BIPOLAR LINE CODING

MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree

of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering

By

Vivek Bavaskar (Roll No. A-05)

Revant Bhajipale (Roll No. A-07)
Tejas Chaudhari (Roll No. A-14)

Under the Guidance of

PROF. Rupali Satpute

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

K. J. Somaiya Institute of Technology,
An Autonomous Institute permanently affiliated to the University of Mumbai
Ayurvihar, Sion (E.), Mumbai 400022.

University of Mumbai
(2022-23)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “ BIPOLAR LINE CODING ” is a bonafide work
of students “Vivek Bavaskar , Revant Bhajipale ,Tejas Chaudhari “submitted to the
University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Prof. Rupali Satpute

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Dr. Jayashree Khanapuri Dr. Vivek Sunnapwar

(Head of the Department) (Principal)

Place: Sion, Mumbai-400022

Date: 30/09/2024

Seal of the College

 MINI PROJECT APPROVAL
For
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering

This Project report entitled

“BIPOLAR LINE CODING”

By

Vivek Bavaskar (A – 05)

Revant Bhajipale (A – 07)
Tejas Chaudhari (A – 14)

is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering

Examiners:

1.

2.

Supervisors:

1.

2.

Date: 30/09/2024

Place: Sion, Mumbai-400022

 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words

and where others' ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and

referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of

academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented fabricated or falsified any

idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above

will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action

from the sources that have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper

permission has not been taken when needed.

Vivek Bavaskar

Revant Bhajipale

Tejas Chaudhari

Date: 30/09/2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives a great pleasure to acknowledge our deep sense of gratitude to present our

project titled; “Generation and Detection of Frequency Shift Keying using IC

4051”. We would like to give sincere thanks to our Principal Dr. Vivek Sunnpwar and

H.O.D. Dr. Jayashree Khanapuri for allowing me the opportunity to present this topic.

I am also thankful to my respected guide Prof. Rupali Satpute for this wholehearted

support and affectionate encouragement. Her dynamism, vision, and sincerity have

deeply inspired us. She has taught us the methodology to present the research work as

clearly as possible.

Vivek Bavaskar (A – 05)

Revant Bhajipale (A – 07)
Tejas Chaudhari (A – 14)
 CONTENTS

Sr no. Title Page no.

1 Introduction 2
2 Literature Survey 3
3 Objective and Problem Statement 4
4 Implementation: Circuit Diagram/Block diagram, Working, 5
Hardware/ Software details
5 Design: Circuit/Hardware Design, Procedure/setup, 6
layout/flowchart etc
6 Results(Simulated output, theoretical and Practical value 7
comparison)
7 Conclusion 8
8 Application/Future scope 9
9 References 10
 2

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Delta modulation (DM) is an efficient analog-to-digital signal conversion

technique that encodes the difference between successive samples of an
analog signal, rather than its absolute value. Unlike traditional methods like
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), which samples and quantizes the entire
amplitude range, delta modulation focuses on encoding the change or slope of
the signal. This approach offers simplicity, reduced hardware complexity, and
improved bandwidth efficiency, making it ideal for low-data-rate applications
such as voice transmission and communication systems. Delta modulation
operates by approximating the signal with a series of step changes and
adjusting the output to match the input signal as closely as possible.

In this project, we focus on the design and implementation of a delta

modulation system using CD 4013 and CD 4016 integrated circuits (ICs). The
CD 4013 is a dual D-type flip-flop commonly used for signal processing and
logic-level conversions in digital circuits. Its ability to store and toggle binary
states makes it suitable for managing the binary data in delta modulation. The
CD 4016 is a quad bilateral switch IC that allows the control of signal paths,
acting as a switch between different states in the modulator circuit. The
combination of these ICs provides the necessary building blocks for a basic
delta modulation circuit.
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Chapter 2
Literature Survey

Delta modulation has been widely used in applications such as voice

encoding, low-bit-rate communication, and data compression due to its
simplicity. It was first introduced in the 1960s and has since evolved into more
complex variants like Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). A significant
amount of research has been conducted on minimizing quantization errors and
improving the efficiency of delta modulation. CD 4013 and CD 4016 have
been used extensively in digital circuit designs due to their versatility and ease
of integration in modulation systems.

Previous studies have focused on implementing delta modulation using

microcontrollers or FPGA systems, but this report investigates using basic ICs
like CD 4013 and CD 4016 for an analog-to-digital converter design. The goal
is to implement a simple, cost-effective delta modulation circuit that can be
used in basic communication systems.
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Chapter 3
Objective and Problem Statement

The objective of this project is to design and implement a delta modulation

system using CD 4013 and CD 4016. The project aims to:
1. Develop a cost-effective delta modulation circuit using standard ICs.
2. Minimize the quantization noise and errors that are inherent in delta
modulation.
3. Analyze and compare theoretical, simulated, and practical results to
evaluate system performance.
The primary challenge is implementing the delta modulation system using
basic ICs while maintaining signal integrity and reducing noise to acceptable
levels.
 5

Chapter 4
Implementation

4.1 Circuit Diagram/Block Diagram

The delta modulation circuit can be broken down into the following block
diagram:

Integrator: The input analog signal is passed through an integrator circuit to

produce a continuously varying signal.
Quantizer: The output of the integrator is quantized using a comparator to
generate binary data.
Modulator: The CD 4013 flip-flop is used for signal processing and logic-
level conversion.
Switch: The CD 4016 IC acts as a switch to control the feedback signal in
the modulation loop.
Demodulator: The reverse process for reconstructing the analog signal is
done using a low-pass filter.

4.2 Working

In delta modulation, instead of sampling the absolute amplitude of the signal,

the difference between the current and previous samples is encoded. The CD
4013 IC helps in storing the state of the binary signal, while the CD 4016
switches are used to control the signal paths, enabling efficient feedback and
modulation. The quantizer encodes the difference between the actual signal
and a reference signal, which is then passed through the CD 4013 for further
processing. The output is a bitstream that represents the delta-modulated
signal.

4.3 Hardware/Software Details

CD 4013: Used as a D-type flip-flop for binary signal processing.
CD 4016: Used for switching operations in the modulation loop.
Comparator: Converts the analog signal into binary for further modulation.
Integrator: Used in the feedback loop to smooth out the error signal.
Software (Optional): Simulation of the delta modulation can be done using
tools like LTspice, Multisim, or MATLAB for theoretical analysis.
 6

Circuit Diagram:
 7

Chapter 5
Design
5.1 Circuit/Hardware Design
The design involves setting up the CD 4013 and CD 4016 ICs on a breadboard
or PCB, along with a comparator and integrator circuit. The comparator output
is connected to the CD 4013 for binary quantization, and the feedback loop is
established using the CD 4016 switches.

5.2 Procedure/Setup
1. Step 1: Connect the analog input signal to the integrator.
2. Step 2: Use the comparator to convert the integrator's output into a
binary signal.
3. Step 3: Process the binary output using the CD 4013 flip-flop.
4. Step 4: Control the feedback loop using the CD 4016 switches.
5. Step 5: Implement the demodulator using a low-pass filter to
reconstruct the analog signal.

5.3 Layout/Flowchart
The flowchart for delta modulation implementation:

1. Input analog signal → Integrator → Comparator → CD 4013 → CD

4016 (Switch)
2. Feedback loop → Modulated output
 8

Chapter 6
Results

6.1 Simulated Output

Simulation results from software like LTspice or MATLAB show a modulated
signal in the form of a bitstream. The output should closely follow the input
signal's changes but in binary form.

6.2 Theoretical vs. Practical Values

Theoretically, the quantization error should be minimized by optimizing the
feedback loop. Practical tests using an oscilloscope show a small degree of
quantization noise, but the overall performance should be within acceptable
limits for low-frequency signals.
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Chapter 7
Conclusion

This project successfully demonstrates the implementation of a delta

modulation system using CD 4013 and CD 4016 ICs. The system effectively
converts an analog signal into a digital bitstream with minimal quantization
noise. The practical results align closely with theoretical predictions, proving
the feasibility of using these ICs for delta modulation.

Future improvements can include using adaptive delta modulation techniques

to further reduce noise and error in high-frequency signals.
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Chapter 8

Applications and Future Scope

 Applications:
 Digital voice encoding
 Low-bit-rate communication systems
 Data compression in audio systems

 Future Scope:
 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) to improve performance for varying
signal levels.
 Use in low-power communication systems for efficient signal
processing.
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Chapter 9

References

 J. Proakis, "Digital Communications," McGraw-Hill, 2001.

 "CD 4013 Datasheet," Texas Instruments, 2015.
 "CD 4016 Datasheet," ON Semiconductor, 2017.
 K. Sayood, "Introduction to Data Compression," Morgan
Kaufmann, 2012.