who could not be accommodated in the country’s overcrowded penal facilities. In
1787, the ‘First Fleet’ which consisted of a flotilla of ships carrying just over 1300
people (of which 753 were convicts or their children and the remainder marines,
officers and their family members) left Britain’s shores for Australia. On January 26,
1788 – now celebrated as Australia Day – the fleet landed at Sydney Cove and the
first steps to European settlement began.
D. Genealogy research has led to a shift in attitudes towards convict heritage
amongst contemporary Australian society, as family members have been able to
establish that their ancestors were, in fact, not hardened and dangerous criminals,
but had, in most cases, been harshly punished for minor crimes inspired by
desperation and dire economic circumstances. So dramatic has the shift in attitudes
been that having family connections to passengers on the ‘First Fleet’ is considered
nothing less than prestigious. Convicts Margaret Dawson and Elizabeth Thakery
were amongst the first European women to ever set foot on Australian soil. Details
about the former, whose initial death sentence passed for stealing clothes from her
employer was commuted to deportation, and the latter expelled for stealing
handkerchiefs along with others of similar fate are now available on the internet for
eager descendants to track.
E. Although many of the deported convicts were forbidden to return to Britain, others
such as Dawson, were, in theory, expelled for a given term. In reality, however, the
costs of attempting to return to the mother country were well beyond the means of
the majority. Genealogists now attribute the successful early development of
Australia to such ex-convicts who decided to contribute fully to society once their
sentence had been served. Many rewards were available to prisoners who displayed
exemplary behaviour, including land grants of 30 acres or more, tools for developing
and farming the land and access to convict labour. Genealogy studies also show that
many former prisoners went on to hold powerful positions in the newly forming
Australia society, examples being Francis Greenway – a British architect expelled on
conviction of fraud – who went on to design many of Sydney’s most prominent
colonial buildings, and Alexander Munro, transported after stealing cheese at the age
of 15, who would later build Australia’s first gas works and hold the position of Town
Mayor.
F. In North America, the Mormon Church, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah,
holds wo major genealogical databases, the International Genealogical Index and
the Ancestral File, which contain records of hundreds of million individuals who lived
between 1500 and 1900 in the United States, Canada and Europe. Resources
available to genealogy enthusiasts include the Salt Lake City based Family History
Library and more than 4000 branches where microfilms and microfiches can be
rented for research and the newer Family Search internet site which provides open
access to numerous databases and research sources. Such data sharing practices
are central and crucial to genealogical research and the internet has proven to be a
major tool in facilitating ease of transfer of information in formats suitable for use in
forums and via email. The global level of interest in and demand for such information
has proven so intense, that traffic load on release of sources such as Family Search
and the British Census for 1901 led to temporary collapse of the host servers.
G. Experts advise that reliability of sources used for genealogical research should be
evaluated in light of four factors which may influence their accuracy, these being the
knowledge of the informant, the bias and mental state of the informant, the passage
of time and potential for compilation error. First, genealogists should consider who
the information was provided by and what he or she could be ascertained to have
known. For example, a census record alone is considered unreliable as no named
source for the information is likely to be found. A death certificate signed by an
identified doctor, however, can be accepted as more reliable. In the case of bias or
mental state, researchers are advised to consider that even when information is
given by what could be considered a reliable source, that there may have been
motivation to be untruthful – continuing to claim a government benefit or avoidance
of taxation, for example.
H. Generally, data recorded at the same time or close to the event being researched
is considered to be more reliable than records written at a later point in time, as –
while individuals may intend to give a true representation of events – factual
information may be misrepresented due to lapses in memory and forgotten details.
Finally, sources may be classified as either original or derivative. The latter refers to
photocopies, transcriptions, abstracts, translations, extractions, and compilations and
has more room for error due to possible misinterpretations, typing errors or loss of
additional and crucial parts of the original documentation.
