SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

SEMESTER -3
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
FST201 FIRE ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
PCC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: The aim of this subject is to offer students

 To get basic idea about the fundamentals of fire phenomena and fire fighting.
 To provide the students an illustration of significance of the Fire Engineering
profession in the protection life, property and environment.
 To understanding the working of various fire fighting tools and equipment’s.
 To understand the importance of life safety in building fire and method of
evacuation.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the basics of fire engineering.

CO 2 Classify the types of combustion and its products
CO 3 Demonstrate the operation of fire service equipment’s and practical fire fighting.
CO 4 Categorize the buildings and design the evacuation methods
CO 5 Apply acquired knowledge on real life problems

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 2 - 1 - - 2 - - 1 - - -
CO 2 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 3 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - 2 -
CO 4 3 2 3 - - 2 - - - 2 - -
CO 5 3 1 2 - - 3 1 - - 2 1 -

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 15 15 30
Apply 25 25 50
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 5 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 10 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Define flash point and fire point

2. Identify are the properties of premixed flame?

3. Write the mathematical relation of heat and temperature of a body.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Classify the combustible dust

2. Explain the science of BLEVE

3. Compare boilver and spillover

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Draw the figure of monitor and explain the working.

2. Write a note on knots and hitches with diagram.

3. Describe about any three fire service lines.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Differentiate evacuation exit and emergency exit.

2. What you mean by the term traffic clearing capacity of an exit?
3. Discuss the details on fire tower, fire lift and external fire escape ladder.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Categorize the buildings as per NBC guidelines.

2. Explain the firefighting in a real life situation.

3. Problems on real life situations related to emergency evacuation, fire fighting.

Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:3

Reg. No: ______________ Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 201

Course Name: FIRE ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

Each question carries 5 Marks

1. Define flash point and fire point.

2. Differentiate between spill over and boil over.

3. Write the classification body burn.

4. Write the expression of time taken for the smoke to fill the room.

5. Explain the various types of fire tenders used in firefighting.

6. Discuss about hose fittings

7. Determine the width and number of exits required for an auditorium having a capacity of
2000 people if it is required to be evacuated in 3½ minutes.

8. What you mean by the term traffic clearing capacity of an exit?

9. What is a fire safety audit? What are the outcome of fire audit?
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
10. Discuss about fire ground operations

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module.

Each question carries 10 Marks
Module 1

11. a) Explain the physical explosion BLEVE. (6)

b) Differentiate premixed and diffusion flames (4)

12. a) Explain how dust explosion occur and the method of preventing the same. (7)

b) Discuss about smouldering combustion with diagram. (3)

Module 2

13. Describe the pressurization of staircases (10)

14. a) Prepare a table of appearance of flame at different flame temperature also write
the classes of surface spread of flame. (5)

b) Write a notes on toxicity of smoke (5)

Module 3

15. Discuss the various types of tenders used in firefighting and its specific application.

16. a) Describe various Knots and hitches with diagrams. (8)

b) Explain Collecting head and stand pipes with figure (2)

Module 4

17. Enumerate on the classification of building based on occupancy from A to E (10)

18. Explain the method of calculation of building evacuation time based on the travel
distance. (10)

Module 5

19. Why do you need to train and educate people for fire safety and what are the
limitations in imparting such training? (10)

20. a) What are the components of fire insurance premium? How do the components
influence the amount of premium to be paid on fire insurance policies? (5)

b) Write a note significance of salvage. (5)

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Syllabus

Module 1 Fundamentals in fire Phenomena: Introduction - temperature, heat, specific

heat, flash point, fire point, ignition, combustion. Ignition- pilot ignition, spontaneous
ignition, ignition sources. Types of combustion - rapid, spontaneous, elementary relations of
self-heating, explosion. Fire causation theories, theory of fire extinguishment. Development
of fire - HRR. Governing equations for calculation of heat flux of a fire. Classification of fire
based on material.

Diffusion flames-zones of combustion, smouldering combustion, characteristics of diffusion

flame. Premixed flames-burning velocity, limits of flammability, characteristics of premixed
flame. Explosion and expansion ratios, deflagration and detonation,. Explosion- physical
explosion, chemical explosion.

Special kinds of combustion- Flash fire, Pool fire, Jet fire, Deep seated fire, Spill over, Boil
over, Dust explosion, BLEVE, UVCE;.

Module 2 Combustion products: Product of combustion-flame, heat, smoke, fire gases.

Flame and its characteristics, spread of flames in solids and liquids, linear and three
dimensional fire propagation. Spread of fire in rooms and buildings. Effect of heat exposure
to human body, body burns.

Smoke – constituents of smoke, quantity and rate of production of smoke, quality of smoke,
smoke density, visibility in smoke, smoke movement in buildings, modelling of smoke
movement. Smoke control in buildings-natural and mechanical ventilation, pressurization.
Design principles of smoke control using pressurization technique. Principles of smoke vent
design.

Module 3 Fire service equipment’s: Use, operation and maintenance of fire service
equipments and accessories- Suction and delivery Hose, Hose reel, Hose fittings-coupling,
adapters, branches, branch holders, radial branches, collecting heads, stand pipe, monitors,
hydrants. Introduction to fire fighting vehicles and appliances-Pumps, primers, crash
tenders, rescue tenders, hose laying tenders, control vans, hydraulic platforms. Ladders-
extension ladders, hook ladder, turntable ladders, snorkel. Uses and maintenance of small
gear and miscellaneous equipments used during firefighting. Lamps and lighting sets. Fire
cabinet. Ropes and Lines- Types-wire and rope lines used in fire service. Use and testing of
lines, knots, Bends and hitches; General rope work.

Module 4 Occupancy classification and Evacuation: Process of emergency evacuation -

special features of personnel movement. Parameter characteristics of the movement of
people - Densities of Streams of People, traffic capacity. Stages of evacuation. Planning and
design of evacuation routes and exits. Calculation of width of exit, calculation of width of
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
aisles, calculation of building evacuation time. Planning of seating arrangements in large
assembly buildings.

Classification of buildings based on occupancy and type of construction according to fire

resistance as per NBC - Residential, Educational, Institutional, Assembly, Business,
Mercantile, Industrial, Storage, Hazardous. Fire tower, Fire lift, Stairs, Escape Ladders

Module 5 Fire Fighting and Investigation: Fire ground operations - preplanning, action on
arrival and control, methods of rescue, methods of entry. Personnel safety. Control
procedure and use of other safety equipment. Ventilation –tactical ventilation, vertical
ventilation, horizontal ventilation, forced ventilation and salvage operations.

Fire training and education, Arson - Motivation of arson, degrees of arson, punishment for
arson, controlling of arson fire. Fire safety audits. Risk assessment. Fire insurance – claim
procedure. Fire Investigation - investigation activities, investigation process.

Text Books

1. Barendra Mohan Sen, “Fire protection and prevention the essential handbook”. UBS
Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd, 2009.
2. R.S Gupta, “A handbook of fire technology”, Universities Press, 2nd edition, 2011.
3. N. Shesha Prakash, “Manual of Fire Safety”, CBS Publishers and distributors Pvt. Ltd, 1st
edition, 2011.
4. A.K. Das, “Principles of Fire Safety Engineering and Management-(Understanding Fire &
Fire Protection)”, First edition, 2014.

Reference Books

1. Ron Hirst, “Underdowns Practical Fire Precautions”, Gower Publishing Company Ltd.,
England, 1989.
2. HMSO, “Manual of Firemanship 1 to 13”.
3. Jain V.K., “Fire Safety in Buildings”, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1996.
4. Clark, W.E., “Fire fighting principles & practices ”
5. N F P A, “ Fire Protection Hand Book”.
6. NSC, “Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operation”.
7. Morgan J. Hurley., “SPFE handbook of fire protection Engineering” 5th Edition., Springer.
8. M. Ya. Roytman, “Principles of Fire Safety Standards for Building Construction”. Amerind
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1975
9. BIS, “NBC Part 4- Fire and Life safety”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2005.
10. Michael F. Dennet, “Fire Investigation-A Practical Guide for Students and Officers,
Insurance Investigators, Loss Adjusters and Police Officers”, Pergamon Press, Year: 1980
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of Lectures
1 Fundamentals in fire Phenomena (11 hours)
1.1 Introduction- temperature, heat, specific heat, flash point, fire 2
point, ignition, combustion.
1.2 Ignition- pilot ignition, spontaneous ignition, ignition sources. 2
Types of combustion-rapid, spontaneous, elementary relations of
self-heating, explosion.
1.3 Fire causation theories, theory of fire extinguishment. 2
Development of fire-HRR. Governing equations for calculation of
heat flux of a fire. Classification of fire based on material.

1.4 Diffusion flames-zones of combustion, smouldering combustion, 3

characteristics of diffusion flame. Premixed flames-burning
velocity, limits of flammability, characteristics of premixed flame.
Explosion and expansion ratios, deflagration and detonation,.
Explosion- physical explosion, chemical explosion.

1.5 Special kinds of combustion- Flash fire, Pool fire, Jet fire, Deep 2
seated fire, Spill over, Boil over, Dust explosion, BLEVE, UVCE;.

2 Combustion products (10 hours)

2.1 Product of combustion-flame, heat, smoke, fire gases; Flame and 2
its characteristics, spread of flames in solids and liquids, linear
and three dimensional fire propagation
2.2 Spread of fire in rooms and buildings; Effect of heat exposure to 2
human body, body burns.

2.3 Smoke – constituents of smoke, quantity and rate of production 3

of smoke, quality of smoke, smoke density, visibility in smoke,
smoke movement in buildings, modelling of smoke movement

2.4 Smoke control in buildings-natural and mechanical ventilation, 3

pressurization; Design principles of smoke control using
pressurization technique; Principles of smoke vent design.
3 Fire service equipment’s (9 hours)
3.1 Use, operation and maintenance of fire service equipment’s and 3
accessories- Suction and delivery Hose, Hose reel, Hose fittings-
coupling, adapters, branches, branch holders, radial branches,
collecting heads, stand pipe, monitors, hydrants
3.2 Introduction to fire fighting vehicles and appliances-Pumps, 3
primers, crash tenders, rescue tenders, hose laying tenders,
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
control vans, hydraulic platforms; Ladders- extension ladders,
hook ladder, turntable ladders, snorkel
3.3 Uses and maintenance of small gear and miscellaneous 3
equipments used during fire fighting; Lamps and lighting sets; Fire
cabinet; Ropes and Lines- Types-wire and rope lines used in fire
service. Use and testing of lines, knots, Bends and hitches;
General rope work.
4 Building classification and Evacuation (9 hours)
4.1 Process of emergency evacuation - special features of personnel 3
movement. Parameter characteristics of the movement of
people;
4.2 Stages of evacuation; Planning and design of evacuation routes 3
and exits; planning of seating arrangements in large assembly
buildings.
4.3 Classification of buildings based on occupancy and type of
construction according to fire resistance as per NBC. Fire tower,
Fire lift, Stairs, Escape Ladders 3
5 Fire Fighting and Investigation (9 hours)
5.1 Fire ground operations - preplanning, action on arrival and 3
control, methods of rescue, methods of entry. Personnel safety.
Control procedure and use of other safety equipment Ventilation
– tactical ventilation, vertical ventilation, horizontal ventilation,
and forced ventilation and salvage operations.

5.2 Fire training and education, Arson - Motivation of arson, degrees 3

of arson, punishment for arson, controlling of arson fire.

5.3 Fire safety audits. Risk assessment. Fire insurance – claim 3

procedure. Fire Investigation - investigation activities,
investigation process.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

FST 203 CHEMICAL PROCESS PRINCIPLES CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PCC 3 1 0 4
Preamble: To acquire the knowledge about the basic principles of chemical process
calculations and basic laws, concepts and application of thermodynamics.

Prerequisite: Nil

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Make use the basic principles of chemical engineering and calculation of composition and
other physical quantities.
CO 2 Explain the basic gas laws.
CO 3 Solve material balance problems with and without chemical reactions.
CO 4 Formulate and solve energy balance problems.
CO 5 Explain the laws of thermodynamics and property relationships of chemical engineering
thermodynamics.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO 1 3 1 1
CO 2 3 1 1
CO 3 2 1 1 1 3
CO 4 1 1 1 1 3
CO 5 3 1 1

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Define mole concept.

2. In the SI system, thermal conductivity has the unit W/m.K. The thermal conductivity of solid
material can be calculated as k = x.Q/A.∆T, where Q is the rate of heat transfer, x is the thickness of
solid, A is the area of heat transfer and ∆T is the temperature difference across the solid. The
following values were obtained experimentally: Q = 10,000 KJ/h, A = 1m2, x = 100mm and ∆T = 800K.

(i) Calculate the thermal conductivity of the solid in W/ (m.K)? .

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Explain the significance of Vander Waal’s equation

2. The vapour pressure of acetone at 273 K is 8.52 kPa and that at 353 K is 194.9 kPa. Dry air initially
at 101.3kPa and 300 K is allowed to get saturated with the vapours of acetone at constant
temperature and volume. Determine

(i) The final pressure of the mixture.

(ii) The mole percent of acetone in the final mixture.

3. Discuss about vapour pressure plots.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Differentiate material balance without and with chemical reactions.

2. Wet solids containing 20% water is sent through a dryer in which 80% of the water is removed.
Based on 100 kg of feed, calculate:

(i) The mass fraction of dry solids in wet solids that leaves the dryer.

(ii) The weight ratio of water removed to wet solids leaving the dryer.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Discuss about the energy balance of flow processes.

2. A stream of CO2 flowing at a rate of 100 kgmol/hr is heated from 298 K to 383 Calculate the heat
that must be transferred.

Data: Co pCO2 = 21.35 + 64.27x10-3T – 41.01x10-6T2

3. Calculate the heat that must be removed in cooling 1 kgmol of O2 from 480 K to 300 K using CoP
data given below.

CoP, O2 = 26.01 + 11.76x10-3T – 2.35x10-6T2

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Differentiate the limitations of first and second law of thermodynamics.

2. Discuss about the equations of state for real gases

Course Outcome 6 (CO6):

1. Discuss about Joule Thomason coefficient

2. Derive Maxwell relations?

3. Derive an expression for entropy change in process involving ideal gases.

Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES: 3
Reg No: ______________
Name: ______________
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 203

Course Name: CHEMICAL PROCESS PRINCIPLES

Max.Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
Answer all Questions. Each question carries 5 Marks

1. Define mole concept?

2. Explain the significance of Vander Waal’s equation?

3. Discuss the effect of temperature on vapour pressure?

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
4. State Henry’s and Raoult’s law?

5. Differentiate material balance without and with chemical reactions?

6. Explain the significance of calorific value in material balance problems?

7. Discuss about the energy balance of flow processes?

8. State Hess’s law of constant heat summation?

9. Differentiate the limitations of first and second law of thermodynamics?

10. Discuss about Joule Thomason coefficient?

(10x5=50)

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module. Each question carries 10 Marks

MODULE 1

11. In the SI system, thermal conductivity has the unit W/m.K. The thermal conductivity of
solid material can be calculated as k = x.Q/A.∆T, where Q is the rate of heat transfer, x is the
thickness of solid, A is the area of heat transfer and ∆T is the temperature difference across
the solid. The following values were obtained experimentally: Q = 10,000 KJ/h, A = 1m2, x =
100mm and ∆T = 800K.

(i) Calculate the thermal conductivity of the solid in W/ (m.K)? (10)

OR

12. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is prepared by dissolving 25 kg of sodium

chloride in 100 kg of water. Determine (a) weight % and (b) mole % composition of solution?
(10)

MODULE 2

13. Discuss about vapour pressure plots with diagrams? (10)

OR

14. The vapour pressure of acetone at 273 K is 8.52 kPa and that at 353 K is 194.9 kPa. Dry
air initially at 101.3kPa and 300 K is allowed to get saturated with the vapours of acetone at
constant temperature and volume. Determine

(i) The final pressure of the mixture.

(ii) The mole percent of acetone in the final mixture. (10)

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
MODULE 3

15. Wet solids containing 20% water is sent through a dryer in which 80% of the water is
removed. Based on 100 kg of feed, calculate:

(i) The mass fraction of dry solids in wet solids that leaves the dryer.

(ii) The weight ratio of water removed to wet solids leaving the dryer. (10)

OR

16. Soyabean seeds are extracted with hexane in batch extractors. The flaked seeds are
found to contain 18.6% oil, 69% solid and 12.4% moisture (by weight). At the end of the
extraction process, cake is separated from hexane oil mixture. The cake is analysed to
contain 0.8% oil, 87.7% solids and 11.5% moisture (by weight). Find the percentage recovery
of oil. (10)

MODULE 4

17. (a) A stream of CO2 flowing at a rate of 100 kgmol/hr is heated from 298 K to 383
Calculate the heat that must be transferred.

Data: Co pCO2 = 21.35 + 64.27x10-3T – 41.01x10-6T2 (10)

OR

18. (a) Derive the expressions for (i) Heat capacity at constant pressure (ii) Heat capacity at
constant volume. (6)

(b) Calculate the heat that must be removed in cooling 1 kgmol of O2 from 480 K to 300 K
using CoP data given below.

CoP, O2 = 26.01 + 11.76x10-3T – 2.35x10-6T2 (4)

MODULE 5

19. Derive Maxwell relations? (10)

OR

20. Derive an expression for entropy change in process involving ideal gases? (10)
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction to chemical Engineering – unit processes and unit operations. Units and
dimensions – conversion of units, conversion of equations – problems

Mole concept – methods for expressing the compositions - mole fraction, weight fraction,
volume fraction, concentration of liquid solutions- molarity, molality, normality, ppm.

Ideal gas laws, Gas constant, gaseous mixtures, real gas laws, Vander Waals equations,
Redlich Kwong equations, Average molecular weight and density, compressibility factor.

Module 2

Vapour pressure: Effect of temperature on vapour pressure. Applications of Clausius

Clapeyron equation. Vapour pressure plots, Cox charts.

Ideal and non-ideal solution – Henry’s law, Raoult’s law, bubble point, flash vaporization,
Vapour pressure of immiscible liquids. Humidity, Dew point, Dry and wet bulb temperature,
adiabatic saturation.

Module 3

Material balance without chemical reactions – introduction, key component, steps for
solving material balance problems, material balance of unit operations – distillation, drying,
absorption, evaporator and extractor. Recycling, bypass and purge operations.

Material balance with chemical reactions; definition of terms (limiting reactant, percentage
yield, selectivity etc.) - Combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, calorific value.

Module 4

Energy balance: Heat capacity, work, internal energy, heat capacity of solids, liquids and
gaseous mixtures. Latent heat, enthalpy changes, energy balance of flow and non-flow
processes.

Standard heat of reaction, combustion and formation – effect of temperature and pressure
on heat of reaction. Hess’s law of constant heat summation, temperature of reaction,
adiabatic reaction temperature.

Module 5

Thermodynamic Systems (Basic definitions) - Zeroth law of Thermodynamics-First Law of

Thermodynamics-Energy Balance for Closed Systems-Limitations of First Law. Second
law of thermodynamics. Definition of Entropy-Calculation of entropy change in
processes involving ideal gases.

Equations of state for real gases. Principle of corresponding states-generalized

compressibility chart-Fundamental Property Relations-Maxwell’s Equations. Entropy-heat
capacity relationships. Joule-Thomson coefficient.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Text Books

1. K V Narayanan and B Lakshmikutty Amma, “Stoichiometry and Process Calculations”, Prentice

Hall of India.

2. Bhatt and Vora, Stoichiometry, Tata McGraw Hill publishing company, Ltd.

3. Narayanan K. V., A Textbook of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd Edn. Prentice-Hall of

India, 2013

Reference Books

1. Himmelblau D.H. “Basic principles and calculations in chemical engineering”, 5th Edition, Prentice
Hall of India, 2001.

2. Hougen. O. A, Watson K.M. And Ragatz R.A. “Chemical Process Principles, Part -I, Material and
Energy Balance”, 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 1963.

3. Richard Fielder, Ronald Rousseau, “Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes”, 3rd Edition,
Wiley, 2004.

4. Smith J. M. & Van Ness H.V., Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw
Hill.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of Lectures
1 Module 1 (10 Hours)
1.1 Introduction to chemical Engineering – unit processes and unit
operations. Units and dimensions – conversion of units, 2
conversion of equations.

1.2 Mole concept – methods for expressing the compositions -

composition-mole fraction, weight fraction, volume fraction,
concentration of liquid solutions- molarity, molality, normality, 4
ppm.

1.3 Ideal gas laws, Gas constant, gaseous mixtures, real gas laws,
Vander Waals equations, Redlich Kwong equations, Average 4
molecular weight and density, compressibility factor.

2 Module 2 (9 Hours)
2.1 Vapour pressure: Effect of temperature on vapour pressure.
Applications of Clausius Clapeyron equation. Vapour pressure 4
plots, Cox charts.

2.2 Ideal and non-ideal solution – Henry’s law, Raoult’s law, bubble 2
point, flash vaporization.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
2.3 Vapour pressure of immiscible liquids. Humidity, Dew point, Dry
and wet bulb temperature, adiabatic saturation. 3

3 Module 3 (10 Hours)

3.1 Material balance without chemical reactions – introduction, key
component, steps for solving material balance problems 2
3.2 Material balance of unit operations – distillation, drying,
absorption, evaporator and extractor. 3
3.3 Recycling, bypass and purge operations 1

3.4 Material balance with chemical reactions; definition of terms

(limiting reactant, percentage yield, selectivity etc.) 2
3.5 Combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, calorific value. 2

4 Module 4 (9 Hours)
4.1 Energy balance: Heat capacity, work, internal energy, heat
capacity of solids, liquids and gaseous mixtures. 1
4.2 Latent heat, enthalpy changes, energy balance of flow and non-
flow processes. 3
Standard heat of reaction, combustion and formation – effect of
temperature and pressure on heat of reaction. 2
4.3 Hess’s law of constant heat summation, temperature of reaction,
adiabatic reaction temperature. 3
5 Module 5 (9 Hours)
5.1 Thermodynamic Systems (definitions) - Zeroth law of
Thermodynamics-First Law of Thermodynamics-Energy Balance 4
for Closed Systems-Limitations of First Law. Second law of
thermodynamics. Definition of Entropy-Calculation of entropy
change in processes involving ideal gases.

5.2 Equations of state for real gases. Principle of corresponding

states-generalized compressibility chart 2

5.3 Fundamental Property Relations-Maxwell’s Equations. Entropy-

heat capacity relationships. Joule-Thomson coefficient. 3
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
FST205 PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
PCC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: The aim of this subject is to teach the various principles of safety management
and enable the students to give safety training, perform safety audit, and accident
investigation.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able to

CO 1 Describe the theories of accident causation

CO 2 Explain the concept of safety psychology and motivational theories
CO 3 Explain functions safety organisation, duties of safety officer and accident prevention
methods
CO 4 Explain about Personnel Protective Equipment
CO 5 Prepare accident investigation report

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 - - 2 - - 3 2 1 - - - -
CO 2 1 - 1 - - 2 - 2 3 1 - 1
CO 3 1 - 1 - - 3 1 2 1 1 - 1
CO 4 2 1 1 - - - - 2 - - - -
CO 5 2 - - 1 - 2 1 2 1 - - 1

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 20 20 30
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 10 10 30
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 5 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 10 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain Heinrich domino theory

2. Describe the need for safety in industry

3. Define Accident, Injury, Unsafe act, Unsafe condition, Dangerous occurence

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Explain the psychological factors affect the performance of employee

2. Explain the methods of motivation

3. Describe maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Explain the functions of safety organisation

2. List out the duties of safety officer

3. Describe the various methods of accident prevention

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. List out the different types of work permit system ,Explain any one

2. Describe the different types safety performance indices

3. Explain the different types of plant safety inspection

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain procedure for executing safety audit

2. Explain the significance of Risk acceptability .

3. Explain the Accident investigation process

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:2

Reg. No: ______________ Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 205

Course Name: PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

Each question carries 5 Marks (10X5=50Marks)

1. Explain the need for safety in engineering industry?

2. How safety affects productivity in an industry

3. Explain the meaning of safety psychology ?

4. Describe the maslow’s hierarchy of needs

5. List out the voluntary organization promoting safety awareness in the society?

6. Explain the advantages of safety committee

7. Explain the hot work permit system?

8. Describe the safety precautions required before entering the confined space

9. Explain the purpose of accident investigation

10. List out the 4P of witness

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module.

Each question carries 10 Marks (5X10=50 Marks)
Module 1

11. Explain Heinrich’s domino theory with neat sketch

(10)
12. a. Explain the need for safety in industry (5)
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
b. With examples explain Unsafe act and unsafe condition (5)

Module 2

13. Explain the methods of Motivating people in industry (10)

14. Explain any two motivation theories (10)

Module 3

15. List out the duties of safety officer (10)

16. Explain the 5Es of accident prevention (10)

Module 4

17. Firm A has 60 workers working 48 hours a week and 20 accidents(lost time) Resulting in
120 man-days lost. Firm B has 80 workers working 48 hours a week and 30 accidents
resulting in 150 man-days lost. Which firm has better safety Performance during the same
six months (10)

18. Explain the non-respiratory PPE with examples (10)

Module 5

19. Explain safety Audit based on IS 14489 (10)

20. Explain the steps in Accident investigation Process (10)

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Syllabus

Module 1 Fundamentals of Safety Engineering: Introduction-Safety -Goals of safety engineering.

Need for safety. Industrialization VS Accidents, Evolution of modern safety concept. Safety and
productivity. Definitions: Accident, Injury, Hazard, Risk, Unsafe act, Unsafe Condition, Near miss,
Dangerous Occurrence, Reportable accidents, Loss Prevention. Theories of accident causation-Ten
Axioms of Industrial Safety, Heinrich’s theory, frank birds domino theory, Hepburn’s theory, V.L
Grose’s Multiple Causation Theory, system model theory, Ferrell’s human factors theory.

Module 2 Safety psychology: Safety psychology, present psychological safety problems- employer’s
problem, employee’s problem. General psychological factors-attitudes, aptitudes, frustration,
conflict, morale, fatigue, boredom and monotony. Differences affecting safety performance
Motivation for safety-need of motivation, theories of motivation- Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs,Herzberg hygiene Theory,Mc Gregor X &Y Theory. Methods of Motivation

Module 3 Safety Organisation and Accident Prevention: Safety organization- objectives, types,
functions, Role of management, supervisors, workmen, unions, government and voluntary agencies
in safety. Safety policy. Safety department and size-Safety Officer-responsibilities, authority. Safety
committee-need, types, advantages

Reasons for Accident Prevention,5Es of Accident Prevention . Housekeeping: Responsibility of

management and employees. Advantages of good housekeeping. 5 s of housekeeping. Safety
Education & Training -Importance, Various training methods, Effectiveness of training, Behaviour
oriented training. Communication- purpose, barrier to communication

Module 4 Work Permit and Safety Performance Monitoring: Work permit system- objectives, hot
work and cold work permits, other work permits. Typical industrial models and methodology. Entry
into confined spaces. Personal protection in the work environment, Types of PPEs, Personal
protective equipment- respiratory and non-respiratory equipment. Standards related to PPEs.

Monitoring Safety Performance: Frequency rate, severity rate, incidence rate, activity rate, safety “t”
score, safety activity rate –problems. Cost of accidents-Computation of Costs- Utility of Cost data.
Plant safety inspection, types, inspection procedure. Safety sampling techniques

Module 5 Safety audit and Accident Investigation: Code of Practice on Safety Audit-IS 14489-
Goals,Objectives and Responsibilities, Audit Methodology, Executing the Audit, Job safety analysis
(JSA), Safety surveys, Non conformity reporting (NCR). Safety Inventory Technique. The practice of
safety management-the significance of risk acceptability.

Accident investigation –Why? When? Where? Who? & How? Basics- Man- Environment & Systems
Process of Investigation –Tools-Data Collection-Handling witnesses- Case study. Accident analysis –
Analytical Techniques-System Safety-Change Analysis-MORT-Multi Events Sequencing-TOR
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Text Books

1. Dr. K.U.Misthri .”Fundamentals of industrial safety and health”,2012 Edition Vol.I&II Siddharth
Prakashan, Ahmadabad

2. N.V. Krishnan, Safety Management in Industry, Jaico Publishing House, 1997

Reference Books

1.Heinrich H.W. “Industrial Accident Prevention” McGraw-Hill Company, New York,1980.

2.Ronald P. Blake, Industrial Safety:, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 1973

3.David L. Goetsch, Occupational Safety and health, Prentice Hall

4.Ted S. Ferry, Modern Accident Investigation and Analysis, John Wiley & Sons

5.Willie Hammer, Occupational Safety Management and Engineering, Prentice Hall

6.Alan Waring, Safety Management System, Chapman & Hall

7.John V. Grimaldi and Rollin H.Simonds, Safety Management, All India Traveller Book Seller, Delhi.

8.Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations : National Safety Council, Chicago.

9.Lees F.P “Loss Prevention in process industries” Butterworth publications, London, 2nd
edition,1990.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of Lectures
1 Fundamentals of Safety Engineering (8 hours)
1.1 Introduction-Safety -Goals of safety engineering. Need for safety. 4
Industrialization VS Accidents, Evolution of modern safety
concept. Safety and productivity. Definitions: Accident, Injury,
Hazard, Risk, Unsafe act, Unsafe Condition, Near miss, Dangerous
Occurrence, Reportable accidents, Loss Prevention
1.2 Theories of accident causation-Ten Axioms of Industrial Safety, 2
Heinrich’s theory, frank birds domino theory,
1.3 Hepburn’s theory, V.L Grose’s Multiple Causation Theory, system 2
model theory, Ferrell’s human factors theory.
2 Safety psychology (7 hours)
2.1 Safety psychology, present psychological safety problems- 3
employers problem, employees problem. General psychological
factors-attitudes, aptitudes, frustration, conflict, morale, fatigue,
boredom and monotony
2.2 Differences affecting safety performance Motivation for safety-need of 2
motivation, theories of motivation- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs,
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
2.3 Herzberg hygiene Theory,Mc Gregor X &Y Theory. Methods of 2
Motivation

3 Safety Organisation and Accident Prevention (10 hours)

3.1 Safety organization- objectives, types, functions, Role of management, 4
supervisors, workmen, unions, government and voluntary agencies in
safety. Safety policy. Safety department and size-Safety Officer-
responsibilities, authority. Safety committee-need, types, advantages
3.2 Reasons for Accident Prevention,5Es of Accident Prevention . 3
Housekeeping: Responsibility of management and employees.
Advantages of good housekeeping. 5 s of housekeeping.
3.3 Safety Education & Training -Importance, Various training 3
methods, Effectiveness of training, Behavior oriented training.
Communication- purpose, barrier to communication
4 Work Permit and Safety Performance Monitoring (10 hours)
4.1 Work permit system- objectives, hot work and cold work permits, 4
other work permits. Typical industrial models and methodology.
Entry into confined spaces. Personal protection in the work
environment, Types of PPEs, Personal protective equipment-
respiratory and non-respiratory equipment. Standards related to
PPEs
4.2 Monitoring Safety Performance: Frequency rate, severity rate, 3
incidence rate, activity rate, safety “t” score, safety activity rate –
problems.
4.3 Cost of accidents-Computation of Costs- Utility of Cost data. Plant
safety inspection, types, inspection procedure. Safety sampling
techniques 3
5 Safety audit and Accident Investigation (10 hours)
5.1 Code of Practice on Safety Audit-IS 14489-Goals,Objectives and 4
Responsibilities, Audit Methodology, Executing the Audit, Job safety
analysis (JSA), Safety surveys, Non conformity reporting (NCR). Safety
Inventory Technique. The practice of safety management-the
significance of risk acceptability.

5.2 Accident investigation –Why? When? Where? Who? & How? Basics- 3
Man- Environment & Systems Process of Investigation –Tools-Data
Collection-Handling witnesses- Case study.

5.3 Accident analysis –Analytical Techniques-System Safety-Change 3

Analysis-MORT-Multi Events Sequencing-TOR
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
FSL 201 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
PCC 0 0 3 2
Preamble: The aim of this course is to make the students gain practical knowledge to co-
relate with the theoretical studies and use the principles of settling, particle size
distributions in the right way to implement the modern technology.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understand the basics of settling mechanisms and determine the settling velocity
CO 2 Determine the particle size distribution as an application of mechanical
operations like crushing
CO 3 Determine the effectiveness of the screen as an application level of sieve analysis
CO 4 Determination of properties of given oil sample
CO 5 Utilize one’s ability as an individual or in a team for the effective communication,
practical skill and document design.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 1 1 - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 2 2 3 2 2 - 2 - - - - - -
CO 3 3 3 1 - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 4 3 3 - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 5 - - - - - 2 - - 3 3 - -

Assessment Pattern

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 75 75 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 15 marks
Continuous Assessment : 30 marks
Internal Test (Immediately before the second series test): 30 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding award of
marks
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
(a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks
(b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks
(c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting) : 25 Marks
(d) Viva voce : 20 marks
(e) Record : 5 Marks

General instructions: Practical examination to be conducted immediately after the second series
test covering entire syllabus given below. Evaluation is a serious process that is to be conducted
under the equal responsibility of both the internal and external examiners. The number of
candidates evaluated per day should not exceed 20. Students shall be allowed for the University
examination only on submitting the duly certified record. The external examiner shall endorse the
record.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1)

1. Compare free settling and hindered settling?
2. Explain the basics of settling mechanism?
3. Derive the equation of terminal settling velocity?

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Explain the laws of crushing?
2. Define mean diameter, mass mean diameter?
3. What is sphericity?

Course Outcome 3 (CO3)

1. Write down the equation for effectiveness of screen?
2. How we differentiate underflow and overflow analysis?
3. Explain the practical importance of effectiveness of screen analysis?

Course Outcome 4 (CO4)

1. Define flash and fire point?
2. Discuss about the viscosity of the Newtonian fluids?
3. Differentiate kinematic and absolute viscosity?

Course Outcome 5 (CO5)

1. Discuss about the 1st order kinetics?
2. Define activation energy?
3. Define specific surface area?
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

List of Experiments:

1. Determination of activation energy.

2. Determination of the acid value of a given oil sample.

3. Sieve Analysis- Determination of particle size distribution, mean diameters, specific

surface area and number of particles per unit mass.

4. Studies on Plate & frame filter press.

5. Pipette Analysis - Determination of particle size distribution, specific surface area and
mean diameters.

6. Determination of the effectiveness of the screen.

7. Studies on Continuous thickener, Rotary drum filter, Jaw crusher and Hammer mill.

8. Beaker Decantation- Determination of particle size distribution, specific surface area and
Mean diameters.

9. Sedimentation – Determination of area of a thickener.

10. Free Settling- Determination of terminal settling velocity.

11. Determination of the Iodine value of the given oil sample.

12. Determination of the Saponification value of the given oil sample.

13. Study of Equipment’s- Redwood viscometer, Spectrophotometer.

14. Determination of pH of the given sample.

15. Dynamic response of first order system.

Note: 12 experiments are mandatory

Reference Books

1. Vogels textbook of practical organic chemistry ELBS/Longman, 1989

2. Unit Operations of chemical Engineering, Warren McCabe, Julian Smith and Peter Harriot,
McGraw Hill publishers.

3. Introduction to Chemical Engineering, J.T. Banchero and W.L. Badger, McGraw Hill Publishers.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
FSL203 SAFETY ENGINEERING LAB
PCC 0 0 3 2

Preamble: The objectives of this course is to imbibe knowledge on,

 Documents like safety audit, work permit, job safety analysis.

 Measurement of parameters relevant to health, safety and environment
 Conduct a safety audit and accident investigation.
 Demonstration of safety gadgets including personal protective equipment and first aid
firefighting equipment
Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Distinguish and choose right personal protective equipment and extinguishers for various
practices
CO 2 Investigation of accidents and conduct safety audit.
CO 3 Organize various rescue drills and demonstrate.
CO 4 Classify the various knots and hitches, safety signs used in fire services
CO 5 Analyze and prepare various documents for maintaining the safety in industry.
CO 6 Demonstrate exhaust gas, fumes, dust, cross air flow, conductivity of fuels, radiation
measurement and analyze the implications
Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 1 - - - 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 -
CO 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 - - 1 - - -
CO 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 - 1 - - -
CO 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - 1 - - -
CO 5 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 2 3 2 -
CO 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 - - 1 - - -

Assessment Pattern

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 75 75 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 15 marks
Continuous Assessment : 30 marks
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Internal Test (Immediately before the second series test): 30 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding award of
marks
(a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks
(b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks
(c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting) : 25 Marks
(d) Viva voce : 20 marks
(e) Record : 5 Marks

General instructions: Practical examination to be conducted immediately after the second series test
covering entire syllabus given below. Evaluation is a serious process that is to be conducted under
the equal responsibility of both the internal and external examiners. The number of candidates
evaluated per day should not exceed 20. Students shall be allowed for the University examination
only on submitting the duly certified record. The external examiner shall endorse the record.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Classify the PPE’s

2. Demonstrate the working of dry chemical powder extinguisher

3. Draw the figure and write the working of foam extinguisher.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Classify the safety audit.

2. List out the contributing factors of accident.

3. Conduct and accident investigation for an accident scenario happened in industry.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Plan a rescue drill and demonstrate.

2. Explain the importance of rescue drills.

3. Describe about fire man’s lift and drag.

Course Outcome 4(CO4):

1. Make a model of various knots.

2. Prepare a chart of different safety signs.

3. Draw the figure of radiation and biological hazard sign.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
1. Prepare a Job safety analysis for a welding process.

2. Develop a work permit for painting job.

3. Discuss the importance of JSA and work permit.

Course Outcome 6 (CO6):

1. Outline the hazards associated with a working site.

2. Estimate the cross air flow in your lab and surrounding environment.

3. Calculate the exhaust gas emission from a vechicle.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

(Minimum 12 experiments should be completed)

1. Study and demonstration of PPE’s

2. Study and demonstration of different extinguishing Hand Appliances - water, foam,
dry powder, CO2, and Halon.
3. Study and Demonstration of mini firefighting tender.
4. Study and Demonstration of different types of knots and hitches.
5. Preparation of work permits and Job safety analysis – Exercises
6. Safety audit of a laboratory/workshop/residential building/academic building.
7. Accident investigation and Analysis – Exercises
8. Rescue drills – The fireman’s lift, fireman’s drag, and fireman’s hand stretchers.
9. Fire protection - graphic symbols and safety signs.
10. Study and demonstration of automatic fire detection systems.
11. Measurement of Ultraviolet radiation in various environments.
12. Conductivity measurement of hydrocarbon fuels.
13. Measurement of cross air flow in various environment using vane anemometer
14. Measurement of Exhaust gas measurement of using gas analyzer.
15. Measurement of breathing zone concentration of dust and fumes using personal air
sampler.
Reference Books

1. United Nations (UN) guidelines for Transport of Dangerous Gods.

2. Jain V.K., “Fire Safety in Buildings”, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1996

3. Dr. K U Misthri, “Fundamentals of industrial safety and health”, Siddharth Prakashan,

Ahmadabad.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

SEMESTER -3
MINOR
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
FST281 FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRE ENGINEERING CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
VAC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: The aim of this subject is to offer students

 To get fundamental idea about the fire phenomena, fire hydraulics and fire
fighting.
 To provide the students an illustration of significance of the Fire Engineering
profession in the protection life, property and environment.
 To understanding the working of various fire fighting tools and equipment’s.
 To understand the importance of life safety in building fire and method of
evacuation.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the fundamentals of fire phenomena and fire hydraulics calculations.

CO 2 Classify the types of combustion and its products
CO 3 Demonstrate the operation of fire service equipment’s and practical fire fighting.
CO 4 Categorize the buildings and design the evacuation methods
CO 5 Apply acquired knowledge on real life problems

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 1 - 2 - - 2 - - 1 - - -
CO 2 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - -
CO 3 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - 2 -
CO 4 3 2 3 - - 2 - - - 1 - -
CO 5 3 1 2 - - 3 1 - - 2 1 -

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 15 15 30
Apply 25 25 50
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 5 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 10 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Define pilot ignition

2. Identify are the properties of diffusion flame?

3. Write the mathematical relation of heat and temperature of a body.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Classify the combustible dust

2. Explain the science of BLEVE

3. Compare boilver and spillover

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Draw the figure of monitor and explain the working.

2. Write a note on knots and hitches with diagram.

3. Describe about any three fire service lines.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Differentiate evacuation exit and emergency exit.

2. What you mean by the term traffic clearing capacity of an exit?
3. Discuss the details on fire tower, fire lift and external fire escape ladder.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
1. Categorize the buildings as per NBC guidelines.

2. Explain the firefighting in a real life situation.

3. Problems on real life situations related to emergency evacuation, fire fighting.

Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:3

Reg. No: ______________ Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 281

Course Name: FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRE ENGINEERING

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

Each question carries 5 Marks

1. Make a table of special kinds of combustion with definition.

2. Define burning velocity and limits of flammability.

3. Write a note on smoke constituents.

4. Write the expression of time taken for the smoke to fill the room.

5. Explain the various types of pumps used in firefighting.

6. Discuss about fire monitor with neat figure.

7. Determine the width and number of exits required for an auditorium having a capacity of
2000 people if it is required to be evacuated in 3½ minutes.

8. What are the features of panic evacuation?

9. A water tender working at a pressure of 7 bar, pumps water through a line of hose
70mm in diameter and 84 meter in length, delivering 735 litre of water per minute
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
through the nozzle attached with the hose. If 30% is the loss of pressure due to friction
when water reaches the nozzle, determine the friction factor of the hose.

10. Discuss about fire ground operations

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module.

Each question carries 10 Marks
Module 1

11. a) Explain the concept of fire triangle and fire tetrahedron (5)

b) Differentiate premixed and diffusion flames (5)

12. a) Classify the dust explosion and Explain how dust explosion occur and the method
of preventing the same. (7)

b) Discuss about smouldering combustion with diagram. (3)

Module 2

13. Describe the pressurization of staircases (10)

14. a) Prepare a table of appearance of flame at different flame temperature also write
the classes of surface spread of flame. (5)

b) Write a notes on toxicity of smoke (5)

Module 3

15. Discuss the various types of tenders used in firefighting and its specific application.

16. a) Describe various Knots and hitches with diagrams. (8)

b) Explain Collecting head and stand pipes with figure (2)

Module 4

17. Enumerate on the classification of building based on occupancy from A to (10)

18. Explain the method of calculation of building evacuation time based on the travel
distance. (10)

Module 5

19. A pump with brake power of 30kW and with an efficiency of 80% discharges 2400
liter of water/min at a pressure which is 0.9 bar higher than the pressure of the 1600
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
liters/min discharged by a second pump having an efficiency of 65%. What is the
brake horse power of the second pump? (10)

20. a) A rectangular bund with vertical walls and level base surrounds two cylindrical oil
tanks. The inner measurements of the bund are 70m and 55m and the wall is 4m
high. The diameter of the oil tankers is 30m and 20m respectively.
a. How many litre of water does the bund hold when full?
b. How long will it take to pump out half the water from the full bund using
three pumps, each of which uses two lines of delivery hose with 25mm nozzle
in each, all working at a nozzle pressure of 9 bar? (8)

b) Write a note significance of salvage. (2)

Syllabus

Module 1 Fundamentals in fire Phenomena: Introduction - temperature, heat, specific

heat, flash point, fire point, ignition, combustion. Ignition- pilot ignition, spontaneous
ignition, ignition sources. Types of combustion - rapid, spontaneous, elementary relations of
self-heating, explosion. Fire causation theories, theory of fire extinguishment. Development
of fire – HRR. Classification of fire based on material.

Diffusion flames-zones of combustion, smouldering combustion, characteristics of diffusion

flame. Premixed flames-burning velocity, limits of flammability, characteristics of premixed
flame. Explosion and expansion ratios, deflagration and detonation,. Explosion- physical
explosion, chemical explosion.

Special kinds of combustion- Flash fire, Pool fire, Jet fire, Deep seated fire, Spill over, Boil
over, Dust explosion, BLEVE, UVCE;.

Module 2 Combustion products: Product of combustion-flame, heat, smoke, fire gases.

Flame and its characteristics, spread of flames in solids and liquids, linear and three
dimensional fire propagation. Spread of fire in rooms and buildings. Effect of heat exposure
to human body, body burns.

Smoke – constituents of smoke, quantity and rate of production of smoke, quality of smoke,
smoke density, visibility in smoke, smoke movement in buildings, modelling of smoke
movement. Smoke control in buildings-natural and mechanical ventilation, pressurization.
Design principles of smoke control using pressurization technique. Principles of smoke vent
design.

Module 3 Fire service equipment’s: Use, operation and maintenance of fire service
equipments and accessories- Suction and delivery Hose, Hose reel, Hose fittings-coupling,
adapters, branches, branch holders, radial branches, collecting heads, stand pipe, monitors,
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
hydrants. Introduction to fire fighting vehicles and appliances-Pumps, primers, crash
tenders, rescue tenders, hose laying tenders, control vans, hydraulic platforms. Ladders-
extension ladders, hook ladder, turntable ladders, snorkel. Uses and maintenance of small
gear and miscellaneous equipments used during firefighting. Lamps and lighting sets. Fire
cabinet. Ropes and Lines- Types-wire and rope lines used in fire service. Use and testing of
lines, knots, Bends and hitches; General rope work.

Module 4 Occupancy classification and Evacuation: Process of emergency evacuation -

special features of personnel movement. Parameter characteristics of the movement of
people - Densities of Streams of People, traffic capacity. Stages of evacuation. Planning and
design of evacuation routes and exits. Calculation of width of exit, calculation of width of
aisles, calculation of building evacuation time. Planning of seating arrangements in large
assembly buildings.

Classification of buildings based on occupancy and type of construction according to fire

resistance as per NBC - Residential, Educational, Institutional, Assembly, Business,
Mercantile, Industrial, Storage, Hazardous. Fire tower, Fire lift, Stairs, Escape Ladders

Module 5 Fire Hydraulics and fire fighting: Fire stream-path, range; nozzles-types,
calculation of discharge capacity, nozzle reaction, water hammer; Hydraulic and energy
grade lines, pressure loss or gain because of elevation, back pressure; friction losses in
pipes, fire hoses and fixtures, parallel and series connections; flow in pipes and fire hoses,
branching lines; water relay techniques; Estimation of fire protection water requirements,
pump capacity and other parameters relating to fire hydraulics.

Fire ground operations - preplanning, action on arrival and control, methods of rescue,
methods of entry. Personnel safety. Control procedure and use of other safety equipment.
Ventilation and salvage operations. Arson - Motivation of arson, degrees of arson,
punishment for arson, controlling of arson fire.

Text Books

1. N. Shesha Prakash, “Manual of Fire Safety”, CBS Publishers and distributors Pvt. Ltd, 1st
edition, 2011.
2. Barendra Mohan Sen, “Fire protection and prevention the essential handbook”. UBS
Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd, 2009.
3. R.S Gupta, “A handbook of fire technology”, Universities Press, 2nd edition, 2011.
4. A.K. Das, “Principles of Fire Safety Engineering and Management-(Understanding Fire &
Fire Protection)”, First edition, 2014.

Reference Books

1. HMSO, “Manual of Firemanship 1 to 13”.

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
2. Ron Hirst, “Underdowns Practical Fire Precautions”, Gower Publishing Company Ltd.,
England, 1989.
3. Jain V.K., “Fire Safety in Buildings”, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1996.
4. Clark, W.E., “Fire fighting principles & practices ”
5. N F P A, “ Fire Protection Hand Book”.
6. NSC, “Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operation”.
7. Morgan J. Hurley., “SPFE handbook of fire protection Engineering” 5th Edition., Springer.
8. M. Ya. Roytman, “Principles of Fire Safety Standards for Building Construction”. Amerind
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1975
9. BIS, “NBC Part 4- Fire and Life safety”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2005.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Fundamentals in fire Phenomena (11 hours)
1.1 Introduction- temperature, heat, specific heat, flash point, fire point, 2
ignition, combustion.
1.2 Ignition- pilot ignition, spontaneous ignition, ignition sources. Types 2
of combustion-rapid, spontaneous, elementary relations of self-
heating, explosion.
1.3 Fire causation theories, theory of fire extinguishment. Development 2
of fire-HRR. Classification of fire based on material.

1.4 Diffusion flames-zones of combustion, smouldering combustion, 3

characteristics of diffusion flame. Premixed flames-burning velocity,
limits of flammability, characteristics of premixed flame. Explosion
and expansion ratios, deflagration and detonation,. Explosion-
physical explosion, chemical explosion.

1.5 Special kinds of combustion- Flash fire, Pool fire, Jet fire, Deep 2
seated fire, Spill over, Boil over, Dust explosion, BLEVE, UVCE;.

2 Combustion products (10 hours)

2.1 Product of combustion-flame, heat, smoke, fire gases; Flame and its 2
characteristics, spread of flames in solids and liquids, linear and
three dimensional fire propagation
2.2 Spread of fire in rooms and buildings; Effect of heat exposure to 2
human body, body burns.

2.3 Smoke – constituents of smoke, quantity and rate of production of 3

smoke, quality of smoke, smoke density, visibility in smoke, smoke
movement in buildings, modelling of smoke movement

2.4 Smoke control in buildings-natural and mechanical ventilation, 3

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
pressurization; Design principles of smoke control using
pressurization technique; Principles of smoke vent design.
3 Fire service equipment’s (9 hours)
3.1 Use, operation and maintenance of fire service equipment’s and 3
accessories- Suction and delivery Hose, Hose reel, Hose fittings-
coupling, adapters, branches, branch holders, radial branches,
collecting heads, stand pipe, monitors, hydrants
3.2 Introduction to fire fighting vehicles and appliances-Pumps, primers, 3
crash tenders, rescue tenders, hose laying tenders, control vans,
hydraulic platforms; Ladders- extension ladders, hook ladder,
turntable ladders, snorkel
3.3 Uses and maintenance of small gear and miscellaneous equipments 3
used during fire fighting; Lamps and lighting sets; Fire cabinet; Ropes
and Lines- Types-wire and rope lines used in fire service. Use and
testing of lines, knots, Bends and hitches; General rope work.
4 Building classification and Evacuation (9 hours)
4.1 Process of emergency evacuation - special features of personnel 3
movement. Parameter characteristics of the movement of people;
4.2 Stages of evacuation; Planning and design of evacuation routes and 3
exits; planning of seating arrangements in large assembly buildings.
4.3 Classification of buildings based on occupancy and type of
construction according to fire resistance as per NBC. Fire tower, Fire
lift, Stairs, Escape Ladders 3
5 Fire Hydraulics and Fire fighting (9 hours)
5.1 Fire stream-path, range; nozzles-types, calculation of discharge 3
capacity, nozzle reaction, water hammer; Hydraulic and energy
grade lines, pressure loss or gain because of elevation, back pressure

5.2 Friction losses in pipes, fire hoses and fixtures, parallel and series 3
connections; flow in pipes and fire hoses, branching lines; water
relay techniques; Estimation of fire protection water requirements,
pump capacity and other parameters relating to fire hydraulics.
5.3 Fire ground operations - preplanning, action on arrival and control, 3
methods of rescue, methods of entry. Personnel safety. Control
procedure and use of other safety equipment. Ventilation and
salvage operations. Arson - Motivation of arson, degrees of arson,
punishment for arson, controlling of arson fire.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

SEMESTER -4
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND FIRE HYDRAULICS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
FST202
CALCULATION PCC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: The aim of this subject is to offer students a solid background in the
fundamentals of mechanics of fluids and to impart that knowledge in engineering
disciplines. The program is designed to develop scientific attitudes and enable the students
to correlate the concepts of fluid mechanics with the core programmes

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Classify fluids based on their properties.

CO 2 Explain hydrostatic forces on different surfaces and equilibrium of bodies.
CO 3 Explain the effect of friction and other losses on different fluid flows.
CO 4 Explain the working of hydraulic machines and devices.
CO 5 Understand basics of fire hydraulics and its calculation.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 2 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 3 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 4 3 2 1 - - 3 - - - 2 - -
CO 5 2 2 2 - - 3 - - - 2 - -

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 5 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 10 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Define: dynamic viscosity, surface tension and capillary effect

2. Problems to find the fluid property values.

3. Explain NLV. Classify fluids according to NLV.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Derive an expression for centre of pressure and total pressure for an inclined planar surface
submerged in liquid.

2. Explain the conditions of equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies in liquid.

3. Derive Pascal’ law. Derive Hydrostatic law.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Classify fluid flows

2. Problems based on head lost due to friction, Darcy-Weisbach relation, Chezy’s formula.

3. Derive an expression for Bernoulli’s theorem, its assumptions and applications

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. With the help of neat sketch, explain the working of venturimeter. Obtain an expression for
discharge through venturimeter.

2. Explain the working of Bourdon-tube pressure gauge with neat sketch.

3. Explain the working of reciprocating pump with neat sketch.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. What is the standard nozzle pressure for hand line fog nozzles?
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
2. Explain the principles of water relay.

3. Problems on real life situations related to water supplies, calculation of areas, density etc.

Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:3

Reg. No: ______________ Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FOURTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 202

Course Name: FLUID MECHANICS AND FIRE HYDRAULICS CALCULATION

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

Each question carries 5 Marks

1. Classify fluids based on viscosity

2. Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 2.5 mm diameter when immersed vertically in
(a) water (b) mercury. Take surface tension σ = 0.0725 N/m for water and σ = 0.52 N/m for
mercury in contact with air. The specific gravity for mercury is given as 13.6 and the angle of
contact = 130o

3. Explain the conditions for equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies with neat sketch.

4. Derive an expression for total pressure and centre of pressure for an inclined surface
submerged in liquid.

5. State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an incompressible fluid

6. Explain the significance of Reynolds number in fluid flow.

7. Explain Bourdon pressure gauge with neat sketch.

8. What is an air vessel? What is its purpose?

9. Differentiate relay pumping and collector pumping.

10. A pipe, 120 m long and 10 cm in diameter is the outlet from a reservoir. The coefficient
of friction is 0.002 and the pipe descends at a gradient of 1 in 12. If the issuing water shows
no loss of head during its flow, determine the velocity of water.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
PART B

Answer any one full question from each module.

Each question carries 10 Marks
Module 1

11. Explain the following terms: - (10)

i. Surface tension ii. Capillarity iii. Vapour pressure iv. Cavitation
12. a. State Newton’s law of viscosity. Explain the variation of viscosity with temperature
for (i) Liquids (ii) Gas (5)
b. Determine the viscosity of a liquid having kinematic viscosity of 6 stokes and specific
gravity 1.9. (5)
Module 2

13. a. What do you mean by total pressure and centre of pressure? (5)
b. A circular plate 3.0 m diameter is immersed in water in such a way that its greatest
and least depth below the free surface are 4 m and 1.5 m respectively. Determine
the total pressure on one face of the plate and position of the centre of pressure (5)

14. a. Define metacentric height. What is its significance? (5)

b. Derive an expression for metacentric height of a floating body. (5)

Module 3

15. Write short notes on:

a. Siphon effect (5)
b. Water hammer (5)

16. Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe of diameter 300 mm and length 50 m,
through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3 m/s using (i) Darcy formula (ii)
Chezy’s formula for which C = 60. Take kinematic viscosity of water = 0.01 stoke. (10)

Module 4

17. A 20 cm x 10 cm venturimeter is inserted in a vertical pipe carrying oil of specific gravity

0.8, the flow of oil is in upward direction. The difference of levels between the throat
and inlet section is 50 cm. the oil mercury differential manometer gives a reading of 30
cm of mercury. Find the discharge of oil. Neglect losses. (10)

18. With the help of neat sketch, explain the working of a reciprocating pump. (10)

Module 5

19. Explain the rules governing the frictional losses in fire hoses. (10)
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
20. a. A pump with brake power of 30 kW and with an efficiency of 80% discharges 2400
litre of water /min at a pressure which is 0.9 bar higher than the pressure of the
1600 litres/min discharged by a second pump having an efficiency of 65%. What is
the brake horse power of the second pump? (5)

b. Calculate the height of the effective jet of a monitor fitted with 45 mm nozzle when
operated vertically at a pressure of 9 bar. Also find out the jet reaction produced at
the nozzle. (1 metre head = 0.1 bar) (5)

Syllabus

Module 1 Fundamental concepts: Properties of fluid - density, specific weight, viscosity, surface
tension, capillarity, vapour pressure, bulk modulus, compressibility, velocity, rate of shear strain,
Newton’s law of viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, real and ideal fluids, incompressible
and compressible fluids.

Module 2 Hydrostatic forces and Stability: Atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and absolute
pressure. Pascal’s Law, Hydrostatic law. Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces –vertical plane
surface, horizontal plane surface, inclined plane surface and curved surface - Centre of pressure and
total pressure.

Buoyancy and floatation: buoyant force, centre of buoyancy, equilibrium of floating and submerged
bodies, metacentre and metacentric height.

Module 3 Fluid kinematics and dynamics: Classification of flow -1D,2D and 3D flow, steady,
unsteady, uniform, non-uniform rotational, irrotational, laminar and turbulent flow, path line
streak line and stream line.

Continuity equation, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s equation Reynolds experiment, Reynold’s number.
Hagen- Poiseuille equation, head loss due to friction, Darcy- Weisbach equation, Chezy’s formula,
compounding pipes, branching of pipes, siphon effect, water hammer transmission of power
through pipes (simple problems)

Module 4 Hydraulic devices and machines: Pressure measurements - piezo meter, manometers,
pressure gauges. Flow rate measurements- venturi and orifice meters, notches and weirs
(description only for notches, weirs and meters), practical applications. Velocity measurements-
Pitot tube and Pitot –static tube.

Operating principles of Non-Centrifugal pumps - Positive displacement pumps: Reciprocating pump,

Ejector pumps, air vessels and their purposes, slip, negative slip and work required and efficiency

Operating principles of Centrifugal pumps – pump characteristics, priming, multi-stage pumps,

regenerative pumps, Vehicle mounted fire pumps, Portable pumps- primers and cooling system.

Module 5 Fire Hydraulics: Pump operator – basic equation – nozzle pressure – friction loss –
appliance friction loss – elevation.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Water Supplies – Introduction. Flow of water through pipes and fire hoses– Water horsepower and
efficiency of pumps. Water relay – principles of water relay – relay technique – types of relay –
considerations.

Hydraulic calculations – calculation of area, volume and capacity of different types of containers.
Problems related to moving bodies, force, density, specific gravity. Hydraulics and water supply for
firemen.

Text Books

1. Dr. R.K Bansal, “A textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines”, Laxmi Publications (P)
Ltd., 9th edition, 2012.

2. R.S Gupta, “A handbook of fire technology”, Universities Press, 2nd edition, 2011.

Reference Books

1. J. F. Douglas, “Fluid Mechanics”, Pearson education.

2. Cengel Y. A. and J. M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics, Tata McGraw Hill, 2013

3. Robert W. Fox and Mc Donald, “Introduction to fluid dynamics”, John Wiley and sons

4. Paul Spurgeon, “Every Pump Operator’s Basic Equation”, Pennwell, Fire Engineering University.

5. Equipment and Media Hydraulics, Pumps and Water Supplies “Volume 1 Fire Service Technology,
Fire Service Manual”.

6. Paul Spurgeon, “Fire Service Hydraulics and pump operations, Pennwell, 2012

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of Lectures
1 Fundamental concepts (7 hours)
1.1 Properties of fluid - density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, 3
capillarity
1.2 vapour pressure, bulk modulus, compressibility, velocity, rate of shear 2
strain,
1.3 Newton’s law of viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, real 2
and ideal fluids, incompressible and compressible fluids.
2 Hydrostatic forces and Stability (9 hours)
2.1 Atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure. Pascal’s 3
Law, Hydrostatic law.
2.2 Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces –vertical plane surface, 3
horizontal plane surface, inclined plane surface and curved surface -
Centre of pressure and total pressure.

2.3 Buoyancy and floatation: buoyant force, centre of buoyancy, 3

equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies, metacentre and
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
metacentric height.

3 Fluid kinematics and dynamics (9 hours)

3.1 Classification of flow -1D,2D and 3D flow, steady, unsteady, uniform, 3
non-uniform rotational, irrotational, laminar and turbulent flow,
path line streak line and stream line.
Continuity equation, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s equation, Reynolds
experiment, Reynold’s number.
3.2 Hagen- Poiseuille equation, head loss due to friction, friction, Darcy- 3
Weisbach equation, Chezy’s formula.
3.3 compounding pipes, branching of pipes, siphon effect, water hammer 3
transmission of power through pipes (simple problems)
4 Hydraulic devices and machines (10 hours)
4.1 Pressure measurements - piezo meter, manometers, pressure gauges. 3
4.2 Flow rate measurements- venturi and orifice meters, notches and weirs 3
(description only for notches, weirs and meters), practical applications.
Velocity measurements- Pitot tube and Pitot –static tube.
4.3 Operating principles of Non-Centrifugal pumps - Positive displacement
pumps: Reciprocating pump, Ejector pumps, air vessels and their
purposes, slip, negative slip and work required and efficiency 4
Operating principles of Centrifugal pumps – pump characteristics,
priming, multi-stage pumps, regenerative pumps, Vehicle mounted fire
pumps, Portable pumps- primers and cooling system.

5 Fire Hydraulics (10 hours)

5.1 Pump operator – basic equation – nozzle pressure – friction loss – 3
appliance friction loss – elevation.

5.2 Water Supplies – Introduction. Flow of water through pipes and fire 3
hoses– Water horsepower and efficiency of pumps. Water relay –
principles of water relay – relay technique – types of relay –
considerations.

5.3 Hydraulic calculations – calculation of area, volume and capacity of 4

different types of containers. Problems related to moving bodies, force,
density, specific gravity. Hydraulics and water supply for firemen.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
TRANSFER OPERATIONS IN CHEMICAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
FST 204
ENGINEERING PCC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: The objective of this course is to bestow better understanding of basic concepts
of heat and mass transfer operations and its applications on diverse engineering domains. It
also imparts knowledge on different modes of heat and mass transfer which clearly gives a
platform for them to understand the real world scenarios.

Prerequisite: Nil

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the fundamental concepts of various modes of heat transfer

CO 2 Explain the convection and radiation process
CO 3 Illustrate the application of heat transfer operations
CO 4 Outline the basic concepts of mass transport
CO 5 Solve the problems related to mass transfer operations.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
CO 1 3 1 1
CO 2 3 1 1 1
CO 3 3 1 1 1
CO 4 3 1 1 1
CO 5 3 2 1 1

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:
SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain the modes of heat transfer.

2. Derive the steady state heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates .

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Differentiate the concept of hydrodynamics and thermal boundary layer

2. Derive the expression for convective heat transfer coefficient.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Discuss about the classification of heat exchangers according to construction as well as flow
arrangement.

2. Explain the basic constructional details of various parts of shell and tube heat exchangers.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. State and Explain Fick’s law of molecular diffusion.

2. Discuss about the elementary theories of mass transfer; (i) Penetration theory (ii) Surface Renewal
(iii) Film theory.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Discuss about steam distillation

2. A feed mixture of A & B (45 mole% A & 55 mole % B) is to be separated into a top product
containing 96 mole% A & bottom product having 95 mole % B. The feed is 50 % vapour & reflux is
1.5 times the minimum. Determine the number of ideal trays required and the location of feed tray?
(Given αAB = 2.8)
 Model Question paper
SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
QP CODE: PAGES: 3
Reg No: ______________
Name: ______________
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 204

Course Name: TRANSFER OPERATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Max.Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
Answer all Questions. Each question carries 5 Marks

1. Explain the modes of heat transfer?

2. State Fourier’s law of heat conduction?

3. Differentiate the concept of hydrodynamics and thermal boundary layer?

4. State the laws of radiation?

5. Discuss about the classification of heat exchangers according to construction as well

as flow arrangement?

6. Explain the significance of LMTD?

7. State and Explain Fick’s law of molecular diffusion?

8. Compare packed and plate column?

9. Discuss about steam distillation?

10. Explain the types of adsorptions? (10x5=50)

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module. Each question carries 10 Marks

MODULE 1

11. Derive the steady state heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates?
(10)

OR

12. Derive the expression of heat conduction equation for composite slab? (10)

MODULE 2
13. Derive the expression for convective heat transfer coefficient? (10)
SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
OR

14. Discuss the general methods for estimation of heat transfer coefficients? (10)

MODULE 3

15. Explain the basic constructional details of various parts of shell and tube heat
exchangers? (10)

OR

16. Derive an expression for LMTD for parallel flow heat exchangers? (10)

MODULE 4

17. Discuss about the elementary theories of mass transfer; (i) Penetration theory (ii)
Surface Renewal (iii) Film theory (10)

OR

18. Discuss the material balance of counter current absorption and stripping? (10)

MODULE 5

19. A feed mixture of A & B (45 mole% A & 55 mole % B) is to be separated into a top
product containing 96 mole% A & bottom product having 95 mole % B. The feed is 50 %
vapour & reflux is 1.5 times the minimum. Determine the number of ideal trays required
and the location of feed tray? (Given αAB = 2.8) (10)

OR

20. Discuss the constant underflow & variable underflow leaching systems? (10)
 Syllabus
SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

Module 1

Heat Transfer:
Basic Concepts: Overview of applications of heat transfer in different fields of engineering,
modes of heat transfer-conduction, convection, radiation. Thermal conductivity.

Conduction Heat Transfer: General heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates

(derivation required). Different boundary conditions applied in heat transfer problems.
Formulation of heat transfer problems without generation of heat at steady and unsteady
state for different boundary conditions. Fourier’s heat conduction equation. Effect of
temperature on thermal conductivity; thermal diffusivity. (Problems related to the above
topics)

Conduction through systems at constant thermal conductivity: conduction through plane

wall. Conduction through composite slab. Critical radius of insulation, optimum thickness of
insulation. Concept of Biot and Fourier number.

Module 2
Convection: Mechanism, Boundary layer concepts – thermal and velocity boundary layers,
boundary layer thickness. Convective heat transfer coefficient.

Forced Convection: Overview of general methods for estimation of convective heat transfer
coefficient, correlation equations for heat transfer in laminar and turbulent flow for external
and internal flows for constant heat flux and wall temperature coefficients. Natural
convection: Physical significance of Grashoff and Rayleigh numbers.

Radiation: Introduction – Theories of radiation, spectral emissive power, total emissive

power, emissivity. Radiative properties – absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity. Concept of
black and grey body.

Module 3
Classifications of heat exchangers: Classification according to transfer process, number of
fluids, construction features, flow arrangements, heat transfer mechanisms.

Basic construction of a shell and tube heat exchanger with details of various parts- concept
of overall heat transfer coefficient – derivation for overall heat transfer coefficient, concept
and types of fouling, fouling factors. Derivation of expressions for LMTD – Heat exchanger
analysis using LMTD method in parallel and counter flow heat exchanger.

Evaporators: Construction and operation of natural and short vertical type evaporators.
Boiling: Pool boiling – Boiling Curve – mechanism of nucleate boiling – modes of pool boiling
– Rohsenow correlations. Condensation: Types of condensation – factors affecting
condensation – comparison between drop wise and film wise condensation.
Module 4
SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Mass Transfer:
Molecular diffusion – Fick’s law of molecular diffusion – mass transfer coefficients -
Elementary treatment theories of mass transfer: penetration, surface renewal and film
theory. Interphase mass transfer. Local and overall k type coefficients.

Gas liquid contacting equipment’s: General construction details of tray towers, wetted wall
column, venture scrubbers, packed and plate column. Factors affecting column performance
– flooding, priming, coning, weeping, loading etc., comparison between packed and plate
column.

Gas absorption – solubility of gases in liquid, choice of solvent, Material balance in counter
current and co current absorption and stripping, L/G ratio. Drying: equilibrium moisture
content, batch drying, rate of drying. Crystallization: principles of crystallization.

Module 5
Distillation – boiling point diagram and equilibrium curves – relative volatility – distillation
methods – flash distillation – differential distillation – steam distillation – fractionation –
plate column for distillation – condensers – Reboilers. (Simple Problems related to the
above topics)

Principles of rectification – material and energy balance – Design of fractionation column by

McCabe Thiele Method – Basic assumptions – feed quality and feed line – number of plates
– feed point location – total reflux – minimum and optimum reflux. (Problems related to the
above topics)

Extraction: Applications – overview of triangular coordinate system – selectivity – choice of

solvent. Leaching: Overview of constant underflow and variable underflow systems.
Adsorption: types of adsorption, properties of adsorbents.

Text Books

1. Binay K Dutta, Heat Transfer – Principles and Applications, Prentice hall of India.

2. Er.R.K.Rajput, Heat and Mass Transfer, S Chand Technical publications

3. Hollman J.P, Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill.

4. K V Narayanan and B Lakshmikutty Amma, Mass Transfer Theories and Applications, CBS
Publishers.

5. Binay K Dutta, Principles of mass transfer and Separation Processes, PHI Learning Private Limited.

Reference Books

1. Incropera F P and Dewitt D P, Introduction to heat transfer, John Wiley New York.

2. M.Necati.Ozizik, Heat Transfer-A basic Approach, McGraw Hill.

3. Kern D.Q, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill.

4. Treybal R E, Mass Transfer Operations, McGraw Hill.

5. McCabe W.L, Smith J C & Harriot P, Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill.
Course Contents and Lecture Schedule
SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

No Topic No. of Lectures

1 Module 1 (8 Hours)
1.1 Overview of applications of heat transfer in different fields of
engineering, modes of heat transfer-conduction, convection, 1
radiation, Thermal conductivity.

1.2 Conduction Heat Transfer: General heat conduction equation in

Cartesian coordinates (derivation required). Different boundary
conditions applied in heat transfer problems. Formulation of heat 4
transfer problems without generation of heat at steady and
unsteady state for different boundary conditions. Fourier’s heat
conduction equation. Thermal diffusivity. (Problems related to
the above topics)

1.3 Conduction through systems at constant thermal conductivity:

conduction through plane wall. Conduction through composite 3
slab. Critical radius of insulation, optimum thickness of insulation.
Concept of Biot and Fourier number.

2 Module 2 (8 Hours)
2.1 Convection: Mechanism, Boundary layer concepts – thermal and
velocity boundary layers, boundary layer thickness. Convective 2
heat transfer coefficient.

2.2 Forced Convection: Overview of general methods for estimation

of convective heat transfer coefficient, correlation equations for
heat transfer in laminar and turbulent flow for external and 4
internal flows for constant heat flux and wall temperature
coefficients. Natural convection: Physical significance of Grashoff
and Rayleigh numbers.

2.3 Radiation: Introduction – Theories of radiation, spectral emissive

power, total emissive power, emissivity. Radiative properties – 2
absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity. Concept of black and grey
body.

3 Module 3 (8 Hours)
3.1 Classifications of heat exchangers: Classification according to
transfer process, number of fluids, construction features, flow 2
arrangements, heat transfer mechanisms.

3.2 Basic construction of a shell and tube heat exchanger with details
of various parts- concept of overall heat transfer coefficient – 3
derivation for overall heat transfer coefficient, concept and types
 of fouling, fouling factors. Derivation of expressions for LMTD –
Heat exchanger analysis using LMTD method SAFETY AND
in parallel FIRE ENGINEERING
and
counter flow heat exchanger.

3.3 Evaporators: Construction and operation of natural and short

vertical type evaporators. Boiling: Pool boiling – Boiling Curve –
mechanism of nucleate boiling – modes of pool boiling –
Rohsenow correlations. Condensation: Types of condensation – 3
factors affecting condensation – comparison between drop wise
and film wise condensation.

4 Module 4 (9 Hours)
4.1 Molecular diffusion – Fick’s law of molecular diffusion – mass
transfer coefficients - Elementary treatment theories of mass 3
transfer: penetration, surface renewal and film theory. Interphase
mass transfer. Local and overall k type coefficients.

4.2 Gas liquid contacting equipment’s: General construction details of

tray towers, wetted wall column, venture scrubbers, packed and 3
plate column. Factors affecting column performance – flooding,
priming, coning, weeping, loading etc., comparison between
packed and plate column.

4.3 Gas absorption – solubility of gases in liquid, choice of solvent,

Material balance in counter current and co current absorption 3
and stripping, L/G ratio. Drying: equilibrium moisture content,
batch drying, rate of drying. Crystallization: principles of
crystallization.

5 Module 5 (9 Hours)
5.1 Distillation – boiling point diagram and equilibrium curves –
relative volatility – distillation methods – flash distillation – 3
differential distillation – steam distillation – fractionation – plate
column for distillation – condensers – Reboilers. (Simple
Problems related to the above topics)

5.2 Principles of rectification – material and energy balance – Design

of fractionation column by McCabe Thiele Method – Basic 4
assumptions – feed quality and feed line – number of plates –
feed point location – total reflux – minimum and optimum reflux.
(Problems related to the above topics)

5.3 Extraction: Applications – overview of triangular coordinate

system – selectivity – choice of solvent. Leaching: Overview of 2
constant underflow and variable underflow systems. Adsorption:
types of adsorption, properties of adsorbents.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
FST206 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY AND SAFETY
PCC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: The aim of this subject is to teach the working principles of various electrical
apparatus and enable the student to understand electrical hazards in industries.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the students will be able to

CO 1 Explain the construction and operational features of Dc machines

CO 2 Outline the types and application of Synchronous, induction machines and transformer
CO 3 Explain working of Relay, MCB, ELCB, Lightning Arrestors
CO 4 Write the various hazards of electricity
CO 5 Identify the safety precaution taken during the installation of plant and equipment.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 1 - 2 1 - 1 - 1 - - - -
CO 2 2 1 2 -1 - - - - - - - -
CO 3 1 1 2 - - 3 - 1 - - - -
CO 4 1 - - - - 3 - 2 - 1 - -
CO 5 2 - - 1 - 2 1 2 - 2 1 -

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 30
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 20 20 30
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 5 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 10 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain the construction and working of Dc generator with sketch

2. Describe Armature Reaction of Dc generator

3. Plot the characteristics of Dc motor

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Derive the emf equation of transformer

2. Solve open circuit and short circuit problems on transformer

3. Explain the methods of starting of synchronous motor

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Explain the fundamental requirements of relay

2. Describe the working of ELCB

3. Explain neutral grounding and its types

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain the magnitude of current and its effects on human body

2. List out the dangers from flash over

3. Explain the hazards of static electricity

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Classify different hazardous zone

2. Illustrate the causes of fire in substation

3. Explain the general safety provisions in Indian Electricity Rules

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:2

Reg. No: ______________ Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 206

Course Name: ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY AND SAFETY

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

Each question carries 5 Marks

1. Explain the various losses in Dc generator?

2. Draw the characteristics of Dc series motor and Explain

3. List out the applications of synchronous motor

4. Draw the equivalent circuit of a transformer

5. Describe the desirable characteristics of fuse

6. Explain the arc phenomenon in Circuit breaker

7. Explain electric shock

8. Compare Ac Vs Dc shock

9. Explain the significance of interlocks

10. List out the various test on relays

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module.

Each question carries 10 Marks
Module 1

11. Explain the constructional details of Dc machine with neat sketch (10)

12. a. Derive the emf equation of Dc generator (5)

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
b. Derive the condition for maximum efficiency of Dc generator (5)

Module 2

13. Explain the constructional details of alternator (10)

14. A 200 KVA, 2000/440V, 50Hz, single phase transformer gave the
following test details:
OC Test: 2000V, 1.8A, 1.75 kW………………….on HV side.
SC Test: 13V, 300A, 1 kW ………………………..on LV side.
Obtain the equivalent circuit as referred to HV side.
(10)

Module 3

15. Explain the working of ELCB with neat sketch (10)

16. Explain the various types of Lightning arrester (10)

Module 4

17. Explain the methods to control Electric Hazard (10)

18. Explain how static electricity is dangerous industries (10)

Module 5

19. Explain the causes of initiation of fire in substation (10)

20. Explain the classification of hazardous zone. Discuss the criteria for

Selection of Equipment in hazardous zones (10)

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Syllabus

Module 1 Dc Machines: Construction and Principle of operation of Dc machines – e.m.f equation of

a generator – Types of Dc generator – losses –Condition for maximum efficiency–Armature
Reaction–Compensating winding-characteristics of shunt, series and compound generators –Critical
field resistance and critical speed–Parallel operation. Dc Motor Characteristics–speed control

Module 2 Ac Machines: Alternator – types – e.m.f equation – winding factors. Synchronous motor
– methods of starting – applications. Induction Motors – Construction and principle of operation –
equivalent circuit – Torque – slip characteristics – method of starting – applications. Construction
and Principle of operation of single phase transformers – e.m.f equation – equivalent circuit–Tests–
regulation – losses and efficiency

Module 3 Protection System: Protective relays – Requirement of relay – types of protection –

classification – distance relay, differential relay. Circuit breakers – arc phenomenon– Methods of Arc
Extinction–Arc voltage –restriking voltage and recovery voltage. Fuses –Characteristics– types –
selection – advantages and disadvantages – MCB and ELCB. Faults in power systems – causes –
types. Protection against over voltages– causes–Lightning–Lightning arrester. Grounding – neutral
grounding – solid grounding – resistance grounding – arc suppression coil grounding. Equipment
grounding for safety

Module 4 Hazards of Electricity: Hazards associated with electric current and voltage, magnitude of
current and its effect on human body ,Medical analysis of electric shock and its effects, AC shock
Versus DC shock, Effect of impulse discharge through human body, Dangers from flash over, safety
precautions against contact shock, flash shock and burns, Methods to control electrical hazard. First
principles of action after shock-CPR. Hazards of static electricity

Module 5 Safety during installation of plant and equipment and IE Act: Safe sequences in
installation – risk during installation. Safety during testing and commissioning. Test on relays –
protection and interlock systems for safety. Hazardous zones – classification of hazardous zones.
Fire prevention and fire fighting in power stations, Substations-causes of initiation of fire-Fire
Extinguishing Techniques. Electrical safety in Residential, Commercial and Agricultural Installations –
Case study. Safety provisions in Indian Electricity Act & Rules.

Text Books

1. S. Rao, and H.L. Saluja : Electrical Safety, Fire Engineering and Safety Management, Khanna
Publishers, Delhi

2. V.K Mehta,Rohit Mehta, Principles of Electrical machines,S chand & Company Ltd

3. V.K Mehta,Rohit Mehta, Principles of Power system,S chand & Company Ltd
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Reference Books

1.S.L. Uppal : A Textbook of Electrical Engineering, Khanna Publishers, Delhi

2. H. Cotton : Electrical Technology, Wheeler Publishing Company

3.Indian Electricity Act and Rules, Government of India.

4.M.G. Say : Electrical Earthling and Accident prevention, Newnes, London, 1954

5.Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations : National Safety Council, Chicago.

6.M.G. Say : Electrical Earthling and Accident prevention, Newnes, London, 1954

7.Swan H.W, Electrical Safety

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of Lectures
1 Dc Machines (9 hours)
1.1 Construction and Principle of operation of Dc machines – e.m.f 3
equation of a generator – Types of Dc generator – losses –
1.2 Condition for maximum efficiency Armature Reaction– 2
Compensating winding
1.3 characteristics of shunt, series and compound generators –Critical 2
field resistance and critical speed
1.4 Parallel operation. Dc Motor Characteristics–speed control 2
2 Ac Machines (9 hours)
2.1 Alternator – types – e.m.f equation – winding factors. 3
Synchronous motor – methods of starting – applications
2.2 Induction Motors – Construction and principle of operation – 2
equivalent circuit – Torque – slip characteristics

2.3 method of starting – applications. Construction and Principle of 2

operation of single phase transformers

2.4 e.m.f equation – equivalent circuit–Tests–regulation – losses and 2

efficiency

3 Protection System (10 hours)

3.1 Protective relays – Requirement of relay – types of protection – 4
classification – distance relay, differential relay. Circuit breakers –
arc phenomenon– Methods of Arc Extinction–Arc voltage –
restriking voltage and recovery voltage.
3.2 Fuses –Characteristics– types –selection – advantages and 3
disadvantages – MCB and ELCB. Faults in power systems – causes
– types. Protection against over voltages– causes
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
3.3 Lightning–Lightning arrester. Grounding – neutral grounding – 3
solid grounding – resistance grounding – arc suppression coil
grounding. Equipment grounding for safety
4 Hazards of Electricity (7 hours)
4.1 Hazards associated with electric current and voltage, magnitude 3
of current and its effect on human body ,Medical analysis of
electric shock and its effects, AC shock Versus DC shock
4.2 Effect of impulse discharge through human body, Dangers from 2
flash over, safety precautions against contact shock, flash shock
and burns
4.3 Methods to control electrical hazard. First principles of action
after shock-CPR. Hazards of static electricity
2
5 Safety during installation of plant and equipment and IE Act (10 hours)
5.1 Safe sequences in installation – risk during installation. Safety 3
during testing and commissioning. Test on relays – protection
and interlock systems for safety.

5.2 Hazardous zones – classification of hazardous zones. Fire 2

prevention and fire fighting in power stations,substations

5.3 causes of initiation of fire-Fire Extinguishing Techniques. Electrical 3

safety in Residential, Commercial and Agricultural Installations –
Case study.

5.4 Safety provisions in Indian Electricity Act & Rules. 2

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
FSL 202 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LAB CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
PCC 0 0 3 2

Preamble: The aim of this course is to make the students gain practical knowledge to co-
relate with the theoretical studies and use the principles of heat and mass transfer in the
right way to implement the modern technology.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Apply modes of heat transfer principles.

CO 2 Compare the performance of dropwise and film wise condensation.
CO 3 Apply the principles of distillation, adsorption, simple leaching.
CO 4 Summarize the working of different heat transfer devices.
CO 5 Utilize one’s ability as an individual or in a team for the effective communication,
practical skill and document design.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 2 1 - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 2 3 3 2 2 - 2 - - - - - -
CO 3 3 2 1 - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 4 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 5 - - - - - 2 - - 3 3 - -

Assessment Pattern

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 75 75 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 15 marks
Continuous Assessment : 30 marks
Internal Test (Immediately before the second series test) : 30 marks
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding award of
marks
(a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks
(b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks
(c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting) : 25 Marks
(d) Viva voce : 20 marks
(e) Record : 5 Marks

General instructions: Practical examination to be conducted immediately after the second series test
covering entire syllabus given below. Evaluation is a serious process that is to be conducted under
the equal responsibility of both the internal and external examiners. The number of candidates
evaluated per day should not exceed 20. Students shall be allowed for the University examination
only on submitting the duly certified record. The external examiner shall endorse the record.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1)

1. Explain different modes of heat transfer?
2. Discuss about the thermal boundary layer?
3. Explain convective heat transfer coefficient?

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Define condensation?
2. Differentiate dropwise and filmwise condensation?
3. Explain the effect of pressure on condensation?

Course Outcome 3 (CO3)

1. Explain distillation?
2. Define relative volatility?
3. Explain absorption coefficient?

Course Outcome 4 (CO4)

1. Explain double pipe heat exchanger?
2. Write down the equation of heat exchanger effectiveness?
3. Differentiate parallel and counterflow heat exchanger?

Course Outcome 5 (CO5)

1. Differentiate natural and forced convection?
2. Explain pool boiling?
3. Explain extended surfaces?
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

List of Experiments:

1. Heat transfer by natural convection

2. Thermal conductivity of metal rod

3. Parallel flow, counter flow and cross flow heat exchanger.

4. Study of Drop wise and Film wise condensation

5. Heat Transfer in shell and tube heat exchanger.

6. Simple Distillation.

7. Steam Distillation

8. Simple leaching

9. Adsorption: Determination of adsorption isotherm.

10. Atmospheric batch drying

11. Determination of rate of heat transfer through composite wall.

12. Determination of heat transfer by forced convection.

13. Determination of emissivity of black and gray body.

14. Study of different heat transfer equipment’s.

15. Determination of Thermal conductivity of liquids.

Note: 12 experiments are mandatory

Reference Books

1. Binay K Dutta, Heat Transfer – Principles and Applications, Prentice hall of India.

2. Er.R.K.Rajput, Heat and Mass Transfer, S Chand Technical publications.

3. K V Narayanan and B Lakshmikutty Amma, Mass Transfer Theories and Applications, CBS
Publishers.

4. Binay K Dutta, Principles of mass transfer and Separation Processes, PHI Learning Private Limited.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
FSL 204 FLUID MECHANICS LAB CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
PCC 0 0 3 2

Preamble: The aim of this course is to make the students gain practical knowledge to co-
relate with the theoretical studies and use the principle in the right way to implement the
modern technology.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Apply continuity equation and momentum principle to fluid motions.

CO 2 Compare the performance characteristics of different turbines.
CO 3 Compare the performance characteristics of different pumps.
CO 4 Summarize the working of different hydraulic devices.
CO 5 Utilize one’s ability as an individual or in a team for the effective communication,
practical skill and document design.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 2 1 - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 2 3 3 2 2 - 2 - - - - - -
CO 3 3 3 2 2 - 2 - - - - - -
CO 4 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 5 - - - - - 2 - - 3 3 - -

Assessment Pattern

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 75 75 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 15 marks
Continuous Assessment : 30 marks
Internal Test (Immediately before the second series test) : 30 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding award of
marks
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
(a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks
(b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks
(c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting) : 25 Marks
(d) Viva voce : 20 marks
(e) Record : 5 Marks
General instructions: Practical examination to be conducted immediately after the second series test
covering entire syllabus given below. Evaluation is a serious process that is to be conducted under
the equal responsibility of both the internal and external examiners. The number of candidates
evaluated per day should not exceed 20. Students shall be allowed for the University examination
only on submitting the duly certified record. The external examiner shall endorse the record.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Classify fluid flows.

2. Derive continuity equation
3. Explain the significance of momentum principle
Course Outcome 2 (CO2)
1. What are the performance characteristics of a turbine?
2. Explain cavitation.
3. Classify turbines based on their head and discharge.
Course Outcome 3(CO3):
1. Explain pump characteristics.
2. Explain the significance of priming of centrifugal pump.
3. Explain air vessels and its uses.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4):
1. Derive an expression for discharge of a venturimeter.
2. Compare venturimeter and orifice meter
3. Compare the different types of notches.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5):
1. Explain the condition of stability of floating bodies
2. Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow
3. Explain the significance of hydraulic coefficients.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Determination of coefficient of discharge and calibration of Notches

2. Determination of coefficient of discharge and calibration of Orifice meter

3. Determination of coefficient of discharge and calibration of Venturimeter.

4. Determination of Chezy’s constant and Darcy’s coefficient on pipe friction apparatus

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
5. Determination of hydraulic coefficients of orifices

6. Determination of metacentric height and radius of gyration of floating bodies.

7. Reynolds experiment

8. Bernoulli’s experiment

9. Performance test on positive displacement pumps

10. Performance test on centrifugal pumps, determination of operating point and efficiency

11. Performance test on gear pump

12. Performance test on Impulse turbines

13. Performance test on reaction turbines (Francis and Kaplan Turbines)

14. Study of flow measuring equipment - water meters, venturimeter, orifice meter, current
meter and rotameter

15. Study of gauges - pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, manometers.

16. Study of valves - stop valve, gate valve and foot valve.

17. Study of pumps – Centrifugal, Reciprocating, Rotary, Jet.

18. Study of Turbines - Impulse and reaction types.

Note: 12 experiments are mandatory

Reference Books

1. Modi P. N. and S. M. Seth, Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics, S.B.H Publishers, New Delhi, 2002.

2. Kumar D. S., Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering, S. K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi, 1998.

3. R K Bansal, “Hydraulic Machines”

4. Robert W. Fox and Mc Donald, “Introduction to fluid dynamics”, John Wiley and sons

5. K. Subrahmanya, “Theory and applications of fluid mechanics”, (TMH)

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

SEMESTER -4
MINOR
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
FST 282 HAZARD CONTROL IN MANUFACTURING
VAC 3 1 0 4

Preamble:The aim of this subject is to explain the fundamentals of manufacturing

processes, and hazards and safe operation techniques in a manufacturing industry.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes:After the completion of the course the students will be able to

CO 1 Explain the machinery safeguarding techniques to be followed.

CO 2 Classify the tools and equipments used in various manufacturing processes.
CO 3 Describe the safe operating procedure to be followed in manufacturing processes.
CO 4 Identify the hazards in work places.
CO 5 Choose the material handling technique to be followed depending on various work
related factors.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 2 - 1 - - 2 - - - - - 1
CO 2 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1
CO 3 3 2 1 - - 2 - - - - - 2
CO 4 3 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 2
CO 5 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 20 20 30
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 10 10 30
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 5 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 10 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Describe the necessity of guarding machines.

2. Classify guards and devices used in safeguarding.

3. List down the locations where guarding is needed.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. List the hand tools used in foundry.

2.Illustrate the parts of lathe.

3. Explain the types of rolling mills.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Summarize the safety precautions to be followed in machine shop.

2. What are the general safety measures to be taken during welding operation?

3. Describe the safe technique of manual lifting of materials.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. List out the possible hazards in forging.

2. Describe the different hazards in gas welding.

3. What are the potential hazards during maintenance of machine tools?

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Classify the types of conveyors.

2. Describe the equipments used for manual handling of materials.

3.Summarize the factors considered for selecting the materials handling technique.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:2

Reg. No: ______________ Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 282

Course Name: HAZARD CONTROL IN MANUFACTURING

Max.Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

Each question carries 5 Marks

1.Explain the various operations carried out in rolling mills

2. Explain the hazards involved while working in forging industry.
3. Classify primary and secondary operations

4. Define point of operation. What are the safety measures to be followed at point of
operation?

5.What is carbo-nitriding? Explain.

6. Explain submerged arc welding.
7.Describe any five machining operation that can be done using a lathe.

8. Compare orthogonal cutting and oblique cutting.

9. Explain palletizing.
10.List out the safe practices for chain slings

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module.

Each question carries 10 Marks
Module 1

11. Explain the various shop equipments and hand tools used for forging operations. (10)
12. a. Summarize the possible hazards in casting operation. (5)
b. List out the safety factors to be taken care of while working in foundry. (5)
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Module 2

13. Explain the types of guards and devices used in cold working. (10)

14. a. Why is machine guarding necessary? (4)

b. Explain the principle of selection of types of guards (6)

Module 3

15. List out the guidelines to be followed during transportation and storage of heat
treatment salts (10)
16. Explain the hazards involved in gas welding and arc welding. (10)

Module 4

17. Explain the parts of a lathe with neat labelled diagram. (10)

18. a. List out the hazards involved during maintenance of machine tools. (5)

b. Summarize the safety precaution to be followed while in machine shop. (5)

Module 5

19. Explain in detail the classification of conveyors. (10)

20. a. Explain the handling techniques involved for manual handling. (6)

b. Explain the terms palletizing and stocking. (4)

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Syllabus

Module 1 Forming Operations:Introduction - Classification of Engineering Industry –

Manufacturing Processes

Hot Working-Foundry operations-furnace and equipments, hazards, safe methods of

operation. Forging operations, heat radiation, maintenance of machines, shopequipments
and hand tools - safe work practice. Operations in hot and cold rolling mills.

Module 2 Machinery safeguard: Point-of-Operation, Principle of machine guarding -

breakdown of machine guarding - types of guards and devices. Safe guarding in Cold
Working-Safety in Power Presses, primary & secondary operations - shearing -bending -
rolling – drawing.

Module 3 Metal Joining: Welding and Cutting-Safety Precautions of Gas welding and Arc
Welding, Cutting and Finishing. Gas Cylinders and Equipments. Heat Treatment and Surface
Treatment- Furnaces and Salt baths-operations and maintenance -safety in handling and
storage of salts- disposal of effluents - health precautions, exposure to hazardous fumes,
source of fumes, ventilation and fume protection.

Module 4 Machining: Metal cutting operations- safety in turning, boring, milling, planning
and grinding. Classification of Machine tools – lathe, shaper, milling machine, drilling
machine and grinding machine, Maintenance of machine tools - hazards and prevention.
Safety precautions- machine tools

Module 5 Material Handling: Classification-safety consideration- manual and mechanical

handling. Handling assessments and techniques- lifting, carrying, pulling, pushing, palletizing
and stocking. Material Handling Equipments-operation & maintenance. Maintenance of
common elements-wire rope, chains slings, hooks, clamps.

Reference Books

1. S. Kalpakjian and S.R. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson

Education Asia
2. P.C. Sharma, A Text Book of Production Technology, S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
3. Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations : National Safety Council,
Chicago
4. Rajender Singh, Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop
Technology, New Age International Publishers
5. O. P. Khanna, A Textbook of Welding Technology, Dhanpat Rai Publications
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Course Contents and Lecture Schedule
No. Topic No. of Lectures
1 Forming Operations(9 hours)
1.1 Introduction - Classification of Engineering Industry – 1
Manufacturing Processes
1.2 Hot Working-Foundry operations-furnace and equipments, 4
hazards, safe methods of operation.
1.3 Forging operations, heat radiation, maintenance of machines, 4
shop equipments and hand tools - safe work practice.
2 Machinery safeguard(8 hours)
2.1 Point-of-Operation, Principle of machine guarding - breakdown of 2
machine guarding
2.2 Types of guards and devices 3
2.3 Safe guarding in Cold Working-Safety in Power Presses, primary & 3
secondary operations - shearing -bending - rolling – drawing.
3 Metal Joining (9 hours)
3.1 Welding and Cutting-Safety Precautions of Gas welding and Arc 3
Welding, Cutting and Finishing. Gas Cylinders and Equipments
3.2 Heat Treatment and Surface Treatment- Furnaces and Salt baths- 3
operations and maintenance -safety in handling and storage of
salts- disposal of effluents - health precautions
3.3 Exposure to hazardous fumes, source of fumes, ventilation and 3
fume protection.
4 Machining (9 hours)
4.1 Metal cutting operations- safety in turning, boring, milling, 3
planning and grinding.
4.2 Classification of Machine tools – lathe, shaper, milling machine, 3
drilling machine and grinding machine
4.3 Maintenance of machine tools - hazards and prevention. Safety 3
precautions- machine tools
5 Material Handling (10 hours)
5.1 Classification-safety consideration- manual and mechanical 3
handling. Handling assessments and techniques- lifting, carrying,
pulling, pushing, palletizing and stocking.
5.2 Material Handling Equipments-operation & maintenance. 4
5.3 Maintenance of common elements-wire rope, chains slings, 3
hooks, clamps.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

SEMESTER -4
HONOURS
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
FST292 ADVANCES IN FIRE ENGINEERING
VAC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: This course will cover the structure of fire safety problems and measures,
Dynamics of Fires and modelling of atmospheric vapour cloud dispersions,
combustion models and CFD models.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understanding of the basic structure of fire safety problems.

CO 2 Solve the problems related to zone models.
CO 3 Solve the dispersion model and BLEVE based problems.
CO 4 Explain the behaviour of fire in a compartment.
CO 5 Derive the relationships of flame spreads and different plume models

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 3 1 1
CO 2 3 1 1
CO 3 2 1 1 1 3
CO 4 1 1 1 1 3
CO 5 3 1 1

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 5 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 10 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain the block diagram of fire safety in the community?

2. Discus about the major fire hazards areas?

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Discus about the effectiveness – Property protection?

2. Explain (i) Automatic detectors (ii) Sprinklers (iii) Passive fire protection

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Define dispersion? Differentiate ignition and combustion?

2. Discuss about the factors affecting BLEVE?

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Explain in detail about the properties of materials under elevated temperature?

2. Differentiate fire severity and time equivalence?

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain turbulent diffusion flames?

2. Explain in detail about the different CFD models used in fire engineering?
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:3

Reg. No: ______________ Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FOURTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 292

Course Name: ADVANCES IN FIRE ENGINEERING

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

Each question carries 5 Marks

1. Explain the block diagram of fire safety in the community?

2. Discus about the major fire hazards areas?

3. Discus about the effectiveness – Property protection?

4. Explain the working of false alarms?

5. Define dispersion? Differentiate ignition and combustion?

6. Discuss about the factors affecting BLEVE?

7. Explain the factors affecting growth stage of fire development?

8. Differentiate fire severity and time equivalence?

9. Discuss about fire spread through solids?

10. Explain turbulent diffusion flames?

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module.

Each question carries 10 Marks
Module 1

11. Discuss in detail about the steps in fire safety design? (10)
OR
12. Explain the properties of flaming combustion of liquids and solids? (10)
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
13. Explain (i) Automatic detectors (ii) Sprinklers (iii) Passive fire protection (10)
OR
14. Discuss about (i) Deterministic approach (ii) Stochastic modelling (10)
15. Explain in detail about the correlations on modelling of vapour cloud explosion blast?
(10)
OR
16. Discuss about different combustion models? (10)
17. Explain in detail about the properties of materials under elevated temperature? (10)
OR
18. Discuss about the constitutive stress-strain laws for steel and concrete? (10)
19. Discuss in detail about the flame spread theories?
OR
20. Explain in detail about the different CFD models used in fire engineering? (10)
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
Syllabus

Module 1 Structure of fire problems- nature of fire hazard, prescriptive and functional approach to
fire safety; fire safety objectives; steps in fire safety design. Quantifying fire safety- burning and
ignition, spread of fire, sudden massive flaming, production and movement of smoke and toxic
gases, post-flashover fire. Occurrence and growth of fire- fire starting, damage in fire, extent of fire
spread, fire growth rate, fire severity.

Module 2 Performance of fire safety measures- automatic detectors, sprinklers, passive fire
protection, fire extinguishers and ventilation systems. Fire safety modelling- deterministic approach-
enclosure fire; zone modelling of pre-flashover fire; one zone modelling of post-flashover fire;
evacuation modelling; introduction to stochastic fire risk modelling.

Module 3 Basic concepts of atmospheric vapour cloud dispersion, combustion models, ignition, blast
and thermal radiation. Modelling of vapour cloud explosion blast; modelling of flash fire radiation;
mechanism of BLEVE, radiation due to BLEVE, blast effects of BLEVE and pressure vessel burst.

Module 4 Development of compartment fire; factors affecting growth phase; calculation of

compartment temperature-time responses; estimation of fire characteristics; fire severity and time
equivalence. Factors affecting behaviour of materials under fire; properties of materials under
elevated temperature; Thermal data for steel, concrete, masonry, timber and aluminium; material
data for steel, concrete, masonry, timber and aluminium; constitutive stress-strain laws for steel and
concrete. Thermal analysis- solution approach to heat transfer problems; calculation of structural
response due to fire exposure.

Module 5 Flames and fire spread theory, buoyant plumes, interactions with surfaces, smoke spread,
turbulent diffusion flames, soot formation and radiation effects, toxic products; feedback to fuel; fire
chemistry, CFD Models.

Text Books

1. Dennis P. Nolan, Hand Book of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles for Oil, Gas,
Chemical and Related Facilities, Crest Publishing House, New Delhi 2004.

2. Rasbas D, Ramachandran G, Kandola B, Watts J, and Law M, Evaluation of Fire Safety, John Wiley
& Sons Ltd. England, 2004.

3. Gorden Butcher E and Parnell A. C., “Designing of fire safety”, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York,
U.S.A., 1983.

Reference Books

1. Drysdale, D.D., An Introduction to Fire Dynamics, Wiley, New York, 1999.

2. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Guidelines for Evaluating the Characteristics of Vapor
Cloud Explosions, Flash Fires, and BLEVEs, Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1994.
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
3. Karlsson, B., and Quintiere, J.G., Enclosure Fire Dynamics, CRC Press.

4. John. A. Purkiss, Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures (Second Edition, Butterworth-
Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier, 2007.

5. Smith E.E. and Harmathy T.Z.(Editors), “Design of Buildings for fire safety”, ASTM Special
Publication 685, American Society for Testing and Materials, Boston, U.S.A., 1979.

6. Lyons, J.W., Fire, Scientific American Books, New York.

7. NFPA SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (4th Edition), Society of Fire Protection
Engineers, NFPA, Quincy, M.A., 2008

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of Lectures
1 MODULE I (8 Hours)
1.1 Structure of fire problems- nature of fire hazard, prescriptive and 2
functional approach to fire safety; fire safety objectives
1.2 Steps in fire safety design. Quantifying fire safety- burning and 4
ignition, spread of fire, sudden massive flaming production and
movement of smoke and toxic gases
1.3 Post-flashover fire. Occurrence and growth of fire- fire starting, 2
damage in fire, extent of fire spread, fire growth rate, fire severity
2 MODULE II (9 Hours)
2.1 Performance of fire safety measures- automatic detectors, 2
sprinklers, passive fire protection
2.2 Fire extinguishers and ventilation systems. Fire safety modelling- 3
deterministic approach-enclosure fire

2.3 Zone modelling of pre-flashover fire; one zone modelling of post- 4

flashover fire; evacuation modelling; introduction to stochastic
fire risk modelling.

3 MODULE III (9 Hours)

3.1 Basic concepts of atmospheric vapour cloud dispersion, 3
combustion models
3.2 Ignition, blast and thermal radiation. Modelling of vapour cloud 3
explosion blast
3.3 Modelling of flash fire radiation; mechanism of BLEVE, radiation 3
due to BLEVE, blast effects of BLEVE and pressure vessel burst
4 MODULE IV (11 Hours)
4.1 Development of compartment fire; factors affecting growth 4
phase; calculation of compartment temperature-time responses;
 SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING
estimation of fire characteristics; fire severity and time
equivalence.
4.2 Factors affecting behaviour of materials under fire; properties of 3
materials under elevated temperature; Thermal data for steel,
concrete, masonry, timber and aluminium
4.3 Material data for steel, concrete, masonry, timber and 4
aluminium; constitutive stress-strain laws for steel and concrete.
Thermal analysis- solution approach to heat transfer problems;
calculation of structural response due to fire exposure.

5 MODULE V (8 Hours)
5.1 Flames and fire spread theory, buoyant plumes, interactions with 3
surfaces.

5.2 Smoke spread, turbulent diffusion flames, soot formation and 2

radiation effects.

5.3 Toxic products; feedback to fuel; fire chemistry, CFD Models. 3