UNIT – 1

ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF INDIAN POLITICALA SYSTEM

1. Government of India Act 1935
2. Indian Independence Act 1947
3. Interim Government
4. First General Elections
5. Integration of Princely States
6. Re-Organisation of States

POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. The leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Lala Lajpath Rai, Bipin
Chandra Pal, Bala Gangadhar Tilak, Mahathma Gandhi among many possed highest
moral standards and they mobilised millions of people into political action, whwo
devoted their lives for the freedom movement.
2. Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukdev Thapar, V.D. Savarkar
samong many creates nationalism in the minds of Indians.
3. The British Crown Act 1858 transferred the power from Company to Crown.
4. The 1909 Minto-Marley Act provides separate electorate to the Muslims.
5. The 1919 Mantagu-Chelmsford Act indicates responsible government in India.
6. The Government of India Act 1935 introduced Federal system in India.
7. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 provided that two independent dominions, India
and Pakistan would set up. The British Crown lost all rights of paramountcy over India.
8. The Interim Government of India was formed on 2nd September 1946.
9. The Constituent Assembly became a sovereign body and performed the role of
Legislature till 1952.
10. The general elections to the first Loksabha were held in India from October 1951 to
February 1952.
11. The process of Integration of the states was three fold known as “Patel Scheme”.
12. The States Reorganisation Act 1956 provided to the creation of States and Union
Territories.

I. One mark questions and answers:-

1. When did India become independent? (March 2015) (March 2019)
15th August 1947.
2. State one of the problems that India faced after independence.
Agriculture and industrial stagnation.
3. When did the Constitution of India come into force? (June 2016) (March 2020)
26th January 1950.
4. When was the INC formed? (June 2015) (March 2017) (June 2020)
1885.
5. Which Act transferred power from Company to Crown? (WSP-1) (June 2017)
1858.
6. What is Dyarchy? (March 2016)
Dual government in the British Provinces is called Dyarchy.
7. Why was the Statutory Commission formed?(March 2015)
The Statutory Commission was formed to review 1919 Act.
8. Mention any one important provisions of Government of India Act 1935.(TBQ)
Introducing federal system in India is one important provisions of Government of India
Act 1935.
9. What is Provincial Autonomy?
The provinces no longer remained as delegates of central government but became
autonomous units of administration is called provincial autonomy.
10. Mention any one important provision of Indian Independence Act 1947.(TBQ)
The Act provided to set up two independent dominions India and Pakistan.
11. Who was the Chairman of Boundary Commission? (March 2018)
Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
12. When was the Interim Government formed? (June 2015)
2nd September 1946.
13. Till when did the Interim Government remain in office? (TBQ)
15th August 1947.
14. Who was the Vice President of the Viceroy’s Executive Council?(March 2016)
Jawaharlal Nehru.
15. When were the first general elections held? (TBQ)
The first general elections held during October 1951 and February 1952.
16. Which country is considered as world’s largest democracy?(June 2017)(March 2019)
India.
17. What is Paramountcy?
The princely states of India accepted British supremacy in the matters of external
affairs, but enjoyed certain amount of freedom in their internal affairs, is called
paramountcy.
18. What is ‘Operation Polo’? (June 2016)
The Indian army entered into Hyderabad to end the anarchy of Nizam and to liberate
the Hyderabad, is called operation polo.
19. What is ‘Instrument of Accession’? (TBQ)
An acceptance by the provinces to join with Indian union, is called instrument of
accession.
20. Who is responsible for the Integration of states? (March 2020)
Sardar Vallabha Bhai Patel.
21. Who is called as the man with iron will? (March 2018) (June 2019)
Sardar Vallabha Bhai Patel.
22. What is Patel Scheme?
The process of integration of states were made in three-fold is called patel scheme.
23. When was State Reorganisation Commission formed? (June 2018)
1953.
24. When was State Reorganisation Act enacted? (TBQ)
1956.
25. Who was the chairman of the Linguistic Provinces Commission?
Justice S.K. Dhar.
26. When was Bombay bifurcated? (TBQ)
1960.
27. When was Punjab bifurcated? (TBQ)
1966.
28. Which state was bifurcated in 2014? (TBQ)
Andhra Pradesh.
29. Which state was created in 2014? (TBQ)
Telangana.
30. Which Act introduced responsible government in India? (TBQ)
1919 Act.
31. Who was the speaker of first Loksabha? (TBQ)
G.V. Mavalankar.
32. Mention any one provision of 1909 Act. (WSP-3)
Separate electorate to muslims.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. Who organised Indians for freedom movement?
Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopala Krishna Gokhale.
2. Name any two ideals of National Movement of India.
1) Civil liberty 2) Self-reliant economy.
3. Name any two challenges that India faced after Independence.
1) Poverty 2) Economic backwardness.
4. When was the Federal Court established and where?(WSP-2)(March 2017)
The federal court was established in 1937 at Delhi.
5. When was the Poona Pact signed? Who were the signatories? (June 2017)
The Poona pact was signed in 1932 between Mahathma Gandhi and Dr:B.R.Ambedkar.
6. How many Articles and Schedules are there in the Act of 1935?(March 2019)
There are 321 Articles and 10 Schedules in the Act of 1935.
7. What is Mount Batten plan?
The agreement between Congress and Muslim league on the basis of partition and the
princely states can have liberty to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent.
8. When did the Constituent Assembly formed? Who was the Chairman?
The Constituent assembly was formed on 9th December 1946 and the Chairman was
Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
9. When did the Constitution Drafting Committee formed? Who was the Chairman?
The Constitution Drafting Committee was formed on 26th August 1947 and the
Chairman was Dr: B.R. Ambedkar.
10. How many states was Bombay divided into? Which are they?(March 2018)
Bombay was divided into two states. They are Maharashtra and Gujarath.
11. How many states was Punjab divided into? Which are they?(WSP-1) (June 2018)
Punjab was divided into two states. They are Punjab and Haryana.
 12. Write a short note on first Loksabha. (TBQ)
The first Loksabha had 491 seats, elections were held for 489 seats and 2 Anglo Indian
members were nominated. It had met 14 sessions in 667 days, 3,784 hours. It lasted
its full term from 17th April 1952 to 4th April 1957.
13. Which state was formed first on the basis of language and when?
Andhra Pradesh was formed first on the basis of language in 1953.
III. Five marks questions and answers:-
1. Write a short note on interim government.(June 2016)(June 2018)
The interim government of India was formed on 2nd September 1946. The Constituent
Assembly had 389 members. It was drawn from the newly elected Constituent
Assembly of India. It had the task of assisting the transition of India and Pakistan from
British rule to Independence. It remained until 15th August 1947 when India became
independent. The Constituent Assembly became a sovereign body and performed the
role of Legislature for the new state. It was responsible for framing the Constitution
and making ordinary laws as well.

2. Write about the jurisdiction of Federal Court.(WSP-3)

The jurisdiction of Federal Court are as follows:-
1) It had Original Jurisdiction to decide disputes between the Centre and the
Provinces.
2) Appellate Jurisdiction over decisions of the High Courts.
3) Advisory Jurisdiction to advice the Governor General on any point of law.
It was the highest Court in India. The Federal Court functioned in India for about 12
years till its transformation into the Supreme Court of India in 1950.

3. Write a short note on first general elections.(March 2017)(March 2019)(June2020)

General elections to the first Lok Sabha were held in India from October 1951 to
February 1952 on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. With this India emerged as
the world’s largest Democracy. The holding of general elections was bold
implementation of that faith in man and democracy. The first general election was
the most gigantic political experiment in the history of democracy. Elections were
held in 489 seats for Lok Sabha. 105.5 million voters participated in the voting process.
Nearly 70 political parties were in the fray. Totally 1800 candidates were contested
and Indian National Congress party won the election by securing 74.5% of seats.

4. Explain the provisions of Indian Independence Act 1947.(WSP-2) (March 2020)

The main provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947 are as follows:-
1) The Act provided that on 15th August 1947, two independent dominions India and
Pakistan would be set up and the Act provided for complete transfer of power.
2) The dominion of India and Pakistan got territories accordingly. For demarcating the
boundaries, Boundary Commission was formed with Sir Cyril Radcliffe as the
Chairman.
3) The Crown was no longer the source of authority.
4) The Governor General and Provincial Governors were to act as Constitutional Heads.
They lost extraordinary powers to legislate.
5) The office of the Secretary of state was abolished.
6) From 15th August 1947, the British Crown lost all rights of Paramountcy over India and
the Indian states were free to join either Indian Union or Pakistan.
7) The power in each dominion was transferred to the Constituent Assembly.
5. Describe the accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir.(WSP-2)(June 2018)
1) Junagadh:- The Nawab of Junagadh Mohbat Khan declared accession to Pakistan
much against the wishes of the people of the state. They were in favour of joining
India. After the declaration of accession, they rose in rebellion against the Nawab.
As a result he fled to Pakistan. A ‘Plebiscite’ was held in which the people voted
to accede to Indian Union. Later Junagadh was merged with Saurashtra.
2) Hyderabad:- Hyderabad, the largest of the Princely States was surrounded by
Indian Territory. Its ruler Asad Usman Alikhan the ‘Nizam’ wanted an independent
status. But the Indian government felt that an independent Hyderabad would
pose security threat. In the meantime, there was a movement against the
oppressive rule of the Nawab. The Nizam ostracized the people through his
paramilitary force named ‘Razakars’. To end this anarchy, the Indian army entered
into Hyderabad. This police action is known as ‘Operation Polo’. The Nizam
surrendered and it was followed by complete accession of Hyderabad into Indian
Union.
3) Kashmir:- Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state. Its ruler Hari Singh was a
Hindu and the population was largely Muslims. They did not want to merge with
India or Pakistan but have an independent status for the state. In view of
geographical contiguity and the greater numerical strength of the Muslims in the
state, Pakistan was anxious to bring it under its rule. In October 1947, Some parts
of Kashmir was invaded by tribal infiltrators of Pakistan. This forced the Maharaja
to seek Indian military help. India reacted positively after ‘Instrument of
Accession’ was signed. But the problem is still alive in that region.

6. List out the states and union territories in India. (March 2015)(March 2019)(June 2020)
States of India
1) Andhra Pradesh
2) Arunachal Pradesh
3) Assam
4) Bihar
5) Chattisgarh
6) Goa
7) Gujarat
8) Haryana
9) Himachal Pradesh
10) Jharkhand
11) Karnataka
12) Kerala
13) Madya Pradesh
14) Maharashtra
15) Manipur
16) Meghalaya
17) Mizoram
18) Nagaland
19) Odisha
20) Punjab
21) Rajasthan
22) Sikkim
23) Tamil Nadu
24) Tripura
25) Uttarakhand
26) Uttara Pradesh
27) West Bengal
28) Telangana

Union Territories
1) Andaman & Nicobar
2) Chandigarh
3) Dadra & Nagar Haveli
4) Daman & Diu
5) Delhi (NCT)
6) Lakshadweep
7) Puducherry
8) Jammu & Kashmir
9) Ladakh

7. What is ‘Patel Scheme’? (March 2015) (March 2016) (June 2017)

Sardar Vallabha Bhai Patel took charge of the Indian states Department. All states
except a few acceded to Indian Union in accordance with an “Instrument of
Accession”, by which they acceded only three subjects Defence, Foreign Affairs and
Communications. 565 princely states acceded before the independence itself. The
process of integration was three-fold and known as “Patel Scheme”. Firstly merger of
small states with adjoining provinces. About 216 states were merged with provinces
adjoining them. Secondly grouping of small states. Many small states grouped
themselves to form a big state. Thirdly integration into Chief Commissioner’s
Provinces. About 61 states which were small and backward were converted into
centrally administered areas.

8. Give reasons for language as a basis for state-organisation.(June 2015)(March 2018)

The reasons for language as a basis for State re-organisation are as follows:-
1) Language is closely related to culture and customs of people.
 2) Spread of education and literacy can occur only through medium of mother
tongue.
3) To a common man, democracy can be real only when politics and administration
are conducted in his language.
4) Linguistic states can provide education, administration and judicial activity in
mother tongue.

9. Write the main provisions of States Re-Organisation Act 1956.(WSP-3)

The main features of the States re-organisation Act of 1956:-
1) Abolishing the distinction between Part A, B, C and D States.
2) Establishment of two categories of units a) States b) Union Territories.
3) The abolition of Rajpramukhs.
4) The Act provided for creation of 14 states and 6 union territories.

10. Explain ‘Provincial Autonomy’ conferred by Act of 1935.(TBQ)

The provinces no longer remained as delegates of Central Government but
autonomous units of administration. The Act introduced provincial autonomy. It was
introduced in 11 provinces namely Madras, Bombay, Bengal, the United Provinces,
Punjab, Bihar, Central Provinces, Assam, the North Western Frontier Province, Orissa
and Sind. The provinces were administered by the ministers. All subjects were placed
under the charge of ministers who were made responsible to and removable by
Legislative Assembly.

IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-

1. Explain in detail the Government of India Act 1935.(June 2015) (March 2018)
The 1935 Act contained 321 Articles and 10 schedules. The important provisions of
the Act are as follows:
1) Federation:- The Act provided for the establishment of Federation of India. It
consisted of provinces of British India and Princely States as units. For the first time
an attempt was made to establish a Federal Government.
2) Distribution of powers:- It divided legislative powers between the Central and
Provincial legislatures. There was a threefold division. They are Federal list,
Provincial list and concurrent list. Federal legislature administer on Federal list.
Provincial legislature administer only on Provincial list whereas concurrent list
administered by both legislatures.
3) Dyarchy at the centre:- The Dyarchy which was established in the Provinces by Act
of 1919 was now adopted at the centre. The executive authority vested in the
Governor-General included the administration of reserved subjects and
transferred subjects.
4) The Federal Legislature:- The central legislature was bi-cameral consisting of
Federal Assembly(lower house) and Council of States(upper house).
5) Federal Court:- It provided for the first time the establishment of a Federal Court
for India in Delhi in 1937. It had original jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction and
 advisory jurisdiction. It was the highest court in India and functioned for about 12
years.
6) Provincial Autonomy:- By this Act the provinces no longer remained as delegates
of Central Government but became autonomous units of administration.
2. Explain the Re-Organisation of States. (WSP-2)

Reorganisation of states or redrawing of internal boundaries of Indian states was

necessary because prior to 1947 the territories of India consisted of the British Indian
Provinces and Princely States. The boundaries were drawn in a haphazard manner. There
were above 500 Indian states which were merged before independence into a dozen units.
The provinces were multi-lingual and multi-cultural.

With the introduction of the present constitution the territories were divided into four
categories:-
1. Part A States – Andhra, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa,
Punjab, United Provinces and West Bengal. There were former British Indian
Provinces.
2. Part B States – Hyderabad, Jammu, Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala, PEPSU,
Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Travancore and Cochin. There were princely states or Chief
Commissioners Provinces.
3. Part C States - Ajmer, Bhopal, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur,
Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh.
4. Part D States – Andaman and Nicobar.
The states under part C and D were ruled by the President with the aid of Lt.
Governor or Chief Commissioner.

3. Explain the Integration of States.(TBQ)

British India consisted of British Indian Provinces and the Princely States. The
British Indian provinces were directly under the control of the British government and
thus transferred to India on 15th August 1947. The princely states accepted British
supremacy but enjoyed certain amount of freedom in their internal affairs. This was
called paramountcy of the British. The Indian independence Act of 1947 declared the
lapse of paramountcy with effect from 15th August 1947. With this the Princely States
regained their status, became legally independent and free to join India or Pakistan.
Soon the small states realised that it was not possible to maintain independent
existence and were willing to accede to India or Pakistan.
Sardar Patel took charge of the Indian States Department. He dealt with
matters arising between Central government and the Indian states. All states except
a few acceded to Indian Union. The process of integration was three-fold and known
as ‘Patel Scheme’.
1) Merger of small states with adjoining provinces: About 216 states were merged with
provinces adjoining them. These merged states were included in part-B of the
Constitution.
 2) Grouping of small states: Many small states grouped themselves to form a big state
with the ruler of the most important one becoming the Rajpramukhs. These unions
were called part-B States.
3) Integration into Chief Commissioner’s provinces: About 61 states which were small
and backward were converted into centrally administered areas as Chief
Commissioners Provinces and were called part-C States.

UNIT – 2
ELECTIONS AND PARTY SYSTEM IN INDIA

1. Election – Meaning and Importance

2. Methods of Elections
3. Election Commission of India
4. Electoral Reforms
5. Party System in India
6. Functions of the Political Parties
7. Anti-Defection Law
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Elections are the celebration of Democracy.
2. Elections are essential and inevitable in the modern democratic system.
3. Ballet is powerful than bullet.
4. The age limit for voters in India is 18 years.
5. Direct and Indirect elections are the two forms of election.
6. Article 324 to 329 of the Constitution of India deals with the composition, powers and
functions of Election Commission.
7. The Election Commission of India is empowered to conduct transparent, free and fair
elections.
8. The Election Commission of India conducts election to the office of the President, Vice
President, Union Parliament, Legislatures of State, Union Territories and Local Bodies.
9. The Election Commission of India grants recognition and allots symbols to political
parties.
10. The Electors Photo Identity Card was first introduced in India in 1993.
11. The Electronic Voting Machines were introduced for the first time in 1998 in the
Legislative Assembly elections of some states.
12. Multi-party system, is existing in India.
13. Indian political parties are extra constitutional growth.
14. The era of coalition politics started in India from 1977.
15. The Anti-Defection Act came into force on 1st April 1985.
I. One mark questions and answers:-
1. What is the root word of Election? (TBQ)
The term Election is derived from Latin word ‘eligere’.
2. What is Election? (WSP-1) (March 2015) (March 2017) (March 2019)
The process of electing the representatives by the voters is called Election.
3. What is General Election? (TBQ)
Elections are held periodically once in five years
4. What is By-Election?(TBQ)
Election is held generally to fill the vacancy arising due to the death or resignation or
disqualification of an elected member is called by-election.
5. What is Re-Election?(TBQ)
Election is held when the election process are disrupted due to anti-social elements,
is called re-election.
6. What is Mid-Term Election?(TBQ)
Elections are conducted when the lower house is dissolved before the completion of
its term, is called mid-term election.
7. What is the minimum age of voter in India? (June 2018)
18 years.
8. Which is the barometer of Democracy? (TBQ)
Elections.
9. How many members are there in the Election Commission of India?(March 2018)
Three members.
10. Which committee recommended for Multi-member Election Commission?(WSP-3)
Dinesh Goswamy Committee.
11. Who appoints the Election Commissioners of India?(March 2016)(March 2019)
The President of India.
12. What is the term of the Election Commissioner of India?(TBQ)
6 years term or 65 years of age whichever is earlier.
13. Who is the present Chief Election Commissioner of India?(TBQ)
Sunil Kumar Arora.
14. Expand EVM. (June 2016)
Electronic Voting Machine.
15. Expand EPIC. (June 2015)(March 2017)(June 2017)(June 2020)
Electors Photo Identity Card.
16. What is Electors Photo Identity Card? (TBQ)
A document which consists of the full details of voters and need to furnish the same
during poll is called Electors Photo identity Card.
17. What is Electronic Voting Machine? (TBQ)
An electronic device which was replaced the system of ballot box and ballot papers is
called Electronic Voting Machine.
18. What is political party? (TBQ)
A group of organised people for a common purpose of attaining political power
through democratic methods is called political party.
19. Name the party system in India. (June 2016)(June 2019)(June 2020)
 Multi-party system.
20. What is National party? (TBQ)
A party which gains 6% of casted valid votes in 4 or more States in Loksabha is called
National party.
21. What is Regional party? (June 2017)
A party which gains 6% of valid votes in the Loksabha or Vidhana Sabha elections from
the state and 2 Vidhana Sabha seats is called Regional party.
22. Who was the founder of Indian National Congress?(TBQ)
A.O. Hume.
23. Expand NDA.(March 2018)
National Democratic Alliance.
24. Expand UPA. (TBQ)
United Progressive Alliance.
25. What is Defection? (TBQ)
An elected representative who migrates from one party to another party for benefits
is called defection.
26. When did the Anti-Defection Law come into existence? (March 2016)
1st April 1985.
27. What Anti-Defection Law? (TBQ)
A law which restricts the representatives from migrating from one party to another
party is called Anti-Defection Law.
28. What are the other names of Defection? (TBQ)
Floor crossing, Carpet crossing, Fence sitters or Turn coats.
29. Who enforced the Anti-Defection Law? (TBQ)
The then Prime Minister of India Sri Rajiv Gandhi.
30. Expand NOTA. (March 2015)(June 2018)(June 2019)
None Of The Above.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. What is Direct Election? Give an example. (June 2015)
The voters directly elects their representatives through secret ballot without any
intermediaries is called Direct election. Ex: Loksabha and State Assembly elections.
2. What is Indirect Election? Give an example. (TBQ)
Voters elect a group of members in the first instance to form ‘Electoral College’ as an
intermediary body to elect representatives is called Indirect election. Ex:President and
Members of Upper house.
3. What is Universal Adult Franchise? Give an example. (TBQ)
All the adults can exercise their right to vote without any discrimination of caste,
creed, race, gender and religion is called Universal adult franchise. Ex: India.
4. Which Articles of the Constitution of India relates to Election Commission?(TBQ)
Article 324 to 329 of the Constitution of India relates to Election Commission.
5. What is Election Commission? (TBQ)
A statutory body which conducts free, fair and transparent elections periodically is
called Election Commission.
6. Name the mandatory disclosures declared by the candidates during election.(TBQ)
 1) Criminal antecedents 2) Educational antecedents 3) Property antecedents.
7. Write about the state funding. (TBQ)
The state by providing material benefits like supply of fuel for vehicles, papers for
election literature and other purposes, check the candidates from becoming corrupt
is called state funding.
8. What are the committees recommended for electoral reforms. (TBQ)
1) Indrajit Guptha Committee 2) Dinesh Goswamy Committee.
9. Which Committees recommended for electoral financing through state funding?(TBQ)
1) Indrajit Guptha Committee 2) Wanchoo Committee 3) Tarkunde Committee.
10. State the method of impeachment of the Chief Election Commissioners in India.(TBQ)
The Chief Election Commissioners of India can be removed from their office in the
same manner as the judges of Supreme Court on the ground of proved misbehaviour
and incapacity to discharge their constitutional obligations.
11. Define political party. (TBQ)
According to Edmund Burke “Political party is a group of people united to promote
national interests by its endeavors”.
12. What is Single Party System? Give an example (TBQ)
The prevalence of single political party in a country is called single party system. Ex:
China.
13. What is Dual Party System? Give an example (TBQ)
The existence of two political parties in the country is called Dual party system. Ex:
USA and England.
14. What is Multi Party System? Give an example (June 2015) (March 2020)
The presence of more than two political parties in a country is called multi-party
system. Ex: India and France.
15. What is Coalition government? (TBQ)
Formation of government with various political parties by forming common minimum
programme is called Coalition government.
16. When is Coalition Government formed? (TBQ)
When no single political party secures absolute majority, like minded political parties
come together and forms the coalition government.
17. Name the National political parties.(June 2015)
1) Bharatiya Janatha Party
2) Indian National Congress
3) Communist Party of India
4) Communist Party of India(Marxism)
5) National Congress Party
6) Bahujan Samaj Party
7) Trunamol Congress Party
18. Name the Regional political parties.(TBQ)
1) Janatha Dal(Secular)
2) Telugu Desham
3) DMK
4) AIADMK
 5) Shivasena
III. Five marks questions and answers:-
1. Write the importance of Elections(WSP-3)
The importance of Elections:-
1) Election is the foundation of democratic government.
2) It is the key component to provide justice and freedom to all without any
discrimination.
3) It is the Barometer of democracy and serves as forum for the discussion of public
issues and facilities the expression of public opinion.
4) It is designed to create a popular government.
5) It imparts political education and training to voters to actively participate in the
activities of the Nation.

2. Explain the features of Direct Elections.(June 2016)(June 2020)

The features of Direct Election:-
1) More Democratic:- Eligible voters have wider choice to elect their
representatives directly. It provides for direct relationship between the voter
and their representatives.
2) Responsive:- Since there is direct relationship between voters and the
representatives, they are responsive to the needs and aspirations of the
people.
3) Creates political awareness:- In the direct election voters come in direct
contact with their representatives. Voters are curious about them and gather
information through mass media and print media. In this way it educates the
voters.
4) Selection of eligible candidates:- The voters test the capacities, capabilities
of the candidates and finally elect them since there is rapport between the
two.
5) Public relationship:- In view of the forthcoming elections, representatives
keep regular contact with the constituency and people.

3. Explain the features of Indirect Elections.(March 2016) (March 2019)

The features of Indirect Elections are as follows:-
1) Selection of best candidates:- In this method candidates are elected by the
intelligent voters that is elected representatives and hence they act wisely with
political knowledge.
2) Prevents unhealthy campaign:- It avoids all sorts of evils like dirty propaganda
tricks, instigation of people for petty issues to divide them. These intelligent and
responsible members keep away from all sorts of party gimmicks.
3) Peaceful voting:- In this method there is no scope for illegal activities or fights
during the election as it happens in the direct election. The elections are
conducted according to well defined norms and values.
 4) Little scope for emotions:- Elected representatives are not carried away by
passions or sentiments nor can be influenced like an average voter. The higher
level leaders are elected by people’s representatives with a sense of responsibility.
5) Suitable to developing nations:- Since majority of the voters are ignorant, not
educated and intelligent, hence small group of politically educated and wise voters
elect responsible and public spirited representatives.

4. Write the composition of Election Commission of India. (TBQ)

Article 324 provides for the office of the Election Commission of India. It consists of
one Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners. According to
Article 342(2) Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are
appointed by the President of India on the advice of union cabinet. The term of office
is six years or till they attain the age of 65 years. Article 324(6) makes provision for
the salaries, allowances and other privileges to the Chief Election Commissioner,
Election Commissioners and the Personnel. The parliament determines their salaries
from time to time and it is borne out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
5. Describe the powers and functions of Election Commission.(June 2018)
Powers and functions of Election Commission of India:-
1) Prepare electoral roll and its periodical revision.
2) Holds elections to Parliament, State legislatures and offices of President and
Vice President.
3) After the announcement of elections, it decides the time table.
4) It conducts by-election to vacant seats.
5) It grants recognition to political parties as National and State level parties.
6) It scrutinise the nomination papers.
7) It allots symbols to political parties and independent candidates.
8) It appoints officers and other staff members to conduct election and make
necessary arrangements.
9) It can order for re-poll in any constituency or any polling booth.
10) It can withhold the election results on valid grounds.
11) It enforces the code of conduct for the candidates and political parties i.e. the
election expenses and submission of accounts after election.
12) The President or the Governor acts on the advice of the election commission
at the time of disqualification of members of the House.

6. Write the advantages of Electors Photo Identity Card. (WSP-2) (June 2019)
The advantages of Electors Photo Identity Card are as follows:-
1) It removes evil practices like corruption and impersonation(bogus voting).
2) By using EPIC, elections can be conducted free and fairly.
3) By having EPIC, citizens can get various benefits of plans and programmes of the
government.
4) It is an official document issued by the Election Commission to all the eligible voters.
5) It consists of information of voters’ age, name, gender, address, constituency etc., so
as to conduct elections without any unavoidable elements.
7. Explain the advantages of Electronic Voting Machine. (March 2015) (March 2017)
The advantages of electronic voting machine are as follows:-
1) Preparation of polling is very less.
2) Pace of poll is very simple.
3) EVM can be easily operated and saves time.
4) It is eco-friendly.
5) It avoids invalid votes and irregularities and useful to illiterates.
6) It ensures the principle of ‘one man one vote’.
7) Accurate result can be declared fastly.

8) Write a note on the educational antecedents of a candidate. (TBQ)

Education antecedents:- The candidate has to file an affidavit to give information
relating to his educational qualifications. Being representative of the people one has
to be educated and actively take part in the proceedings of the legislature,
administration and in law making process.

9) Write a note on the property antecedents of a candidate. (TBQ)

Property antecedents:- Contesting an election is an expensive affair. Persons with
good education but dearth of funds may hesitate to contest whereas people with
money power get elected and may amass more wealth. This leads to corruption. To
curb this, the election commission has made it mandatory to declare the details of
movable and immovable property of candidate and his family members. This
disclosure helps the voter to assess the honesty or otherwise of the candidate.

10) Write a note on the criminal antecedents of a candidate. (TBQ)

Criminal antecedents:- To curb criminalisation of politics the Supreme Court of India
in 2002 gave directions to Election Commission. Through this Act, submission of
details regarding criminal antecedents are made compulsory for all the candidates
along with their nomination papers. The recent decisions of the Supreme Court made
it clear that the candidates having criminal records are debarred from contesting
election and members of legislature would lose their membership.

11) Write about the reforms in electoral financing through state funding(TBQ)
The state by providing finance to election expenses check the candidates from
becoming corrupt. In this behalf Indrajit Gupta Committee recommend ded for state
funding of elections as follows:-
1) To minimize the election expenses of political parties, a part of it to be borne by
the state.
2) State funding should be in the form of kind not in cash.
3) State funding to be confined to the recognised parties by the Election Commission.
4) To avail the state funding benefits the political parties must submit their income
tax returns.
 5) Free election telecasting and broadcasting to all the political parties on
government owned Television, Radio and other private channels.
12) Write about the main provisions of Anti-Defection Law.(WSP-1) (March 2018)
The Anti defection Act came into force on 1st April 1985 through 52nd
Constitution Amendment. The provisions of this Act are as follows:-
1) A Member of Parliament or State Legislature belonging to any political party shall
be disqualified if he voluntarily quits his party.
2) He will be disqualified from his membership if he votes against his party Whip in
the session.
3) A Member of Parliament or State Legislature belonging to any political party shall
be disqualified from his membership if he votes in the session without prior
permission of his party.
4) A nominated member shall be disqualified from his membership in the Upper
House if he joins any political party after six months from the date on which he
assumes his position.
5) A person disqualified under this Act shall not be provided any office of profit.
6) It determines the size of the Council of Ministers to 15%.
7) Speaker can initiate action against the members under Anti Defection Law.
8) A person shall not be disqualified if his original party merges with another party
under this Act.

IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-

1. Differentiate between Direct Election and Indirect Election. (WSP-3)
Direct Election:-
1) More Democratic:- Eligible voters have wider choice to elect their
representatives directly. It provides for direct relationship between the voter
and their representatives.
2) Responsive:- Since there is direct relationship between voters and the
representatives, they are responsive to the needs and aspirations of the people.
3) Creates political awareness:- In the direct election voters come in direct contact
with their representatives. Voters are curious about them and gather
information through mass media and print media. In this way it educates the
voters.
4) Selection of eligible candidates:- The voters test the capacities, capabilities of
the candidates and finally elect them since there is rapport between the two.
5) Public relationship:- In view of the forthcoming elections, representatives keep
regular contact with the constituency and people.
Indirect Election:-
1) Selection of best candidates:- In this method candidates are elected by the
intelligent voters that is elected representatives and hence they act wisely with
political knowledge.
 2) Prevents unhealthy campaign:- It avoids all sorts of evils like dirty propaganda
tricks, instigation of people for petty issues to divide them. These intelligent and
responsible members keep away from all sorts of party gimmicks.
3) Peaceful voting:- In this method there is no scope for illegal activities or fights
during the election as it happens in the direct election. The elections are
conducted according to well defined norms and values.
4) Little scope for emotions:- Elected representatives are not carried away by
passions or sentiments nor can be influenced like an average voter. The higher
level leaders are elected by people’s representatives with a sense of
responsibility.
5) Suitable to developing nations:- Since majority of the voters are ignorant, not
educated and intelligent, hence small group of politically educated and wise
voters elect responsible and public spirited representatives.

2. Explain the functions of Election Commission of India.(WSP-2) (March 2018)

Powers and functions of Election Commission of India:-
1) Prepare electoral roll and its periodical revision.
2) Holds elections to Parliament, State legislatures and offices of President and
Vice President.
3) After the announcement of elections, it decides the time table.
4) It conducts by-election to vacant seats.
5) It grants recognition to political parties as National and State level parties.
6) It scrutinise the nomination papers.
7) It allots symbols to political parties and independent candidates.
8) It appoints officers and other staff members to conduct election and make
necessary arrangements.
9) It can order for re-poll in any constituency or any polling booth.
10) It can withhold the election results on valid grounds.
11) It enforces the code of conduct for the candidates and political parties i.e. the
election expenses and submission of accounts after election.
12) The President or the Governor acts on the advice of the election commission
at the time of disqualification of members of the House.
13) As per the Representation of Peoples’ Act of 1950 and 1951 Election
Commission of India conducts the process of election.

3. Describe the electoral reforms in India. (March 2019)

Electoral Reforms in India:-
1) Electors Photo Identity Card:- The Electors Photo Identity Card is introduced to
conduct free and fair elections, to remove evil practices like corruption and
impersonation etc., It is an official document issued by the Election Commission
to all the eligible voters. It consists of information of voters’ age, name, gender,
address, constituency, date of issue etc.,
2) Electronic Voting Machine:-
 The advantages of electronic voting machine are as follows:-
a) Preparation of polling is very less.
b) Pace of poll is very simple.
c) EVM can be easily operated and saves time.
d) It is eco-friendly.
e) It avoids invalid votes and irregularities and useful to illiterates.
f) It ensures the principle of ‘one man one vote’.
g) Accurate result can be declared fastly.
4. Explain the mandatory disclosure of the antecedents of the candidate. (June 2017)
Mandatory disclosure of antecedents of the candidates:- The candidates have to
disclose their personal details of Criminal, Education and Property while filing their
nomination. This is to facilitate the right candidates to contest and restrict persons
with criminal background.
1) Criminal antecedents:- To curb criminalisation of politics the Supreme Court of
India in 2002 gave directions to Election Commission. Through this Act, submission
of details regarding criminal antecedents are made compulsory for all the
candidates along with their nomination papers. The recent decisions of the
Supreme Court made it clear that the candidates having criminal records are
debarred from contesting election and members of legislature would lose their
membership.
2) Education antecedents:- The candidate has to file an affidavit to give information
relating to his educational qualifications. Being representative of the people one
has to be educated and actively take part in the proceedings of the legislature,
administration and in law making process.
3) Property antecedents:- Contesting an election is an expensive affair. Persons with
good education but dearth of funds may hesitate to contest whereas people with
money power get elected and may amass more wealth. This leads to corruption.
To curb this, the election commission has made it mandatory to declare the details
of movable and immovable property of candidate and his family members. This
disclosure helps the voter to assess the honesty or otherwise of the candidate.

5. Explain the nature of party system in India. (WSP-1)(March 2015)(March 2016)

The nature of party system in India is as follows:-
1) Extra Constitutional growth:- There is no reference in the Constitution of India
about how many political parties are to be existed in the country. According to
Article 19 of the Constitution, all citizens can have freedom to form associations.
Political parties established on the basis of this liberty.
2) Prevalence of Multi Party System:- India is divergent country with many religions,
tribes, languages, culture and traditions. This heterogeneity leads to the
emergence of many political parties to protect their interests in the main stream
of the country.
 3) Split and merger:- It is a common phenomenon in the Indian party system.
Various reasons contributed for split like ideological differences, egoism, power
hunger etc.,
4) Dissident activities:- Meanness of leaders like personal attitudes, favouritism,
nepotism lead to dissident activities. Repetition of such happenings instigates
leaders to go against the ideology of the party.
5) Defection:- Elected members of the Legislature change their parties often for
personal benefits or differences of opinion and many more reasons. It ruins the
values of democracy and destabilises the government.
6) Leader worship:- Most of the political parties in India emphasises on the leaders
than the ideologies of the parties. The leaders decides the destiny of the political
party.
7) Alliances without principles:- Political parties are formed with principles of
democracy and secularism but they ignore them for want of power and make
unholy alliance.
8) Dominance of Regional parties:- After 1980 the presence of Regional parties plays
an important role during formation of government in centre.
9) Leftist and Rightist Parties:- Party system in India consists of Leftist parties who
have belief in revolutionary ideology and drastic changes in the system and
Rightist parties who believe in moderate changes in the system.
10) The era of coalition:- When no single political party secures absolute majority,
likeminded political parties come together and join the single largest party to form
coalition government. The era of coalition started from during 1977.

6. Describe the functions of political parties. (June 2015)(June 2016)(June 2020)

The functions of political parties are as follows:-
1) Preparation of election manifesto:- The election agenda is arranged through
manifesto. Manifesto reflects the ideological commitments of the party which
include voters requirements like good governance.
2) Selection of the candidate:- The selection of best candidate is made on the basis
of popularity. Usually all parties prepare the list of such candidates to win the
election.
3) Political education and awareness:- Political parties impart political education to
the people and make them to realise their responsibilities.
4) To contest election:- Through proper filing of nomination and getting ‘B Form’ it
is ascertained that the candidature is official. It is filed in the respective offices of
Returning Officers.
5) Election Campaign:- The candidates who are in the fray are supported by the party
in all possible ways. Candidates using public platform by speeches and through
electronic and mass media to win the election.
6) Formation of Government:- After declaring the results , the party which secures
majority forms the government . The administration is carried on within the
constitutional frame work.
 7) Acts as opposition party:- The political parties which fail to secure majority in the
election act as opposition parties. They criticise the bad programmes and policies
of the government and help to streamline the administration.
8) Formation of public opinion:- The political party acts as the best agency in
formulating the public opinion. The achievements of ruling party are published
and highlighted through media and public platforms. Opposition parties organise
rallies and conduct road shows to expose the failures of ruling party.
9) Bridge between the government and the people:- Political parties act as bridge
between the government and the people. The leaders of the parties try to reach
the people through policies and programmes.
10) Promotes the National Interest:- It is the task of all the political parties to promote
the unity and integrity of the Nation. Whenever there is threat both from within
and outside, the parties have to unite themselves keeping aside their ideological
differences.

UNIT – 3
ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY IN INDIA

1. Administration – Meaning and Role

2. Civil Service – Meaning and Features
3. All India Services, Central Services, State Services
4. Central, State and District Administration
5. CAT and KAT
6. UPSC and KPSC – Composition and Functions

POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Administration is as old as ancient civilisations and can be traced back to the Vedic
times.
2. Administration plays an important role in the contemporary society.
3. Civil service is a professional body of officials, permanent, paid and skilled.
4. The All India Services are recruited by the Central Government and it belongs to both
Central and State Governments.
5. The subjects mentioned in the union list are to be managed by the Central
Government.
6. The State service consists mainly police, administration, sales tax, land revenue,
medical services etc.
7. The Secretariat assist the ministers in formulating and modifying legislation.
8. The Chief Secretary is the principal adviser to the Chief Minister.
9. District Administration is the primary administrative unit of the administration.
10. Central Administrative Tribunal has been established for adjudication of disputes with
regard to recruitment and conditions of service of Central Government.
11. Karnataka Administrative Tribunal has been established to reduce the burden of the
courts in the matters of administrative disputes.
12. Union Public Service Commission conduct examinations for appointment to the All
India Services and Central Services.
13. Karnataka Public Service Commission conduct competitive examinations for the
recruitment of candidates to State Services.
14. Joint Public Service Commission has been established for two or more states.

I. One mark questions and answers:-

1. What is the meaning of Administration? (TBQ)
The organisation and direction of the men and material resources to achieve desired
ends is called Administration.
2. What is the root word of the term Administration? (WSP-1)
The word Administration is derived from the Latin words ‘Ad’ and ‘Ministrare’.
3. Who is the head of the State Administration? (TBQ)
Chief Secretary.
4. Who is the head of the District Administration? (March 2019)
Deputy Commisssioner.
5. What is the tenure of office of the Chairman and members of KPSC? (TBQ)
6 years of service or 62 years of age whichever is earlier.
6. Expand CAT (TBQ)
Central Administrative Tribunal.
7. Expand KAT (TBQ)
Karnataka Administrative Tribunal.
8. Expand UPSC (March 2020)
Union Public Service Commission.
9. Expand KPSC (TBQ)
Karnataka Public Service Commission.
10. Expand JPSC (TBQ)
Joint Public Service Commission.
11. Expand IAS (TBQ)
Indian Administrative Service.
12. Expand IPS (TBQ)
Indian Police Service.
13. Expand KAS (TBQ)
Karnataka Administrative Service.
14. What is the tenure of office of the Chairman and members of UPSC? (TBQ)
6 years of service or 65 years of age whichever is earlier.
15. How many members are there in UPSC? (TBQ)
There are 10 members with a Chairman in the UPSC.
16. Who appoints the Chairman and members of KPSC? (TBQ)
The Governor.
17. How many members are there in KPSC? (TBQ)
There are 9 members with a Chairman in KPSC.
18. Who appoints the Chairman and members of UPSC? (TBQ)
The President of India.
19. Which Article of the Constitution provides for All India Services? (TBQ)
Article 312 of Indian Constitution.
20. When was the Indian Civil service Act got approved?
1951.
21. Where is Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration? (WSP-1)
Massourie.
22. Where is Sardar Vallabha Bhai Patel Police Academy? (TBQ)
Hyderabad.
23. Which is the primary administrative unit of the Administration? (WSP-3)
District Administration.
24. What is District Administration? (TBQ)
The primary administrative unit which implement the policies and programmes of the
government at the gross root level is called District Administration.
25. Which is called as Permanent Executive? (WSP-2)
Civil Service.
26. Where is KPSC locating? (WSP-2)
Bangalore.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. Define Administration. (TBQ)
According to H. Simon “The activities of groups co-operating to accomplish common
goals is called Administration”.
2. What is Civil Service? (March 2015)
A professional body of officials, permanent, paid and skilled is called Civil Service.
3. What are the qualifications to be the members of UPSC? (TBQ)
The members of UPSC should possess 10 years of administrative service.
4. What is the procedure for the removal of members of UPSC? (TBQ)
The members of UPSC can be removed from the office only by an order of the
President on the ground of misbehaviour proved by n the Supreme Court.
5. What is All India Services? Give example. (June 2015)(March 2018)(March 2019)
A group of persons who are recruited by the Union Government and belongs to both
Central and State Governments is called All India Services. Ex: IAS, IPS, IFS.
6. What is the objectives of All India Services? (TBQ)
Promoting coordination between Union and State Governments sis the main objective
of All India Service.
7. What is Central Services? Give example. (June 2018)(March 2020)(June 2020)
A group of persons who are recruited by the Union Government and come under
exclusive control of the Central Government is called Central Services. Ex: Indian
Foreign Services, Indian Defence Services, Indian Postal Services.
8. Write the classifications of Central Services. (TBQ)
Group-A, Group-B, Group-C and Group-D.
9. What is State Services? Give example. (WSP-3)
A group of persons who are appointed by the State Government and working in the
department of State Government is called State Services. Ex: KAS, KES, KFS.
10. Mention any two features of Civil Services. ((TBQ)
a) Hierarchy b) Political Neutrality.
11. What is Political neutrality? (TBQ)
Civil Servants refrain always from political activities, it is called political neutrality.
12. Write any two functions of UPSC. (March 2017)
1) To conduct examinations for appointment to the All India Service and Central
services.
2) To present annual report regarding its working to the President.
13. Write any two functions of KPSC. (TBQ)
1) To conduct competitive examinations for the recruitment of candidates o State
Services.
2) To prepare rules of recruitment, promotion and transfer of civil servants from one
service to another.
14. What is the procedure for the removal of members of KPSC? (TBQ)
The members of the KPSC can be removed under the same circumstances as
applicable to the members of UPSC.
15. What is Hierarchy? (TBQ)
Each Civil Servant has to obey his immediate superior, where high ranking
administrative officer supervises their subordinates, it is called Hierarchy.
16. What is Anonymity? (March 2016) (June 2016)
Civil Servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work
for the government, it is called Anonymity.
17. Mention any two functions of the Chief Secretary. (TBQ)
1) He is the principal adviser to the Chief Minister.
2) He is the only person who attends the Cabinet meeting.
18. Write any two functions of the Deputy Commissioner.
1) Law and order and Magisterial powers
2) Revenue functions.
19. What is Secretariat?
The main authority to frame rules and principles of procedure for the functioning of
the government is called Secretariat.
20. Mention any two responsibilities of the secretariat.
1) Formulating and modifying legislation from time to time.
2) Planning and budget formulation.
III. Five marks questions and answers:-
1. Write the role of Administration in the contemporary society. (March 2015)
The role of administration in the contemporary society is as follows:-
1) Preservation of the polity.
2) Maintenance of stability and order.
 3) Institutionalisation of socio-economic change.
4) Management of large scale commercial sciences.
5) Ensuring growth of economic development.
6) Protection of the weaker sections of society.
7) Formation of public opinion.
8) Influencing public policies and political trends.

2. Explain the features of Civil Service.(WSP-1)(June 2015)(March 2017)(June 2020)

The features of civil services are as follows:-
1) Professional body:- Civil service consists of a professional body of officials who are
permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.
2) Hierarchy:- As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate
superior, where high ranking administrative officer with discretionary powers
supervises their subordinates.
3) Political Neutrality:- Civil servants refrain always from political activities. They
perform their duties without being aligned to any kind of political regime.
4) Anonymity:- Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even
though they work for the government.
5) Impartiality:- The civil servants have to apply the laws of the state while
performing the duties without showing any favour, bias to any section of society.
6) Permanent:- Civil servants are called the permanent executive. They discharge
duties till they attain the age of superannuation.
7) Jurisdiction of law:- Every civil servant has to function within the prescribed
jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary action.

3. Write a note on All India Services. (June 2016)

Part XIV, Article 312 of the Constitution of India provides for the creation of All India
services for the union and state. The candidates to these services are recruited on all
India basis by Union Public Service Commission and can be posted both at the centre
and in the state. Presently India has three All India Services. They are
1) Indian Administrative Services
2) Indian Police Services
3) Indian Forest Services.
The service of these officers could be utilised by both the centre and state
governments and they can be transferred from central to state governments vice-
versa.

4. Write a note on Central Services. (March 2016)

The officials appointed by the Central Government and comes under the exclusive
control of centre is called central services. The central services are classified into Class-
I, Class-II, Class-III, Class-IV. Article 312 of the Constitution of India empowers the
Parliament to create central services. Some of the central services are:
1) Indian Foreign Services
2) Indian Audit & Accounts Services
 3) Indian Revenue Services
4) Indian Railway Services
5) Indian Defence Services
6) Indian Postal Services.

5. Write a note on State Services. (TBQ)

Article 309 of the Constitution provides for the creation of State Services. These
services have listed in the state list. There are several subjects such as police,
administration, sales tax, land revenue, medical services et. The services which
administer these subjects are recruited by the states. The mode and methods of
recruitment, service conditions are determined by the State Government. They
function under the control of State Government. The State Services have been
classified into Group-A, Group-B, Group-C and Group-D. The State Services in
Karnataka are:-
1) Karnataka Administrative Services
2) Karnataka Police Services
3) Karnataka Forest Services
4) Karnataka Education Services
5) Karnataka Excise Services.
6. Explain the role of Cabinet Secretary in the Central Government. (TBQ)
The role of Cabinet Secretary is as follows:-
1) He provides assistance to the Council of Ministers
2) He attends all the meetings of the Cabinet and Cabinet Committees.
3) He ensures the decisions implemented properly which have been taken in the
Cabinet meeting.
4) He acts as eyes and ears of the Prime Minister.
5) He provides the element of stability and continuity to the administration.
6) He advices the President and the care-taker Prime Minister.
7. Write a note on Central Secretariat. (TBQ)
The word Secretariat means office of the Secretaries of all the Departments. For the
purpose of administration, the Government of India is divided into Ministry and
Departments which constitute the Central Secretariat. For efficient discharge of
business allotted to a ministry, it is divided into various Departments. Wings,
Divisions, Branches and Sections. The Central Secretariat helps the Central
Government in formulating and modifying legislation from time to time. It prepares
the budget and planning. It prepares the answers raised in the parliament session.
8. Write a note on State Secretariat. (WSP-3)
The primary responsibilities of the secretariat:-
1) Formulating and modifying legislation from time to time.
2) Planning and budget formulation.
3) Co-ordinate with the centre and other states.
4) Promoting organisational competency
5) Answering questions in the Assembly.
9. Write a note on Chief Secretary. (WSP-1) (March 2015) (March 2016) (March 2017)
The Chief Secretary performs the following functions:-
1) He is the principal adviser to the Chief Minister.
2) He is the only person who attends the Cabinet meeting.
3) He supervises over the entire Secretariat.
4) He presides over a large number of committees .
5) He is the bridge between the State and Central Government.

10. Explain the functions of the Deputy Commissioner.(WSP-2)(June 2015)(June 2020)

The functions of Deputy Commissioner are as follows:-
1) Maintenance of law and order:- Deputy Commissioner as a District Magistrate
maintains law and order and performs the judicial functions in the district.
2) Revenue functions:- It includes maintenance of land records and its assessment,
collection of land revenue and other public dues and settlement of land disputes.
3) Developmental functions:- It includes public health, education, rural
development, social welfare and welfare of backward classes.
4) Electoral functions:- Deputy Commissioner is the District Electoral Officer and he
is in charge of elections to parliament, state legislatures and local bodies.
5) Public Grievances:- The Deputy Commissioner is the District Public Grievances
Officer by virtue of which he maintains the overall responsibility to ensure proper
functioning of all departments in the district.

11. Write a short note on Central Administrative Tribunal. (WSP-3)

The Central Administrative Tribunal has been established for adjudication of disputes
with regard to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public
service. Article 323A of the Indian Constitution provides for setting up of
Administrative Tribunals. It goes a long way in reducing the burden of various courts
by reducing pendency of cases relating to matters of civil service. It also provides to
the officials a speedy and effective remedy.
The provisions of the Administrative Tribunals Act,1985 do not apply to the
members of paramilitary forces, armed forces of the union, officers or employees of
the Supreme Court or to persons appointed to the Secretariat Staff of either House of
Parliament or the Secretariat staff of State/Union Territory Legislatures. It consists of
aa Chairman, 16 Vice-Chairmen and 49 members.

12. Write a short note on Karnataka Administrative Tribunal. (TBQ)

The Karnataka Administrative Tribunal was set up to make ways and means for
effective, expeditions and satisfactory disposal of matters relating to service disputes.
This was set up as an independent tribunals to handle pending cases before the
Supreme Court and High Courts relating to serviced matters. It deals with the cases
of disciplinary action against government servants. The Karnataka Administrative
Tribunal was established on 6-10-1986. It consists of Chairman, a Judicial Member
and three Administrative members. The KAP is located in Bangalore.
IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-
1. Explain the meaning and features of Civil Services in India. (TBQ)
The Civil Service is a general body of official serving under heads of various
departments. It is a regulated administrative system organised as a service of inter-
related officers. The administration is carried out by the members of the civil service.
The features of the civil service are as follows:-
1) Professional body:- Civil service consists of a professional body of officials who are
permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.
2) Hierarchy:- As per the scaler system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate
superior, where high ranking administrative officer with discretionary powers
supervises their subordinates.
3) Political Neutrality:- Civil servants refrain always from political activities. They
perform their duties without being aligned to any kind of political regime.
4) Anonymity:- Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even
though they work for the government.
5) Impartiality:- The civil servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing
the duties without showing any favour, bias to any section of society.
6) Permanent:- Civil servants are called the permanent executive. They discharge duties
till they attain the age of superannuation.
7) Jurisdiction of law:- Every civil servant has to function within the prescribed
jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary action.

2. Explain the composition, powers and functions of UPSC. (June 2017) 9March 2018)
Composition:- Article 315 of the Constitution provides for the establishment of the
Union Public Service Commission. It is an independent constitutional body entrusted
with the work of recruitment on the basis of merit. The UPSC is composed of a
Chairman and 10 members. They are appointed by the President. The members
should have a minimum of 10 years experience in Government service. The members
holds office for a period of 6 years or till they attains the age of 65 years whichever iss
earlier.
Article 320 of the Indian Constitution enumerate the functions of the UPSC.
1) To conduct examinations for appointment to the central services and All India
Services.
2) To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services.
3) To advise the Government on matters relating to the methods of recruitment,
promotions, transfers, disciplinary actions and inter service matters.
4) To present annual report regarding its working to the President.
5) To exercise such additional functions as provided by an act of Parliament.
6) To serve all or any needs of the State Government on request by the Governor
and with the approval of the President.

3. Explain the composition, powers and functions of KPSC. (WSP-2)

Composition:- The Constitution of India provides for the establishment of a Public
Service Commission for each state or two or more states jointly. Accordingly, the
 Karnataka Public Service Commission was set up consisting of a Chairman and such
other members to be determined by the Governor of the state from time to time. At
least half of the members of the Commission should have administrative experience
with a minimum of 10 years service of the state. The remaining members must be
representing varied interest of the community. At present there is a Chairman and
nine members. The Chairman and members of KPSC are appointed by the Governor o
the recommendations of the state cabinet. Their tenure is six years of service or 62
years of age whichever is earlier. They will be removed under the same circumstances
as applicable to the Chairman and members of UPSC.
The functions of KPSC are as follows:-
1) To conduct competitive examinations for the recruitment of candidates to State
Services.
2) To conduct departmental examinations.
3) To prepare rules of recruitment, promotion and transfer of civil servants from one
service to another.
4) To advise the State Government on all matters relating to problems of civil service
in the state.
5) To submit annual report regarding its working to the State Governor.

UNIT – 4
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND THEIR POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS

1. Dalit Movement
2. Backward Classes Movement
3. Feminist Movement
4. Labour Movement
5. Peasant Movement
6. Human Rights Movement
7. Environment Movement

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Social movements have been started in India since 6 th century BC.

2. Buddha, Basavanna, Kanakadasa, Jyothiba Pule, Periyar, Mahathma Gandhi and
B.R.Ambedkar contributed to fight against caste based discrimination.
3. B.R. Ambedkar, Kudmal Rangarao, Ram Manohar Lohia, Baba Ampte, Kanshi Ram,
Prof: B. Krishnappa and many more have laid a foundation stone for the Dalit
Movement.
4. Narayana Guru, Periyar Ramaswamy Naikar, Sayyaji Rao Gaiakwad, Nalwadi
Krishnaeaja Wodeyar, Saahu Maharaj fought for the upliftment of Backward Classes.
5. The first Indian woman teacher Smt: Savithri ba Phule fought to promote literacy
among the women.
6. Choudary Charan Singh, Sharad Joshi, Mahendra Singh Tikayat, Narayanaswamy
Naidu, Prof: M.D. Nanjundaswsamy have fought for the cause of Peasants.
7. Labourers are those workers who invest their physical labour either on agriculture or
industry are still fighting for their cause through out the world.
8. Even though women developed in social, economic, political and cultural fieldsm men
domination is still existing in Indian society.
9. Universal Declaration of Human Rights was accepted on 10th December 1948 by the
UNO to uplift the human rights all over the world.
10. To create awareness among the people, ‘World Environment Day’ is celebrated on 5th
June every year.

I. One mark questions and answers:-

1. Who lead the mass in the entry of Kalaram temple? (June 2018)
Dr: B.R. Ambedkar.
2. How many Varnas prevailed in Vedic period? (TBQ)
Four.
3. Who started the news paper ‘Mooka Naika’?(June 2015)(March 2016)(June 2017)
Dr: B.R. Ambedkar.
4. When was Manusmrithi implemented? (TBQ)
185 B.C.
5. Name the concept emphasised by Jyothiba Phule? (WSP-1)
Akshara Kranthi.
6. What is social discrimination?(March 2018)(March 2019)(March 2020)
Facilities are denied to the lower class is called social discrimination.
7. What is economic exploitation?(WSP-3) (June 2016)
Exploitation by haves over haves not is called economic exploitation.
8. Who are called as backward classes?
The communities who are economically, socially, educationally backward is called
backward classes.
9. Who was the first one to introduce reservation to Backward Classes?
Sayyaji Rao Gaikwad of Gwalior.
10. When the Mandal Commission Report was came into effect? (TBQ)
1990.
11. Name the person who struggled to eradicate the Sati System. (TBQ)
Rajaram Mohan Rao.
12. When was the Widow Remarriage Act implemented? (TBQ)
1856.
13. When was the National Women’s Commission established? (TBQ)
1992.
14. Name the first teacher who started the education for women. (March 2015)
Smt: Savithriba Phule.
15. When was the Domestic Violence Act enforced? (June 2018) (June 2020)
2005.
16. Which day is celebrated as ‘Labours day’? (March 2016)(June 2016)(June 2019)
1st May of every year.
17. Which is the basic profession of Farmers? (TBQ)
Farming.
18. Expand UDHR. (TBQ)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
19. Expand NHRC. (TBQ)
National Human Rights Commission.
20. When was the Human Rights Commission established in Karnataka? (TBQ)
2005.
21. When was the National Human Rights Commission established? (March 2018)
8th Janauary 1994.
22. Name the head who protect the human rights in district. (TBQ)
The Deputy Commissioner.
23. Who is a architect of CHIPCO Movement? (TBQ)
Chandi Prasad Bhat.
24. Where was APPICO movement started? (TBQ)
Siddapura near Sirsi.
25. Who is the main leader of Narmada Bachavo Andolan? (TBQ)
Medha Patkar and Baba Ampte.
26. Who filed an Affidavit in the Supreme Court for Ganga-Water cleaning(TBQ)
Sri M.C. Mehta
27. When was the Bio-Diversity Act came into effect?
2002.
28. Which is the native district of Saalumarada Thimmakka? (March 2015)(Junen2019)
Ramanagar.
29. Who started the Western Ghat Movement? (WSP-3)
The environmentalists of Thunga and Bhadra region.
30. Which day is celebrated as the ‘World Environme n t Day’?(WSP-1)(March 2017)
5th May of every year.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. Who started the Dalit Sangarsh Samiti in Karnataka and when? (TBQ)
Prof: B. Krishnappa started the Dalit Sangarsh Samithi in Karnataka in 1974.
2. Who are Dalits?(TBQ)
The people who are economically, socially, educationally and culturally exploited are
called Dalits.
3. Who started the ‘Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha’ and when? (WSP-2)
The Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha was started by Dr;B.R. Ambedkar in 11924.
4. What is the speciality of Dalit Act? (TBQ)
 The Dalit Act provides legal aid to the victims of atrocities, economic and social
rehabilitation of victims, appointing officers to initiate action.
5. What are the three slogans of Dr: B.R. Ambedkar? (June 2019)
1) Educate 2) Agitate 3) Organise.
6. Name the four varnas of ancient period.(March 2015)(June 2017)(March2019)
1) Brahamana 2) Kshathriya 3) Vyshya 4) Shudra.
7. Who was implemented Manusmrithi and when? (June 2020)
Pushyamithra Shrunga was implemented Manusmrithi in 185 B.C.
8. Name the persons who fought for the upliftment of Backward Classes.(TBQ)
Sajjayi Rao Raikwad of Gwalior, Nalwadi Krishnaraj Wodeyar of Mysore, saahu
Maharaja of Kolhapur, Periyar Ramaswamy Naikar of Tamilnadu, Narayana Guru of
Kerala fought for the upliftment of Backward Classes.
9. When and where was the Backward Class Agitation started in Karnataka?(WSP-3)
The Backward Class Agitation was started in Mysore region during 1920.
10. When did the Hindu Widow’s Home established and where?(June 2015)(March 2020)
The Hindu Widow’s Home was established in 1899 at Pune.
11. Mention any two Articles which eradicate the gender based inequality(TBQ)
1) Article 14 2) Article 15.
12. Name any two Acts which relates to Women Protection.(June 2016)(March 2020)
1) Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act 2005.
2) The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.
13. Name the two important Communist leaders of India. (TBQ)
1) S.A. Dange 2) E.M.S. Naambudripad.
14. Write the meaning of labourers. (TBQ)
The persons who invest their physical labour either on agriculture or industry are
called labourers.
15. Write any two Labour Acts. (TBQ)
1) Workmen Compensation Act of 1923.
2) Minimum Wages Act of 1948.
16. Name any two leaders of Karnataka Raitha Sangha Movement.(June 2015)(March 18)
1) Prof:M.D. Nanjundaswamy 2) N.D. Sundaresh.
17. What are the two important reasons for Kheda Movement? (TBQ)
1) The Bengal Government banned the Blue crop and acquired farmers’ land.
2) The Government imposed heavy taxes and enhanced the prices.
18. What is the meaning of Human Rights? (TBQ)
The rights which are not separated from the human being are called Human Rights.
19. What is ‘Maryada Hatye’? (WSP-1) (June 2018)
Elders of family to maintain family respect and values go even to the extent of killing
their daughter is called Maryada Hatye.
20. Name any two Acts which relates to the protection of Environment(TBQ)
1) Environmental Maintenance Act of 1986.
2) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981.
21. What is Environment? (March 2016)
 A sum total of all biotic and abiotic (living and non-living) factors and conditions that
surround us is called Environment.
III. Five marks questions and answers:-
1. What are the causes for Dalit Movement? (March 2016) (March 2019)
The causes of Dalit Movement are:-
1) Social injustice:- As per the law, all are equal. But in practice, equal opportunities
were denied to some sections. To get this legitimate rights, they rebelled .
2) Economic inequality:- Dalits are worked under feudalist and treated inhumanly,
their position was pathetic. This was exploded in the form of agitation.
3) Discrimination:- Discrimination was rampant in all walks of life. Ambedkar
himself was a victim. When Dalits were not allowed to enter into the temple, he
was dared to make entry in to the temple against all opposition with his fellow
beings. He publicly used the water of Mahad tank. With this he started
democratic struggle.
4) Lack of awareness:- Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which led to
lack of awareness. Hence exploitation, atrocities mounted up. To create
awareness, Dr. Ambedkar started a paper “Mooka Naika” and to get relieved of
such situation and movements.
5) Political backwardness:- Basically Dalits were away from political participation,
decision making process due to denial of opportunities. Social boycott,
exploitation, subordination were responsible to political backwardness. To come
out of these they started movements.

2. What are the causes for Backward Class Movement?(WSP-1)(March 2017)(June 2019)
The causes for Backward Class Movement are as follows:-
1) Social discrimination:- These communities faced social discrimination like superior
and inferior throughout the years. They were not allowed to come to the main
stream. Hence they started agitation to get the facilities and their due share in
post-independence period.
2) Economic exploitation:- exploitation leads to economic inequality among the
Backward Classes. Many of these communities were Below Poverty Line and were
poverty stricken. To get these facilities, they united together and started agitation.
3) Educational backwardness:- Upper castes monopolised the field of education and
denied access to these communities. As education is fundamental for self-
development, these communities rose against the upper castes and organised
agitation.
4) Denial of political representation:- A few communities dominated political field
and other backward classes were totally neglected. During 1920 the agitation
started in Mysore Province by Backward Classes to get political participation to
Non-Brahmins led by Sri Kantharaje Urs.
5) Unification:- It is difficult to achieve anything without unity and integrity. Hence
Backward Classes who are more than 350 in number were unorganised and
scattered. To unite them and to fight for their cause, movements started.
3. What are the causes for Feminist Movement?(March 2015)(March 2016)(June 2020)
The causes for the feminist movement are as follows:-
1) Inequality:- It is evident that Indian Society is male dominated and preference is
given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally, women
are deprived of education, employment, decision making and property rights
because of male domination.
2) The evils of dowry:- The evils of dowry have drawn parents to become debtors,
the girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide.
3) Denial of human rights:- The atrocities on women have denied the human rights
and other rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and others.
4) Sexual abuse and molestation:- Irrespective of the age, time and place, these
heinous crimes are taking place every day all over the country.
5) Domestic violence:- Women shoulder the entire household responsibilities. The
cohabitants of the family become the victims of domestic violence because of
irresponsible, illiterate and drunkard husbands who lack discretion.
These are the main causes for feminist movement.

4. What are the causes for Labour Movement?(March 2015) (March 2020)
The causes for the labour movement are as follows:
1) Interest of Labourers:- Generally industrialists concentrate on their profit
rather than workers and their welfare. Labourers are exploited by way of
giving lesser wages, not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of
medical facilities.
2) Negligence towards employees:- The matters concerning to labourers were
decided unilaterally by the Apex Body of the company. Naturally the interests
of labourers were neglected.
3) To get facilities:- As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain,
they need to have a break in between the working time.
4) Welfare programmes:- The fate of the companies depends upon the welfare
and well-being of the workers.
5) Plight of workers of unorganised sectors:- Anganawadi workers, agricultural
labourers, workers on daily wages are exploited to the core as they are still
fighting for their rights.
The above reasons led to the labour movement.

5. What are the causes for Peasants Movement? (WSP-3) (June 2018)
The causes for Peasants Movement:-
1) Feeling of deprivation:- peasants are deprived of the facilities when compared to
organised sectors like industry. They face problems like shortage of quality seeds,
fertilisers and pesticides, lack of adequate price and support price, waiving of
loans, subsidies for agricultural implements, insurance for crops and the like. The
demand for these have made farmers to unite together to agitate.
2) Negligence of farmers problem:- The British Government neglected the problem
of agriculture sector and peasants. At the same time, the Bengal Government
 banned the Blue crop and acquired farmers’ lands. In addition to this, they
imposed heavy taxes and enhanced the prices. All these caused for Kheda
Movement.
3) Natural calamity:- Peasants depend more on monsoon which are usually irregular.
Hence it is popularly known as ‘Indian agriculture is playing gamble with monsoon’.
As a result , floods and famine, diseases to crops, soil erosion leads to infertility of
the soil. These situations force them to become victims and they go for agitation.
4) Unbeatable debts:- Peasants raise loans from Banks and Financial Institutions but
they are not in a position to repay it for reasons like market fluctuation, brokers
etc., This intensifies the burden of debts and interests. All these force them to
commit suicide. Incidents like this creates horror among others and leads to
protests.
5) Unscientific Land Acquisition:- In the wake of Urbanisation and industrialisation
the governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many a times, proper
compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As a result
they become landless and unemployed such measures of government leads to
movement.
6. What are the causes for Human Rights Movement? (June 2016) (March 2020)
Reasons for the Human Rights Movement:-
1) To protect civil liberty:- All men are born equally and they have the liberty to
shape their lives. But in actual practice Dalits, women and children are being
suppressed and exploited. To avoid such atrocities, human rights activists are
struggling hard to create awareness.
2) To remove slavery:- Slavery is constitutionally banned but is active in many parts
of the country. Instances like child labour, bonded labour etc., are seen frequently.
Hence agitations become inevitable.
3) To protect family life:- Every citizen has the right to family life. Due to
modernisation youths are heading towards inter-caste and inter-religious
marriages. Elders of family to maintain family respect and values go even to the
extent of Maryada Hatye. Dowry harassment many a times ends up I n either
suicide or murder.
4) To protect the right of Dalits:- Injustice, attrocities, social ostracism, mada-made
snana, Dalits are forced to carry night soil by upper castes. This is a clear violation
of human rights.
5) Reject to file cases:- Though the aggrieved persons approach the authorities to
file the case, it is not filed due to the interference of some politicians of dominant
castes. Most of the time, the authorities do not respond positively and do not
provide medical aid which is urgently required. Hence such cases do not come to
limelight.
7. What are the causes for Environment Movement? (June 2016) (June 2020)
The causes of Environment Movement are as follows:-
1) To protect the environmental degradation:- The government has taken
measures for economic development including industrial and technological
 progress. This has led to industrialisation, urbanisation and their adverse
effects like loss of cultivable land and on the fertility of the soil.
2) To protect bio diversity:- deforestation for fuel and construction purposes has
left the wild life and birds to become orphan. Hence Chipco, Appico and save
Western Ghats Movements started.
3) Environment education and consciousness:- Living amidst environment,
formal education in schools, colleges and non-governmental organisations
have created awareness and consciousness among human beings.
4) To curb environment decay:- The greediness of the people to excavate and
exploit resources have resulted in soil erosion, drying up of rivers and
reservoirs, pollution of air, water and sound etc., To maintain equilibrium and
to pressurise the people in power to take measures, these movements
emerged.

8. List out the legislations made by the Government of India on the environmental
protection (TBQ)
The Government of India have made the following legislations on the environmental
protection.
1) Wild Life Protection Act – 1972
2) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Ac5 1974
3) Protection of Forest Act of 1980
4) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1981
5) Environmental Maintenance Act5 of 1986
6) Bio Diversity Act of 2002
7) Forest (Conservation) Act 1980.
9. Write about the achievements of Saalumarada Thimmakka. (WSP-2)
Thimmakka and Bikkalu Chikkaiah couple of Hulikal village of Magadi Taluk,
Ramanagara District were childless. To overcome thi, they started planting Banyan
saplings in road side between Kudur and Hulikal. They reared, cared and guarded
them with their meagre earnings with sheer love and affection. The Government of
Karnataka has taken the responsibility of these 248 trees. The great achievement of
Saalumarada Thimmakka is recognised and honoured by awarding Rajyothsava and
National Award.
IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-
1. Explain the causes and political implications for Dalit Movement (TBQ)
The causes of Dalit Movement are:-
1) Social injustice:- As per the law, all are equal. But in practice, equal opportunities
were denied to some sections. To get this legitimate rights, they rebelled .
2) Economic inequality:- Dalits are worked under feudalist and treated inhumanly,
their position was pathetic. This was exploded in the form of agitation.
3) Discrimination:- Discrimination was rampant in all walks of life. Ambedkar
himself was a victim. When Dalits were not allowed to enter into the temple, he
was dared to make entry in to the temple against all opposition with his fellow
 beings. He publicly used the water of Mahad tank. With this he started
democratic struggle.
4) Lack of awareness:- Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which led to
lack of awareness. Hence exploitation, atrocities mounted up. To create
awareness, Dr. Ambedkar started a paper “Mooka Naika” and to get relieved of
such situation and movements.
5) Political backwardness:- Basically Dalits were away from political participation,
decision making process due to denial of opportunities. Social boycott,
exploitation, subordination were responsible to political backwardness. To come
out of these they started movements.
Political implications of Dalit Movement:-

1) Constitutional provisions:
a) As per Article 14, Equality before law
b) As per Article 15(1) & (2),Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of castes etc.,
c) As per Article 15(4) Special provisions for the advancement of any socially and
educationally backward classes of citizens or SCs and STs.
d) As per Article 16, Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and
right to reservation in appointment and promotion.
e) As per Article 17, Abolition of untouchability.
f) As per Article 39(a), The state shall direct its policy towards securing right to
adequate means of livelihood.
g) As per Article 243D & 243T, Reservation of seats for SCs and STs in local body
elections.
h) As per Article 330 & 332, Reservation of seats in Loksabha and Assembly
elections.
2) Legislative provisions:
a) The protection of Civil Rights Act of 1955
b) SCs and STs(Prevention) Atrocities Act of 1989
c) Machineries for the protection of Dalit Rights.

2. What are the causes and political implications for Backward Class Movement(M-2018)
The causes for Backward Class Movement are as follows:-
1) Social discrimination:- These communities faced social discrimination like superior
and inferior throughout the years. They were not allowed to come to the main
stream. Hence they started agitation to get the facilities and their due share in
post-independence period.
2) Economic exploitation:- exploitation leads to economic inequality among the
Backward Classes. Many of these communities were Below Poverty Line and were
poverty stricken. To get these facilities, they united together and started agitation.
3) Educational backwardness:- Upper castes monopolised the field of education and
denied access to these communities. As education is fundamental for self-
development, these communities rose against the upper castes and organised
agitation.
 4) Denial of political representation:- A few communities dominated political field
and other backward classes were totally neglected. During 1920 the agitation
started in Mysore Province by Backward Classes to get political participation to
Non-Brahmins led by Sri Kantharaje Urs.
5) Unification:- It is difficult to achieve anything without unity and integrity. Hence
Backward Classes who are more than 350 in number were unorganised and
scattered. To unite them and to fight for their cause, movements started.
Political Implications of Backward Classes Movement:-
1) Constitutional Provisions:-
a) The Constitution of India provides reservation in public employment in favour
of any Backward Classes under Article 16(4)
b) According to Article 340 the President of India is authorised to appoint
National Backward Classes Commission.
c) To provide loan and financial assistance to the people of other castes who are
Below Poverty Line, National Backward Classes Finance and Development
Corporation is formed.
d) All the States can form Backward Classes Commission.
2) Other Provisions:-
a) The Government of India appointed Backward Classes Commission headed by
Kaka Kalelkar in 1953.
b) The Un ion Government appointed one more Commission headed by Sri. B.P.
Mandal in 1979. It identified 3743 castes as Backward. As per the
recommendations of this commission, 27% of reservation has been provided
for Backward Classes in both education and employment.

3. Describe the causes and political implications for Feminist Movement(March 2019)
The causes for the feminist movement are as follows:-
1) Inequality:- It is evident that Indian Society is male dominated and preference
is given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally,
women are deprived of education, employment, decision making and property
rights because of male domination.
2) The evils of dowry:- The evils of dowry have drawn parents to become debtors,
the girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide.
3) Denial of human rights:- The atrocities on women have denied the human
rights and other rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and
others.
4) Sexual abuse and molestation:- Irrespective of the age, time and place, these
heinous crimes are taking place every day all over the country.
5) Domestic violence:- Women shoulder the entire household responsibilities.
The cohabitants of the family become the victims of domestic violence
because of irresponsible, illiterate and drunkard husbands who lack discretion.
These are the main causes for feminist movement.
Political implications of feminist Movement:-
 1) Constitutional opportunities: Article 14, 15, 15(3), 16, 34(A), 39(B) and 42
provides for the removal of inequality and discrimination based on gender.
2) Legislative measures: The following are the legislative measures to uplift the
interests of women.
a) Rape (IPC Sec.376)
b) Kidnapping and using women for the illegal purpose(IPC sec.363-373)
c) Torture for dowry (IPC Sec.498-A)
d) Special laws called Family Court Act 1954, Special Marriage Act 1954,
Hindu Marriage Act 1955, The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, Protection of
Women against Domestic Violence Act 2005 and Abolition of Child
Marriage Act 2006.
e) Special privileges for women: National Women Commission was
established in 1992 for women cause.
f) Reservation in local bodies: Through 73rd and 74th Constitutional
Amendment, 33% of seats are reserved for women in Local Self
Government.
g) National policy on the women empowerment: To provide safe, bright and
strong future for girls, this programme was implemented.

4. Explain the causes and political implications for Labour Movement(WSP-3)(June-18)

The causes for the labour movement are as follows:
1) Interest of Labourers:- Generally industrialists concentrate on their profit rather
than workers and their welfare. Labourers are exploited by way of giving lesser
wages, not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of medical facilities.
2) Negligence towards employees:- The matters concerning to labourers were
decided unilaterally by the Apex Body of the company. Naturally the interests of
labourers were neglected.
3) To get facilities:- As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain, they
need to have a break in between the working time.
4) Welfare programmes:- The fate of the companies depends upon the welfare and
well-being of the workers.
5) Plight of workers of unorganised sectors:- Anganawadi workers, agricultural
labourers, workers on daily wages are exploited to the core as they are still fighting
for their rights.
The above reasons led to the labour movement.
Political implications of Labour Movement:-
1) Constitutional measures: Part IV of the Indian Constitution which deals with the
Directive Principles of State Policy directs State Governments to adopt socialist
measures like – equal pay for equal work for both men and women, to provide
leave facilities for pregnant women for both pre natal and post natal care. The
Concurrent List empowers the Governments to legislate on the workers welfare.
2) Legislative measures: The Government of India have made legislation on personal
labour laws. They are Labour Laws of 1970 have fixed the wages of workers
appointed on contract basis. Workmen Compensation Act of 1923, Salary
 Payment Act of 1936, Weekly Holiday Act of 1942, Minimum Wages Act of 1948,
Employees State Insurance Act of 1948, Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952,
Bonus Act of 1965.

5. Describe the causes and political implications for Peasant Movement(June 2019)
The causes for Peasants Movement:-
1) Feeling of deprivation:- peasants are deprived of the facilities when compared to
organised sectors like industry. They face problems like shortage of quality seeds,
fertilisers and pesticides, lack of adequate price and support price, waiving of loans,
subsidies for agricultural implements, insurance for crops and the like. The demand
for these have made farmers to unite together to agitate.
2) Negligence of farmers problem:- The British Government neglected the problem of
agriculture sector and peasants. At the same time, the Bengal Government banned
the Blue crop and acquired farmers’ lands. In addition to this, they imposed heavy
taxes and enhanced the prices. All these caused for Kheda Movement.
3) Natural calamity:- Peasants depend more on monsoon which are usually irregular.
Hence it is popularly known as ‘Indian agriculture is playing gamble with monsoon’.
As a result , floods and famine, diseases to crops, soil erosion leads to infertility of the
soil. These situations force them to become victims and they go for agitation.
4) Unbeatable debts:- Peasants raise loans from Banks and Financial Institutions but
they are not in a position to repay it for reasons like market fluctuation, brokers etc.,
This intensifies the burden of debts and interests. All these force them to commit
suicide. Incidents like this creates horror among others and leads to protests.
5) Unscientific Land Acquisition:- In the wake of Urbanisation and industrialisation the
governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many a times, proper
compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As a result they
become landless and unemployed such measures of government leads to movement.
The political implications of Peasant Movement are as follows:-
1) Agriculture loans:- The interests of peasants can be fulfilled through National Crop
Insurance Programme, National Agricultural Insurance Scheme, Weather Based
Crop Insurance Scheme, Primary Lan d Development Bank.
2) National Agriculture Scheme:- For the agriculture improvements, National
Development Council has made enormous arrangements in 2007 and National
Agriculture Scheme was implemented with a view to enhance 4% in agriculture
production.
3) Waiving of debt: When farmers are not able to get the yield to their expectations,
they cannot clear the debts. To uplift the farmers from debts, the Governments
have taken necessary measures to waive the debts of farmers.
4) Establishment of Peasant Liason Centre:- To protect farmers from low quality
seeds, fertilisers and protect crops from diseases, Peasant Liason Centres are
opened to provide necessary implements and information related at Hobli level.
5) Land Reform act:- National Land Reforms Act was implemented in Karnataka.
Land Reforms Act of 2013 provides more compensation to land owners,
 rehabilitation and settlement facilities, retaining the ownership of land with
farmers, no forceful acquisition of agricultural land till the final settlement.

6. Explain the causes and political implications of Human Rights Movement(March-17)

Reasons for the Human Rights Movement:-
1) To protect civil liberty:- All men are born equally and they have the liberty to shape
their lives. But in actual practice Dalits, women and children are being suppressed
and exploited. To avoid such atrocities, human rights activists are struggling hard to
create awareness.
2) To remove slavery:- Slavery is constitutionally banned but is active in many parts of
the country. Instances like child labour, bonded labour etc., are seen frequently.
Hence agitations become inevitable.
3) To protect family life:- Every citizen has the right to family life. Due to modernisation
youths are heading towards inter-caste and inter-religious marriages. Elders of family
to maintain family respect and values go even to the extent of Maryada Hatye. Dowry
harassment many a times ends up I n either suicide or murder.
4) To protect the right of Dalits:- Injustice, attrocities, social ostracism, mada-made
snana, Dalits are forced to carry night soil by upper castes. This is a clear violation of
human rights.
5) Reject to file cases:- Though the aggrieved persons approach the authorities to file
the case, it is not filed due to the interference of some politicians of dominant castes.
Most of the time, the authorities do not respond positively and do not provide medical
aid which is urgently required. Hence such cases do not come to limelight.
The political implications of Human Rights Movement:-
1) National Human Rights Commission:- The Commission came into existence on 8th
January 1994 consisting a Chairman who is a retired or sitting Chief Justice of India
along with the members. The Commission has to prepare a list of human rights and
get the approval by the government whenever violation is done.
2) State Human Rights Commission:- As per the Human Rights Act of India, each state
is authorised to establish a State Human Rights Commission. Hence it was set up I
Karnataka in 2005 in the same model to that of national level.
3) Child rights:- Violation of human rights particularly on child rights are seen
everywhere. The Deputy Commissioner is authorised to look into the details of
exploitation on children.
4) Creating awareness:- Speedy disposal of the grievances, registered in the commission
at the different levels prove that people are definitely aware of the movements and
its achievements.

7.Discuss the causes and political implications of Environment Movement(WSP-1)

The causes of Environment Movement are as follows:-
1) To protect the environmental degradation:- The government has taken
measures for economic development including industrial and technological
progress. This has led to industrialisation, urbanisation and their adverse
effects like loss of cultivable land and on the fertility of the soil.
 2) To protect bio diversity:- deforestation for fuel and construction purposes has
left the wild life and birds to become orphan. Hence Chipco, Appico and save
Western Ghats Movements started.
3) Environment education and consciousness:- Living amidst environment,
formal education in schools, colleges and non-governmental organisations
have created awareness and consciousness among human beings.
4) To curb environment decay:- The greediness of the people to excavate and
exploit resources have resulted in soil erosion, drying up of rivers and
reservoirs, pollution of air, water and sound etc., To maintain equilibrium and
to pressurise the people in power to take measures, these movements
emerged.

Political implications of Environmental Movement:-

1) Ganga water cleaning plan:- Sri M.C. Mehta, environmentalist filed an affidavit in
Supreme Court with regard to cleaning of the ganga water. The Hon’ble court directed
the Union Government to frame a plan.
2) The members of Krishnan Maharajan Committee:- Sri S.K. Ghosh and R.C. Trivedi
conducted a study on the factors responsible for the pollution in and around Taj
Mahal, one of the wonders of the world. It submitted its report in 1996 to Central
Government stating that suitable measures are to be taken to protect the monument
of love to the future generation.
3) Legislation:- The Government of India have made legislation on the following:
a) Wild Life Protection Act-1972.
b) Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974.
c) Protection of Forest Act 1980.
d) Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981.
e) Environmental Maintenance Act 1986.
f) Forest (Conservation) Act 1980.
UNIT – 5

NATION BUILDING AND CHALLENGES TO INDIAN DEMOCRACY

1. Nation Building
2. Challenges to Indian Democracy
a) Inequality
b) Illiteracy
c) Communalism
d) Terrorism
e) Corruption

POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. The process of Nation Building started with the attainment of independence.
2. The idea of Nation States emerged after signing the treaty of West Phalia(1648) by
Western countries.
3. Nation Building aims at building a powerful country and transformation of a great
society.
4. Nation Building has various hindrances and can overcome these hindrances by giving
preferences to the priorities of the people.
5. Inequality can be eliminated by providing reservation in the field of education,
employment and politics to the backward classes and women.
6. Illiteracy can be removed completely by providing compulsory education to all the
children from the age 6 to 14 years.
7. Indians can be safeguarded from the clutches of communalism by promoting
communal harmony among all the people.
8. Youths can be safeguarded from the evil clutches of terrorism by promoting moral
values and importance of education from the gross root level.
9. Corruption is existed in all spheres of human life in India and can be eliminated this
social evil through adopting moral values.

I. One mark questions and answers:-

1. How do Nation-States emerged? (TBQ)
The Nation-States emerged with the attainment of independence.
2. What is Nation Building? (TBQ)
A process of uniting the people with a sense of nationalism is called Nation Building.
3. Which treaty initiated the process of a Nation-state? (TBQ)
West Phalia Treaty.
4. When did the treaty of Westphalia sign the process of Nation-State?(TBQ)
1648.
5. Which country is described as the land of ‘cultural diversity’?(TBQ)
India.
6. Which country is described as the land of ‘ethnicity’? (TBQ)
Africa.
7. Mention any one of the hindrances of Nation Building. (TBQ)
Regional imbalance.
8. Write any one of the remedies of Nation-Building. (June 2020)
Political stability.
9. Which is called as the fourth estate of Democracy?
Press media.
10. Name one of the personalities who played key role in National Integration. (WSP-2)
Acharya Vinobha Bhave.
11. Name any two states with uneven distribution of population.
1) Haryana 2) Arunachal Pradesh.
12. What is inequality? (June 2016)
Denying opportunities and privileges to some classes is called inequality.
13. What is Caste based inequality? (June 2015) (March 2018)
 Denying opportunities and privileges on the basis of caste is called caste based
inequality.
14. What is gender based inequality? (WSP-2)
Denying opportunities and privileges on the basis of gender is called gender based
inequality.
15. What is illiteracy? (TBQ)
Inability of a person to read and write in any language is called illiteracy.
16. Mention one objectives of Sarva Shikshana Abhiyana.
Women empowerment in education, eradication of gender based discrimination and
universalisation of elementary education is one of the objectives of Sarva Shikshana
Abhiyana.
17. Write the literacy percentage in Karnataka. (TBQ)
The literacy percentage in Karnataka is 75.36%
18. Give one reason for illiteracy. (March 2020)
Social backwardness.
19. When was the 86th Constitution Amendment passed? (TBQ)
2002.
20. Children of which age group have the Right to Education? (TBQ)
6 to 14 years of age.
21. Expand RTE (TBQ)
Right To Education.
22. What is communalism? (June 2015)
An ideology of the followers of one particular religion considers the other religion as
inferior is called communalism.
23. Give one reason for communalism. (TBQ)
Hindu – Muslim separatism.
24. Name one of the states which is communally more sensitive.
Uttara Pradesh.
25. Name one of the private enterprises that has contributed for national development.
Infosys.
26. Who is called as the ‘Muslim Gokhale’?
Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
27. What is the root word of the term ‘Terrorism’? (TBQ)
The word Terrorism is derived from the Latin word ‘terrere’.
28. What is Terrorism? (TBQ)
The calculated use of violence to achieve political, religious, ideological and other
goals is called terrorism.
29. Mention any one cause for the rise of Terrorism. (TBQ)
Religious fundamentalism.
30. Name any one of the Terrorist Organisations. (TBQ)
Al-Quida.
31. Expand TADA. (TBQ)
Terrorist And Disruptive Activities Prevention Act.
32. Expand POTA. (TBQ)
 Prevention Of Terrorism Act.
33. Expand UAPA. (TBQ)
Unlawful Activities Prevention Act.
34. What is Corruption? (June 2016) (March 2019)
Misuse of public office for the personal motives is called Corruption.
35. Mention any one form of Corruption. (TBQ)
Personal favouritism.
36. When was the Prevention of Corruption Act passed? (TBQ)
1988.
37. By what name Anti Corruption organisation is known in Sweden?(TBQ)
Ombudsmen.
38. Who appoints Lokpal? (TBQ)
The President of India.
39. When did Lokpal institution come into existence? (TBQ)
January 2014.
40. What is the tenure of office of Lokpal? (TBQ)
5 years.
41. Who appoints Lokayukta? (TBQ)
The Governor.
42. When did Lokayukta institution come into existence in Karnataka?(TBQ)
1984.
43. What is the tenure of office of Lokayukta? (TBQ)
5 years.
44. Who is the present Lokayukta in Karnataka?
Justice P. Vishwanatha Shetty.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. Write a definition of Nation-Building. (WSP-1) (March 2017)
According to Myron Weiner, “Nation Building is a wide ranging process to build a
viable cohesive, well organised and widely acceptable society”.
2. How is nationality formed? (TBQ)
Common language, culture, history and aspirations help the people to form
nationality.
3. What is good governance? (TBQ)
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and
responsiveness.
4. Write any four contents of good governance.
1) Accountability, 2) Transparency, 3) Efficiency and 4) Responsiveness.
5. What is Caste based inequality? Give an example. (March 2019) (June 2019)
Discriminating on the basis of upper caste and lower caste is called caste based
inequality. Ex: Practising untouchability.
6. What is Gender based inequality? Give an example. (TBQ)
Discriminating on the basis of male and female is called gender based inequality.
Ex:Dowry harassment.
7. Why child labour is a cause for illiteracy? (TBQ)
 The parents who hails from poor socio-economic conditions send their children for
working in hotels, small scale industries, carpet weaving and fireworks etc., and hence
they denied from getting education.
8. Define illiteracy. (WSP-2)
According to Amartya Sen, a popular economist – “ Illiteracy as one of un-freedoms.
9. Mention two reasons for illiteracy. (March 2015)
1) Population explosion 2) Poverty.
10. What is compulsory education ? (TBQ)
Providing free and compulsory education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14
years is called compulsory education.
11. What is National Integration? (March 2016) (June 2018) (March 2020)
A process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically is called
National Integration.
12. Which day is observed as National Integration day?
19th November of every year.
13. What is Neighbourhood peace committee? (TBQ)
The eminent or prominent leaders of their religion forms the committee to promote
religions harmony is called Neighbourhood peace committee.
14. Write a definition of Terrorism. (TBQ)
According to Encyclopaedia of Political Science – It is a method where by an organised
group or party seeks to achieve its avowed goals chiefly through the systematic use of
violence.
15. What are the two Acts which implemented to curb the Terrorism? (WSP-2)
1) Prevention Of Terrorism Act (POTA)
2) Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA)
16. How religious fundamentalism is a cause for Terrorism? (TBQ)
The religious fundamentalist organisations have been supporting and helping the
terrorist activities for their long term political gains. It leads to the rise of religious
militancy.
17. Why terrorist boycott elections? (TBQ)
Terrorists have no faith in democratic process and constitution. They always indulging
in destabilising and threatening the government. Therefore terrorists boycott
elections.
18. Write a definition of Corruption. (March 2017) (March 2020)
According to David H. Bayley, “As misuse of authority for the consideration of personal
gains”.
19. How lack of morality leads to Corruption? (TBQ)
Parents and elders at home, teachers in the class rooms are not imparting the moral
education among the children. So due to lack of morality leads to corruption.
20. Name any two Institutions which curb the Corruption in India.(June 2017)
1) Central Bureau of Investigation
2) Central Vigilance Commission.
21. Mention two forms of Corruption.
1) Receiving money, gifts, commissions in public office.
 2) Earning the property by means of other than their monthly salary.
22. When did the movement of ‘India Against Corruption’ started and who lead this?
The movement of ‘India against Corruption’ is started in 2011 lead by social activist
Anna Hazare.
23. What is Lokpal? (TBQ)
An Institution which enquire into the matters of corruption with relates to the
government employees is called Lokpal.
24. Write the jurisdiction of Lokpal.
The Lokpal has jurisdiction of the employees of Union government including the Prime
Minister, Ministersm MPs and State legislators.
25. What is Lokayukta? (TBQ)
An Institution which enquire into the matters of corruption with relates to the state
government employees and other local bodies is called Lokayukta.
26. What are the two hindrances in eradicating Corruption in India?(March 2015)
1) Lack of morality 2) Corrupt politicians.
III. Five marks questions and answers:-
1. Explain the various components of Nation Building.(WSP-3)(March 2016)(March 2017)
1) Community Support:- To realise the process of Nation Building, collective support and
endeavour of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality
of a nation.
2) Good Governance:- Good Governance ensures accountability, transparency,
efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has
given rise to e-Governance.
3) Committed Leadership:- Committed leadership ensures Nation Building effectively.
The vision and view of such leaders promotes the progress and prosperity of the
country.
4) Power Sharing:- To realise the goal, political power needs to be shared among all
sections of society. It ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic
democracy.
5) Universal Education:- For the development of a nation, universal education is
essential. It enables the person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity.
6) Mass Media:- Mass media is regarded as the fourth estate in Democracy as it plays a
vital role in the Nation Building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the
government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public.
7) National Integration:- It is the process of uniting the people emotionally,
psychologically and politically.

2. Explain the major hindrances of Nation Building.(June 2016) (March 2020)

The major hinderances of the Nation Building:-
1) Poverty:- Large sections of our societies in India are below poverty line.
Poverty denies access to good health, sanitation facilities and basic
infrastructure necessary for personality development.
 2) Population Explosion:- India is overpopulated. It is not properly utilised to
strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment,
shelter, shortage of food and other basic amenities.
3) Regional Imbalance:- All the regions of our country are not evenly developed.
This leads to separatist tendencies that curbs national development.
4) Social and Political disturbances:- In India social and political disturbances
have become common in recent years causing tension. Likewise caste
conflicts, terrorism, centre-state and inter-state disputes have affected
nation’s march towards development.
5) Political crisis:- The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political
parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crisis on many
occasions.

3. Describe the remedial measures Nation Building. (TBQ)

Remedial measures of Nation Building:-
1) Political Stability:- The government elected by the people has to continue for the
full term so as to adopt and implement the policies for development. Frequent
changes in government result in slow development and political uncertainty.
2) Selection of Priorities:- The government has to choose the areas of priority
necessary for nation building. These priorities are to be decided on the basis of
the needs of the people. Infrastructure, education, transport, employment,
agriculture, industries and health services may be accorded priorities for national
development.
3) Effective implementation of plans:- Since April 2012 12th five year plan is under
progress. To fill the gap of the previous plans, it is aimed at channelising the
sources and implementing effectively.
4) Mixed Economy:- Public and Private partnership not only strengthens the
economy but also contributes for its sustenance. The contribution of the private
enterprises has been phenomenal in the economic front.
5) Implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy:- Part IV of the Indian
Constitution emphasises the establishment of socio-economic democracy through
the adoption of revolutionary policies. Hence implementation of DPSP is
necessary at this juncture.
6) Role of Civil Society:- In India civil society organisations are playing an important
role in nation building. They are fighting against political and administrative
corruption, red tapism, political apathy and anti-people policies.
4. Why inequality is a slur to Democracy? Explain. (TBQ)
Since times immemorial inequality is playing a major role in Indian society. India
Democracy is facing many challenges in respect of in equality in caste and gender.
Caste based inequality as a slur to Democracy:-
Caste system has endangered the n national integration by dividing society. It also
affects the feeling of fraternity by segregating the society intolerance prevails
widening the gulf between the rich and the poor. Economic inequality and intolerance
also prevails. As a result the basic human rights are badly affected and leads to total
 backwardness in democracy. Caste system has created social hierarchy into upper,
lower and depressed castes etc., in the society. Caste consciousness leads to divisive
society, sectarianism and caste conflicts. Caste discrimination promotes group
identities and destroys social harmony. Caste system has led to the identity politics.
It plays a decisive role to capture political power. Political parties select candidates
for elections mostly on caste basis. Economic power of dominant caste leads to
political and social dominance. It leads to inequality.
Gender based inequality as a slur to democracy:-
Discrimination is made on the basis of men and women, denying equal opportunities
to the fairer sex are called gender based inequality. It is the result of gender bias in
favour of male throughout the ages. The prevalence of gender based inequality in
economic, cultural, educational and political fields are seen. Denial of the right to
equality and dignified life to women is against the basic principles of democracy.
When she is not provided education on par with men it leads under representation
and participation in democracy. Women become the victim of exploitation by me, it
does not facilitate the equal opportunities.
5. Explain the causes of Caste based inequality. (June 2015)(March 2017)(June 2018)
The reasons for caste based inequality are as follows:-
1) Varnashrama system:- Since ancient period Varna system is prevalent. It is based
on their profession as Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vysya and Shudras. Gradually it was
converted in to caste based discrimination.
2) Social distance:- Due to lack of mobility among different caste, culture, traditions,
folkways, food habits, social relations and so on are not known and practiced. It
leads to strong caste bias among them.
3) Illiteracy and conservatism:- Illiteracy and ignorance among people make them
conservative, it motivates them to narrow mindedness and superstition. Such
people are orthodox and oppose to any change.
4) Sense of prestige:- The strong desire of the people belonging to a particular caste
enhances the prestige of their own, to get benefits and privileges from the society.
Other castes which are neglected and unprivileged will suffer from social status.
5) Marriage restrictions:- In this closed society, only endogamous marriages are
accepted. Elders do not honour marriages fixed outside the sub-sect. In such a
situation strong caste feeling develops and leads to inequality.
6. Describe the causes of Gender based inequality. (TBQ)
The causes of Gender based inequality:-
1) Manu Smrithi: Earlier the Hindu society followed ‘Manjuj Smrithi’ which asserted
that women should always be under the guardianship of men at different stages
of her life. He wanted her to be within the walls, restraining her from the
happenings of society.
2) Male domination: The society is based on physical strength of man where he
dominates on female. He does not want that female should take over his
responsibility and authority at home as well as in the society.
3) Denial of education: Male domination is reflected in the field of education too.
Denying education for girl from many centuries made her incapable in many fields.
 Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating position in the entire
society.
4) Dowry system: The practice of dowry system contributes for inequality of gender.
The boy is treated as an asset and the girl is a burden. This attitude also intensifies
the discrimination between men and women.
5) Inadequate representation: Women are inadequately represented in the filed of
politics. Even though women are as capable as men, they are not allowed in this
field.
7. Explain the remedial measures to remove Caste based inequality.(March 2015)
The remedial measures to remove caste based inequality are as follows:-
1) Education:- Article 15, clauses (4) & (5) of the Constitution provides reservation of
seats to SCs, STs and OBCs in educational institutions. Right to education has also
provided to these sections to uplift their condition.
2) Employment:- Article 335 of the Constitution claims reservation for SCs and
STs in Public Service both in Central and State Governments.
3) Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly:- Article 330 and 332 of the Indian
Constitution provided reservation to SCs and STs both in Lok Sabha and State
Legislative Assembly respectively.
4) Local Bodies:- As per Article 243D of the Indian Constitution, seats are reserved
for SCs and STs in every Panchayats in proportion to their population.
5) Abolition of untouchability:- Article 17 of the Constitution provided for abolition
of untouchability. Under this, practising of untouchability is liable for severe
punishment.

8. Explain the remedial measures to remove Gender based inequality.(TBQ)

The remedial measures to remove Gender based inequality:-
1) Education: Educational empowerment of women is required to remove gender
based inequality. Sarva Shikshana Abhiyan was introduced by the Indian
Government in 2001 for universalisation of elementary education. Kasturba
Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme provides for reservation of 75% for girls from
SC/ST/OBC and minority communities. Remaining 25% of reservation goes to girls
coming from poor families.
2) Employment: By reserving certain jobs, women will be economically empowered
to lead an independent and dignified life. In state services and banaking services
certain posts have been reserved for women. Recently the Central Government
opened ‘Mahila Banks’ in different cities across India.
3) Representative Bodies: The n 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments are
landmarks in the political empowerment of women at the grass root level of
democracy. As per this Amendment Act 1/3rd of the seats should be reserved for
women in Panchayat elections. Many state governments including Karnataka have
increased the reservation of seats to 50% in local governments.
9. Describe the causes of illiteracy. (March 2015)(March 2016)(March 2018)
The main causes for illiteracy are as follows:-
 1) Population Explosion:- India is the second most populous country in the world.
Hence, it has become a challenging task for the government to provide literacy to
all the people.
2) Poverty:- Due to poverty majority of children suffer from malnutrition and
anaemia. Parents from poor and low income families find it difficult to send
children to schools.
3) Social backwardness:- Hierarchical caste system, inferiority complex among
people have prevented large number of people from getting literacy.
4) Child labour:- Prevalence of child labour due to poor socio-economic conditions
is seen all over India. It hinder them from getting education.
5) Poor Infrastructure:- Most of the schools across the country have no proper
buildings, qualified teachers, study materials and transport facilities.

10. How illiteracy is an impediment to Democracy? Explain.(March 2017)(June 2017)

Illiteracy as an impediment to Democracy:-
1) Lack of political awareness:- Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and
indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand
the importance of vote and ideologies of political parties.
2) Low percentage of votes:- Since first general election the percentage of polling
has not crossed 60%. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness.
Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extent by low percentage of
polling.
3) Money and muscle power:- The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from
the poor people through dubious means who are illiterate.
4) Politics of populism:- The voters in India are attracted by politics of populism.
Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the government.
Indulgence in politics of populism makes the people to depend on the government
for everything without becoming creative individuals.
5) Emergence of Dictatorship:- When people are not politically conscious, show
apathy to vote, an ambitious leader transforms democracy into dictatorship.

11. What are the constitutional provisions to eradicate illiteracy as found in 86th
Constitutional Amendment? (TBQ)
86th Constitutional Amendment:-
The Parliament of India passed 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002. Its main
provisions are as follows:-
1) Compulsory education means obligation of the government to provide free
elementary education and ensure compulsory admission and attendance and
completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14.
2) It is a compulsory duty of parents and guardians to send the children to schools.
 3) The schools must have minimum facilities such as adequate pupil-teacher ratio,
trained teachers, infrastructure and playgrounds.
4) The Central Government and State Governments bear the expenditure on the
basis of agreed formula.
5) The school management committee or the local authority should identify the
dropouts or out of school children and admit them in classes appropriate to their
age. Before admission they have to be given special training.

12. How Communalism is a threat to Indian Democracy? Explain. (WSP-2)

Communalism as a big threat to Indian Democracy:-
1) Threat to National Integrity:- Hostility among various religious groups is a
serious threat to national unity and integrity in India. Partition of the sub-
continent on religious differences in 1947 has adversely affected social
harmony in India. This is continued among both religious communities and
leads to communalism in democratic government.
2) Threat to Nationalism and Patriotism:- Communalism leads to various
forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious
fundamentalists exploit their comm unity people breeds bigotry and
religious identity. In such a social environment, national and patriotic
feelings are marginalised and even forgotten. Therefore communalism
endangers nationalism and patriotism.
3) Impediment to National Development:- Lack of national outlook, secular
attitude and holistic approach sometimes leads to their selfish ends of few
religious leaders. Through their provocative speeches and writings create
communal disturbances which naturally affect the national development
programmers.
4) Weak Political Leadership:- Political parties and leadership have failed to
arrest and contain communalism in India. Communal politics emerged by
political parties which influenced by caste and communal considerations of
voters and creates opportunities to indecisive and weak political
leadership.
5) Threat to National Sovereignty:- A Nation which experiences chronic
internal conflicts sand socio-religious divisions may become a weak
country. Gradually it maya lead to foreign invasion and threat to
sovereignty.

13. Explain the various remedies of Communalism. (March 2015) (June 2016)
Remedial measures to eradicate communalism:-
1) Secularism:- The Constitution makers adopted secularism in order to
create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The
state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26
provides every religious denomination or any section has the right to
establish religious institutions and manage their affairs.
 2) National Integration:- It is the process of uniting the people emotionally,
psychologically, politically. India is a land of diversity with different
religious, tribes and languages. To promote unity among the people, they
should come together in the task of Nation Building. Hence National
Integration plays an important role to eradicate communalism.
3) Neighbourhood Peace Committees:- These committees have been formed
after 1992 with eminent or prominent leaders of the respective
community. The main objectives are arresting and containing social
tensions which may flare up communal riots in the neighbourhood areas,.

14. Write about the Neighbourhood Peace Committees.

The aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition and subsequent communal riots and
social tensions in different places and ineffective governmental measures made to
establish neighbourhood peace committees with eminent or prominent ;people as sits
members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot-prone or
communally sensitive areas.
The main objectives are arresting and containing social tensions which may
flare up communal riots in the neighbourhood areas, taking precautionary measures
to prevent the eruption of communal clashes, In the aftermath of conflicts restoring
normalcy and pacifying affected people, establishing harmonious relationship
between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.
15. Examine the causes for the rise of Terrorism in India. (June 2020)
Causes for the rise of Terrorism in India:-
1) Separatist Movement:- Since partition of the country communal forces are
indulging in separatist activities. Fundamentalists in Jammu and Kashmir and
Punjab started separatist movements on religious basis. Organisations like Jammu
and Kashmir Liberation Front, Indian Mujahidin, Hurriyat Conference and other
terrorist groups are involving in separatist movements.
2) Religious Fundamentalism:- Some religious fundamentalist organisations
belonging to Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs have been supporting and helping
the terrorist activities for their long-term political gains. It leads to the rise of
religious militancy.
3) Ethnic problem in the North-East:- On the basis of ethnic and regional identity,
many self-interested fundamentalists organised terrorist activities in North East
region.
4) Weak Political System:- Multi-party system which has led to the coalition in India
has weakened the system. Coalition partners belonging to various ideologies and
goals are not supporting firm decisions and strong actions against terrorist
activities.
5) Economic deprivation:- The uneven economic development and the exploitation
of the poor by rich people has created a great gulf between the haves and have
not’s. Maoists, Naxalites, members of the peoples’ war group have adopted
terrorist path in the name of economic inequality.
16. How Terrorism is a commination to Democracy? (March 2019)
Terrorism as a Commination to Democracy:-
1) Disruption of Governance:- Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic
governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities
which have targeted the government, top political leaders and officers and
thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected government.
2) Disrespect for Constitution:- Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of
the nation, the terrorist groups and organisations are violating its purview by
engaging in terrorist activities.
3) Violation of Human Rights:- Terrorists have no respect for rule of law and
democratic order. They kill and injure innocent people by violating human rights.
They attack the leaders and their families, target the public places.
4) Anti-Democratic activities:- Terrorists are always bent upon destabilising the
democratic process threatening and kidnapping polling officials, voters and
candidates, booth capturing and rigging the electoral process.
5) Obstacle to economic growth:- The governments are compelled to spend huge
amount of money for the modernisation and up gradation of military and police
forces to curb terrorism. It also destroys the economic development of the nation
by diverting the fund meant for social welfare.

17. Explain the various provisions of UAPA passed in 2008. (WSP-3) (June 2017)
The various provisions of UAPA are as follows:-
1) The words ‘terrorist act’ are defined in Section 15 of the Act. “Any act which
threatens the unity, integrity, sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror in
the people or any section of people in India or in any foreign country”.
2) Those persons who have the intention of aiding, abetting or committing a terrorist
act shall be punishable with imprisonment for 10 years and fine.
3) Punishment for raising funds for terrorist acts is 5 years which may extend to life
imprisonment and liable to fine.
4) Prescribe punishment for recruitment or persons for terrorist act and their
training. The punishment is 5 years which may extend to imprisonment for life
and liable to fine.
5) Every offence punishable under this Act shall be deemed to be a cognizable
offence. If the investigation cannot be completed within 90 days, the court may
extend the detention period up to 180 days.
6) If there are sufficient grounds for detention of an accused person under the Act,
no bail is granted.
7) The Central Government has the power to freeze, seize or attach funds or other
financial assets or economic resources of the terrorist groups.
18. Socio-economic development is a remedy to Terrorism. Discuss. (March 2016)
Socio-Economic measures:-
1) Social acceptance:- Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorist back to the
main stream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of
terrorism.
 2) Education:- Lack of moral education at the young age, youth are lured by terrorist
adventurism. Providing proper education would help them to realise that there
are other rational and human values to achieve their goals.
3) Employment opportunities:- Generation of employment at the ripe age to
everyone avoids the undemocratic and anti-national activities. By providing
proper employment opportunities, youth can be effectively prevented from
embracing terrorism.
4) Economic equality:- Government has to initiate to formulate large scale economic
measure to eliminate extreme poverty and exploitation and ensure economic
equality.
5) Removal of regional disparity:- Government should take special measure and
legislative actions to remove the regional disparity. Many terrorists originate from
the regionally imbalanced and underdeveloped areas.

19. Explain the causes of Corruption. (June 2015)

The causes for corruption are as follows:-
1) Greediness:- Most of the politicians and bureaucrats have indulged in corrupt
activities to meet their endless ambitions. They will try to earn more money
through illegal way.
2) Selfishness:- The politicians and civil servants misuse the public office for their
selfish motives. They work for their benefit but not for the society.
3) Corrupt politicians:- Though the election system is flawless, the process of
implementation is corrupted. Votes are being purchased.
4) Lack of morality:- Parents and elders at home, teachers in class rooms have to
impart moral education. In case if it is not done, it leads to deterioration of values
which finally leads to corruption.

20. Discuss Corruption as a menace to Democracy.

Corruption as a menace to Democracy:-
1) Power Politics: Now a days money power and muscle power has become
dominant. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get
publicity are some examples of political corruption.
2) Criminalisation of politics: The prevalence of large-scale criminalisation of politics
has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As this scenario is
rampant it has become menace to democracy.
3) Demoralisation of Bureaucracy: Corruption takes the form of favouritism,
redtapism, nepotism. Destabilisation of governments due to illegal political
operations and administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become threat to
democracy.
4) Violation of social justice: Accumulation of wealth through corruption
concentrate in a few people violates the principle socio-economic justice. Such
people enjoy luxurious life, hence majority suffer from poverty due to deprivation.
21. Explain the composition and functions of Lokpal. (WSP-1) (March 2015)
Composition of Lokpal
 The Institution of Lokpal was came into force on 1st January 2013. It consists of 9
members including the Chairman. Retired Chief Justice of India or sitting Supreme
Court Judge is eligible to head the Institution. Of the 8 members, 4 should be Judges
of either Supreme Court or High Courts. The remaining must possess minimum 25
years of experience in Vigilance Commission.
The jurisdiction of Lokpal covers employees of Union Government including the
Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and State Legislators.

Functions of Lokpal:-
1) It has power to sanction prosecution against public servants.
2) All organisations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the
jurisdiction of Lokpal.
3) It has power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.
4) Provision is included for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by
corrupt means.
5) If the corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 year
jail term.

22. Explain the composition and functions of Lokayukta. (June 2018) (June 2019)
Composition
The Government of Karnataka adopted the Institution of Lokayukta in 1984. It
comprises of retired Judge of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of the High Court is
appointed as Lokayukta and retired Judge of High Court is Upa Lokayukta. The
committee consisting of Chief Minister, Chief Justice of High Court, Speaker of
Assembly, Chairman of the Council and Leaders of Opposition are consulted by the
Governor regarding the appointment. They are appointed for 5 years. They can be
removed from the office by the Governor on the charge of misbehaviour or incapacity
proved in the state legislature by 2/3rd majority.
Powers and functions:-
1) The Lokayukta may investigate any action which is taken by or with the general or
specific approval of the Chief Minister, a Minister, a Member of the State
Legislagture, the Chairman, Vice Chairman or a Member of an Authority, Board or
a Committee etc.,
2) Lokayukta may investigate any action taken by the public servant if it is referred
by the state government.
3) In the process of investigation, the Lokayukta deals with the issue of search
warrant. For the said purpose, they have all the powers of a civil court which
trying a suit under CPC, 1908 in respect of summoning and enforcing the
attendance of any person and examining him on oath, production of any
document, received evidence of affidavits, getting any public record or copy from
any court office etc.,
 4) The Lokayukta after investigation shall make a declaration with regard to the
Governor or Chief Minister of the state to the vacation of office of the said official.

IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-

1. Discuss the various components of Nation Building.(WSP-2) (March 2019)
1) Community Support:- To realise the process of Nation Building, collective support and
endeavour of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of
a nation.
2) Good Governance:- Good Governance ensures accountability, transparency,
efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has
given rise to e-Governance.
3) Committed Leadership:- Committed leadership ensures Nation Building effectively.
The vision and view of such leaders promotes the progress and prosperity of the
country.
4) Power Sharing:- To realise the goal, political power needs to be shared among all
sections of society. It ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic
democracy.
5) Universal Education:- For the development of a nation, universal education is
essential. It enables the person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity.
6) Mass Media:- Mass media is regarded as the fourth estate in Democracy as it plays a
vital role in the Nation Building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the
government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public.
7) National Integration:- It is the process of uniting the people emotionally,
psychologically and politically.

2. Describe the hindrances and remedial measures to Nation Building. (June 2018)
Hindrances of Nation Building:-
1) Poverty:- Large sections of our societies in India are below poverty line. Poverty
denies access to good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure
necessary for personality development.
2) Population Explosion:- India is overpopulated. It is not properly utilised to
strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment, shelter,
shortage of food and other basic amenities.
3) Regional Imbalance:- All the regions of our country are not evenly developed. This
leads to separatist tendencies that curbs national development.
4) Social and Political disturbances:- In India social and political disturbances have
become common in recent years causing tension. Likewise caste conflicts,
terrorism, centre-state and inter-state disputes have affected nation’s march
towards development.
5) Political crisis:- The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political
parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crisis on many
occasions.
Remedial measures of Nation Building:-
 1) Political Stability:- The government elected by the people has to continue for the
full term so as to adopt and implement the policies for development. Frequent
changes in government result in slow development and political uncertainty.
2) Selection of Priorities:- The government has to choose the areas of priority
necessary for nation building. These priorities are to be decided on the basis of
the needs of the people. Infrastructure, education, transport, employment,
agriculture, industries and health services may be accorded priorities for national
development.
3) Effective implementation of plans:- Since April 2012 12th five year plan is under
progress. To fill the gap of the previous plans, it is aimed at channelising the
sources and implementing effectively.
4) Mixed Economy:- Public and Private partnership not only strengthens the
economy but also contributes for its sustenance. The contribution of the private
enterprises has been phenomenal in the economic front.
5) Implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy:- Part IV of the Indian
Constitution emphasises the establishment of socio-economic democracy through
the adoption of revolutionary policies. Hence implementation of DPSP is
necessary at this juncture.
6) Role of Civil Society:- In India civil society organisations are playing an important
role in nation building. They are fighting against political and administrative
corruption, red tapism, political apathy and anti-people policies.

3. How is inequality a slur to Democracy? Elucidate.

Since times immemorial inequality is playing a major role in Indian society. India
Democracy is facing many challenges in respect of in equality in caste and gender.
Caste based inequality as a slur to Democracy:-
Caste system has endangered the n national integration by dividing society. It also
affects the feeling of fraternity by segregating the society intolerance prevails
widening the gulf between the rich and the poor. Economic inequality and intolerance
also prevails. As a result the basic human rights are badly affected and leads to total
backwardness in democracy. Caste system has created social hierarchy into upper,
lower and depressed castes etc., in the society. Caste consciousness leads to divisive
society, sectarianism and caste conflicts. Caste discrimination promotes group
identities and destroys social harmony. Caste system has led to the identity politics.
It plays a decisive role to capture political power. Political parties select candidates
for elections mostly on caste basis. Economic power of dominant caste leads to
political and social dominance. It leads to inequality.
Gender based inequality as a slur to democracy:-
Discrimination is made on the basis of men and women, denying equal opportunities
to the fairer sex are called gender based inequality. It is the result of gender bias in
favour of male throughout the ages. The prevalence of gender based inequality in
economic, cultural, educational and political fields are seen. Denial of the right to
equality and dignified life to women is against the basic principles of democracy.
When she is not provided education on par with men it leads under representation
 and participation in democracy. Women become the victim of exploitation by me, it
does not facilitate the equal opportunities.

4. How is illiteracy as an impediment to Democracy? Explain its remedies.(March 2020)

Illiteracy as an impediment to Democracy:-
1) Lack of political awareness:- Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and
indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand
the importance of vote and ideologies of political parties.
2) Low percentage of votes:- Since first general election the percentage of polling
has not crossed 60%. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness.
Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extent by low percentage of
polling.
3) Money and muscle power:- The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from
the poor people through dubious means who are illiterate.
4) Politics of populism:- The voters in India are attracted by politics of populism.
Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the government.
Indulgence in politics of populism makes the people to depend on the government
for everything without becoming creative individuals.
5) Emergence of Dictatorship:- When people are not politically conscious, show
apathy to vote, an ambitious leader transforms democracy into dictatorship.
Remedies for Illiteracy: 86th Constitutional Amendment:-
The Parliament of India passed 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002. Its main
provisions are as follows:-
1) Compulsory education means obligation of the government to provide free
elementary education and ensure compulsory admission and attendance and
completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14.
2) It is a compulsory duty of parents and guardians to send the children to
schools.
3) The schools must have minimum facilities such as adequate pupil-teacher
ratio, trained teachers, infrastructure and playgrounds.
4) The Central Government and State Governments bear the expenditure on the
basis of agreed formula.
5) The school management committee or the local authority should identify the
dropouts or out of school children and admit them in classes appropriate to
their age. Before admission they have to be given special training.

5. How terrorism is posing a threat to Democracy in India? Explain. (TBQ)

Terrorism is posing a threat to Democracy:-
1) Disruption of Governance:- Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic
governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which
have targeted the government, top political leaders and officers and thereby erode
the legitimacy of the elected government.
2) Disrespect for Constitution:- Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of the
nation, the terrorist groups and organisations are violating its purview by engaging in
terrorist activities.
3) Violation of Human Rights:- Terrorists have no respect for rule of law and democratic
order. They kill and injure innocent people by violating human rights. They attack the
leaders and their families, target the public places.
4) Anti-Democratic activities:- Terrorists are always bent upon destabilising the
democratic process threatening and kidnapping polling officials, voters and
candidates, booth capturing and rigging the electoral process.
5) Obstacle to economic growth:- The governments are compelled to spend huge
amount of money for the modernisation and up gradation of military and police forces
to curb terrorism. It also destroys the economic development of the nation by
diverting the fund meant for social welfare.

6. Explain the causes and remedial measures to eradicate Communalism. (June 2020)
Causes for communalism:-
1) Policy of the British India:- The discriminatory policies of the East India Company
regarding divide and rule, destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims .
2) Hindu-Muslim Nationalism:- Communal organisations were formed by
separatists. In 1906 Muslim League and Hind Mahasabha came into existence.
Leaders of both the communities creates a sense of separateness in the minds of
the people and thus they cultivate separate nationalism.
3) Communal Riots:- Large-scale communal riots took place in India after
independence. Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan were exploited the
situation and attracted and torcher each other.
4) Politically manipulated:- In India many issues are politically manipulated by
leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among communities.
5) Communality in organisation:- Different communities in India established their
own organisations based on communality to support particular political parties for
their interest.taking precautionary measures to prevent the eruption of communal
clashes

Remedial measures to eradicate communalism:-

1) Secularism:- The Constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create
sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also
follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides every
religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious
institutions and manage their affairs.
2) National Integration:- It is the process of uniting the people emotionally,
psychologically, politically. India is a land of diversity with different religious,
tribes and languages. To promote unity among the people, they should come
together in the task of Nation Building. Hence National Integration plays an
important role to eradicate communalism.
 3) Neighbourhood Peace Committees:- These committees have been formed
after 1992 with eminent or prominent leaders of the respective community.
The main objectives are arresting and containing social tensions which may
flare up communal riots in the neighbourhood areas,.

7. Discuss the causes and the legislative measures to prevent Terrorism.

Causes for the rise of Terrorism in India:-
1) Separatist Movement:- Since partition of the country communal forces are indulging
in separatist activities. Fundamentalists in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab started
separatist movements on religious basis. Organisations like Jammu and Kashmir
Liberation Front, Indian Mujahidin, Hurriyat Conference and other terrorist groups are
involving in separatist movements.
2) Religious Fundamentalism:- Some religious fundamentalist organisations belonging
to Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs have been supporting and helping the terrorist
activities for their long-term political gains. It leads to the rise of religious militancy.
3) Ethnic problem in the North-East:- On the basis of ethnic and regional identity, many
self-interested fundamentalists organised terrorist activities in North East region.
4) Weak Political System:- Multi-party system which has led to the coalition in India has
weakened the system. Coalition partners belonging to various ideologies and goals
are not supporting firm decisions and strong actions against terrorist activities.
5) Economic deprivation:- The uneven economic development and the exploitation of
the poor by rich people has created a great gulf between the haves and have not’s.
Maoists, Naxalites, members of the peoples’ war group have adopted terrorist path in
the name of economic inequality.
Various legislative measures to prevent terrorism:-
6) The words ‘terrorist act’ are defined in Section 15 of the Act. “Any act which threatens
the unity, integrity, sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror in the people or
any section of people in India or in any foreign country”.
7) Those persons who have the intention of aiding, abetting or committing a terrorist act
shall be punishable with imprisonment for 10 years and fine.
8) Punishment for raising funds for terrorist acts is 5 years which may extend to life
imprisonment and liable to fine.
9) Prescribe punishment for recruitment or persons for terrorist act and their training.
The punishment is 5 years which may extend to imprisonment for life and liable to
fine.
10) Every offence punishable under this Act shall be deemed to be a cognizable offence.
If the investigation cannot be completed within 90 days, the court may extend the
detention period up to 180 days.
11) If there are sufficient grounds for detention of an accused person under the Act, no
bail is granted.
8. The Central Government has the power to freeze, seize or attach funds or other
financial assets or economic resources of the terrorist groups.
9. Explain the various measures of Lokpal and Lokayukta Institutions to prevent
Corruption.
 Role of Lokpal in preventing corruption:-
1) It has power to sanction prosecution against public servants.
2) All organisations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the
jurisdiction of Lokpal.
3) It has power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.
4) Provision is included for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by
corrupt means.
5) If the corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 year
jail term.

Role of Lokayukta in preventing corruption:-

1) The Lokayukta may investigate any action which is taken by or with the general or
specific approval of the Chief Minister, a Minister, a Member of the State Legislagture,
the Chairman, Vice Chairman or a Member of an Authority, Board or a Committee etc.,
2) Lokayukta may investigate any action taken by the public servant if it is referred by
the state government.
3) In the process of investigation, the Lokayukta deals with the issue of search warrant.
For the said purpose, they have all the powers of a civil court which trying a suit under
CPC, 1908 in respect of summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and
examining him on oath, production of any document, received evidence of affidavits,
getting any public record or copy from any court office etc.,
4) The Lokayukta after investigation shall make a declaration with regard to the Governor
or Chief Minister of the state to the vacation of office of the said official.

UNIT – 6
EMERGING TRENDS OF INDIAN POLITICS

1. Coalition Government and Politics

2. New Dimensions of Centre-State Relations
3. Rise of Identity Politics
4. Youth Leadership in Indian Politics
5. Youth against Corruption
6. Youth against Terrorism

POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. India is a diversified country with different culture, language, caste, religion, race,
tribes and traditions.
2. The coalition politics started in India from 1977.
3. Sri Morarji Desai was the first Prime of coalition government.
4. The partners of the alliance set aside their political ideologies and accept some
Common Minimum Programme to run the coalition government.
5. Collective leadership is the feature of coalition government.
6. India and France are the best example for coalition government.
7. Coalition governments are unstable and long term programmes can not be
implemented.
8. India is a federal country in the normal time and has unitary feature during emergency
time and it can be called as quasi federal system.
9. The Identity Politics first originated in U.S in the movements of lesbians, black civil
rights, wave of feminists etc.,
10. To promote youths in the politics more and more, 61st Amendment of the Constitution
reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years.
11. To eradicate the corruption from gross root level in India, people should have moral
values.
12. Youth should cooperate the government in great extent to eliminate the terrorism
completely.

I. One mark questions and answers:-

1. Mention the root word of ‘coalition’. (June 2015)(March 2017)(March 2020)
The word coalition is derived from the Latin word ‘Coalitio’.
2. Expand CMP (TBQ)
Common Minimum Programme
3. Write the meaning of Coalition government.(March 2015)(March 2016)(March 2017)
Formation of the government by various political parties with common minimum
programme is called coalition government.

4. Name the country where the era of coalition started.

France.
5. In which year India experienced coalition?
1977.
6. What is pre poll alliance? (TBQ)
Making alliances before the elections is called pre poll alliance.
7. What is post poll alliance? (June 2018)
Making alliances after the elections is called post poll alliance.
8. Who identified Identity Politics?(March 2015)(June 2016)(March 2017)
L.A. Kauffman.
9. Which movements brought legitimacy to Identity Politics?(TBQ)
LGBT movements.
10. Expand LGBT. (WSP-3)
Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender.
11. Mention any one region based Identity struggle. (TBQ)
Telangana movement.
12. Who is the first Prime Minister of coalition government?
Sri Morarji Desai.
13. On which day voters day is celebrated? (March 2018)
25th January of every year.
14. Mention any one national issues that you identify. (TBQ)
Population explosion.
15. Can the states levy taxes on import and export? (TBQ)
The states cannot levy taxes on import and export.
16. Who constitutes Finance Commission? (TBQ)
The President of India.
17. Who has jurisdiction over Interstate Trade and Commerce? (TBQ)
Union Government.
18. How many times National Emergency is imposed in India?(March 2019)
National Emergency imposed three times in India.
19. Who enjoys law making powers over state list subjects when there is state
emergency? (WSP-1) (June 2017)
Union Parliament.
20. Who has the authority to transfer a state list subjects to the union list for one year
period? (TBQ)
Union Parliament.
21. Mention one subjects of concurrent list. (TBQ)
Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws.
22. Who exercises the residuary powers?
Union Government.
23. What is consolidated fund of India?
The fund which bears the expenses of wages towards the higher officers of India is
called consolidated fund.
24. What is the root word of terrorism? (June 2016)The word terrorism is derived from
the Latin word ‘terrere’.
25. Mention any one form of terrorism.
Cultural Terrorism.
26. What is the root word of corruption? (WSP-2)(March 2016)(June 2018)(June 2020)
The word corruption is derived from Latin word ‘rumpere’.
27. Expand IAC. (TBQ)
India against corruption.
28. Who said “on this earth there is enough for everyone’s need but not for greed”?(J-17)
Mahatma Gandhi.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. Define coalition government.(WSP-1)(June 2015)(June2017)
According to F.A. Ogg, “It is a system where members of political parties unite to form
a government or ministry”.
2. When did the coalition government formed?
If no single political party gets absolute majority to form the government, at that time
to avoid mid term poll, the coalition government will be formed.
3. Give two examples of countries having coalition.(June 2020)
1) India 2) France.
4. What is union list? Give an example. (June 2017)
The central government has supreme power to make the laws on those subjects, is
called union list. Ex: Defence, External Affairs.
5. What is state list? Give an example.
The state government is empowered to administer on those subjects, is called state
list. Ex: Police, Health.
6. What is concurrent list? Give an example (June 2015)
Both the central government and state government can make the laws on these
subjects, is known as concurrent list. Ex: Marriage and Divorce, Civil Procedure and
Criminal Laws.
7. What is residuary power?
The subjects which are not incorporated in centre list, state list and concurrent list, it
is known as residuary power.
8. What is collective leadership?
All the leaders of alliance in the coalition government influences on all the decisions
taken by the government, is called collective leadership.
9. What is Common Minimum Programme? (WSP-3)(March 2016)(June 2018)
The alliance partners set aside their party ideology and accept to adopt one agenda to
run the government smoothly, it is known as Common Minimum Programme.
10. Mention any two coalition partners of NDA. (Junen2016)(June 2018)
1) Bharatiya Janatha Party 2) Janatha Dal (United)
11. Mention any two coalition partners of UPA. (March 2018)
1) Indian National Congress 2) D.M.K.
12. When and in which country Identity Politics originated?
Identity Politics originated in the early 1960’s at United States of America.
13. What is the basic cause for the Identity struggles in the world?
To attain empowerment, representation and recognition, Identity struggles were
started.
14. What is Identity Politics? (WSP-1)(March 2016)(March 2018)
Pattern of belonging, a search for co fort, an approach to community is called Identity
Politics.
15. What is state sponsored terrorism? (TBQ)
The terrorist activities which are aided and guided by the state and ruling governments
is called state sponsored terrorism.
16. Write two hurdles in creating a corruption free India.(TBQ)
1) Personal favouritism 2) Political criminalisation.
17. Write an example of movement against corruption.(TBQ)
An example of movement against corruption is “India against corruption” headed by
Anna Hazaare.
18. Name any two states that fight against Naxalites.
1) Bihar 2) Jarkhand.
III. Five marks questions and answers:-
1. Explain the development of coalition politics in India.(TBQ)
 Since 1937 India has been experiencing coalition at different levels. In the first
general elections(1952), Indian National Congress gained clear majority. Though
different political parties existed, it was INC which enjoyed majority was in power till
1977. The autocratic attitude of the party in power, disillusioned the opposition
parties. When opposition united together, the INC began to fall. The general elections
of 1977 has put an end to the single party rule and introduced coalition government
under the banner of Janatha Party headed by Morarjee Desai. Later on in 1989
National Front was led by Vishwanath Pratap Singh formed coalition government. In
1996 United Front led by H.D. Devegowda, in 19199 National Democratic Alliance
under the leadership of A.B. Vajapayee, in 2004 United Progressive Alliance led by
Dr.Manmohan Singh were formed. The UPA alliance Government was in power till
2014. In the 2014 general elections, UPA was defeated and NDA alliance formed the
Government under the leadership of Sri Narendra Damodar Das Modi. Still the NDA
is in power at the centre.
2. Explain the features of coalition government.(WSP-2) (June 2015)
The features of coalition government are as follows
1) Coalition is the product of multi-party system.
2) Coalition may be pre-poll arrangement or post-poll arrangement.
3) It is a democratic arrangement.
4) Alliance partners prefer to have a common minimum programme for
governance.
5) During National emergency or crisis, National government is formed through
coalition.
6) A person agreeable not only to big party but also to the alliance partners
becomes the leader of the house and naturally heads the government.s
7) Coalition partners are always free to cede their relations and fight on one’s
identity.
8) Coalitions are politically unstable.

3. Explain the merits of coalition government. (June 2016) (June 2020)

The merits of coalition government are as follows:-
1) It provides broader representation to the people as big and small parties join
hands in the governance. It also enables them to have a share in policy making
and eliminates regional disparities.
2) It provides an opportunity for the creation of consensus based politics which
represents the public in national policies, issues and programmes.
3) Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.
4) By feeling the pulse of the people, it provides good governance.
5) The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to
elect
4. Explain the demerits of coalition government. (March 2019)(March 2020)
Demerits of Coalition government are as follows:-
1) Due to the presence of various party leaders believing in different ideologies and
policies, political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.
2) As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of government t have no say in the
formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or
programmes.
3) Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in coalition,
this cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement
and mal administration.
4) Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in cabinet which are sensitive
in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtailed by the
government.
5) Coalition governments cannot have long term planning and view. Its main aim to
escape from the present political volatility.

5. Describe the legislative powers of centre and state governments. (TBQ)

The legislative powers of the union and state governments are mentioned in Article
245 to 255.
1) The Union list:- It contains 100 subjects like Defence, External Affairs, Currency
and Coinage, Atomic Energy, Science and Technology, Customs, on which the
central government has supreme law making powers.
2) The State list:- It consists of 63 subjects like Police, Health, Agriculture, Local Self
Governments, Road Transport etc., On these subjects state governments have law
making powers.
3) The Concurrent list:- It comprises 52 subjects like Marriage and Divorce, Civil
Procedure and Criminal Laws, Preventive Detention, Trust and Trustees, Education
etc., On n these subjects both the union government and the state governments
can legislate. In case of disputes, the will of the union government prevails.
6. Explain the emergency powers of the President of India(March 2016)
Part XVIII of the Constitution of India deals with three types of emergency provisions:
1) National Emergency:- Article 352 empowers the President to declare National
Emergency when threat of external aggression. Till now it had been imposed for
thrice. In such circumstances, individual rights are suspended except protection
of life.
2) State Emergency:- Article 356 authorises the President to declare the President’s
rule on the recommendation of the Governor during the breakdown of the
constitutional machinery in that state.
3) Financial Emergency:- Article 360 empowers the President to declare financial
emergency if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

7. What are the causes for the raise of Identity Politics? (June 2018)
Causes for the rise of Identity Politics:-
1) Mal administration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or
geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
2) The rise of regional parties created the local awareness of language or region.
3) Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group
privileges to the ethnic groups.
 4) Ethnic groups fear of assimilation of cultural dilution.
5) Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio-political awareness have
led to identity politics.
6) Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, political power and
economic growth.
7) Fear of losing scope in educational and employment field.
8) Fear of losing ethnic identities like language and culture.

8. Discuss the various factors of Identity Politics. (TBQ)

The various factors of Identity Politics are as follows:-
1) Religion: Religion is the important bases of Identity Politics. India is witnessed
various religious groups. The fear of losing individual identity has compelled many
groups to organise on religious lines. Religious conversation takes place either by
force or attraction to get political representation. Thus the religious groups fight
for their cause.
2) Caste: In Indian society one’s social status is decided by the credentials of caste
rather than his efficiency and achievements. In spite of the efforts of social
reformers, they tried for total eradication of caste system. But still it is persistent
because of identity.
3) Region: Regional identity plays a dominant role in national and regional politics.
Some leaders of the such regions are enjoying dominant position in national
politics because of regional popularity. In this way, the regional identity is
providing collective or distributive leadership to national politics.
4) Tribal: Behind every major movement, there is the factor of region to achieve their
goals. Telangana in Andhra Pradesh, Vidharbha in Maharastra, Bodoland in
Assam, Gorkhaland in West Bengal are still struggling for separation on the basis
of regional identity.
5) Linguistic: India is a union of multi lingual states. Language is one of the most
sensitive and emotional issues. Throughout the country there are several
paramount groups and leaders who want their share from the Government of
India or the Regional Governments on the basis of language. Some groups
demanding to get classical language status to their language.
IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-
1. Explain the Centre-State relations in India.(TBQ)
The centre-state relations in India are as follows:-
1) Legislative Relations: The Constitutional matters have been divided into three lists
called centre list, state list and concurrent list. The central government can
administer only on the centre list and the state governments can look after only n
on the state list subjects. There is a clear distribution of power between centre
and state governments and no chance to interfere in one’s jurisdiction by another.
But during the time of emergency the central government can legislate on the
state list subjects. Both centre and state governments can make laws on
concurrent list and here also the will of the central government prevails.
 2) Administrative Relations: Administrative relations can be dealt to strengthen the
federal structure between union and states. The President of India has power to
appoint the State Governors, Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts. Bills
passed in state legislature during President’s rule are required to get the approval
of the President. The union government issues directions to the states regarding
law and order, national unity, safety and security. It can appoint Inter State
Commerce Commission, All India service, National Development Council, National
Integration Council to maintain cordial relations among the states.
3) Financial Relations: The Constitution of India made provisions to have smooth
financial relations between the union and the states. Parliament can establish a
contingency fund to meet unforeseen expenditure. Some duties are leviable by
the centre and distributed among the states. It determines the quantum of
assistance every year to the needy states, tribal areas etc., During President’s rule
in the state, state financial matters are managed by the union.
2. Explain the role of youths in Indian Politics. (TBQ)
India is a largest democratic country in the world. Democratic principles are not found
in our Constitution but basically its values are enshrined in our people. Registration
of new voters is a continuous process. As franchise brings a voice to voters in
democracy due care must be taken to the enrolment of women and youth. As per
61st Amendment to the Constitution, the voting age was reduced to 18 years from 21
during 1986. With the reduction in voting age the size of the electorate increased
heavily providing an opportunity to the younger generation to participate in choosing
their representatives. With great vigour and zeal, the youth successfully participated
in the elections and the tender aged boys and girls made a right choice, it was proved.
The country that respects the will of the youth can bring new thinking in all walks of
life including politics. Youth have the energy to liberate and purify the political arena
of the country as they normally do not accept traditional caste barriers.
Youth have the courage and the capacity to understand burning issues like
boundary, language, river water and ethnic disputes. Increase in the number of the
youth in politics enhances the credibility of the democracy. The honest involvement
of youth in politics, being away from violence is the need of the hour to strengthen
the system. Recent developments show that large number of youths are participating
and winning both Loksabha and Assembly elections.
3. Explain the role of youths against the terrorism.(WSP-3)(March 2015)(March 2017)
Terrorism means deliberately and violently targeting civilians to achieve their
political goals. Here youth have to pressurise the governments concerned to create
awareness and educate those who are indulged terrorist activities. Youth have to
develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive
activities like nation building through helping the government about terrorist and
militant activities taking place in their surroundings. They have to take the initiative
within the jurisdiction of law to fight against terrorism. They must understand the
complicated and multi-faceted terrorism rationally. It is the responsibility of the youth
to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the
clutches of terrorism.
 4. How youths can control corruption? (WSP-1&2) (March 2018)
Today the mood of the country especially the mood of the youth is against
corruption on war footing. The war against corruption is perceived as the mother
of all wars. Anti-corruption movement gathered momentum when Sri Anna Hazare
kick started the movement and gave a call to the youth to join him a fight against
corruption under the banner of India Against Corruption. In this juncture Mr. Anna
Hazare gathered in a Ramlila Stadium at Delhi with a huge supporters and followers
to protest against the government for its policies and delaying to implement the law.
Thousands of youth and other sections of the society joined and supported Anna
Hazare. The overall effect of the youth movement against corruption have resulted
in the creation of the institution of Lokpal.

UNIT – 7

CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL TRENDS

1. Liberalisation
2. Privatisation
3. Globalisation
4. Crony Capitalism
5. Rise of Democratic Movement: Nepal, Bhutan, Egypt, Afghanistan, Libya and Syria

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. The Union Government headed by Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr:
Manmohan Singh adopted the new concepts LPG in 1991 to promote wide range of
economic reforms.
2. India can achieve modern technology, availability of the quality goods in market and
world market by following the policy of Liberalisation.
3. The process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, public service or
public property from the public sector to the private sector is privatisation.
4. Globalisation is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world
economy.
5. 21st Century is known as the era of Democratic Movements. These movements are
demanded Democratic system in Nepal, Bhutan, Egypt, Afghanistan, Libya and Syria.
I. One mark questions and answers:-
1. What is Liberalisation? (TBQ)
Removal of controls and restrictions of government in activities of economy is called
Liberalisation.
2. What is meant by Laissez – Faire? (WSP-2)
Aa process of relaxing the economy regulations and freeness in the market is called
Laissez – Faire.
3. When did Liberalisation started in India? (June 2015)
1991.
4. What is Privatisation? (June 2016) (March 2019)
Transferring of owner of the public sector in to the private groups is called
Privatisation.
5. Which country introduced Privatisation for the first time? (March 2015)
England and United States of America.
6. Expand IMF (TBQ)
International Monitory Fund.
7. Expand LPG.
Liberalisation Privatisation and Globalisation.
8. Mention the basic principles of Democracy.
Liberty and equality.
9. What is Globalisation? (March 2017) 9June 2019) (June 2020)
The process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy is called
Globalisation.
10. What is Crony Capitalism? (WSP-1 & 2) (June 2016) 9March 2017)
A close relationship between business people and government officials in a capitalist
economy is called Crony Capitalism.
11. What is Democratic Movement? (TBQ)
The movements which started to overthrow despotic, autocratic government is called
Democratic Movement.
12. When did the popular government assumed office in Nepal?
18th May 2006.
13. Which is called Magna Carta of Nepal? (TBQ)
The Bill which was passed by the popular government in 2006 is called Magna Carta
of Nepal.
14. Name the form of Government functioning in Bhutan. (TBQ)
Kingdom.
15. Who inspired the Democratic Movements in Bhutan? (TBQ)
Rongthong Kuenly Dorji.
16. When was the first Democratic election held in Bhutan? (TBQ)
24th March 2008.
17. When did the Democratic Movement started in Bhutan? (TBQ)
1950.
18. When did the Constitution of Bhutan come in to force?
18-7-2011.
19. When was the National Democratic Council elections held in Afghanistan?(TBQ)
2005.
20. Name the present President of Afghanistan. (TBQ)
Dr: M.A. Ghani.
21. When did the Constitution of Egypt come into force?(TBQ)
January 1956.
22. When did the first transition of revolution begin in Egypt?(TBQ)
1952.
23. Expand NATO. (TBQ)
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
24. Name the Dictator of Libya. (WSP-1 & 3) (June 2017)
Muammar Gaddafi.
25. Name the source of Law of Libya.
Shariot.
26. During whose regime the political parties were banned in Libya?(TBQ)
During Muammar Gaddafi regime, the political parties were banned in Libya.
27. When did Democratic Movement start in Libya?
27-2-2011.
28. When Syria got liberated from France? (TBQ)
1946.
29. Name the distinct feature of Syrian population.
Multi ethnic population.
30. Expand WTO. (TBQ)
World Trade Organisation.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. Write the meaning of Liberalisation. (March 2016)9March 2020)(June 2020)
It is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and
elimination of customs and tariffs. The state provides greater freedom to private
sector.
2. What is open market? (TBQ)
Elimination of all types of restrictions and conditions in transactions of goods in the
business field is called open market.
3. What is trade monopoly?
A process of establishing control over the trade without any competition is called
trade monopoly.
4. Where did privatisation begin and when? (TBQ)
The privatisation begins in England and USA in 1980.
5. What is wealth centralisation in privatisation?
Storage of huge sum of financial sources in the field of economy by the private groups
is called wealth centralisation.
6. What is Global village?
Availability of all the goods under one roof is called Global village.
7. What is Brain Drain? (WSP-2 & 3)(March 2016)(June 2017)(March 2018)(June 2020)
 Skilled, expertise and intellectuals prefer to opt the job opportunities in the abroad
for more salary and high position, it is called Brain Drain.
8. What is outsourcing?
The companies hires regular service from external sources and from other countries,
it is called outsourcing.
9. Name any two authoritarian rulers of the world. (TBQ)
1) Muammar Gaddafi of Libya 2) Saddam Hussain of Iraq.
10. When did the Democratic Maoist Movement started in Nepal and which country
influenced it?
The Democratic Maoist Movement started in Nepal in 1960. The democratic
movement in Nepal was influenced by India.
11. Name any two terrorists groups of Afghanistan. (June 2018)
1) Al-Qaida 2) Taliban.
12. Name any two political leaders of Egypt. (TBQ)
1) Hosni Mubharak 2) Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi.
13. Name any two ethnic groups in Syria. (March 2015) 9March 2019)
1) Armenians 2) Turkmens.
14. Name of political party in Syria and its leader.(TBQ)
The political party in Syria is Baat party and its leader is Bashar Al Assad.
15. Write any two objectives of Democratic Movements in Syria. (TBQ)
1) Termination of the ruling military dictatorship.
2) Cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency.
16. When was Syria liberated and by whom?
Syria was liberated in 1946 by France.
III. Five marks questions and answers:-
1. What is Liberalisation? Explain its importance. (June 2018) 9June 2019)
Meaning:- It is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory
mechanisms and elimination of customs and tariffs. The state provides greater
freedom to private sector.
Importance of Liberalisation:-
1) Consumer friendly:- This leads to lower costs and prices for consumers to get the
goods and services according to his wishes. He would fulfil his needs, desires and
feel satisfaction with his choice of things.
2) Free from government regulations:- Liberalisation policies remove government
regulations on the industrial sector. It also provides free movement of trade and
commerce where any private company can easily carry on their business activities
without any restrictions.
3) Promotes competition:- Liberalisation extends competition within different
company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for
consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.
4) Promotes world business class:- Liberalisation promotes business class an
opportunity to share their knowledge and exchange technology with confidence
at the international level.
 5) Promotes technological advancement:- Liberalisation makes new changes in an
advanced technology and logistics for better services. That can be useful to save
time, energy and money. It promotes the high quality of products and supplies
the same in time.
2. Explain the political implications of Liberalisation. (June 2016)
Political implications:-
1) Risk of brain drain:- In the name of liberalised policy citizens knock at the door
of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing
nations face lots of problems from such brain drain.
2) Reduce dependency on labour:- As the process itself is capital intensive, it
reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
3) Risk of environmental degradation:- The incessant industrial activity at the
global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
4) Regulates the prices of commodities:- The price of certain commodities like
life saving drugs, fertilisers etc., are automatically controlled by the world
trade forums and associations.
5) Risk of financial instability:- Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the
government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.
3. What is Privatisation? Explain its importance. (WSP-1) 9March 2016)
Meaning:- Transferring of owner of the public sector in to the private groups is called
Privatisation.
Importance of Privatisation:-
1) Performance:- Privatisation leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which
always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides
good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their
performance.
2) Efficiency:- Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the
utmost satisfaction of the consumer.
3) Innovative ideas:- Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and
innovative ideas to bring their specialised products in a different style at global
level.
4) Goals:- Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the
endeavour. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global
standards.
5) Capital:- Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial
markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilises the financial position of the
company.
4. Describe the political implications of Privatisation.(June 2015)(March 2017)(March20)
Political Implications:-
1) Concentration of wealth:- Privatisation encourages concentration of
wealth in the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of
income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.
 2) More profits:-Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a
meagre percentage with the shareholders. They enjoy the lion share out
of shareholders investment.
3) Bane to local industries:- Local people borrow money from indigenous
banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates
of interest to start the industry. MNCs with good financial back up survive
even in case of loss. Whereas this is not the case with local industries.
4) Threat to National interest:- Key areas like National Defence, Space,
Science and Technology are to be retained with the government. Assigning
these areas to private sector harms National interests.
5) No job security:- Private companies extract work from employees till they
are fit. The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health
or fitness problems. So there is no job security in the private sectors.
5. What is Globalisation? Explain its importance. (TBQ)
Meaning:- The process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy
is called Globalisation.
Importance of Globalisation:-
1) Efficiency:- Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It
encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which
makes firms more efficient.
2) Transformation of technology:- Through this technology, improvements are made
all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved
technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.
3) A Global Village:- The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneness
among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily acce3ssible through
technology and communication.
4) Mobility of labour force:- It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or
getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.
5) Emerging global competition:- Global competition is emerging as a result of
growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and
performance at competitive rates.
6) Outsourcing:- This is an important outcome of the globalisation process. In
outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other
countries.
6. Describe the political implications of Globalisation.(March 2015)(June 2017)(June 20)
The political implications of the globalisation are as follows:-
1. Power subjugation:- The effects of globalisation brought lots of changes in the
world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic
decisions of big countries which leads to power subjugation.
2. Affects the sovereignty:- As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy,
trade, transportation etc., the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions
of strong countries.
 3. Cultural invasion:- The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural
exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the
architects of the future.
4. Enslavement of lifestyle:- Food habits, general behaviour, mutual
relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole
generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.
5. Elimination of subsidies:- The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment
of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner.
7. Discuss the nature of Crony Capitalism. (March 2019)
A close relationship between business class and official class in the economy field is
called crony capitalism. Its nature is as follows:-
1) Favours political authorities:- Crony capitalism is a system in which close
associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that
have large economic value.
2) Cronies get capital and reward:- Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge
higher prices for their output than would prevail in a competitive market,
funnelled to the enterprises of cronies through government-controlled banks.
3) Protection of assets:- Crony capitalism allows government to guarantee a subset
of asset holders that their property rights will be protected. As long as their assets
are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal
protection of property rights.
4) Share in the rents generated by the asset holders:- The members of the
government or members of their families share the rents generated by the asset
holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments or even transfers of stock.
Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.
5) The concentration of Economic Power:- A few business groups which are cronies
influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such
concentration gives birth to crony capitalism.
8. Explain the Democratic Movements in Nepal. (TBQ)
Nepal was a small landlocked kingdom in Southern Asia lying between India to the
south and Tibet to the north. Monarchy was prevalent in Nepal since 18th century.
During the rule of Birendra Bir Bikram Shav Dev, Democratic Maoist movements
started mainly because of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment
suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led
by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were
banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.
In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multiparty parliamentary
monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal in 1996
with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ republic.
Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 2001. The
comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21st November 2006. Nepal witnessed a
popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At
the same time the kind reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with a n
assurance of permanent peace and the multi-party democracy. The king called upon
 the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of
national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girija Prasad
Koirala, the new parliament will hold the elections and frame new Constitution.
The popular Government assumed office on 18th May 2006 and withdrawn all the
privileges given to the kind unanimously. The popularly known as ‘Nepalese Magna
Carta’ bill was came into force. Nepal became Federal Democratic Republic. Ram
Baran Yadav of Nepalis Congress became the first President and Pushpa Kamal Dahil
(Prachanda) of the Communist part of the Nepal(Maoist) the first Prime Minister.
9. List out the contents of Nepalese Magna Carta.
The contents of Nepalese Magna Carta are as follows:-
1) Imposing tax on the royal family and its assets.
2) Ending the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council.
3) Eliminating Royal references from army and government titles.
4) Declaring Nepal a secular country not a Hindu kingdom.
5) Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
6) Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.
10. Explain the Democratic Movements in Bhutan. (TBQ)
The Democratic Movement in Bhutan began in 1950’s with legal transformation like
abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution. In 1972 Jigme Singhye Wangchuck
succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. A group of leaders protested against the
government of its act of cultural suppression, arbitrary arrests, restriction of freedom
of speech and press etc., In 1990 peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army
lead by S.K. Neupane. It forced the government for democracy and human rights for
Bhutanese and nothing else. Rongthong Kuenly Dorji played significant role in the
democratic movement.
In the meanwhile the death of the Dorji was tremendous setback for the
movement. The first democratic elections were held for the Nation’s Council on 24 th
March 2008 for the Himalayan Kingdom which marked the beginning of the
Democratic System which still persists. They also retained Monarchy. The
Constitution was enacted on 18th July 2011 which authorised the Monarchy to even
sack the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. Keeping in view the democratic movements
held throughout the world and to remove the Monarchy in Bhutan the movement still
persists.
11. Describe the Democratic Movements in Afghanistan. (TBQ)
Afghanistan Democratic Movement was tremendous and marvellous. Initially the
government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group
of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978.
During Karmol’s rule Dr: Najaibullah became the head of Khadamat-e-Dawlati, the
Afghan secret agency equivalent to the Soviet KGB.
As pee Peshawar Accord, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan became Islamic
State of Afghanistan and an interim government was set up for the purpose of
transition. In the meanwhile Taliban’s the Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in
1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood.
 On 11th September 2001 attach on World Trade Centre by Taliban’s led by Al-
Qaeda attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result the North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with
the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end
and era of democracy began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later
presidential elections were held. The democratic government was formed.
12. Discuss the Democratic Movements in Egypt. (TBQ)
In Egypt traditional monarchy was prevailed till April 1923. When the monarchy lost
the grip, opportunists took the advantage. The transition took place in 3 phases.
The first phase: A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state
propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new
constitution was framed and the new government was formed. It was ruled for 3
decades.
The second phase: It began in 2011 but was a failed.
The third phase: The third transition a continuation of the previous one which
represented democratic and social ideals.
The policy of Egypt is based on republicanism with a semi-presidential system
of government of 2011. The Egyptian Democratic movements is yet to define itself
fully. Although it is true that millions of demonstrators called for the end of
brotherhood rule, the change of regime depended on the military intervention.
13. Explain the Democratic Movements in Libya. (TBQ)
Libya became independent Nation in 24th December 1951. King Idris headed
constitutional and hereditary democratic monarchy came into exist. King Idris was the
last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the
King under the leadership of Muammar Quddafi. Quddafi continued his rule along
with political parties but banned them in 1972 and emerged as the military ruler till
the collapse of his government in 2011.
In the mean while anti Quddafi force pressurised the government for the
introduction of multi-party democracy through National Transitional Council in
February 2011. This enraged dictator who became more furious. He ignored the UN
Security Council in this regard. But NTC declared itself as the sole governing body. It
was supported by more than 100 countries. After the death of Quddafi, Vice-
chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd October 2011.
Libya has been governed under the temporary constitution declaration since the
defeat of the previous government in the 2011 civil war.
In 2012 an election was held for the General National Congress to replace the
National transitional Council. As per the declaration Libya became a parliamentary
republic governed by the General National Congress which was elected in July 2012.
The main responsibility of the GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will write
Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum.
14. Describe the Democratic Movements in Syria. (TBQ)
The government in Syria has a multi ethnic population containing Arabs, Kurds,
Armenians, Assyrians and Turkmens coexist. The Syrian was liberated in 1946 by
France and named as the Democratic Republic with its own Constitution. Several
 elections were held to Parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 11963 was
a threat to democracy and existing multi party system. It lasted for a long time, which
is the ruling Military Junta today.
The main objectives of the Democratic Movement in Syria are termination of
the ruling military dictatorship since 1963, demanded for cancellation of the old laws
of the state of emergency. Termination of the exclusive rule of the Baath Party and
transfer of power of state to multi party system through free election. A committee
is to be setup for the preparation of a Democratic Constitution.
The last parliamentary election was held on 7th May 2012 and the result was
announced on 15th May 2012. The Baath Party won larger victory than it did previous
elections. During 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to a
referendum. Still the democratic developments are in progress in Syria.

IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-

1. Explain the meaning, importance and political implications of Liberalisation.(June 17)
Meaning:- It is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory
mechanisms and elimination of customs and tariffs. The state provides greater
freedom to private sector.
Importance of Liberalisation:-
1) Consumer friendly:- This leads to lower costs and prices for consumers to get the
goods and services according to his wishes. He would fulfil his needs, desires and
feel satisfaction with his choice of things.
2) Free from government regulations:- Liberalisation policies remove government
regulations on the industrial sector. It also provides free movement of trade and
commerce where any private company can easily carry on their business activities
without any restrictions.
3) Promotes competition:- Liberalisation extends competition within different
company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for
consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.
4) Promotes world business class:- Liberalisation promotes business class an
opportunity to share their knowledge and exchange technology with confidence
at the international level.
5) Promotes technological advancement:- Liberalisation makes new changes in an
advanced technology and logistics for better services. That can be useful to save
time, energy and money. It promotes the high quality of products and supplies
the same in time.
Political implications:-
1) Risk of brain drain:- In the name of liberalised policy citizens knock at the door of
international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations
face lots of problems from such brain drain.
2) Reduce dependency on labour:- As the process itself is capital intensive, it reduces
dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
3) Risk of environmental degradation:- The incessant industrial activity at the global
level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
 4) Regulates the prices of commodities:- The price of certain commodities like life
saving drugs, fertilisers etc., are automatically controlled by the world trade
forums and associations.
5) Risk of financial instability:- Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the
government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

2. Explain the meaning, importance and political implications of privatisation.(June 20)

Meaning:- Transferring of owner of the public sector in to the private groups is called
Privatisation.
Importance of Privatisation:-
1) Performance:- Privatisation leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which
always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides
good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their
performance.
2) Efficiency:- Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the
utmost satisfaction of the consumer.
3) Innovative ideas:- Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and
innovative ideas to bring their specialised products in a different style at global
level.
4) Goals:- Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the
endeavour. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global
standards.
5) Capital:- Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial
markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilises the financial position of the
company.
Political Implications:-
1) Concentration of wealth:- Privatisation encourages concentration of wealth in
the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of income and
wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.
2) More profits:-Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meagre
percentage with the shareholders. They enjoy the lion share out of shareholders
investment.
3) Bane to local industries:- Local people borrow money from indigenous banks and
also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates of interest to start
the industry. MNCs with good financial back up survive even in case of loss.
Whereas this is not the case with local industries.
4) Threat to National interest:- Key areas like National Defence, Space, Science and
Technology are to be retained with the government. Assigning these areas to
private sector harms National interests.
5) No job security:- Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit.
The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness
problems. So there is no job security in the private sectors.
3. Explain the meaning, importance and political implications of Globalisation.(June 18)
Meaning:- The process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy
is called Globalisation.
Importance of Globalisation:-
1) Efficiency:- Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It
encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which
makes firms more efficient.
2) Transformation of technology:- Through this technology, improvements are made
all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved
technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.
3) A Global Village:- The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneness
among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily acce3ssible through
technology and communication.
4) Mobility of labour force:- It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or
getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.
5) Emerging global competition:- Global competition is emerging as a result of
growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and
performance at competitive rates.
6) Outsourcing:- This is an important outcome of the globalisation process. In
outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other
countries.
The political implications of the globalisation are as follows:-
1) Power subjugation:- The effects of globalisation brought lots of changes in the
world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic
decisions of big countries which leads to power subjugation.
2) Affects the sovereignty:- As a result of globalisation in the fields of economy,
trade, transportation etc., the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions
of strong countries.
3) Cultural invasion:- The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural
exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the
architects of the future.
4) Enslavement of lifestyle:- Food habits, general behaviour, mutual
relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole
generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.
5) Elimination of subsidies:- The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment
of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner.

4. Describe the Democratic Movements in Nepal. (June 2019)

Nepal was a small landlocked kingdom in Southern Asia lying between India to
the south and Tibet to the north. Monarchy was prevalent in Nepal since 18th century.
During the rule of Birendra Bir Bikram Shav Dev, Democratic Maoist movements
started mainly because of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment
suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led
 by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were
banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.
In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multiparty parliamentary
monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal in 1996
with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ republic.
Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 2001. The
comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21st November 2006. Nepal witnessed a
popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At
the same time the kind reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with a n
assurance of permanent peace and the multi-party democracy. The king called upon
the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of
national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girija Prasad
Koirala, the new parliament will hold the elections and frame new Constitution.
The popular Government assumed office on 18th May 2006 and withdrawn all the
privileges given to the kind unanimously. The popularly known as ‘Nepalese Magna
Carta’ bill was came into force. Nepal became Federal Democratic Republic. Ram
Baran Yadav of Nepalis Congress became the first President and Pushpa Kamal Dahil
(Prachanda) of the Communist part of the Nepal(Maoist) the first Prime Minister.
5. Discuss the Democratic Movements in Bhutan. (TBQ)
In the Eastern Himalayas, sandwiched between Tibet to the north and India to the
south, is the tiny kingdom of Bhutan. The influence of the Indian Democratic polity on
Nepal and Nepal’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political
transformation.
The Democratic Movement in Bhutan began in 1950’s with legal transformation like
abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution. In 1972 Jigme Singhye Wangchuck
succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. A group of leaders protested against the
government of its act of cultural suppression, arbitrary arrests, restriction of freedom of
speech and press etc., In 1990 peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by
S.K. Neupane. It forced the government for democracy and human rights for Bhutanese and
nothing else. Rongthong Kuenly Dorji played significant role in the democratic movement.
In the meanwhile the death of the Dorji was tremendous setback for the movement.
The first democratic elections were held for the Nation’s Council on 24th March 2008 for the
Himalayan Kingdom which marked the beginning of the Democratic System which still
persists. They also retained Monarchy. The Constitution was enacted on 18th July 2011 which
authorised the Monarchy to even sack the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. Keeping in view
the democratic movements held throughout the world and to remove the Monarchy in
Bhutan the movement still persists.

6. Explain the Democratic Movements in Afghanistan. (TBQ)

Afghanistan is a landlocked country in the mountains of South Central Asia, sharing
borders with Pakistan to the south east and Iran to the west. Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan and Tajikistan lie across northern frontier and China to the north east.
Afghanistan Democratic Movement was tremendous and marvellous. Initially the
 government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group
of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978.
During Karmol’s rule Dr: Najaibullah became the head of Khadamat-e-Dawlati, the
Afghan secret agency equivalent to the Soviet KGB.
As pee Peshawar Accord, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan became Islamic
State of Afghanistan and an interim government was set up for the purpose of
transition. In the meanwhile Taliban’s the Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in
1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood.
On 11th September 2001 attach on World Trade Centre by Taliban’s led by Al-
Qaeda attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result the North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with
the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end
and era of democracy began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later
presidential elections were held. The democratic government was formed.

7. Explain the Democratic Movements in Egypt. (TBQ)

Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the West, Sudan to the South and by
the Gaja strip and Israel to the East. In Egypt traditional monarchy was prevailed till
April 1923. When the monarchy lost the grip, opportunists took the advantage. The
transition took place in 3 phases.
The first phase: A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state
propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new
constitution was framed and the new government was formed. It was ruled for 3
decades.
The second phase: It began in 2011 but was a failed.
The third phase: The third transition a continuation of the previous one which
represented democratic and social ideals.
The policy of Egypt is based on republicanism with a semi-presidential system
of government of 2011. The Egyptian Democratic movements is yet to define itself
fully. Although it is true that millions of demonstrators called for the end of
brotherhood rule, the change of regime depended on the military intervention.
8. Describe the Democratic Movements in Libya. (TBQ)
Libya is an Arab State in the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, Egypt and Sudan in
East, Niger and Chad in south, Algeria and Tunisia in west. Libya became independent
Nation in 24th December 1951. King Idris headed constitutional and hereditary
democratic monarchy came into exist. King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of
Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the King under the leadership
of Muammar Quddafi. Quddafi continued his rule along with political parties but
banned them in 1972 and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his
government in 2011.
In the mean while anti Quddafi force pressurised the government for the
introduction of multi-party democracy through National Transitional Council in
February 2011. This enraged dictator who became more furious. He ignored the UN
 Security Council in this regard. But NTC declared itself as the sole governing body. It
was supported by more than 100 countries. After the death of Quddafi, Vice-
chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd October 2011.
Libya has been governed under the temporary constitution declaration since the
defeat of the previous government in the 2011 civil war.
In 2012 an election was held for the General National Congress to replace the
National transitional Council. As per the declaration Libya became a parliamentary
republic governed by the General National Congress which was elected in July 2012.
The main responsibility of the GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will write
Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum.
9. Explain the Democratic Movements in Syria. (WSP-3)
Syria in West Asia lies at the Eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, Iraq in the East,
Turkey in North and Israel in South. The government in Syria has a multi ethnic
population containing Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Turkmens coexist. The
Syrian was liberated in 1946 by France and named as the Democratic Republic with its
own Constitution. Several elections were held to Parliament followed by military
coups. The coup of 11963 was a threat to democracy and existing multi party system.
It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling Military Junta today.
The main objectives of the Democratic Movement in Syria are termination of
the ruling military dictatorship since 1963, demanded for cancellation of the old laws
of the state of emergency. Termination of the exclusive rule of the Baath Party and
transfer of power of state to multi party system through free election. A committee
is to be setup for the preparation of a Democratic Constitution.
The last parliamentary election was held on 7th May 2012 and the result was
announced on 15th May 2012. The Baath Party won larger victory than it did previous
elections. During 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to a
referendum. Still the democratic developments are in progress in Syria.

UNIT – 8
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND SYSTEM

1. International Relations and System

a. Meaning, Definitions & Importance
b. Concepts of International Relations
c. Development of International Political System
d. Bi-polar, Uni-polar and Multi-polar
2. International and Regional Organisations
a. Meaning, Definition and Development.
b. India and the U.N
c. India and the ASEAN
 d. India and the SAARC
e. India and the BRICS
POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. International Relations were practiced in ancient Greece, Egypt, China and India.
2. The 17th Century marked the beginning of the International Relations.
3. The term “International” was used for the first time by Jeremy Bentham.
4. The popular work written by Jean Bodin was “De Republica”.
5. The history of In nternational Political System is traced back to the peace Treaty of
West Phalia(1648) and the Treaty of Utrecht(1713).
6. Woodrow Wilson was the architect of The League of Nations.
7. The UN charter consists of 19 Chapters and 111 Articles.
8. Polarity is the distribution of powers within the International System.
9. International Organisations are increasingly significant for International Policy-Making
and the process of the Globalisation.
10. Regional Organisation is combined with the creation and implementation of
institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within the
region.

I. One mark questions and answers:-

1. What is the meaning of International Relations?(TBQ)
A dynamic discipline which tries to explain political activities across the state
boundaries is called international relations.
2. Who used the term Internal Relations for the first time?(TBQ)
Jeremy Bentham.
3. Name the work of Jean Bodin. (TBQ)
De Republica.
4. What is National Power?(TBQ)
The sum total of the strength and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the
advancement of its national interests and the attainment of its national objectives is
called National Power.
5. What is Power Blocs? (June 2018)
The countries are divided on the basis of ideological principles is called Power Blocs.
6. What is Balance of Power?(TBQ)
An approximately equal distribution of power is called Balance of Power.
7. When the peace of West Phalia did take place? (TBQ)
1648.
8. When the peace of Utrecht did take place?
1713.
9. When did the League of Nations come into existence?(TBQ)
1920.
10. When did the UN come into existence?(TBQ)
24th October 1945.
11. How many original members signed the UN charter?(TBQ)
 51 countries.
12. Which Article deals with the basic principles of the UN?(TBQ)
Article 2 of the Charter of UN.
13. Write any one principles of the UN.(TBQ)
The member countries should settle international disputes by peaceful means.
14. What is the strength of members of UN at present?(TBQ)
193 countries.
15. Which is the most powerful organ of the UN? (WSP-2)
Security Council.
16. How many permanent members are in the Security Council? (TBQ)
5 countries.
17. Where is the International Court of Justice situated? (TBQ)
The Hague.
18. Where is the UN Head Quarter located? ((WSP-1) (March 2020)
New York of USA.
19. How many judges are there in International Court of Justice?(TBQ)
15 judges.
20. Name the present Secretary General of the UN. (TBQ)
Antonio Guterres.
21. What is Uni-polarity? (TBQ)
One state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence in
international politics is called unipolarity.
22. What is Bi-polarity? (WSP-2)
Two powers have the majority of economic, military and cultural influence at the
global level is called bipolarity.
23. What is Multi-polarity? (WSP-1 & 2)
More than two Nation-states are in the fray almost equal in military, cultural and
economic spheres is called multipolarity.
24. What is meant by International Organisation? (TBQ)
The aggregate of procedures and organs for expressing the unifications of nations is
called International Organisation.
25. What is meant by Regional Organisation? (TBQ)
A formal association of sovereign states of particular region is called Regional
Organisation.
26. Name any one Regional Organisation. (TBQ)
The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).
27. Name any one agencies of the UN. (TBQ)
United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
28. When was the ASEAN established? (TBQ)
8th August 1967.
29. How many members are there in ASEAN? (TBQ)
10 member countries.
30. When did India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN? (TBQ)
1992.
31. When was the first INDIA-ASEAN annual summit held? (TBQ)
2002.
32. When was SAARC established? (March 2015)
December 1985.
33. Who is called as the founder of the SAARC? (TBQ)
Zia-Ur-Rehman.
34. Where is the SAARC Secretariat situated? (March 2015)
Kathmandu of Nepal.
35. How many members are there in the SAARC? (June 2015)
8 member countries.
36. When did Afghanistan become a new member of the SAARC? (TBQ)
2010.
37. When was the first SAARC summit held? (TBQ)
December 1985.
38. Expand SAARC. (TBQ)
South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation.
39. How many members are there in BRICS? (TBQ)
5 member countries.
40. In which year South Africa became a member of BRICS? (June 2015)
24-12-2010.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. Define International Relations. (WSP-1 & 30 (March 2017)
According Ola Joseph, “ International Relations are the study of all forms of
interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the
International System”.
2. Mention any two advantages of International Relations. (TBQ)
1) To solve the bilateral disputes through dialogues.
2) To eliminate a complex sense of Nationalism and to promote Internationalism.
3. State any two concepts of International Relations. (TBQ)
1) National Power 2) National Interest.
4. What is National Power? (TBQ)
The sum total of the strength and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the
advancement of its national interests and the attainment of its national objectives is
called National Power.
5. What is National Interest? (WSP-3)
The qualities of personalities and ideals of decision makers is called National Interest.
6. What is Power Blocs? Give example. (WSP-1)
The countries are divided on the basis of ideological principles is called Power Blocs.
Ex: USA accepted democratic principles and Soviet Russia follows communist
principles.
7. Mention any two objectives of the League of Nations. (TBQ)
1) To protect the world from the destruction of war and restoration.
2) To restore world peace.
8. When and where the UN come into existence? (TBQ)
 The UN came into existence on 24th October 1945 at New York of America.
9. Name any two official languages of the UN. (TBQ)
1) English 2) Russian.
10. Write about the UN Charter. (TBQ)
The UN Charter consists of 19 chapters, 111 Articles which describes the objectives
and basic principles.
11. Write two objectives of the UN. (June 2017) (March 2018)
1) To maintain International peace and security.
2) To develop friendly relations among the nations.
12. Name any two organs of the UN. (June 2015)(March 2016)(June 2016)(June 2017)
1) General Assembly 2) Security Council.
13. State any two functions of General Assembly. (TBQ)
1) To discuss any matter with relates to international peace and security.
2) To decide the important matters by 2/3rd majority.
14. Name two permanent members of the Security Council.(March 2015)
1) United States of America 2) Soviet Russia.
15. Who appoints the Secretary General? What is the term of office?(TBQ)
The General Assembly appoints the Secretary General on the recommendations of
Security Council. His term is 5 years.
16. Define Regional Organisation. (TBQ)
According to Joseph Nye, “Regionalism is as an organisation of the inter-state
associations or groupings on the basis of regions”.
17. Name any two agencies of the UN. (TBQ)
1) United Nations Children Emergency Fund
2) World Labour Organisation.
18. Mention any two Peace Keeping Force Operations of the UN.(TBQ)
1) Korea operation (1950-54)
2) Somalia operation (1993-94).
19. Write a note on the ASEAN-India free trade agreement. (TBQ)
On the economic front, volume of trade and investment flows between ASEAN and
India has been increasing at a healthy pace. It happens to be India’s fourth largest
trading partner after EU, the United States and China.
20. Name any two members of the SAARC.(March 2016)(March 2017)(June 2018)
1) India 2) Srilanka.
21. Name two SAARC summits which were held in India.(June 2019)
1) 1986 – Bangalore
2) 2007 – New Delhi.
22. Name any two member countries of BRICS.(Jun e 2016)(March 2018)
1) India 2) China.
III. Five marks questions and answers:-
1. Bring out the importance of the International Relations.(March 2016)(March 2018)
The importance of international relations:-
1) The study of international relation enables us to understand the basic policies and
principles which contribute to the international sphere.
 2) It provides concrete solutions for international problems by means of dialogues,
bilateral, multilateral, mutual cooperation.
3) It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the
boundaries of states.
4) It avoids the war, military actions or alliances and international conflicts.
5) It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and
disarmament, world peace and progress.
6) It creates global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal
brotherhood.

2. Explain the concepts of International Relations. (WSP-2)(June 2016)(March 2020)

The concepts of International Relations:-
1) State Sovereignty:- It is the obligation of sovereign states to respect the
sovereignty of other states. No state can dictate others and all states are equal in
matters of status, dignity and honour.
2) National Power:- The concept of national power is the sum total of the strength
and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the advancement of its national
interests and the attainment of its national objectives. It encompasses population,
territory and military preparedness, national character, economic and political
power.
3) National Interest:- National Interest is the action of the state in relation to other
states. It refers to the aspirations of the state. The determinants of national
interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of decision makers.
4) Power Blocs:- With the beginning of the cold war, two power blocs emerged that
is USA and USSR on the basis of ideological principles.
5) Polarity:- In International relations Polarities refers to the arrangement of power
within the international system.
6) Balance of power:- The concept of balance of power refers to relative power
position of states as actors in international relations, with its emphasis on the
cultivation of power and the utilisation of power for resolving the problem.
3. Write a note on the League of Nations. (TBQ)
Establishment of League of Nations is one of the milestone measures to promote
world peace among the independent countries. To protect the world from the
destruction of war and restoration of peace, the League of Nations came in to
existence. It was founded on the heritage of ideas and experience of the world
leaders. The league was a real organisation with a legal entity, organs and agencies of
its own. President Woodrow Wilson was the architect of this organisation. The
League of Nations had three organs:
1) Assembly
2) Council
3) International Secretariat

It was an organised association of world states for the purpose of international Co-
operation, settlement of disputes and prevention of future wars. Its covenant
 provided a number of agencies for the promotion of health, education and economic
development as means to cement international co-operation and good will and
thereby preventing wars.

4. Write a note on the origin of the UN. (March 2015)

The United Nations came into existence on 24th October 1945 after the failure of the
League of Nations. An extensive and complex organisation has evolved to deal with
vast range of undertakings. It has been entrusted with heavy responsibilities for the
maintenance of international peace and security. The UN Charter was signed by 51
countries including India. The UN Charter consists of 19 Chapters, 111 Articles and its
headquarters is situated in New York. There are six official languages called Chinese,
English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.
The present members of UNO are 193. There are two kinds of members in the
UN. According to Article 3, there are original 51 members who had signed earlier
Declaration by U N on 1st January, 1942 and signed the Charter and ratified it.
Subsequently other members are elected under Article 4 of the Charter by the General
Assembly on the recommendations of the Security Council of the UN. Membership of
the UNO is open to all peace loving countries which accept the principles of UNO. The
Charter provides for six organs.
1) General Assembly
2) Security Council
3) Economic and Social Council
4) Trusteeship Council
5) The International Court of Justice
6) Secretariat.
5. Write about the principles of the UN.(March 2017)(June 2018)
The principles of UNO are as follows:-
1) The UN is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
2) All members shall fulfil in good faith the UN Charter obligations.
3) They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means.
4) No member country act against the UN Charter or use of force against other states.
5) They have to extend all help to the action taken by the UN.
6) The UN shall ensure that states who are not members act in accordance with the
principles of UN.
7) The UN shall not intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.

6. What are the objectives of the UN. (June 2019)

The objectives of UNO are as follows:-
1) To maintain international peace and security.
2) To develop friendly relations among the nations.
3) To seek cooperation in solving international economic, social cultural and
humanitarian problems.
4) To cooperate in promoting respect for human rights.
 5) To maintain freedom for all without discrimination on the basis of race, sex,
languages or religion.

7. Write about the General Assembly of the UN. (TBQ)

The General Assembly is the paramount and main organ of the UN. It is composed of
all the members(193) of the UN. Although each country can send five representatives
with single vote. Important matters are decided by 2/3rd majority by this world
legislative body. General Assembly performs deliberative, supervisory, financial
elective and constituent functions through its several committees. Annual session is
usually convened in September and further sessions are held as per requirement.
There is also provision for special sessions and emergency sessions.
8. Write about the Security Council of the UN.(June 2015)(June 2017)(March 2020)
The Security Council is often described as the world executive body. It is the most
powerful organ of the UNO. Its main responsibility is to maintain world peace and
security. It consists of 15 members. Five of them are permanent members )UK, USA,
Russia, France and China) while the other ten are non-permanent members for a term
of two years. Permanent members have ‘veto power’. It entrusted with the
responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. It also recommends
the person to be appointed as Secretary General.
9. Explain the role of the Economic and Social Council of the UN. (TBQ)
The objective of the UN is to achieve co-operation in solving international issues of
economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character. This is entrusted to the
Economic and Social Council. It consists of 54 members elected by the General
Assembly for a period of three years. On the basis of geographical representation
1/3rd of the members retire every year. The council elects sits own President for one
year and it meets at least thrice a year. The council has set up various commissions,
committees, ad-hoc committees and special bodies through which it works.
10. Discuss on the polarity in the International Relations. (TBQ)
Polarity is the distribution of powers within the international system. It describes the
nature of powers at any given time. Three types of polarities are found in the world
politics. It is dependent on the distribution of power and influence of states in a
region. They are:-
1) Uni-polarity: Uni-polarity in international politics is concentration of power in
which one state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence.
In the Uni-polar system, a great power exercises supremacy with no competition.
Uni polarity existed in the post cold war period.
2) Bi-polarity: Bi-polarity is the distribution of power in which two powers have the
majority of economic, military and cultural influence at the global level. To gain
superiority, both the powers struggle. During the peak of the cold war, both the
United States and the Soviet Union were in bipolar world politics.
3) Multi-polarity: Multi-polarity is a distribution of power in which more than two
nation-states are in the fray almost equal in military, cultural and economic
spheres. Multi-polar systems are more stable than bipolar systems, as great
 powers can gain power through alliances. This tends to have many shifting
alliances until one of two things happen.
11. Write the meaning, definition and growth of International Organisations.(TBQ)
Meaning:- International Organisations are increasingly significant for international
policy-making and the process of the globalisation. It is basically a reflection of the
distribution of power in the world. International Organisations are established by
formal political agreements between the nations. It is based on common purpose
and do not have territorial limitations. They have the status of international treaties
and their existence is recognised by law.
Definitions:- According to Potter “International Organisation means the aggregate of
procedures and organs for expressing the unification of nations.
According to Michael Wallace and David Singer “An International Organisation must
consist of at least two qualified members of the international system and created by
a formal instrument of agreement between the governments of nation states.
Growth of International Organisation:- Modern age is the age of international co-
operation. No state can live in isolation. To ensure systematic relations between
various states, agencies and methods of international cooperation these organisations
have emerged. The origin of the international organisation can be traced back to
ancient Greece, where the Amphitryonic League was established in the early 6th
century BC with a view to regulate the interstate relations to avoid war and to
promote unity among nations. The next important milestone in the development of
international organisation is the Treaty of Westphalia (11648), the peace of Utrecht
(1713), the Congress of Vienna (1815), the Hague conference (1907) played a major
role in the creation of international organisation. Later on, the important agencies
and unions like European Commission (1856), Universal Postal Union (18175),
International Office of Health (1903), International Institute of Agriculture (1905) and
others were established. The notable international organisation, the League of
Nations was established after the First World War on 10th January 1920. Then the
United Nations Organisation was formed in 24th October 1945 to promote
international peace and order and to avoid the wars.
12. Write a note on origin and growth of Regional Organisations.
Regionalism is a common sense of identity and purpose. It is combined with the
creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and
shape collective action within the region. The term regionalism is a flexible one to a
particular region in world arena, Ex: The Atlantic region, The Baltic region, The Middle
East region,
Meaning:- The South East and the South Asian region. It is formal association of
sovereign states of particular region.
Definition:- According Joseph Nye “Regionalism is as an organisation of the inter-state
associations or groupings on the basis of regions”.
According to Bhoutrros Bhoutros Ghali, regionalism as an organisation of a permanent
character, grouping in a geographically determined region of more than two states.
Growth of Regional Organisations:- The end of cold war paved the way for regional
organisation on the basis of regionalism. The UN charter stressed the role of regional
 organisations to maintain the international peace and security. These organisations
represent groups of states sharing geographical, political, economic and socio-cultural
interests. Ex: The Arab League in 1945, The European Economic Community in n 1958,
The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1960, The Organisation of
African Union in 1963. The European Union provided the economic model for other
regional organisations such as the Association of South East Asian Nations in 19169
and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation in 1985.
13. Explain India’s role in the UN. (TBQ)
Independent India viewed its membership of the United Nations a guarantee for
maintaining international peace and security. The UN membership has also served as
an opportunity for leadership in world affairs. India stood at the forefront during the
UN’s tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism, apartheid, global disarmament
and creation of more equitable international economic order. India is undertaking
sincere steps to find ways to adopt these challenges. An integral part of such efforts
is collective action and adoption of multilateral approaches in resolving transnational
issues under the auspices of the United Nations. Since 1954, India took a leading part
in securing political sanctions against the racialist regime of South Africa. In 1965, it
supported the UN sponsored economic boycott of Rhodesia (Ethiopia). It have full
support to the Angolan liberation movement and to the cause of independence of
Namibia.
14. Bring out the contribution of India in UNPKF. (TBQ)
India is committed to assist the UN by providing military troops for the maintenance
of international peace and security. India has deputed more than one lakh troops to
participate in plenty of Peace Keeping Missions since 1950. Ex: Korea (1950), Middle
East (1956-67), Congo (1960-64), Somalia 91993-94), Afghanistan (1993), Haiti (1993),
Angola (1989-1999), Ethiopia-Eritrea (2006-08), Lebanon 91998), Ivory Coasta
(UNOCI) (2004), South Sudan (2013-14).
The high standards of performance maintained consistently by the Indian troops and
policemen deployed on UN Missions under challenging circumstances have won them
high regard worldwide.
15. Write a note on five areas of cooperation of India-ASEAN.(June 2020)
The India-ASEAN areas of co-operation:-
1) Functional co-operation:- ASEAN was seen by India as a rapidly growing region
with enormous potential. It could become a major source of capital, relevant
technology, market and a partner in areas of respective core competencies and
the other areas of knowledge from India.
2) Economic Co-operation:- On the economic front, volume of trade and investment
flows between ASEAN and India has been increasing at a healthy pace, but remains
relatively low compared to other dialogue partners of ASEAN. It happens to be
India’s fourth largest trading partner after the EU, the US and China.
3) Peace and Security Co-operation:- In the political sphere, India has been actively
participating in various consultative meetings under dialogue and cooperation
frameworks initiated by ASEAN, such as the ASEAN Regional Forum, AEAN Defence
Ministers Meeting and expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum.
 4) Tourism Sector:- The 4th AEAN-India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in
Vietnam in January 2013, where a Protocol to amend the MOU on strengthening
tourism cooperation between ASEAN and India was signed and the ASEAN-India
tourism website was launched. ASEAN and India are also working on enhancing
private sector engagement.
5) Summit Level Co-operation:- At the third ASEAN-India summit in Vietnam in
November 2004, ASEAN and India signed partnership for peace, progress and
shared prosperity.
The 6th summit level meeting held in November 2007. India announced setting up
of an India-ASEAN green fund with an initial contribution of US $ 5 million to
support activities relating to climate change.
At the 7th ASEAN-India summit held in October 2009, India announced a
contribution of USD 50 million to ASEAN-India cooperation fund.
The 11th ASEAN-India summit in October 2013, attended by Heads of Government
of the member states welcomed India’s ‘Look East’ policy.

16. Write about the role of India in the establishment of the SAARC(March 2015)
India plays a significant role in the establishment of SAARC. It always trying to
promote the South East Asian countries equivalent to the developed countries in the
world. In this behalf India contributed to form a regional organisation at the sub-
continent zone. To achieve this goal, the first meeting of Foreign Minister in New Delhi
held on 1st and 2nd of August, 1983. The then Prime Minister of India Mrs. Indira
Gandhi n described South Asia as troubled region and said “I am glad we are making
a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic cooperation will give a
strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia”. Finally, the
first summit meeting of the Heads of Government of South Asian countries was held
at Dhaka on 7th 8th of December 1985. In this summit the Prime Minister of India
opined for economic development in the sub-continent zone. The second SAARC
summit was held at Bangalore in 1986.

17. Write about the areas of cooperation of India-SAARC. (Ju ne 2020)

Area of Co-operation of SAARC:-
In the rapidly changing global environment, regional integration in South Asia has
assumed a new strategic significance. It is the responsibility of the SAARC to inculcate
an environment of trust among its partners. Following are the area of co-operation.
1) SAARC Regional Centres:- There are nine SAARC Regional Centres located
in various member countries. India is supporting for all the regional level
cooperation within the region. It has two regional centres, they are: a)
SAARC Documentation Centre in New Delhi b) SAARC Disaster
Management Centre in New Delhi.
2) SAARC Development Fund:- The primary objectives of the SDF is to
promote the welfare of the people of SAARC region, to improve the quality
of life and to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty
alleviation in the SAARC region.
 3) Economic Cooperation:- The Agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading
Arrangement was signed in 1993 and four rounds of trade negotiations
have been concluded. With the objective of moving towards a South Asian
Economic Union, the Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area was
signed in January 2004.
4) People -to-People Contacts:- In order to achieve a people-to-people
contacts, a number of initiatives have been taken under the apex bodies of
the SAARC. For strengthening cooperation in information and media
related activities of the association, the heads of national television and
radio organisations of member countries meet annually.
5) Educational Cooperation:- At the 13th SAARC summit held in November
2005 in Dhaka, India proposed to create a Centre of Excellence in the form
of a South Asian University which can provide world class facilities and
professional faculty to students and researchers drawn from each country
of the region. The South Asian University is established in India.
6) Terrorism:- The Heads of State during summit meetings underscored the
importance of controlling terrorism in the region, calling on deepened
cooperation and improvements on implementing the SAARC regional
convention on suppression of terrorism .

18. Write a note on the relations of India-BRICS.(TBQ)

BRICS is an association of five major emerging economies viz., Brazil, Russia,
India, China and South Africa. The BRICS members are either developing or newly
industrialised are distinguished by their large, fast growing economies and significant
influence on regional and global affairs.
The leaders of these countries held the first summit in St. Petersburg on 17th
July 2006. The Foreign Ministers met in New York in September 2006 beginning a
series of high level meetings. Foreign Ministers who had talks in October 2007 decided
to formalise collaboration in a number of areas and to appoint their supervisors. They
signed for agricultural development, the prevention of natural calamities and
elimination of their aftermath and promotion of healthcare. Cooperative efforts are
supervised by China, Russia and India respectively. Various events are organised in
these fields.
The BRICS Forum, an independent international organisation encouraging
commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations was formed
in 2011. In June 2012 the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power
of the International Monetary Fund. However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting
reforms. In March 2013 during the 5th BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the
member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended
to rival the western-dominated IMF. After the summit, the BRICS stated that they
planned to finalise the arrangements for this new Development Bank by 2014. The 4th
summit held on 9th Aapril 2012 in New Delhi of India. The 5th BRICS summit was held
in Durban of South Africa, on March 2013. Leaders had agreed to set up a new
International Development Banak. Prime Minister of India Mr.Narendra Modi
 participated in the 6th BRICS summit and decided with BRICS leaders to establish BRICS
development Bank at Shanghai in China.

IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-

1. What is International Relations and describe its importance.(June 2018)
Meaning of International Relations:- International relations is a dynamic
discipline which tries to explain political activities of the state boundaries. Its
transition is followed by developments in international system. According to Ola
Joseph “International Relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist
between members of separate entities or nations within the international system”.
Importance of International Relations:-
The importance of international relations:-
1) The study of international relation enables us to understand the basic policies and
principles which contribute to the international sphere.
2) It provides concrete solutions for international problems by means of dialogues,
bilateral, multilateral, mutual cooperation.
3) It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the
boundaries of states.
4) It avoids the war, military actions or alliances and international conflicts.
5) It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and
disarmament, world peace and progress.
6) It creates global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal
brotherhood.
2. Explain the concepts of International Relations.(March 2016)(March 2017)(J-19)
The concepts of International Relations:-
1) State Sovereignty:- It is the obligation of sovereign states to respect the
sovereignty of other states. No state can dictate others and all states are equal
in matters of status, dignity and honour.
2) National Power:- The concept of national power is the sum total of the
strength and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the advancement
of its national interests and the attainment of its national objectives. It
encompasses population, territory and military preparedness, national
character, economic and political power.
3) National Interest:- National Interest is the action of the state in relation to
other states. It refers to the aspirations of the state. The determinants of
national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of decision makers.
4) Power Blocs:- With the beginning of the cold war, two power blocs emerged
that is USA and USSR on the basis of ideological principles.
5) Polarity:- In International relations Polarities refers to the arrangement of
power within the international system.
6) Balance of power:- The concept of balance of power refers to relative power
position of states as actors in international relations, with its emphasis on the
cultivation of power and the utilisation of power for resolving the problem.
3. Describe the structure and functions of the UN. (March 2015)
 The United Nations came into existence on 24th October 1945. It has been entrusted
with heavy responsibilities for the maintenance of international peace and security.
The UN Charter was signed by 51 countries including India. The UN Charter consists
of 19 Chapters, 111 Articles and its headquarters is situated in New York. There are
six official languages called Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.
The present members of UNO are 193. Membership of the UNO is open to all
peace loving countries which accept the principles of UNO. The Charter provides for
six organs. They are:-
1) General Assembly:- The General Assembly is the main organ of the UN and composed
of all the members. It performs deliberative, supervisory, financial elective and
constituent functions through its several committees.
2) Security Council:- The Security Council is described as the Executive body. It is the
most powerful organ of the UNO. Its main responsibility is to maintain world peace
and security. It consists of 15 members. 5 of them are permanent members while 10
are non-permanent members.
3) The International Court of Justice:- It is the judicial organ of the UN. It was set up to
settle the International disputes. Its headquarters is in The Hague. It consists of 15
judges elected by the General Assembly and Security Council.
4) The Secretariat:- The Secretariat was established to carry on the administrative
functions of the UN. It consists of international staff headed by the Secretary General
who controls and directs the UN Secretariat.
5) The Economic and Social Council:- The objective of the UN is to achieve cooperation
in solving international issues of economic, social, cultural and humanitarian
character.
6) Trusteeship Council:- Trusteeship Council was set up to handle and administer ‘Trust
Territories’. But this council was now suspended.
The main responsibilities of the UNO is to maintain international peace and security.
It develop friendly relations among the nations. It cooperate in promoting respect for human
rights.
4. Describe the origin and development of International Organisations. (TBQ)
Meaning:- International Organisations are increasingly significant for international
policy-making and the process of the globalisation. It is basically a reflection of the
distribution of power in the world. International Organisations are established by
formal political agreements between the nations. It is based on common purpose
and do not have territorial limitations. They have the status of international treaties
and their existence is recognised by law.
Definitions:- According to Potter “International Organisation means the aggregate of
procedures and organs for expressing the unification of nations.
According to Michael Wallace and David Singer “An International Organisation must
consist of at least two qualified members of the international system and created by
a formal instrument of agreement between the governments of nation states.
Growth of International Organisation:- Modern age is the age of international co-
operation. No state can live in isolation. To ensure systematic relations between
 various states, agencies and methods of international cooperation these organisations
have emerged. The origin of the international organisation can be traced back to
ancient Greece, where the Amphitryonic League was established in the early 6th
century BC with a view to regulate the interstate relations to avoid war and to
promote unity among nations. The next important milestone in the development of
international organisation is the Treaty of Westphalia (11648), the peace of Utrecht
(1713), the Congress of Vienna (1815), the Hague conference (1907) played a major
role in the creation of international organisation. Later on, the important agencies
and unions like European Commission (1856), Universal Postal Union (18175),
International Office of Health (1903), International Institute of Agriculture (1905) and
others were established. The notable international organisation, the League of
Nations was established after the First World War on 10th January 1920. Then the
United Nations Organisation was formed in 24th October 1945 to promote
international peace and order and to avoid the wars.

5. Explain the meaning, definition and development of Regional Organisations.(TBQ)

Regionalism is a common sense of identity and purpose. It is combined with the
creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and
shape collective action within the region. The term regionalism is a flexible one to a
particular region in world arena, Ex: The Atlantic region, The Baltic region, The Middle
East region,
Meaning:- The South East and the South Asian region. It is formal association of
sovereign states of particular region.
Definition:- According Joseph Nye “Regionalism is as an organisation of the inter-state
associations or groupings on the basis of regions”.
According to Bhoutros Bhoutros Ghali, regionalism as an organisation of a permanent
character, grouping in a geographically determined region of more than two states.
Growth of Regional Organisations:- The end of cold war paved the way for regional
organisation on the basis of regionalism. The UN charter stressed the role of regional
organisations to maintain the international peace and security. These organisations
represent groups of states sharing geographical, political, economic and socio-cultural
interests. Ex: The Arab League in 1945, The European Economic Community in n 1958,
The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1960, The Organisation of
African Union in 1963. The European Union provided the economic model for other
regional organisations such as the Association of South East Asian Nations in 19169
and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation in 1985.

6. Write about the role and areas of cooperation of India and UN. (TBQ)
Independent India viewed its membership of the United Nations a guarantee
for maintaining international peace and security. The UN membership has also served
as an opportunity for leadership in world affairs. India stood at the forefront during
the UN’s tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism, apartheid, global
disarmament and creation of more equitable international economic order. India is
undertaking sincere steps to find ways to adopt these challenges. An integral part of
 such efforts is collective action and adoption of multilateral approaches in resolving
transnational issues under the auspices of the United Nations. Since 1954, India took
a leading part in securing political sanctions against the racialist regime of South
Africa. In 1965, it supported the UN sponsored economic boycott of Rhodesia
(Ethiopia). It have full support to the Angolan liberation movement and to the cause
of independence of Namibia.
The contribution of India in UNPKF:-

India is committed to assist the UN by providing military troops for the maintenance
of international peace and security. India has deputed more than one lakh troops to
participate in plenty of Peace Keeping Missions since 1950. Ex: Korea (1950), Middle
East (1956-67), Congo (1960-64), Somalia 91993-94), Afghanistan (1993), Haiti (1993),
Angola (1989-1999), Ethiopia-Eritrea (2006-08), Lebanon 91998), Ivory Coasta
(UNOCI) (2004), South Sudan (2013-14).
The high standards of performance maintained consistently by the Indian troops and
policemen deployed on UN Missions under challenging circumstances have won them
high regard worldwide.
Environment:-
India is among the top 12 mega centres of the world in terms of its genetic diversity.
It has a wide range of geo-climatic conditions and a rich and varied flora and fauna, a
long standing tradition of environment sensibility and concern. It is committed to a
global partnership that simultaneously seeks to protect the environment while
addressing requirements and aspirations of the developing countries. It has
consistently played an important role in the evolution of an international consensus
to tackle major global environmental issues.
Human Rights:-
The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights on 10th December 1948. It was proclaimed as a common standard of
achievement for all people of all nations. India is a signatory to the six core human
rights covenants and also the two Optional Protocols to the Convention of the Rights
of the Child. The NHRC established in India in 1993, serves as an autonomous body
for the protection of Human Rights in the country. It creates awareness of the rights
guaranteed by the Constitution.

7. Write about the origin and areas of cooperation of SAARC.(June 2017)(March 2018)
Establishment of SAARC:-India plays a significant role in the establishment of SAARC.
It always trying to promote the South East Asian countries equivalent to the developed
countries in the world. In this behalf India contributed to form a regional organisation
at the sub- continent zone. To achieve this goal, the first meeting of Foreign Minister
in New Delhi held on 1st and 2nd of August, 1983. The then Prime Minister of India
Mrs. Indira Gandhi n described South Asia as troubled region and said “I am glad we
are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic cooperation
will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia”.
Finally, the first summit meeting of the Heads of Government of South Asian countries
 was held at Dhaka on 7th 8th of December 1985. In this summit the Prime Minister of
India opined for economic development in the sub-continent zone. The second SAARC
summit was held at Bangalore in 1986.
Area of Co-operation of SAARC:-In the rapidly changing global environment, regional
integration in South Asia has assumed a new strategic significance. It is the
responsibility of the SAARC to inculcate an environment of trust among its partners.
Following are the area of co-operation.
1) SAARC Regional Centres:- There are nine SAARC Regional Centres located in
various member countries. India is supporting for all the regional level
cooperation within the region. It has two regional centres, they are: a) SAARC
Documentation Centre in New Delhi b) SAARC Disaster Management Centre in
New Delhi.
2) SAARC Development Fund:- The primary objectives of the SDF is to promote
the welfare of the people of SAARC region, to improve the quality of life and
to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty alleviation in the
SAARC region.
3) Economic Cooperation:- The Agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading
Arrangement was signed in 1993 and four rounds of trade negotiations have
been concluded. With the objective of moving towards a South Asian
Economic Union, the Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area was signed in
January 2004.
4) People -to-People Contacts:- In order to achieve a people-to-people contacts,
a number of initiatives have been taken under the apex bodies of the SAARC.
For strengthening cooperation in information and media related activities of
the association, the heads of national television and radio organisations of
member countries meet annually.
5) Educational Cooperation:- At the 13th SAARC summit held in November 2005
in Dhaka, India proposed to create a Centre of Excellence in the form of a South
Asian University which can provide world class facilities and professional
faculty to students and researchers drawn from each country of the region.
The South Asian University is established in India.
6) Terrorism:- The Heads of State during summit meetings underscored the
importance of controlling terrorism in the region, calling on deepened
cooperation and improvements on implementing the SAARC regional
convention on suppression of terrorism .

8. Explain India-ASEAN areas of cooperation in detail.(June 2016)(March 2019)

The India-ASEAN areas of co-operation:-
1) Functional co-operation:- ASEAN was seen by India as a rapidly growing region
with enormous potential. It could become a major source of capital, relevant
technology, market and a partner in areas of respective core competencies
and the other areas of knowledge from India.
2) Economic Co-operation:- On the economic front, volume of trade and
investment flows between ASEAN and India has been increasing at a healthy
 pace, but remains relatively low compared to other dialogue partners of
ASEAN. It happens to be India’s fourth largest trading partner after the EU, the
US and China.
3) Peace and Security Co-operation:- In the political sphere, India has been
actively participating in various consultative meetings under dialogue and
cooperation frameworks initiated by ASEAN, such as the ASEAN Regional
Forum, AEAN Defence Ministers Meeting and expanded ASEAN Maritime
Forum.
4) Tourism Sector:- The 4th AEAN-India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in
Vietnam in January 2013, where a Protocol to amend the MOU on
strengthening tourism cooperation between ASEAN and India was signed and
the ASEAN-India tourism website was launched. ASEAN and India are also
working on enhancing private sector engagement.
5) Summit Level Co-operation:- At the third ASEAN-India summit in Vietnam in
November 2004, ASEAN and India signed partnership for peace, progress and
shared prosperity.
The 6th summit level meeting held in November 2007. India announced setting up
of an India-ASEAN green fund with an initial contribution of US $ 5 million to
support activities relating to climate change.
At the 7th ASEAN-India summit held in October 2009, India announced a
contribution of USD 50 million to ASEAN-India cooperation fund.
The 11th ASEAN-India summit in October 2013, attended by Heads of Government
of the member states welcomed India’s ‘Look East’ policy.

9. Write about the origin and development of BRICS.(WSP-3) (March 2020)

BRICS is an association of five major emerging economies viz., Brazil, Russia,
India, China and South Africa. The BRICS members are either developing or newly
industrialised are distinguished by their large, fast growing economies and significant
influence on regional and global affairs.
The leaders of these countries held the first summit in St. Petersburg on 17th
July 2006. The Foreign Ministers met in New York in September 2006 beginning a
series of high level meetings. Foreign Ministers who had talks in October 2007 decided
to formalise collaboration in a number of areas and to appoint their supervisors. They
signed for agricultural development, the prevention of natural calamities and
elimination of their aftermath and promotion of healthcare. Cooperative efforts are
supervised by China, Russia and India respectively. Various events are organised in
these fields.
The BRICS Forum, an independent international organisation encouraging
commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations was formed
in 2011. In June 2012 the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power
of the International Monetary Fund. However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting
reforms. In March 2013 during the 5th BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the
member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended
to rival the western-dominated IMF. After the summit, the BRICS stated that they
 planned to finalise the arrangements for this new Development Bank by 2014. The 4th
summit held on 9th Aapril 2012 in New Delhi of India. The 5th BRICS summit was held
in Durban of South Africa, on March 2013. Leaders had agreed to set up a new
International Development Banak. Prime Minister of India Mr.Narendra Modi
participated in the 6th BRICS summit and decided with BRICS leaders to establish BRICS
development Bank at Shanghai in China.

UNIT – 9
INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY

1. Introduction, Meaning and Importance

2. Basic Principles of India’s Foreign Policy
3. India’s Relation with USA, Russia, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. India’s foreign policy is based on peace and non-violence.
2. The roots of Indian foreign policy are found in the ancient period, particularly in the
Buddhist literature and Kautilya’s Arthashastra.
3. The Indian National Congress along with the freedom struggle movement passed the
resolutions against British aggression in its sessions.
4. Article 51 of the Constitution of India provides foreign policy to promote international
peace and security among then world countries.
5. The foreign policy of India emphasised moral values, national interest and economic
progress.
6. The foreign policy of India promotes the democratic values called equality, liberty,
fraternity and human rights.
7. The world was divided into two military blocs after II world war, but India decided to
follow non aligned policy.
8. India urges to settle all types of disputes among the member countries in accordance
with the basic principles of UN Charter.
9. India and USA expressed a new confidence in their relations on nuclear separation
deal in 2006.
10. India and Russia are the tradition, trustful and friendly countries.
11. The Panchsheel Agreement was signed between India and China in 1954 but still there
is a lack of good relationship among them.
12. Kashmir issue is the big problem between India and Pakistan for their relationship.
13. India’s contribution for the liberation of Bangladesh is noteworthy.
14. India’s role in resolving Lankan ethnic problems is tremendous.
I. One mark questions and answers:
1. Who is the architect of India’s Foreign Policy?(March 2020)(June 2020)
Pandith Jawaharlal Nehru.
2. Which Article of the Indian Constitution states about the India’s Foreign Policy?(TBQ)
Article 51 of the Indian Constitution.
3. Expand NAM. (March 2015)(March 2016)(March 2019)
Non Alignment Movement.
4. How many member countries are there in NAM at present? (TBQ)
128 countries.
5. What is Apartheid?(WSP-2 & 3)(June 2016)(June2019)
Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour and gender is called
Apartheid.
6. Expand CHOGM. (TBQ)
Common Wealth Heads of Government Meeting.
7. Who is the head of CHOGM?(TBQ)
British Queen is the head of CHOGM.
8. When India conducted the 1st Nuclear Test? (TBQ)
India conducted the 1st Nuclear Test in 1974.
9. Expand NPT. (TBQ)
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
10. Expand CTBT. (TBQ)
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
11. Who won the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace in 2013? (TBQ)
German Chancellor Angela Merket.
12. Expand LAC. (TBQ)
Line of Actual Control.
13. Expand LOC. (TBQ)
14. When was Pakistan born?(TBQ)
15. When Bangladesh was born? (TBQ)
16. Who was called as Bangabandhu? (March 2017) (June 2017)
17. Expand IPKF. (TBQ)
Indian Peace Keeping Force.
18. Expand LTTE. (TBQ)
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
II. Two marks questions and answers:-
1. What is Foreign Policy? (June 2020)
Maintenance of relations with other countries and participation in international
political and economic affairs is called Foreign Policy.
2. Write any two roots of India’s Foreign Policy. (TBQ)
Peace and non-violence are the two roots of India’s Foreign Policy.
3. Name any two leaders who contributed for Indian Foreign Policy.(TBQ)
1) Jawaharlal Nehru 2) Atal Bihari Vayapeyee.
4. Name any two founders of NAM. (March 2017)
Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt are the two founders of
NAM.
5. When and where did the 1st NAM summit held?(June 2016)(June2017)
The 1st NAM summit was held at Belgrade of Yugoslavia in 1961.
6. Write any two principles of Panchasheel.(March 2016)(March 2017)
1) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
2) Mutual non-aggression.
7. Write the two code names of nuclear test conducted by India. (TBQ)
1) 1974 Nuclear Test (Smiling Buddha)
2) 1998 Nuclear Test (Sakti-1 & Shakti-2)
8. Name any two military alliances.(March 2015)(March 2016)(June 2016)
1) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
2) WARSAW Pact.
9. Name any two countries of NSG. (TBQ)
1) Russia 2) Japan.
10. What is ‘Perestroika’ and ‘Glasnost’?(WSP-3)(June 2018)
Perestroika means economic rehabilitation and Glasnost means openness in
administration.
11. Who have signed Panchasheel?(June 2016)(March 2017)
Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Zhou-Enlai of China signed Panchasheel.
12. Who have signed Tashkent Agreement?(WSP-1)(June 2015)(June 2017)
Lal Bahadur Shastri of India and Ayub Khan of Pakistan signed Tashkent Agreement.
13. Who were the signatories of Simla Agreement?(March 2015)(March 2016)
Indira Gandhi of India and Z.A. Bhutto of Pakistan are the signatories of Simla.
14. Write any two causes for the liberation of Bangladesh. (March 2015)
1) Neglecting the interests of the people of East Pakistan by West Pakistan.
2) Denied Mr: Mujjibur Rehman to become as prime Minister of Pakistana.
15. Name any two militant groups of Sri Lanka.(March 2018) (June 2020)
1) Tamil United Liberation Front
2) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
16. Mention any two groups of Tamil population in Sri Lanka. (June 2017)
III. Five marks marks questions and answers:-
1. Explain the stages of the formation of the India’s Foreign Policy.(TBQ)
Ancient Stage:- The roots of Indian foreign policy are found in the ancient period,
particularly in the Buddhist literature and Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Kautilya explains
‘Mitra’ or ‘Ally’ in Sapthanga theory, which represents the foreign policy and external
sovereignty of a state. His ‘Mandala’ doctrine deals with the idea of ‘Balance of power’
among the countries.
Pre-Independence Stage:- The Indian National Congress was formed to fight against
British imperialism. In 1892, INC criticised the British military activities within the
national territory of India and opposed the use of India as sits base for the launching
attacks on Tibet, Afghanistan and other countries in 19104. INC declared its support
to the Irish freedom struggle and evolved its own international perspective and policy
by establishing Foreign Affairs Department under the leadership of M.K. Gandhi,
Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, V.K.Krishnamenon, Dr: Ramamanohar Lohia.
Jawaharlal Nehru was its Chief Spokesperson. Thus the Indian foreign policy was given
a concrete shape.
 Post-Independence Stage:- After independence, the ideals sof foreign policy are
incorporated in Article 51 of the Constitution of India. It states, “to endeavour to
promote international peace and security, to maintain just and honourable relations
between the nations to foster respect for international law and treaty obligation and
to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitrations”.
2. Explain the importance of Indian Foreign Policy.(March 2015)(June 2016)(J-2020)
The importance of Indian foreign policy is as follows:
1) External sovereignty:- The foreign policy of a nation represents its external
sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the
emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereign nation in the
world.
2) Protection of National interest:- India’s foreign policy is born out of a country’s
principles, interests and objectives. It emphasises the glory of Indian freedom
struggle and patriotism.
3) Peace and non-violence:- An important facet of India’s foreign policy is the
concern for Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence.
4) Economic Development:- India’s foreign policy comprises of economic
development and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country.
5) Democratic ideals:- India supports the Human Rights as a basic condition for a
democratic world and for egalitarian world. This is to build a world free from in
equality.
3. Explain the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.(March 2016)(M-2017)(M-2019)
The basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy are as follows:-
1) Non-Alignment:- The basic principles of Indian foreign policy is Non-alignment.
After the II world war, the world was divided into two military blocs, one led by
USA and another by USSR. Many countries of the world became the allies of these
two military blocs. But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. This policy
is called Non-alignment.
2) Opposition to Imperialism and Colonialism:- As a colony of the British over 200
years, India firmly stood in opposition to any form of imperialism and colonialism.
India played a major role in liberating the newly independent countries of Asia and
Africa from colonial shackles.
3) Faith in the UN:- As a founding member of UN, India has played a major role in
achieving world peace. Indian foreign policy supports and regards UN a an agency
for world peace.
4) Anti-apartheid and racial discrimination:- India has stood by the principle of racial
equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour
and sex. India opposed and rejected the doctrine of white supremacy, it has been
the most outspoken critic of racism.
5) Panchsheel:- Panchsheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian
foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-en-Lai on 29th April, 1954. They are:
a) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
 b) Mutual non-aggression.
c) Mutual non interference in each other’s internal affairs.
d) Equality and mutual benefits.
e) Peaceful co-existence.
6) Tie with the Commonwealth:- India decided to remain within the Commonwealth
of Nations. It had many economic ties with UK and other member countries of
Commonwealth Association.
7) Disarmament:- Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the post cold war period
is disarmament and arms race in the world. India argues that arms race is at the
expense of human development. It depletes the economic progress.
8) Sympathy towards divided countries:- Partition of India and Pakistan due to
divide and rule policy of British in 1947, resulted in terrible communal riots,
enormous suffering of people who moved out of their homes and had to begin
their life again as refugees. Because of the bitter experience of this incident, India
is sympathetic towards divided countries of the world.
9) Affinity towards Afro-Asian countries:- Though India has the relations with all
countries of the world, it has special affinity towards the countries in Asia and
Africa which are very near and following the principles followed by it.
4. Against cold war:- Cold war began with the formation of two power blocs at the end
of II World war. Rivalry between US and USSR resulted in the emergence of military
alliances. Thus India is always opposing cold war.
5. Write a note on the Non-alignment policy of India.(June 2017)(June 2018)
The basic principles of Indian foreign policy are Non-Alignment. After the II World
War, the world was divided into two military blocs, one led by USA and another by
USSR. Many countries of the world became the allies of these two military blocs. But
India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. India was the first country to speak
of non alignment and major contributor to the emergence of Non-Align Movement.
Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India, Gen.Sukarno, President of Indonesia, Josif
Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia, Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana and
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Leader of Egypt were the founders of this movement. The first
Summit of NAM which was held at Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961 with 25 member
countries. At present it has 128 members.
6. Write about Panchasheel.(June 2015)(March 2018)(June 2020)
Panchasheel agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and
Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-en-Lai on April, 29th 1954, sought to govern the
relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.
a) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
b) Mutual non-aggression.
c) Mutual non interference in each other’s internal affairs.
d) Equality and mutual benefits.
e) Peaceful co-existence.
7. Explain the Disarmament deal of India. (WSP-3)
Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the post cold war period is disarmament and
arms race in the world. As a leader of NAM, India established beyond doubt that arms
 race is at the expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunitions
depletes and distorts economic progress, programmes for removal of poverty,
eradication of diseases, spread of education and easy availability of basic needs. India
is not a signatory to the NPT, CTBT and other nuclear or war treaties. The ultimate
goal of India is comprehensive and complete disarmament of all forms of nuclear,
chemical and conventional weapons. India established Indira Gandhi Prize for peace,
Disarmament and Development to recognise the persons who work for the promotion
of disarmament and peace in the world.
8. Describe the similarities in Indo-USSR relations. (March 2016)
The Indo-USSR relations are as follows:-
1) India and USSR considered the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as
most crucial for the future of the human race.
2) Both believed in national freedom and social equality as pre-requisite of a just
world order.
3) Support to liberation movements across the world recognised by both countries.
4) Both countries opposed all forms of colonialism, imperialism, racial discrimination.
9. Write about disintegration of USSR and Bilateral relations in Indo-Russian relations.
Disintegration of USSR:-In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of USSR introduced
economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’(restructuring) and
‘Glasnost’(Openness). That stopped the arms race with US, withdrew Soviet troops
from Afghanistan, helped the unification of Germany, ended the cold war. Other
weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union in 1991. India recognised all of them as
sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined
together to form new association with Russia called CIS.
Bilateral Relations in Indo-Russian Relation:-
The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of erstwhile Soviet Union
hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable
democratic system assuring rights and equality to all its citizens, self-reliant industrial
and economic base and its genuine concern for vital global issues It continues its
support to India to become permanent member in UN Security Council. India and
Russia both have multi-faceted relationship involving strategic and high level co-
operation. The process of bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to
bilateral relations. Indo-Russia cooperation has continued to move stronger on the
basis of mutual interest, faith, friendship and past relations.
10. What is the nature of Sino-Indian problems?
In 1957, there was a shift in China’s ideological perspective. They stiffened stand
towards several countries including India. Chinese border incursion in the North
Eastern Frontier Agency i.e., Arunachal Pradesh, claims to 50,000 square miles of India
territory in NEFA and in the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh in the North West in 1959
severed Indo-China relationship. Nehru had drawn the attention of the visiting
Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai in this regard, China refused to accept the Mc
Mahon Line as Sino-Indian border. Tibet cast a shadow on Indo-Chinese relations after
the Tibetan revolt in March 1959, Dalai Lama and Tibetan refugees were provided
asylum in India. China reacted sharply against India’s decision and showed their anger
 by levelling false charges against India. The misgivings and distrust finally resulted in
the Sino-Indian war of 1062. It not only changed the Sino-Indian relationship but also
India’s outlook on defence and strategic problems. This helped to repel Pakistan
incursions in 1965 and defeat the Pakistani army in 1971 Bangladesh crisis. The US-
China-Pak remained a major threat to Indian security in 70’s and the early 80s.
11. Explain the Kashmir issue in Indi-Pakistan relations.(March 2015)(March 2017)
In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the Republic of India and to
Pakistan, it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that,
since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of
population are Muslims, Kashmir should be part of Pakistan. During the time of
partition, besides many obstacles, Kashmiris formally decided to join India after the
invasion of its territory by Pakistani tribals supported by the members of Pakistan
Army. After the war between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 respectively, both
the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes. But
the issue of Kashmir is still burning and alive between India and Pakistan.
12. Explain the role of India in the liberation of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh emerged as a sovereign state in 1971 with the support of India. During
India’s independence from the British colonialism in 1947, the erstwhile province of
Bengal was divided as part of the partition plan. East Bengal became East Pakistan
and West Punjab, Sind and the Baluchistan were constituted as West Pakistan. Since
the first general election of 1952 East Pakistan had demanded autonomy. Awami
League leader Sheikh Mujib Ur Rehman was the front runner. He n won a landslide
victory in the democratic general election held in Pakistan in 19170. This had raised
high expectations in the Bengalis about the prospects of their leader becoming the
prime Minister. But this was disallowed by Pakistan people’s Party leader Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto’s West Pakistan and the Chief Marshal Law Administrator General Yahya Khan.
These undemocratic acts lead to massive protest and demonstration in East Pakistan,
harsh and crack down by army. Millions of refugees fled to India to Tripura and West
Bengal. The continuous flow of refugees to India caused an uneasy law and order
situation, uprooting the Indian economy, social peace and demographic composition.
This also resulted in communal clashes in Tripura. India had to intervene to help the
refugees to go back to their homeland. India supported the Bangladesh liberation
movement. Bangladesh emerged as a sovereign state in 1971.
13. Explain the early relations between India and Sri Lanka.
Indo-Sri Lankan relation spans over a period of four thousand years. There are two
major ethnic groups, the Sinhalese and Tamils who trace their origin to India. Both
countries share a historical bond. People of both countries joined together in struggle
for freedom from British colonial rule and for a new democratic national identity.
Political ties and relations during freedom movement forged new links between them.
The significance of India’s interest in Sri Lanka after independence was to promote a
policy of ‘good neighbourhood’.
14. What are the causes of disputes between India and Sri Lanka? (March 2020)
The causes of disputes between India and Sri Lanka:-From the mid-1950s to early
1980s, there was hardly any dispute between the two countries on the matters of
 security and sovereignty. There had been negotiated settlement of bilateral issues
e.g. the question of jurisdiction over Kachathivu Island in the middle of the Palk
Straits. One of the main disputes between India and Sri Lanka has been regarding
the political status of Tamil people of Indian origin taken to Sri Lanka by the British as
plantation labourers.
The long-standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri-
Lanka as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. The
majority of Simhalese demanded Tamils should return to India, they deny the
citizenship to Tamils by enacting the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948. This was
disentailed them franchise and other rights. Agreements between India and Sri Lanka
was in vain. These are the main causes for disputes between India and Sri Lanka.
15. Explain the role of India in resolving Lankan ethnic problems.(June 2016)
Indo-sri Lankan relation spans over a period of four thousand years. There are two
major ethnic groups in Sri Lanka called Sinhalese and Tamils who trace their origin to
India. One of the main disputes between India and Sri Lanka has been regarding the
political status of Tamil people of Indian origin. Sri Lanka deny the citizenship to
Tamilians. So to get political rights, Tamil extremist group called LTTE formed which
led to violence for their demand. It arose the fear in large number of non-combatant
Tamil population. In this tense atmosphere, Rajiv Gandhi-Jayawardene Agreement
was signed in 1988 to solve the problem bilaterally. The Agreement provided for an
Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender process of Tamil militants. The
IPKF tries to combat the extremist activities in Sri Lanka and finally India agreed to
withdraw the IPKF. India had shown its good neighbouring approach to minimise the
sri Lankan ethnic problems as far as possible.

IV. Ten marks questions and answers:-

1. Describe the meaning and importance of Indian Foreign Policy. (TBQ)
Meaning:- The policy which has been followed by India with the other sovereign
countries is known as foreign policy.
The importance of Indian foreign policy is as follows:
1) External sovereignty:- The foreign policy of a nation represents its external
sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the
emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereign nation in the
world.
2) Protection of National interest:- India’s foreign policy is born out of a country’s
principles, interests and objectives. It emphasises the glory of Indian freedom
struggle and patriotism.
3) Peace and non-violence:- An important facet of India’s foreign policy is the
concern for Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence.
4) Economic Development:- India’s foreign policy comprises of economic
development and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the
country.
 5) Democratic ideals:- India supports the Human Rights as a basic condition for a
democratic world and for egalitarian world. This is to build a world free from in
equality.
2. Explain the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy. (March 2020)
The basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy are as follows:-
1) Non-Alignment:- The basic principles of Indian foreign policy is Non-alignment.
After the II world war, the world was divided into two military blocs, one led by
USA and another by USSR. Many countries of the world became the allies of these
two military blocs. But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. This policy
is called Non-alignment.
2) Opposition to Imperialism and Colonialism:- As a colony of the British over 200
years, India firmly stood in opposition to any form of imperialism and colonialism.
India played a major role in liberating the newly independent countries of Asia and
Africa from colonial shackles.
3) Faith in the UN:- As a founding member of UN, India has played a major role in
achieving world peace. Indian foreign policy supports and regards UN a an agency
for world peace.
4) Anti-apartheid and racial discrimination:- India has stood by the principle of racial
equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour
and sex. India opposed and rejected the doctrine of white supremacy, it has been
the most outspoken critic of racism.
5) Panchsheel:- Panchsheel continues to be another fundamental principle of Indian
foreign policy. An agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-en-Lai on 29th April, 1954. They are:
f) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
g) Mutual non-aggression.
h) Mutual non interference in each other’s internal affairs.
i) Equality and mutual benefits.
j) Peaceful co-existence.
6) Tie with the Commonwealth:- India decided to remain within the Commonwealth
of Nations. It had many economic ties with UK and other member countries of
Commonwealth Association.
7) Disarmament:- Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the post cold war period
is disarmament and arms race in the world. India argues that arms race is at the
expense of human development. It depletes the economic progress.
8) Sympathy towards divided countries:- Partition of India and Pakistan due to
divide and rule policy of British in 1947, resulted in terrible communal riots,
enormous suffering of people who moved out of their homes and had to begin
their life again as refugees. Because of the bitter experience of this incident, India
is sympathetic towards divided countries of the world.
9) Affinity towards Afro-Asian countries:- Though India has the relations with all
countries of the world, it has special affinity towards the countries in Asia and
Africa which are very near and following the principles followed by it.
 10) Against cold war:- Cold war began with the formation of two power blocs at the
end of II World war. Rivalry between US and USSR resulted in the emergence of
military alliances. Thus India is always opposing cold war.
3. Explain the Indo-US relations. (June 2015)
India’s relation with USA is as old as the history of British imperialism in the
world. India’s freedom movement had drawn much inspiration from the colonial
history of US. Both nations have a common faith in democratic institutions and way
of life and are dedicated to the cause of peace and freedom.
Economic Relations:- After Indian independence, the US extended its economic aid
under Truman’s Four Point Program of 1950, consisting of American technical skills,
knowledge and investment capital. It provided wheat loan to India to manage the
famine in some parts of the country in 1951. The major aid has been in the shape of
surplus commodity assistance provided under Public Law 480 in 1956 that was
repayable in rupees.
Military Relations:- India keeping away from the military alliances made by USA, its
principled support to the liberation movements and crusade against apartheid,
racism. As its global strategy to curb the communism, US responded positively with
military assistance to India in 1962 Indo-China war. The US has military base in the
Indian ocean.
Indo-US Nuclear deal:- Both countries expressed a new confidence in their relations
on nuclear separation deal in 2006. The US agreed to the proposed Indian plan for
nuclear separation. India got the assurance of an uninterrupted supply of uranium
and access to advanced nuclear technology to meet the energy needs of India.
The nuclear separation was to be accomplished by India in phased manner and
completed by 2014.
Socio-Cultural Relations:- India and US have close socio-cultural relations. Ex. Ford
Foundation grants aid for scientific, technical, educational and cultural activities.
There is cooperation in the field of cultural exchange, scientific and educational
interaction, a large number of people of Indian origin living in the US hold potential of
a greater cooperation. Thousands of Indian scholars acquired their advanced
knowledge from the education institutions of US.
4. Describe the Indo-Soviet relations (June 2019)
Russia is the world’s largest country extending half way round the globe. It immensely
for the development of industries and technology in India. The defence ties between
the two countries helped India in building a credible defence structure. Its steadfast
diplomatic support in the UN, on the Kashmir and Goa issues is commendable. The
use of Veto power in the Security Council to support India in n19171 war with Pakistan
was crucial. The two countries forged a long time Treaty of friendship for 20 years.
Indo-Soviet Relation:-
The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of erstwhile Soviet Union hold India
in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system
assuring rights and equality to all its citizens, self-reliant industrial and economic base
and its genuine concern for vital global issues It continues its support to India to
become permanent member in UN Security Council. India and Russia both have multi-
 faceted relationship involving strategic and high level co-operation. The process of
bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo-Russia
cooperation has continued to move stronger on the basis of mutual interest, faith,
friendship and past relations.
The Indo-USSR relations are as follows:-
1) India and USSR considered the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as
most crucial for the future of the human race.
2) Both believed in national freedom and social equality as pre-requisite of a just
world order.
3) Support to liberation movements across the world recognised by both countries.
4) Both countries opposed all forms of colonialism, imperialism, racial discrimination.
5. Explain the Sino-Indian relations. (TBQ)
China is the third largest in the world occupying almost 1/4th of Asian land mass and it
has borders with 14 countries. India’s relation with Peoples’ Republic of China, which
is also called as Sino-Indian relation is more than 2000 years old, but modern
relationship began from 1950. Both countries are most populous and fastest growing
major economies of the world. India has close contacts during the Korea war and
refused to branch China as an aggressor, for its entry in support of North Korea. It
played a positive role in the UN and supported in its right to occupy the permanent
membership in Security Council. India and China signed an agreement regarding Tibet,
in which India gave up its extra territorial rights in Tibet and recognised the Chinese
suzerainty over Tibet. Both countries accepted doctrine of Panchasheel which was
signed in 1954. India played a leading role in the Genevaa Conference on Korea peace
supporting the Chinese position. India was the main proponent of China’s
participation in the first Afro-Asian Conference held at Bandung in 1955. Hindi-Chini
Bhai-Bhai was the slogan of Sino-Indian Honeymoon period. Indo-Chinese relations
remained normal and cordial.
Bilateral Relations between India and China:- Sino-Indian relations were re-
established by the diplomacy of ambassadors after 1980. Since 1981 new efforts were
initiated to normalise bilateral relations by defusing the border disputes and
concentrating on other areas of mutual interest like commerce and trade. In order to
build a trust and confidence in the new framework, the visit of the President of India
to China in 1992 was symbolically a big gesture of goodwill. The China cooperated
with India by sending their President and Premier with high dignitaries to India to solve
the long standing boundary question bilaterally.
Both nations designated 2014 as a year of ‘Friendly Exchange’ between India and
China and to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the ‘Panchasheel’. The visit of
Prime Minister to China in 2015 is a significant step in the reformation of Indo-China
relations.
6. Explain the Indo-Pak relations. (TBQ)
India and Pakistan were part of British India before independence. It was partitioned
due to ‘divide and rule policy’ of British. Pakistan has close ethnic, cultural and
historical links with India. Common blood flows across the land. After various issues
between India and Pakistan, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated
 peaceful settlement of disputes in the Tashkent Declaration of January 1966. In the
Simla Agreement of 1972, both countries agreed to solve all disputes in a peaceful
manner and on a bilateral basis. In 1988 both countries signed the agreement not to
attack nuclear installation and facilities of each other.
There are indications that India and Pakistan are trying to overcome the past
and build a future of mutual trust and understanding as independent countries with
frequent visits of leaders of both countries to discuss several bilateral issues. As
members of SAARC both countries are trying for solutions to their problems mutually
and to establish peace I the South Asian region.
With the impact of recent visits of the leaders of both countries aimed at
preventing misunderstandings. Joint Business Forum of both countries decided to
augment for Indo-Pak economic relations by identifying opportunities, impediments
and prescribing solutions.
7. Describe the relationship between India and Bangladesh
The small densely populated country of Bangladesh has India in the west, north and
east i.e., it is surrounded on three sides by India. Indo-Bangladesh relations began on
a note of high level of cordiality, due to India’s sympathy and support to their struggle
for independence. In 19172 a 25 years of treaty of friendship, cooperation and peace
was signed, with the Indo-Bangladesh trade pact. In 1974 Indo-Bangladesh border
agreement was signed and the long standing Farakka Barrage dispute was amicably
settled. There had been considerable expansion of cooperation in socio-cultural and
economic field.
Bilateral Relations:- The formation of SAARC in 1985, led to new initiatives for better
Indo-Bangladesh bilateral relations. India agreed to transfer ‘Tin Bhiga’ corridor to
Bangladesh on lease basis in March 1992, they have also agreed to formulate a
comprehensive plan for sharing of the water resources. In 1996 December India and
Bangladesh signed the Farakka Treaty for sharing of the Ganga water.
Economic Relations:- The economic relations between two countries are
multifaceted. They embraced trade transaction, credit arrangements, joint ventures,
transaction facilities and transport development. The SAARC summits paved the way
for bilateral meetings and confidence building measures issues of sharing river water,
land boundary, maritime boundary. The visit of Indian Prime Minister to Bangladesh
in 2015 is a major step in the relations of both the countries.
8. Describe the relationship between India and Sri Lanka.
Indo-sri Lankan relation spans over a period of four thousand years. There are two
major ethnic groups in Sri Lanka called Sinhalese and Tamils who trace their origin to
India. Both countries share a historical bond. People of both countries joined together
in struggle for freedom from British colonial rule and for a new democratic national
identity. Political ties and relations during freedom movement forged new links
between them. The significance of India’s interest in Sri Lanka after independence
was to promote a policy of ‘good neighbourhood’.
One of the main disputes between India and Sri Lanka has been regarding the
political status of Tamil people of Indian origin. Sri Lanka deny the citizenship to
Tamilians. So to get political rights, Tamil extremist group called LTTE formed which
led to violence for their demand. It arose the fear in large number of non-combatant
Tamil population. In this tense atmosphere, Rajiv Gandhi-Jayawardene Agreement
was signed in 1988 to solve the problem bilaterally. The Agreement provided for an
Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender process of Tamil militants. The
IPKF tries to combat the extremist activities in Sri Lanka and finally India agreed to
withdraw the IPKF. India had shown its good neighbouring approach to minimise the
sri Lankan ethnic problems as far as possible.