GATE 2025
CS Computer Science and Information Technology
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics
Discrete Mathematics: Propositional and first order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial orders and
lattices. Monoids, Groups. Graphs: connectivity, matching, colouring. Combinatorics: counting,
recurrence relations, generating functions.
Linear Algebra: Matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, LU
decomposition.
Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability, Maxima and minima, Mean value theorem, Integration.
Probability and Statistics: Random variables, Uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson and binomial
distributions. Mean, median, mode and standard deviation. Conditional probability and Bayes theorem.
Section 2: Digital Logic
Boolean algebra. Combinational and sequential circuits. Minimization. Number representations and
computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).
Section 3: Computer Organization and Architecture
Machine instructions and addressing modes. ALU, data‐path and control unit. Instruction pipelining,
pipeline hazards. Memory hierarchy: cache, main memory and secondary storage; I/O interface
(interrupt and DMA mode).
Section 4: Programming and Data Structures
Programming in C. Recursion. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, binary search trees, binary
heaps, graphs.
Section 5: Algorithms
Searching, sorting, hashing. Asymptotic worst case time and space complexity. Algorithm design
techniques: greedy, dynamic programming and divide‐and‐conquer. Graph traversals, minimum
spanning trees, shortest paths.
Section 6: Theory of Computation
Regular expressions and finite automata. Context-free grammars and push-down automata. Regular
and context-free languages, pumping lemma. Turing machines and undecidability.
Section 7: Compiler Design
Lexical analysis, parsing, syntax-directed translation. Runtime environments. Intermediate code
generation. Local optimisation, Data flow analyses: constant propagation, liveness analysis, common
sub expression elimination.
Organising Institute: IIT Roorkee 62
GATE 2025
Section 8: Operating System
System calls, processes, threads, inter‐process communication, concurrency and synchronization.
Deadlock. CPU and I/O scheduling. Memory management and virtual memory. File systems.
Section 9: Databases
ER‐model. Relational model: relational algebra, tuple calculus, SQL. Integrity constraints, normal
forms. File organization, indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees). Transactions and concurrency control.
Section 10: Computer Networks
Concept of layering: OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Stacks; Basics of packet, circuit and virtual circuit-
switching; Data link layer: framing, error detection, Medium Access Control, Ethernet bridging; Routing
protocols: shortest path, flooding, distance vector and link state routing; Fragmentation and IP
addressing, IPv4, CIDR notation, Basics of IP support protocols (ARP, DHCP, ICMP), Network Address
Translation (NAT); Transport layer: flow control and congestion control, UDP, TCP, sockets; Application
layer protocols: DNS, SMTP, HTTP, FTP, Email.
Organising Institute: IIT Roorkee 63
