MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK

HARYANA

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT at

MAKTECH AUTO PRIVATE LIMITED

Submitted to:PROF. Submitted by:-

PARITOSH PARESAR BHUPESH
(H.O.D ECE DEPARTMENT) Roll No. :-
211901433

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS

& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
CH. RANBIR SINGH STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGG. &
TECHNOLOGY JHAJJAR, HARYANA
 CONTENTS
1. INSTITUTE CERTIFICATE
2. INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE
3. ABSTRACT
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
5. INTRODUCTION
6. COMPANY PROFILE
7. PROJECT INTRO.
7.1 Components Involved
7.2 Working Principle
7.3 Considerations
7.4 Overview
7.5 Components
7.6 Circuits Involved
7.7 Source Codes
7.8 PCB & Android App
8. RESULTS
9. DISCUSSIONS
10. CONCLUSIONS
11. FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
MAHARISHIDAYANANDUNIVERSITY
ROHTAK

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that mr.BHUPESH with

Enrollment No.HRMG/0141/2023 has
successfully completed Industrial training in
MakTech 5th June 2023 to 7th July 2023 For
partial fulfilment towards completion of B.Tech
in Electronics and Communication Engineering
from Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of
Engineering & TechnologyJhajjar.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HEAD OF INSTITUTE
 ABSTRACT
Industrial training is an Important
phase of student life. A well
planned, properly executed and
evaluated industrial training helps a
lot in developing a professional
attitude. It develops awareness of
industrial approach to problem
solving based understanding of
process and mode of operation of
organisation. The aim and
motivation of this Industrial
training environment which will
help me as a student in field of
electronics and communication to
develope a responsiveness.
 Acknowledgment

I would like to thank our gratitude to my

Honourable Teacher & HEAD OF
DEPARTMENT,Proffesor Paritosh Paresar
who gave me the golden opportunity to do
wonderful project (4/6 WEEK INDUSTRIAL
TRAINING) which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I come to
know so many new things. I am really
thankful to them. Secondly I would also
like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project
withi n the limited time frame.
 INTRODUCTION
Maktech Auto Pvt. Ltd. Is a private incorporate
on 29 September 2010. It is classified as non-
govt company and is registered at register of
companies, Delhi. Its authorised share capital
is Rs 20,000,000 and its paid up capital is Rs
215,000. It is involved in manufacturing of
transport equipment n.e.c.

Maktech Auto Pvt. Ltd.’s annual general

meeting was last held on N/A and as per
records from ministry of corporate affairs, its
balance sheet was last filled on 31 March
2022.

Directors of Maktech Auto Private Limited are

Mankaran Singh Ahluwalia and Gaurav Singh.
 M AK TECH AU TO PVT. LT D.

Director:- MANKARAN SINGH AHLUWALIA

It is situated in sector 49, Faridabad,
Haryana.
Authorised Capital-20,000,000
Paid up capital:- 215,000

1)It’s working service is too good .

2)This is a well dis- ciplined and rule
regulated company.
3)Their employees have good behavior &
friendly nature.
4)They follow safety rule before working.
 INTRO TO PROJECT
Android Based Real Time Lamp Dimmer Over
Bluetooth

An Android-based real-time lamp dimmer over

Bluetooth involves creating a system where an
Android application communicates wirelessly with a
lamp through Bluetooth to control its brightness
levels in real-time. This setup typically includes
hardware components (such as a lamp with
controllable dimming capability and a Bluetooth
module) and software components (an Android
application that facilitates the communication).
Components Involved:
1.Lamp with Dimming Capability: This lamp
is equipped with electronics that allow its
brightness levels to be controlled. These
lamps usually have the ability to adjust
brightness either through pulse width
modulation (PWM) or other dimming
methods.
2.Bluetooth Module: A Bluetooth module is
connected to the lamp's control circuitry. It
acts as the interface between the lamp and
the Android device, enabling wireless
communication for controlling the lamp's
brightness.
3.Android Application: The Android app is
developed using Java or Kotlin in Android
Studio. It communicates with the Bluetooth
module using Bluetooth APIs provided by
Android. The app typically includes a user
interface (UI) with sliders, buttons, or other
controls to adjust the lamp's brightness
levels.
Working Principle:
1)Bluetooth Connection: The Android device
establishes a Bluetooth connection with the
Bluetooth module integrated into the lamp. This
connection allows the app to send commands and
data wirelessly to control the lamp.
2)User Interface: The Android app provides a user-
friendly interface where users can interact with the
lamp. The interface might include sliders, buttons, or
other UI elements to enable users to increase or
decrease the lamp's brightness levels.
3)Data Transmission: When the user interacts with
the app (e.g., adjusts the brightness slider), the app
sends corresponding commands or data over the
Bluetooth connection to the Bluetooth module
attached to the lamp.
4)Lamp Control: The Bluetooth module receives the
commands/data from the app and translates them
into actions for the lamp's control circuitry. For
example, if the user increases the brightness, the
module interprets this command and adjusts the
lamp's dimming circuit accordingly.
5)Real-Time Feedback: The lamp responds in real-
time to the commands sent from the app, allowing
users to observe immediate changes in brightness
levels through the Android interface.
 CONSIDERATIONS
1)Bluetooth Connectivity: Ensuring stable and
reliable Bluetooth connections between the
Android device and the lamp.
2)Compatibility and Protocol: Ensuring
compatibility between the Android app's
Bluetooth protocol and the Bluetooth module
used in the lamp.
3)User Interface: Designing an intuitive and
user-friendly interface for controlling the lamp's
brightness levels.
4)Testing and Optimization: Thoroughly testing
the system for different scenarios, optimizing
communication, and handling potential errors.

Developing an Android-based lamp dimmer

over Bluetooth involves a blend of hardware
interfacing, software development, and user
interface design to create a seamless and
responsive experience for controlling the lamp's
brightness levels in real-time via a mobile
application.
 OVERVIEW
We have AC loads everywhere around us. And most
of the home appliances are supplied with the AC
mains power. There is plenty of situations that we
want to have full control over an AC load such as a
dimming of a lamp, speed control of AC motor/Fan,
Vacuum Cleaner Control and so many other
applications. The proper way to control
dimming 230v AC is through phase control with
a Triac: the Triac then is fully opened, but only
during a part of the sinus AC wave.

But the controlling an AC load is not as easy as

controlling a DC load. The electronics circuit for both
these applications is different. The AC mains with a
sinusoidal wave has the frequency of 50Hz.
To build an AC dimmer, the zero-crossing
points (the points where the wave changes its
polarity) are important. To detect these points, we
have to build a zero-crossing detector first. Similarly,
we have to control the phase and cycle of the
waveform. Since every component can’t
tolerate 220V AC, so we need to isolate the circuit
from 220V AC using some other component. The
whole process is explained below.

COMPONENTS
Components
S.N. Quantity
Name
1 Arduino Nano 1
Board
2r Optocoupler IC 1
EL817/PC817
3 Optoisolator 1
MOC3020
4 TRIAC BTA16 1
5 Diode 1N4007 4
6 Bluetooth Module 1
HC-05
7 Resistors 47K 2
8 Resistor 1K 1
9 Resistor 100-ohm 1
10 Bulb 100W 1
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The circuit is divided into 4 parts:

1. Zero Cross Detector Circuit
2. Phase/Angle Control Using Triac
3. Bluetooth to Control the Dimming
4. The Arduino Code for changing delay in ms
1.Zero Cross Dedector Circuit:-

The AC voltage that we get from home supply is

around 310 volts peak to peak or 220V RMS. The
frequency is usually between 50 – 60 HZ. We have a
positive part and a negative one so there will be
a zero-crossing. So we will have to detect that zero-
cross since our pulse needs to be in phase with the AC
voltage. So, we have to detect when the voltage
passes from positive to negative or from negative to
positive and synchronize our pulse with that so it will
fire always in the same spot. For that, we will use
a full bridge rectifier. This will give the output both
the positive and negative curves of the AC wave.
There are two 47 kilo-ohms resistors to limit the
current. And to separate the high voltage side from
the low voltage side, we will use an EL817
optocoupler. In this way, there is no direct connection
between 220V high voltage and 5V of the Arduino.
2. Phase/Angle Control Using Triac:-
Using a component called TRIAC, we will control the
amount of time that this power is ON and OFF. But
before that, we need to understand the working of
TRIAC.
We are aware of the diode. When we put a single
diode to an AC signal, we get a half-wave rectifier.
With just one diode, the positive part of AC waveform
remains & the negative part is chopped.

So we want to control the diode by activating it or

deactivating it. So this can be done by using
a THYRISTOR, which basically is a controlled diode that
will be activated when the gate receives a current
trigger and continuing to conduct while the voltage
across the device is not reversed.
So here we have our AC signal. The negative part
won’t pass if we use a diode and on the positive part,
if we don’t switch the THYRISTOR there won’t be the
positive part either. Suppose if we have to activate
the gate of the THYRISTOR with a pulse in the middle
position and let the remaining part of the positive side
of the AC wave. So we get the only positive part as a
rectified output. But if we want to do this with both
positive and negative sides, we should use two
THYRISTORS in an antiparallel configuration. But we
already have that component which can do this work,
that’s called TRIAC. The TRIAC will remain deactivated
until it receives a pulse at its gate. Once received, it
will remain activated until the main input will change
its polarity. So we will use BTA16 TRIAC to control AC
voltage.

First we have to detect the zero-cross since the pulse

needs to be in phase with the AC voltage. So, we have
to detect when the voltage passes from positive to
negative or from negative to positive and synchronize
our pulse with that so it will fire always in the same
spot. For this full-bridge rectifier is used which will
give the output both the positive and negative curves
of the AC wave.
3. Bluetooth to Control the Dimming:-

In order to control power, all we have to do is

to control the time between the zero-cross
and when we fire the pulse at the TRIAC gate.
So we will use UART Communication through
Bluetooth HC-05/HC-06 to change the delay
timing. The android app that is designed
through MIT App Inventor has a slider in it.
Sliding the slider is like changing the value of
delay serially though Arduino. The Arduino
code will read the value from Android app and
map that value to a delay between 1 and 10
milliseconds.
SOURCE CODE :-Given below
PCB DESIGNING:-

AC Dimmer Android App:-

The Android App for dimming the Bulb/Lamp
has UI given below. The slider button on the
App is used to Control the brightness. The App
is designed using MIT App Inventor 2. You
may import the .aia file and modify the app
according to your requirements.
RESULTS :-
1)Functional Android Application:
Successful development of an Android app
capable of establishing a Bluetooth connection
with the lamp.
The app provides a user-friendly interface for
controlling lamp brightness in real-time.
2)Real-Time Control:
Immediate responsiveness observed when
adjusting brightness levels through the app.
Changes in brightness are reflected on the
lamp almost instantly upon user input.
3)Reliable Bluetooth Communication:
Stable and consistent Bluetooth connectivity
between the Android device and the lamp.
Minimal latency observed in transmitting
commands and receiving lamp status updates.
DISCUSSIONS:-
1)User Experience:
Evaluation of the user interface's
intuitiveness and ease of use.
Gather feedback from users regarding
the app's functionality and ergonomics.
2)Bluetooth Reliability and Robustness:
Discuss the stability of the Bluetooth
connection in various scenarios (e.g.,
different distances between the Android
device and the lamp, presence of
obstacles).
Address any potential issues
encountered during connectivity, such as
interference or disconnection.
3)Performance Optimization:
Evaluate the system's efficiency in
handling real-time lamp dimming.
Analyze the delay or latency between
user input through the app and the
actual change in lamp brightness.
4)Scalability and Future Enhancements:
Discuss the potential for scalability, such as
controlling multiple lamps simultaneously or
integrating additional features.
Suggest improvements or additional
functionalities that could enhance the user
experience or overall system performance.
5)Testing and Validation:
Provide insights into the testing
methodologies employed to validate the
system's functionality.
Detail any test scenarios, edge cases, or stress
tests performed on the Android app and lamp
dimming system.
6)User Feedback and Acceptance:
Incorporate feedback obtained from users
during testing or deployment phases.
Address any issues or suggestions provided by
users to enhance the system's usability.
 CONCLUSION
Summarize the overall success of the Android-
based lamp dimmer project, highlighting its
achievements and contributions. Emphasize
the system's ability to provide real-time lamp
control over Bluetooth and its potential impact
on user convenience and automation in daily
life.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the observations and discussions,
propose future enhancements or areas of
improvement for the Android-based lamp
dimmer system. This may include suggestions
for optimizing Bluetooth connectivity, refining
the user interface, implementing additional
features, or exploring compatibility with other
devices or platforms.