THE SECRET OF

EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY
 THE SECRET OF

EGYPTIAN
CHRONOLOGY
HERBERT BRUCE HANNAY, ESQ.
OF THE INNER TEMPLE, BARRISTER-AT-LAW, ADVOCATE OF THE HIGH OURT
OF JUDICATURE, CALCUTTA, AND AUTHOR OF “EUROPEAN AND
OTHER RACE-ORIGINS," AND “ A GRAMMAR OF THE
TIBETAN LANGUAGE "

LONDON
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON AND CO., LTD-
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
Princeton Theological Seminary Library

https://archive.org/details/secretofegyptianOOhann
 DEDICATED
TO THE

MEMORY OF

MY MOTHER
 PREFACE

When, three weeks or a month ago, I first

plunged into the obscurities with which this

brochure is concerned, I had no conception of

the goal to which my researches eventually

led me. As I delved amid the various data

of knowledge which I found in the books,

and worried over difficulties that were con-

tinually cropping up, truth after truth revealed

itself to me, much to my surprise and delight.

At last I found myself gazing in amaze-

ment at the “ find ” of “ finds ” The Secret
of Ancient Egyptian Chronology !

Now, a secret is usually supposed to be

something that should be kept. This secret,

however, is one that I hasten to impart -to

viii Preface

others. It will come as a surprise to most

people, as indeed it did to myself : to none
more so, I expect, than to Egyptologists, even
the most eminent of them.

If I have overthrown their ancient reign,

I trust and believe that I have also shown

them a greater kingdom than the one which
they have lost.

To that brilliant advocate, charming

personality, and good friend to me —Mr.
Eardley Norton, of the Calcutta Bar — I owe
a deep debt of gratitude, for his great kind-

ness in seeing me through this little enterprise

in matters financial.

r
H. BRUCE HANNAY.

Bengal Club, Calcutta,

31si March ,
1916.
 CONTENTS
PAGES
Preface vii

PART I

The Ancient Egyptian Sothic Cycle and the Sed and

PIunti Hebs. Their nature as conceived and re-

presented by Egyptologists, and as conceived and

practically applied by the Ancient Egyptians

themselves 1-56

PART II

Ancient Egyptian conception of the Sothic Cycle and

the Hebs applied to our present data of knowled ge

regarding a few selected Periods

1. The 4th Dynasty 57-74

2. The 6th Dynasty 74-86

3. The 12th Dynasty . . 86-104

4 The 18th Dynasty . . 104-185
X Contents
)

PAGES
Addendum 136

Solar Time and the Sothic Year .... 138

Epilogue 141

APPENDIX
Table I 143-156

Table II 157-169

Table III 171-183

Table IV 185-228

Cyclical Clocks (Separate with each copy of booh).

 THE SECRET OF
EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY
PART 1

Two of the most important and interesting

Dynasties of Ancient Egypt, or Kliem, are
the 12th and the 18th.

In his History of Egypt, vol. i, p. 147,

Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie assigns the

12th Dynasty to about b.c. 2778-2565. In

his Short History of the Egyptian People, pp.

51, 252, Professor E. A. Wallis Budge places

it about b.c. 2400, and says that the total of

the years of the reigns of its 8 kings was

between 225 and 240 years.
Petrie assigns the 18th Dynasty to about
b.c. 1587-1328, basing his view on Mahler’s

calculation, by Sirius and the new moons, of

the reign of Thothmes III as being b.c.

b
2 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

1503-1449 (vol. ii, p. 29). Mahler’s results,

however, have since had to be slightly modified

in consequence of further investigation by
Lehmann and Eduard Meyer, who assigns

Tliothmes Ill’s 1st regnal year to b.c. 1501.

Budge assigns the same Dynasty to about

b.c. 1600-1400 (p. 252).

I have often, in a vague way, doubted the

soundness of these and other chronological

fixtures. It has always struck me that the

principles on which the Ancient Romi for

so many centuries constructed their system

of Chronology must have been those of a

marvellously exact science, the product of an

experience and a knowledge probably vastly

greater than and superior to those of which

we Moderns are so very proud. What chiefly

convinced me of this was the wonderful way

in —despite numerous and often mighty
which
gaps in the records — they seem to have been
in the habit, from generation to generation,
throughout a long antiquity, of regularly and
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 3

officially celebrating various kinds of Religious

Festivals, or Sed and Hunti Hebs. This

fact stares us in the face as we rummage

amidst their archives.
But there is another fact which also stares

us in the face, and that is that our Egyptolo-

gists, however eminent, have never given the

Ancient Egyptians credit for having been
able to construct their Chronology on the
principles just alluded to. It has always
been assumed that the science of the Egyptians
was vague and rudimentary —a sort of groping

after astronomical and geometrical truths

with which we complacently imagine we are

much better acquainted. That being the

mental attitude of our high authorities, they

have, of course, never dreamed of themselves

attempting to solve the problems of Nilotic

Chronology on principles of exact astronomical
and geometrical science.

The result, very naturally, has been that

their numerous methods — all different and all

4 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

unscientific, or only quasi-scientific —have pro-

duced divers rival re-constructions of the Past,

as they imagine it to have been, all equally

fantastic, and all mutually destructive.

For my own satisfaction, therefore, 1

determined to look into ancient Egyptian

History and Chronology more closely than

I had been looking into it before. The result,

to my own intense surprise and gratification,

is that I think I have found nothing less

important than the Triple Key which, and

which alone, unlocks the door of that Chamber
of Mystery which for so many centuries has

remained closed.
That Key is this

(1) A conception of the Sothic Cycle and

its Commencement wholly different from that

held by our leading Egyptologists.

(2) A recognition of the Sed and Hunti

Hebs, or Ordinary and Quadruple Religious
Festivals, as having been officially celebrated

on the completion of certain fixed periods

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 5

based on the Sotliic Cycle as thus conceived,

and different from the periods hitherto

imagined by the authorities.

(3) A recognition of the fact, hitherto

seemingly overlooked, that while the datum

regarding the Sothic Rising which occurred

in the 7th regnal year of Senwosri III of

the 12th Dynasty is based on the conception

of a Calendar progressing round a Fixed Clock,
the data listed in Petrie, vol. ii, p. 32, regard-

ing the Risings in the reigns of Amenhotep I,

Thothmes I, Hatshepsut, Thothmes II, and

Thothmes III, are given in terms of a Pro-

gressive Calendar represented as retrogressing.

Moreover, there are mistakes in some of the

dates mentioned in the list. For instance,
the Rising reported as having taken place on

the 9th Epiphi in the 9th regnal year of

Amenhotep I, should have been reported as

having occurred on the 7th Epiphi in the

7th regnal year of that monarch.

From the beginning of their existence as

6 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

a civilised community the Egyptians based

their Chronological System on the theory of a

Cycle, or Cycles, precisely meticulated on a

certain plan, and so conceived that any date

in their history, if correctly recorded, is, by
reference to that Cycle, capable of being un-

erringly traced back to that Prime Date, or

point in Time, which is now known as Annus
Mundi 0, or b.c. 3996, and which corresponded
with the Original Autumnal Equinox, i.e.

our 22nd-23rd September. This was really

the 4th Day of the Natural Year, the 1st

Day having been 0-1, i.e. our 19th-20th

September.
Hence, the original New Year’s Day —called
1st Thoth —was at the Autumnal Equinox,
the 4th Natural day, a day to which every

celestial body pays annual homage.

Much of this was long ago brilliantly

though rather erratically expounded by Mr.

J. B. Dimbleby. Unfortunately what he wrote

was often badly arranged, and suffered from

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 7

a running commentary of remarks that were

hardly necessary to the subject in hand.
Still more unfortunately he had peculiar views
in other respects, and so the scientific aspects

of his really invaluable exposition met with

little or no recognition. For example, it is

never even referred to in the works of scientific

and archaeological pontiffs such as Breasted,

Brugsch-Bey, Petrie, Budge, etc. Neverthe-

less Dimbleby came nearer to finding the truth

than ever they have come.
Where Dimbleby’s Chronological System
went wrong in regard to Ancient Egyptian
History, I shall explain presently. By having
had the good luck to discover the little point

wherein he failed, plus my other discoveries,

if I may so call them, I have discovered every-

thing —for the re-arrangement of all our data
of knowledge is merely a matter of time, care,
and labour.
Here I propose to confine myself to the

examination of a few outstanding features of

8 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Egyptian History, such as the eras of the 4th,

the 6th, the 12th, and the 18th Dynasties-

more particularly the periods of Senwosri III

and Thothmes III. If we can put these on

a definite and unshakable chronological basis,

we shall, I venture to say, be able to re-con-

struct the chronology of many other Dynasties.

Some, no doubt, owing to the absence of

archaeological data on which to work, will

always remain in the Land of Shadows.
To assist the reader in following my lines

of thought, I have constructed several Cyclical

Clocks and Tabular Statements, which he will

find annexed or incorporated in the text.

The Natural Year, as we know, has about

365 J, or, more exactly, 365 ’242 days. These
we divide up into 12 months, each with its

own length in days, and an additional day for

February every leap-year, thus synchronising

our calendar as nearly as possible with Solar

Time.
What did the Ancient Egyptians do ?
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 9

They were astronomers and geometricians.

They went, therefore, to the spheroid, or

circle, with its 360 degrees to represent the

days in the year, its 12 divisions representing

the 12 months, and its subdivision of each of

these divisions into 30, representing the number

of days in each month. They did not, how-
ever, as we do with our year, start theirs

haphazard at some arbitrary point. They

had an eye on the Natural Year. They
therefore started theirs at the commencement
of that year, which they knew to be the

Autumnal Equinox, i.e. they knew that the

movements of all the heavenly bodies were
arranged in a certain way with reference to

that particular day. In this connection they

had Sothis, Sirius, or the Dog-Star, specially

in mind.

Next, regarding each month, or division of

30 days as one of 30 years, they found them-

,

selves in possession of a Cycle of 1440 Years.

They soon perceived, however, that every
io Secret of Egyptian Chronology

year, i.e. every 360 degrees, they were, with

such a Cycle, short of Natural Time by 5 days ;

every 2 years, or 720 degrees, short by 10 days ;

every 3 years, or 1080 degrees, short by 15

days ;
and every 4 years, or 1440 degrees,
short by 20 days. Thus, at the end of every
Cycle of 1440 Years, they would be short of

Natural Time by 20 Years of 360 days each.

In short, as practical men, they recognised
that a Cyclical Clock like that would not do.

In a subsequent age the Ancient Greeks

thought that what the Dwellers on the Nile
did to get out of their difficulty was to
intercalate what they called 5 Epagomenal
Days at the end of their 12th month, Mesore.

But is this what the Egyptians did ? No ;

they were a scientific race. They apper-

ceived the Natural Year as containing about

365 instead of 360 days, and, going back

again to the spheroid, or circle, they con-
structed another Cyclical Clock, containing,

no longer 4 quadratures of 360 degrees each,

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 1

totalling 1440 degrees, but 4 quadratures of

365 degrees each, totalling 1460 degrees.

This gave a monthly division, no longer of

30 degrees or days as formerly, but of 30tl>

days or degrees. Each day, therefore, re-

presented lyV degrees ;

4 days represented

4iV degrees.
Next, regarding 1 Day or Degree as 1 Year,

they found themselves in possession of a

Cycle containing 48 divisions of 30 /V Years

each, totalling 1460 Years. This Cycle also

started from the Autumnal Equinox. By

means of this re-constructed Cyclical Clock

whereinto the necessary 5 Extra Days had been

geometrically incorporated — they thus re-

duced the amount of time by which they would

fall short of Natural Time from 20 Days every
4 Years, as formerly, to Its Days, or a loss of

only 370 t% Days at the end of every Cycle of

1460 Years. In strict accordance with theory,

the month in their Annual Calendar should

have consisted of 30^ Days ;
but as a matter
i2 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

of fact they seem in practice to have retained

the old convenient division of 30 Days. In

reality, however, that period of 30 Days, or

1 month, was obviously only as it were a
counter, emblematical of the true Cyclical

division of 30^ degrees.

As a result, their Artificial or Nominal Civil

Year, indexed by New Year’s Day, or 1st

Thoth, revolved forwards by regular stages

round the Fixed Clock of the Original Year ;

and another date, which originally coincided

with what was called the Heliacal Rising of

Sirius, revolved backwards by similar regular

stages, in manner hereinafter explained.

Nevertheless, this was undoubtedly the form

of the Cyclical Clock or Calendar finally

adopted and officially used by the Ancient

Egyptians, as the detailed observations I am

now about to make will abundantly prove.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 13

TABLE
Showing how the Ancient Egyptians converted the
divisions of the original Spheroid into those of their
Sothic Cycle.

Spheroid (discarded
Sothio Cycle Sothic Cyclical
except for purposes
Divisions. Nomenclature.
of common life).

1 Ordinary Calen- 1 Day, or Sub- 1 Grand Pane-

dar Day. division = 1 ,v gyrical Div. =
Spheroidal G.P.D. =1 So-
Subdivisions. thic Day regard-
ed as a Year.
4 Ord. Cal. Days. 4 Days, or Sub- 4 G.P.D. ’s 4 S.=
divns =
4x3 Days regarded
Sph. Subdi- as Years.
vns.
30 Ord. Cal. Days. 30 Days, or Sub- 1 G.P. Month, or
divns =
30A G.P.M. =
30 S.
Sph. Subdivns. Days regarded
as Years.
360 Ord. Cal. 360 Days, or 1 G.P. Year =360
Days, or 1 Year. Subdivns = S. Days regard-
365 Sph. Sub- ed as Years.
divns.
1440 Ord, Cal. 1440 Days, or 1 Sothic Cycle=
Days, or 4 Subdivns = 1440 S. Days
Years. 1460 Sph. Sub- regarded as
divns. Years.

This Cyclical Clock was named by the

Ancient Egyptians, its inventors, the Sothic
i4 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Cycle, and the year on which it is based was

called by them the Vague Year.
The so-called Heliacal Rising of Sirius,

which, according to Mr. Reginald Stuart

“
Poole, marked the commencement of a

Sothic Cycle” ( Horae Aegyptiacae, p. 29),

was a Rising observed annually at Memphis,

or Thebes, or some intermediate locality, on
our 20th July, but which, on the Cycle of

Progressive New Year’s Day, or P. 1 Thoth,

occurred during each month of that Progres-

sive or Vague Year successively, and continued

in that month, according to Poole (p. 32) for

120 Julian Years, but in reality (see the

divisions of the Sothic Cyclical Clock) for

121§ Years, when calculated on the basis of

a Cycle of 1460 Years. If on the basis of a
Cycle of 1461 Years, it would be 121f Years :

never 120 Years, save on the Rejected Clock

of 1440 Years.

Another class of Heliacal Risings of Sirius

occurred for the first time on 1st Epiphi

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 15

(our 19tli-20th July) in a.m. 0-1, and for

the second time in a.m. 162, and thereafter

every 162 Years. This is the 162-Years’

Sothic Cycle. It is connected with the

Eclipse Cycle, and will probably prove

useful as a check.

What seems to be regarded as the Real

Heliacal Rising is probably the one which

coincided with that point on the Cycle at which

P. 1 Thoth reached 1 Epiphi on the Fixed

Clock. This happened only once in the

Cycle, and was always at the 121§rd Cyclical

Division, Degree, or Year, of the 4th Great
Panegyrical Year (or last stretch of 365
Years) of the Cycle.

Professor Budge, writing in 1914, makes

the following statement :

“ There is no evidence that the early

dynastic Egyptians knew anything about the

Sothic Period (
i.e . the length of time between

two risings of Sothis with the sun, or 1460

Sothic years, each containing 365| days,

 1 6 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

1461 true, i.e. solar years), or that they ever

made, or were capable of making, the elaborate

calculations which the use of the Sothic
Period would have necessitated.
“ Whether the Egyptians were acquainted
with the Sothic Period or not matters little,

for this period is useless in assisting us to

assign a date to the beginning of Egyptian

civilisation, and the existing Egyptian monu-

ments do not help us ” (p. 243).

Well, if Professor Budge is still of the same

opinion, I have what I think will be a little

surprise for him.

Speaking in 1850 of the “ Sothic Year, or

year which commenced at the rising of Sotliis,”

R. S. Poole also made the following state-

ment :

“ Hitherto I have found it of no use in the

55
application of Egyptian chronology to history

(p. 9).

In the following pages I propose to show

that there is plenty of convincing evidence

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 17

that the Ancient Egyptians not only were

intimately acquainted with the Sothic Cycle

and were capable of calculating in terms

of its nature (though that was certainly a

very different conception from the one held

by our leading Egyptologists), but also that

they must have so calculated throughout an

impressively long and majestically ordered
Antiquity. And I venture to predict that
when, and only when, we frankly recognise
this, and ourselves bear in mind the character-
istics of the Sothic Cycle as they conceived

it, while endeavouring to coordinate the data

of information that we obtain from the

monuments and elsewhere, it will be vouch-
safed us to behold those data arranging
themselves in relation to each other and to

outside facts in a way that is likely to startle

some of our authorities.

In vol. i, p. 250, Petrie states :

" Censorinus, writing in 239 a.d., states

that the Egyptian New Year’s day, 1st of

c
 —

1 8 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Thoth, fell on the 25th of June ;

and a hundred
years before, in 139 a.d., it fell on the 21st
July, ‘
on which day Sirius regularly rises in

Egypt.’ Hence the beginning of a Sothic

period of 1460 years, or the New Year’s day

falling on the 21st of July at the heliacal

rising of Sirius, took place in 139 a.d. ;

like-

wise in 1322 b.c., in 2784 b.c., and in 4242

b.c., or thereabouts.”

The view here adopted seems to be similar

to that on which Poole based his system of

Egyptian Chronology as expounded in Horae

Aegyptiacae, for there, speaking of the Sothic
“
Cycle, and the so-called heliacal rising,” he

says :

“It is equally certain that one of these

great cycles, called the ‘

Sothic Cycles,’
”
commenced on the 20th of July, b.c. 1322

(p. 28).

To this idea he frequently reverts in the

course of the work cited. On p. 29 he says

that Sothis, i.e. Sirius, “ now rises ” —he was

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 19

writing in 1850 —heliacally at Memphis on or

about the 20th of July, O.S., and at Thebes
on or about the 17th of the same month.

“Therefore,” he says, “it is evident that in

b.c. 1322 it must have risen heliacally some

£<
days earlier than the 20th of July.” Thus,”

he concludes, “ the rising of Sothis on the

20th of July, b.c. 1322, which marked the
commencement of the earliest known Sothic

Cycle, was not what the astronomers call the

heliacal rising ” (p. 30).

It appears to me, however, to be an unsound

view, and is, I believe, responsible for much

of the woolly chaos presented by the many
different attempts that have hitherto been
made to elucidate the problem of Egyptian

Chronology.

We must have definite ideas, if we wish to

arrive at definite conclusions. It is necessary,

therefore, to point out that a clear, great, and

impressive distinction subsists between the

conception of the Sothic Cycle spoken of

20 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

thus by Poole, Budge, Breasted, and Petrie,

and defined by Budge as the “ length of time

between two risings of Sothis with the sun,
or 1460 Sothic years ” (p. 243), and the con-
ception of the Sothic Cycle as known to the

Egyptians and practically applied by them for

ages in connection with their regularly recurring

Hebs.
The Sothic Rising just referred to, i.e. the

Rising which occurred once in a Cycle, on P.

New Year’s Day, or P. 1 Thoth, took place

for the 1st time in a.m. 1216f = b.c. 2779^.

It next occurred, for the 2nd time, in a.m.

2676§=b.c. 1319^. The 3rd occasion was
in a.m. 3136§=b.c. 859^. The 4th time
was in a.m. 4596§=a.d. 597§. It therefore

will not happen again till a.m. 6056§ = a.d.

2057§ = 141 years hence. If the Rising in

b.c. 1319^ marked what is called the Era of

Menophres, it occurred on the 28th Mesore,

in the reign of Tut. ankh. amen, of the 18th

Dynasty.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 21

But, ever in relation with the Sun, and

particularly with the latter’s annual position

at the Autumnal Equinox, Sirius, in his

own good time — for, according to some, is

he not our Primary ? —appears to rise heliacally

every year. This annual “ manifestation ”

is what take to be the Rising that Poole

I
“
referred to when he spoke of the so-called

heliacal rising.” What I understand to be

the real Heliacal Rising is the phenomenon

that occurs only once in every 1460 years.
“ The New Year’s day falling on the 21st
July at the heliacal rising of Sirius ” in b.c.

1322 (
Petrie ,
supra) is, true enough, the

beginning of what may be called a Period of

1460 years (though I prefer 20th July to 21st

July) —just as from a.d. 1916 to a.d. 3376

would also be such a Period —but it is not

the beginning of what the Egyptians meant

when they spoke of their Sothic Cycle.

They did not mean a Period beginning when
P. 1 Thoth, or P. New Year’s Day, coincided
 22 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

with the point we call 20tli July, or its variant

where Sirius rose annually —though this co-

incidence did happen once in every 1460 years,

namely, at the point in the stretch of 121§

years immediately following the 1095th year

on every Cycle, when P. New Year’s Day

reached 1 Epiphi on the Fixed Clock. This

point was Cyclical Division 1216|. Also

Divisions 1 217^1, 1218ff, and 1219f^ ;

for it

remained there 4 years. Division 1216§ on

the 2nd Cycle was a.m. 2676§. Hence, it

was really b.c. 1319|, not b.c. 1322. That is

to say, the Sothic Cycle, as known to and

worked by the Egyptians, did not begin in

b.c. 1319-g-, much less in b.c. 1322. It began

originally in a.m. 0-1, at the Autumnal Equinox,
when P. 1 Thoth coincided with F. 1 Thoth
on the 4th day of the opening Natural Year ;

and it began again at the same 'point every

1460 years afterwards.

The Period spoken of by Poole and Petrie,

and, I suppose, adopted by Breasted and Budge

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 23

also, is one that, worked backwards, does

indeed conduct us on paper through the dates

Petrie specifies — 139 a.d., 1322 B.c., 2784 b.c.,

and 4242 b.c. (i.e. assuming that there ever

was, though there was not ever, and could

not ever have been, any such year in Natural

Time as known to us as 4242 b.c.) ;

nay
(again on the same assumption), there is

really no reason why we should not go on

backwards ad infinitum, world without be-
ginning. But a mere paper computation like

this, is unworkable with the facts of Natural

Time ;
because, though it would be foolish

to say there was ever a “ Beginning of the

World ” in the sense and at the time once,

and perhaps still, believed in by the repre-

sentatives of Old Orthodoxy, yet we know

that there actually was such a thing as an
“
Astronomical Beginning,” or Epoch call it —
what we like —namely, the Prime Date Annus
Mundi 0, or B.c. 3996, when, as Mr. Dimbleby
has shown, and as indeed is undeniable, all
24 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

the various Cycles, or Lines of Natural Time,

now in course of their majestic careers (

e.g .

the great Date-Repeating Eclipse Cycle of

649 Years, the Sothic Cycle of 1460 Years, the

162 Years’ Sothic Cycle, and several other

important Cycles) began together, and beyond

which there was no doubt Duration, but not
Duration under conditions or relations similar
to those which sprang magically into existence
with the commencement of the present Cycles,
or Lines of Time, or Conditions or Relations of

Duration.

On this astronomical basis — the one spoken

of by Poole, Petrie, etc. —the 21st, or let us

rather say the 20th, July, a.d. 139, considered

by them as the Commencement of a Sothic

Cycle of 1460 Years, will never take us back

to the Prime Date, a.m. 0. Proof : a.d. 139

was a.m. 4138, which is made up of 2 Cycles of

1460 Years each, plus 1218 years of the 3rd

Cycle. This, on the Clock, is, as I have said,

exactly the point, Degree 1216$, at which

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 25

Progressive or Nominal 1st Thotli corresponds

with Fixed 1st Epiphi, or our 20th July.

The Rising of Sirius also occurred on the same

date in the next following 3 years. Now,
travel back 1460 years, or 1 Cycle-period, and
we come to a.m. 2678 or b.c. 1318. Another
Cycle-period back, and we come to a.m. 1218,

or b.c. 2778. But, if we attempt the same

thing once more, we cannot go back 1460
years. Why ? Because we are working back
along a line that, in connection with the Real

Sothic Cycle, is not divisible cyclically. In

other words, there are only 1218 years left,

after which we perforce arrive up against

a.m. 0, or b.c. 3996. Beyond that stretches, if

not unconditioned or unrelated Duration, at

least Duration conditioned or related in some
wholly different manner. The reconstruction
of the Kosmos which took place at this mys-

terious point of what we call Time, may be

an event that is itself cyclical. I anticipate

that that will prove to be the case. Many

26 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

extraordinary features of our present Kosrnos

~e.g the revolution

. of the outside satellite

of Saturn in a direction exactly opposite to

that of all his other satellites —indicate to me
that it is a survival of a preceding Kosmos run
on Lines of Time quite different from those

we now calculate by, or rather should calculate

by. This is my explanation of the fact which

is gradually being realised now, that not only

are the movements of the heavenly bodies

based on mathematics, but in some respects

they seem actually to transcend mathematics.

How solve the riddle ? I solve it by saying

that the Time-Standards of the 2 Universes

are entirely different. That is, some of our

heavenly bodies have inherited influences

originating in the previous Time-System.

Now, connected with this Sothic Cycle of

1460 Years, the Ancient Egyptians were in

the habit of officially celebrating certain

Religious Festivals, called Sed Hebs and

Hunti Hebs. By Greek writers and by
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 27

Poole they were called Panegyrics. One, it

is said, was celebrated every 30 years. Petrie

says every 28 or 30 years. This was called a

Great Panegyrical Month. By Dimbleby

the Festival then celebrated was called an

Ordinary Festival. One is also said to

have been celebrated every 120 years. This is

what Dimbleby calls the Quadruple Festival.

It seems to correspond with the Hunti Heb.
The period covered by 12 Ordinary or 12

30-Years’ Festivals, or by 3 Quadruple Festi-

vals — i.e. 360 Years*—was called a Great
Panegyrical Year.
This is what we are told by the authorities.

If, however, we construct a Clock of the

Great Panegyrical Cycle, we shall find

that these Ordinary and Quadruple Festivals,

when taken as described, will not work with

the Sothic Cycle of 1460 Years ! As that

was in fact the Cycle in connection with which
they were celebrated, it follows that anOrdinary

Festival could not have been one celebrated,

28 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

as is said, every 30 years, much less could it

have been one celebrated every 28 years, nor

could a Quadruple Festival have been one

celebrated, as is said, every 120 years. The

sum of the divisions of such a Cycle amount
to only 1440 years.

All our authorities, without exception, have

failed to see this. All, without exception, in
their investigation of data and their re-con-

struction of Dynastic Periods, have made

their calculations on the basis of 30- Years’

Festivals or 120- Years’ Festivals referred to

a Cycle with which they cannot possibly have

been connected —the Sothic Cycle of 1460

Years. In fact, with the exception of Petrie,

all have been blind to the supreme value of

these Hunti and Sed Hebs. And even

Petrie recognises their value in such a way as

renders his recognition of them useless : for

his conception of a Sed Heb is that it was a

Festival which occurred “ at the close of the

28 or 30 years periods, when Sirius rose a

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 29

week later in the Calendar (owing to the

month-names shifting earlier),” (vol. ii, p. 31).

What with this and their wholly inaccurate

conception of the Sothic Cycle itself, no

wonder that these able and estimable Savants
have never been able to achieve results that
pan out properly !

By the lines on which I propose to pro-

ceed I, as it were, restore to the Ancient

Egyptians that credit which, it would appear,

has hitherto been withheld from them —the
credit of having possessed a knowledge of

astronomy and geometry perhaps greater

and more definite than our own ; and I

give the results of my investigations —my

conclusions and my reasons for them —in the
present brochure.

As there evidently was for the Ancient

Egyptians, and therefore also has to he for us,

if we wish to understand the vestiges of their

marvellous Culture, a genuine Sothic Cycle of

exactly 1460 years based upon Natural Time,

 30 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

the clue that we must follow amidst the laby-

rinth of their records is plain, the light under

which we must examine those records is clear

as the noon-day sun.

We must regard the periods on completion

of which the various Hebs were celebrated in
the light of the Divisions of the Cycle of 1460

Years from the Autumnal Equinox. In other

words, we must assume that the Ordinary
Festivals were celebrated, not on the com-
pletion of periods of 28 or 30 years connected

with an un-astronomical line of Cycles, one

of which is supposed to have commenced in

b.c. 1320, as Breasted says, or b.c. 1322, as

Poole says, but on the completion of periods of

exactly 30i% Years connected with the line of

genuine Sothic Cycles which commenced at the

Autumnal Equinox in a.m. 0-1.

Similarly, we must assume that the Quad-

ruple Festivals commenced, not on the
completion of periods of 120 years having no

relation to Natural Time, but on the completion

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 31

of 'periods of exactly 121§ years similarly con-

nected with the true Sothic Cycle.

A Great Panegyrical Year thus really

consisted of exactly 365, not 360, years.

Four of these G.P.Y.’s made up the Sothic

Cycle of 1460 Years.
Lastly, it may be worth noticing that the

162 Years’ Sothic Cycle marches in a certain

relation with the Great Date-repeating

Eclipse Cycle of 649 Years. That is to

say, every Real Heliacal Rising in this con-

nection takes place exactly on the completion

of every 3rd stage of 54 Years on the Eclipse

Cycle = the completion of every 9th stage of

18 Years on the same Cycle. No doubt we

shall some day discover a record of one of
these synchronisms. If and when we do,
it will serve as a welcome check.

Breasted, in that fine work, Ancient Records ,

p. 30, says,
“ We must seek the invention of

the Egyptian Calendar at a time when its

3 seasons coincided roughly with those

32 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

of Nature, as they must have done at its

introduction. We know,” he says, “that it

coincided with the Sothic year, and that a

new Sothic Cycle began some time in the 'period

140-41 to 143-44 A.D.” (Petrie’s a.d. 139).

We at once see that he is thus on the very same

unscientific, because un-Natural line of thought

as Poole. From that unrelated date he, just

as Poole did, takes back the coincidence of

the Calendar with Nature, by periods nomin-

ally identical with that of the Sothic Cycle,

yet not on that Cycle, i.e. by periods of 1460

years, through b.c. 1320 (Poole’s b.c. 1322),

b.c. 2780 (Petrie’s b.c. 2784), and b.c. 4241

(Petrie’s b.c. 4242) —really a date in the

previous Kosmos. His reason for not stopping

at B.c. 2780 is that it is impossible that the

Calendar was first introduced so late as then,

in the midst of the highest culture of the Old

Kingdom. “ Moreover,” he adds, “ the 5 days

over and above the 360 days of the 1440- Years’

Cycle are mentioned in the Pyramid texts.”

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 33

Thus, all Breasted’s calculations, and all

the calculations of such other authorities as

take this view as to when the Sothic Cycle

begins—though no doubt perfectly accurate
in themselves — are, like those of Poole, based

on something that is itself baseless.

How much more scientific to realise, as the

Egyptians did, that the Calendar, whenever

invented and introduced, was conceived on

the basic theory that it originally coincided

with. Nature at the Autumnal Equinox, a.m.

0-1, on the 4th Day of that 1st Natural Year,
and to take that as the beginning of each
Cycle, i.e. the beginning of each team of

4 Gr.P.Y.’s, and the beginning of each year.

Breasted and his fellow-savants take what

I call Year, Degree, Cyclical Division, or Point

1216§ on the Cycle, Clock, or Calendar, as the

initial point from which to trace the subsequent

shif tings of Progressive 1st Thoth, or Pro-

gressive New Year’s Day ;

basing himself on

the fact (
Ancient Records, p. 26), that the

B
34 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Egyptian began his Year at the Advent of

the Inundation, which by a happy accident
approximately coincided with the Rising of
Sothis after a certain period of invisibility.
“ This occurred each year on July 19 (Julian),”

for thousands of years b.c., “ until far down in

the last thousand years b.c.,” when it shifted

to July 20 —my Point 1216f on the Clock.

Quite true : it suited the Egyptian, for some

purposes of his own, to artificialise the form

of the year in that way. But this does not

make Point 1216f, or 1st Epiphi, the correct

point to start from, in calculations intended

to place some particular datum in Ancient

Egyptian History in its true chronological

place on the Sothic Cycle which always begins

,

at the Autumnal Equinox.

On p. 31 of Ancient Records vol. ,
i, Breasted

explains how he calculates the Sothic Rising

in the 7th regnal year of Senwosri III of the

12th Dynasty, as happening in b.c. 1880.

He takes New Year’s Day 'as being at 1st

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 35

Epiphi (my Cyclical Division 1216§), where

he says the Rising occurred at the beginning.

In Senwosri Ill’s time it is authoritatively

stated to have occurred on the 15th day “ of

the 8th month.” This Breasted calculates

from 1st Epiphi, making the 8th month Mechir.

He thus gets a 225 days’ shift. As, according

to him, the shift occurred at the rate of 1 day

in 4 years, the Rising works out at 900 years

since b.c. 2780, when, he says, the Calendar

had last coincided with Nature. Result, b.c.

1880.

But, applying this very method to the Ris-

ings on 9th Epiphi in the 9th year of Amen-

hotep I of the 18th Dynasty, and the 16th

year of Queen Hatshepsut=the 3rd year of

Thothmes III, the results do not tally with

the dates assigned for these data by Breasted

himself, namely, b.c. 1548 for Amenhotep I,

and some time in b.c. 1501-1447 for Thoth-

mes III ( Ancient Records vol.
,
i, p. 42).

In the 1st case the 9 days’ shift from

36 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

1st Epiphi = 36 years from b.c. 1322, which,

I presume, was the next suitable Coincidence

date. Result, b.c. 1286 !

In the 2nd case, which happened 12 days

later, on the 21st Epiphi, the shift was 48
years from Amenhotep I’s time. Result,

b.c. 1238 ! Or, if we still retain b.c. 2780

as the last Coincidence date, and assume that

the shift in the 1st case was a whole round of

the Clock, with an overplus of 9 days = 396

days = 1684 years from the Coincidence, we

get b.c. 1196 !

In the 2nd case we would get b.c. 11488!

Some other factor, therefore, seems necessary

to bring it up to the stated period, namely,

the 16th Century b.c. Moreover, it must be

some factor which did not apply in the case

of the Rising in Senwosri Ill’s time.

The foregoing is what Breasted calls “ a

matter of the simplest arithmetic.” On this

supposed entrenched position I venture to

make the following assault.

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 37

True enough, the Rising first occurred at

1st Epiphi on both Clocks, the Fixed and the

Progressive, i.e. at Cyclical Division 1216§ ;

but the Coincidence of Nature with the

Calendar is always at the Autumnal Equinox

— originally a.m. 0, afterwards at regular

intervals of 1460 Years.

Moreover, we must take the day as equal-

ling, not 4 Years, but 4iV Years, or Cyclical

Divisions.
“
Further, Mechir is not the 8th month/’

The 8th month counts from 1st Thoth, not

from 1st Epiphi. It is therefore Pharmuthi.

Thus, when Progressive 15th Pharmuthi

was supposed to have corresponded with 1st
Epiphi on the Fixed Clock, the shift was still

225 days =912£ Cyclical days. But that

obviously does not represent True Time. It

only represents apparent Calendar Time.

True Time is found by seeing where P. 1 Thoth

points to, when P. 15th Pharmuthi points to
F. 1 Epiphi.
38 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

P. 1 Thoth then points to 17th Athyr on

the Fixed Clock =308^ Cyclical Divisions

from a.m. 1460 = one of the following 4 Years

—A.M. 1768|, 1769f, 1770f, or 1771$ =B.C.
2227|, 2226$, 2225$, or 2224$.

Similarly, when P. 9 Epiphi was supposed

to have corresponded with F. 1 Epiphi, the

shift was really 36$ Cyclical Divisions, or

Years, for the 9 days. That, however, was

only apparent Calendar Time. True Time,

one would think, is indicated by P. 1 Thoth,
which in this case points to 23rd Mesore

=Cyclical Division 1427$$= a.m. 2887$ =b.c.

1098$.

Similarly, when P. 21 Epiphi was supposed

to have corresponded with F. 1 Epiphi, the

shift was 21 days = 85$ Years, or Cyclic

Divisions. That, again, was only apparent

Calendar Time, True Time, as indicated,

one would think, by P. 1 Thoth falling at F.

11 Mesore, was Cyc. Div. 1378$= a.m. 2838$

=B.C. 1157$.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 39

Now, observe what seems to be a most

disconcerting fact. These are retrogressed re-

sults. That is, Hatshepsut and Thothmes III

appear with an earlier dale then Amenhotep 1
who preceded them. Herein surely is mystery !

In the case of the Rising that occurred in

the remote days of Senwosri III, our calcu-

lations were made on the assumption that

the Calendar was progressing round a Fixed

Clock. Here, too, we know right well that it

is still so progressing ,
by stages of 4^ Cyc.

Divs. or Years to a Calendrical Day ;

and
yet, by this extraordinary list on p. 32,

vol. ii, of Petrie (how extraordinary seems

not to have been noticed hitherto), it is

represented as retrogressing, and the Fixed

Clock seems to be progressing!

On p. 33 Petrie complicates matters a little

more by suggesting that the 9th Year of

Amenhotep I was really 9 years earlier than

as stated. I do not, however, think that we
need worry about this. There is obviously
 —

40 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

something wrong somewhere to the extent of

9 years, and Time has somehow been twisted

round backwards. In short, the position has
become almost hopelessly complicated.
For several days I was completely mystified.
I could not detect any flaw in my Tables, and
yet they produced impossible results.

I tried to find a way out by assuming that

the 9th of Epiphi should be dragged back

again, and put on as far forward from F. I

Epiphi (normal point of Rising) as the Scribes

had put it back. That would not work. I

grew desperate : I re-constructed my Tables,

making the Cyclical Divisions retrogress

instead of progress. That merely tangled

matters up a little more.

At last light dawned. It occurred to me

that we have really 3 different kinds of

Clock, or Time Standards, to deal with

(1) The Clock of Natural Time ;

(2) The Artificial Clock representing Natural

Time as fixed ;
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 41

(3) The Artificial Clock whose New-Year’s-

Day hand progresses round the Fixed

Clock.

I had been leaving the Clock of Natural Time

out of the account. We shall see that the

Scribes did so too. Now, for some centuries

past, Natural Time —represented for us by

Sothis —had, as compared, not only with the

Fixed Clock, but also with the Progressive

Clock, been imperceptibly but steadily speeding

up. The result was to make the Progressive

Clock have the appearance of retrogressing.

It was, of course, still progressing, as compared

at least with the Fixed Clock. The Scribes

responsible for the data supplied in the list

just mentioned, seem to have perceived that

the Calendar was somehow or other 9 years

out, and, to rectify matters, as they thought,

they put the Progressive Calendar hack 9 years ,

thus forcing it to be what it never had been

and never could be, as compared with the

Fixed Clock, i.e. retrogressive. We shall find
42 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

that they also played some other little tricks

with the data ;

but of these anon.
Now, what had really happened was that,

although the Progressive Clock was still

progressing at its usual rate round the Fixed

Clock, Natural Time, or let us call it Sothic

Time, had been 'progressing too , nay, at a rate

even more rapid than that of the Progressive

Clock !

The result was that, as compared with the

Clock of Sothic or True Time, both the Fixed

Clock and the Progressive Clock had become

retrogressing! The back or smaller Cyclical

Divisions of the Fixed Clock, now representing

True Time, had, unknown to the Scribes, been

sweeping forwards, i.e. had progressed, and
had in fact taken the places of the old Cyclical

Divisions shown in my Tables !

For instance, in the case of the Rising said

to have occurred on 9 Epiphi, P. 1 Thoth,

progressing round the Fixed Clock, is shown

in my Tables to be pointing to Cyc. Div.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 43

1427i$ on the Fixed Clock. Well, that is an

illusion. Those Tables are constructed on the
basic idea that the mutual relations of the

Clocks remain normal. But they had not

remained normal. A great change had been

gradually and imperceptibly supervening.

The Fixed Clock no longer represented Kosmic

facts.

Let us try to be even more definite.

When Sothis rose in Amenhotep I’s time

on 9 Epiphi, and yet (despite the fact that

the Progressive Calendar was revolving round

the Fixed Clock at the rate of 4^ Cyc. Divs.

in each day, or 1 day in 4iV Cyc. Years) on the

next occasion, in Thothmes Fs time, rose on
14 Epiphi, and on the next occasion, in
Thothmes IIFs time, on 21 Epiphi, and on
the next occasion, also in Thothmes IIFs
time, on 28 Epiphi, though the figures are

successively higher, Sothis was really rising

earlier each time! That is, the Clock of Natural

Time was going in the same direction as the

44 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Progressive Clock, but ivas sweeping ahead of it

at a regular rate of progress ! Its shift from

one stage to another, say from the 21st to the

28th Epiphi, must have been much greater

than the rate at which the Progressive Clock

was moving. In this last case it moved
through 7 days of the Fixed Clock in 30 years,
i.e. from Thothmes Ill’s 3rd to his 33rd year.

In other words, it was moving at about the

same rate, with reference to the Fixed Clock,

as that at which the Progressive Calendar was

moving with reference to the same Clock. But
with reference to the Progressive Clock the
Clock of Natural Time must have been moving

at double the rate of the other.

Hence, with regard to the Rising said to

have occurred on 9 Epiphi, as Cyc. Div. 1427 B

(the point of True Time shown in my Tables)

was 210B Cyc. Divs. further ahead than Cyc.

Div. 1216§ (the normal point of Rising at
Equinox), the Cyc. Div. that had taken the

place of Cyc. Div. 1427B in consequence of the

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 45

speeding up of Natural Time must have been

the one that was exactly 210 If Cyc. Divs.

the other side of, i.e. behind Cyc. Div. 121 6§.

That was Cyc. Div. 1005 ft. We may call

this the speeding up of Natural Time, or we

may call it the retrogression of the old Fixed

Clock. But whatever name we give it, it

must have been effected in a period of 21 Of

Cyclical Years, or 52 times 4iV

I don’t know whether I have been able to
explain myself with sufficient clearness. If

not, my apology must be that the subject

is both new to me and somewhat abstruse.

An astronomer and mathematician would no

doubt state the problem and its solution more
scientifically. Approaching it with no tech-
nical knowledge, I can only describe the
tangled position and my method of straighten-

ing it out as I visualise them. But however

this may be, I have no doubt whatever as to
the soundness of my results, for they prove

themselves, as will shortly be seen.

46 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

According to Lt.-Col. Condor {The Hittites,

p. 180), the rising of Sirius at present takes

place about 2$ minutes later each succeed-

ing year, but about 2900 years ago the rate

of retardation was nearly 5 times as great.

How this statement consists with the dis-

closures of that terrible list in Petrie, vol. ii,

p. 32, 1 leave to experts to decide. Some day,

perhaps, Tables will be constructed exactly

conforming to what seem to be Cyclical

changes in the rate of Natural Time.

In the case, then, of the alleged Eising of

Sothis on 9 Epiphi, True Time was Cyc. Div.

1005B=a.m. 2465y=B.c. 1530$, or, of course,

a.m. 2466|, 2467$, or 2468$.

In the case of the Eising on 14 Epiphi, it

was Cyc. Div. 1026 iV=a.m. 2486tV? 2487tV,

2488*, or 2489*
In the case of the Eising on 21 Epiphi, it

was Cyc. Div. 1054$=a.m. 2514$, 2515$,

2516$, or 2517$.

In the case of the Eising on 28 Epiphi, it

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 47

was Cyc. Div. 1082f = a.m. 2542$, 2543$,

2544$, or 2545$.

Adding now, to each of these results, by way

of restoration, the 9 years of which the Calendar

was deprived by the Scribes, we get

9 Epiphi (Amenhotep I) a.m. 2474$, 2475$,

2476$, or 2477$.

14th Epiphi (Thothmes I), 2495iV, 2496A,

2497 ih, or 249 8 A-

21st Epiphi (16tli y. of Hatshepsut and

3rd of Thothmes III), 2523$, 2524$, 2525$,

or 2526$.

28th Epiphi (33rd y. of Thothmes III),

A.M. 2551f, 2552$, 2553$, or 2554$.

If these final results are correct they should,

in at least some instances, tally with my List

of Hebs, because we know that in the 16th

regnal year of Hatshepsut, and the 3rd of

Thothmes III, a Sed Heb was officially cele-

brated with unusual splendour ( Petrie vol. , ii,

p. 32), and that, with a celerity of which the

Queen seems to have been proud, a magnificent
48 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Oblelisk commemorative of it was erected at

Karnak, (
lb . pp. 85-87). Well, there is a

Sed Heb on my List, dated a.m. 2524x 2=2525,

which is the 2nd of the 4 dates arrived at supra

for the Rising on 21st Epiphi. We also know

that in the 33rd regnal year of Thothmes III

there was celebrated a Hunti Heb which appears

on my List under the year a.m. 2555, the last

of the 4 years arrived at supra for the Rising

on 28th Epiphi. Therefore the Bising in

Thothmes Ill’s 3rd year took place in a.m.

2525, and the Rising in his 33 rd year took place

in a.m. 2555.

We are sure of these two, but only because

they chance to equate with dates on the List

of Hebs.

But how about the others ? It is obvious

that only 1 Sothic Rising in every 30^ years

from a.m. 0-1 will equate with some date on

the Heb List. In all other cases the date will

not be found there. True, in each case we

have a choice of 4 years. If our method is
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 49

sound, one of them must be the right year.

In some cases the mention of the king’s regnal

year enables us to make a specific selection,

but in other cases even this guiding datum is

absent. What are we to do then ? We want

to find some working rule ;
because, when a
king’s regnal year is not given, we would be
able to determine it if we only knew how to

pick the correct year out from the 4 that are

always available.
For instance, in the case of the Rising said

to have occurred on 14 Epiphi, we are not

told in what regnal year of Thothmes I it

took place. It is therefore impossible, so

far, to fix it. Hence it is also impossible, so

far, to determine in what regnal year it oc-

curred. We only know it was in one of the

4 years arrived at supra.

In the case of the Rising said to have oc-

curred on 9th Epiphi, true we are given a

regnal year —the 9th —but it happens to be

a very dubious datum.

E
50 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Moreover, having regard to the peculiar

construction of the list of Risings given by

Petrie, wherein, in a series of formal sequences,

the sequence 7, 14 occurs twice, the sequence

14, 28 also occurs twice, and the only

21,
“
variations from set form are the 9th ” at

the beginning and the “ 22nd ” and “ 29th”

at the end, I have a strong suspicion, amount-

ing almost to a certainty, that “ 9th ” regnal

“
year is a mistake for 7th ” regnal year.

We shall find almost immediately that this

suspicion is well founded.

To proceed : why have we a choice of 4

years ? It is because 1 Calendar Day corre-

sponds to 4 Cyc. Divs. or years on the 1440

Years’ Cycle and to 4iV Cyc. Divs. or Years

on the 1460 Years’ Cycle. Every 4iV Sothic

Cyclical Divisions equate with 4 Calendar

Years, and thus P. 1 Thoth, or P. New Year’s

Day, remains during every stretch of 4iV Cyc.

Divs., i.e. for 4 Calendar Years, at one particu-

lar Calendar Day of the Fixed Clock.

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 5 1

Working, therefore, backwards in stretches

of 4iV Cyc. Divs. from a.m. 2555, one of our

established equations, we are enabled, as it

were, to fix the volatile, to make definite the

uncertain. That is to say, we get the follow-

ing results :

28 Epiphi a.m. 2555 Date of Heb and Rising in 33rd

year of Thothmes III.

27

26

25

24

23

22 „ 2530ft
4 *
21 „ 2526 }i
2525 f!
2524 1| Date of Heb and Rising in 16th
year of Hatshepsut and 3rd of
Thothmes III.
 52 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

2^%
20 Epiphi a.m. 2522
}f
4 A
19 „ „ 2518^

18 „ „ 2514:!%

4i%
17 „ „ 2510!%

16 „ „ 2506^
4iV
15 „ „ 2502!%

_JlV
14 „ 2498 T
„ %
2497 t% Rising in reign of Thotkmes I.
2496 No regnal year given.
2495!%
13 „ „ 2494 j%

—ill
12 „ „ 2490^

11 „ „ 2486 t%
4A~
10 „ „ 2482
*18
9 j, ,, 2477}% Rising (a.m. 2478) said to have
2476%g occurred in 9th year of Amen-
2475}| hotep I.
2474H
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 53

8 Epiplxi a.m. 2473

%8 ]

7 „ „ 2469 Rising (a.m. 2470) really in Amen-

2468} | hotep I’s 9th year.
2467ff
2466f|
6 „ „ 2465f|
4,1
__LM
5 „ „ 2461H

4 „ „ 2457H
_JlV
3 „ „ 2453}’

2 „ „ 2449-18-
4*
1 „ „ 2445*
4*
30 Paoni „ 2441*

From considerations connected with the

foregoing list of Risings back from our fixed

point, 28 Epiphi a.m. 2555, to 30 Paoni a.m.

2441*, I conclude, as a working rule, that in

cases where no particulars are given as to year

54 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

of reign or number of regnal year, the year

that should be selected out of any 4 years

available is the highest year of the 4.

I shall return to this subject when, in apply-

ing my new methods to what we know of

Ancient Egyptian History, I take up the task

of making detailed adjustments connected

with the periods of Senwosri III, Amenho-
tep I, Thothmes I, Hatshepsut, or Maat-ka-ra,

Thothmes II, and Thothmes ITI. Now to

revert.

I maintain, therefore, that the real and only

possible epoch for the Commencement of the

Sothic Cycle of 1460 Years was at the
point of Natural Time known as the Autumnal
Equinox, when P. 1 Tlioth, or Progressive

New Year’s Day, was exactly level with F.

1 Tlioth on the Cyclical Clock, on the 4th Day

of the opening 1st Year, i.e. a.m. 0-1, or our

22nd-23rd September, b.c. 3996.

In the year beginning at that Prime Date,

our 19th-20th July (whichever or whatever it
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 55

was) was 1st Epiphi on the Fixed Cyclical

Clock. In 4 consecutive Divisions of the

Sothic Cycle (each Division containing 1?^

Spheroidal Subdivisions), i.e. during 4 several

years, representing altogether 4iV Spheroidal

Subdivisions, P. 1 Thoth continued to fall on

the 23rd September, and, for those 4 years,

19th-20th July, or other variant (when a so-

called Heliacal Rising always took place) =F. 1

Epiphi, continued to fall on P. 1 Epiphi.

At the end of those 4 years, however, P. I

Thoth began, for 4 similar times, to fall

annually on, no longer the 23rd, but the 24th

September, and accordingly F. 1 Epiphi =

19th-20th of July, or other variant (or the so-

called Heliacal Rising of Sirius) began for 4

similar times to fall annually on P. 30 Paoni.

This Progression of the New Year and con-

current Retrogression of the Rising went on

till the Cycle of 1460 Years was completed,

when all dates came round again in the

same order, but on a new Cycle, starting

56 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

as before with P. 1 Thoth at the Autumnal

Equinox.
Proceeding on this revolutionised basis, we
ought to find every big and little fact stated

on the monuments extricating itself from the

existing un-coordinated collection of data
almost automatically, and subsiding gracefully

and gratefully into its rightful but long-lost

place in the general scheme of things with the

most delightful precision.

Should this be the result, it will constitute

the best proof possible that my conception

of the Sothic Cycle and the Hebs, and not

those hitherto held by our Egyptologists, was
the conception of that Cycle and those Hebs
held by the Ancient Egyptians themselves,
and therefore the only right conception

thereof.

I shall now proceed to apply it to a few

selected Periods of Ancient Egyptian History.

 PART II

1. The 4th Dynasty.

According to Poole (p. 62), b.c. 2352
= a.m. 1652.

According to Dimbleby, a.m. 1798-2082

=B.C. 2198-1914.

According to Budge (p. 251), b.c. 3700

= a.m. 304.

According to Petrie (vol. i, p. 36), b.c.

3998-3721 = True b.c. 3990-3713=a.m.

6-283.

On p. 61 Poole states that in the commence-

ment of a Great Panegyrical Year, in the 1st
Division of the 1st Great Panegyrical Month
that was a part of it, offerings were made by a
certain person who, it is added, lived in the

time of King Num-Shufu or Num Khufu and

King Shufu or Khufu. Petrie regards them
58 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

as probably two names of King Khufu, and

writes them Khnum-khuf and Khufu. This
was the famous Kheops who built the big

Pyramid. Poole identifies it with the time of

the two Suphises of Manetho. It will suffice

for my purpose to take it as the time of Khufu,

or Kheops.

In vol. i, p. 253, Petrie says that for all the

earlier periods of Egyptian History we have

but one check, and that a vague one. It is

the date when Epiphi would fall in the reign

of Merenra, 4th king of the 6th Dynasty, as

calculated from statements made on a certain

occasion by an official named Una (p. 95).

I shall consider that later on. Here I propose

to show that, from considerations based on the

nature of the Great Panegyrical Year, we are

able to find our bearings chronologically in

regard to an even earlier period than that,

namely, this period of King Khufu that I am

now dealing with. However, it w as not very
r

much earlier, as there seems to have been a

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 59

good deal of overlapping amongst these earlier

Dynasties.

Poole, having found that a Great Pane-

gyrical Year began in the time of Khufu,

wished to ascertain what 'particular G.P.Y. it

was. How did he proceed ? He tells us on

p. 62.

In what he calls the year b.c. 2005, in the

reign of Amenemhat II of the 12th Dynasty,

lie finds an event (the beginning of the Tropical
“
Cycle) occurring in the course of the Twelfth

Division of the Twelfth G.P.M.,” i.e. Great

Panegyrical Month. The question, then,

was —Of what particular G.P.Y. was that

G.P.M. a part ?

From what he had thus found, and from

“
the approximative chronology of the interval

from the Suphises to Amenemhat II, derived

from Manetho and the monuments,” he

“ ” of the
concluded that the commencement
particular G.P.Y. current in Amenemhat II’s

reign “ fell to have been in the year b.c. 2352,

60 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

and the commencement of the preceding one

b.c. 2717.” These dates were respectively

a.m. 1652, and a.m. 1287.
Then, on p. 63, he speaks of the G.P.Y.
commencing in b.c. 2717 as the First G.P.Y.,

and identifies its commencement as the Com-

mencement of the Era of Menes ;
and of

the G.P.Y. commencing in b.c. 2352 as the

Second G.P.Y., and identifies its commence-
ment as the Commencement of the Era of
Khufu. According, therefore, to Poole, the

G.P.Y. current in Amenemhat IPs reign was

also the 2nd G.P.Y., and Amenemhat II

must have reigned at a time within 365 years

(the length of a G.P.Y.) from the Era of Khufu
—to be exact, 347 years from it —for he puts
Amenemhat II at b.c. 2005, or a.m. 1999.

Now, how do these conclusions of Poole

consist with the nature of that Sothic Cycle

of 1460 Years, originally from a.m. 0-1, of

which I have shown the G.P.Y. to have been

a vital and organic part ?
 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 61

Taking Poole’s own view regarding the

approximate period of King Khufu —namely,
a.m. 1652 —we are here obviously concerned

with the 2nd Sothic Cycle of 1460 Years.

Well, Poole (p. 63) speaks of the G.P.Y.

commencing in b.c. 2717 as the 1st G.P.Y.,

and of the G.P.Y. commencing in b.c. 2352

as the 2nd G.P.Y.

But the 1st and the 2nd of what ?

For the purposes of Chronology i.e. in

order to fix a Chronology that is at present

exceedingly volatile —in a task where we must

have some firm vantage-ground on which to
base our calculations — it will not do to call

these G.P.Y.’s the 1st and 2nd of some

imaginary period floating loosely about in the
sea of Duration without anything whatever

connecting it with Natural Time. They

must be the 1st and 2nd G.P.Y.’s of some Sothic
Cycle.

This particular Cycle, we have just seen,

was the 2nd ;

which, of course, began
62 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

immediately on the completion of the first

1460 Years from a.m. 0.

Thus, starting from Prime Date, we get

1460 (1st Sothic Cycle), plus 1 7V, being the

1st Division (see Poole, p. 61) of the 1st
G.P.M. of the 1st G.P.Y. of this 2nd Sothic
Cycle. On my Clock, a Cycle=1460 Years ;

a G.P.Y. = 365 Years ;

a G.P.M. = 30 i-2 Years ;

a Division =1 tV Years. Thus we arrive at

1 4617*2 Years.

But, according to Poole (p. 63), the Com-

mencement of the 1st G.P.Y. was the Era

of Menes. If he was right in saying that, the

Commencement of that Era should be a.m.
1460-1461t2 ;
then, on the same basis, the

Commencement of the Time of Khufu should

be a.m. 1825-1 826tV. But if we accept this,

we shall find that we must assign the 4th

Dynasty to a period more than a century

later than its subsequent fellow-Dynasty,

the 6th. That is, while the 6th Dynasty’s

period is almost certainly a.m. 1687-1885

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 63

=b.c. 2309-2111, that of the 4th Dynasty

would work out at a.m. 1 796-2080 = b.c.
2200-1916 !

Therefore, we must take it that Poole is

wrong, and that, not the Commencement of the

1st G.P. Y. of the 2nd Cycle but the Commence-
,

ment of the Uh G.P. Y. of the 1st Cycle must

have been the true Commencement of the Era
of Menes. It follows that, not the Commence-
ment of the 2nd G.P. Y. of the 2nd Cycle, hut the

Commencement of the 1st G.P.Y. of that Cycle

must have been the true Commencement of

the Time of Khufu.

The Era of Menes, therefore, was a.m.
1095 =b.c. 2901, and its 1st year was a.m.
1095-1 096 7j i=B.C. 2901-2899^.
The Time of Khufu was a.m. 1460=b.c.

2536, and its 1st year was a.m. 1460-1461A

=b.c. 2536-2534f£.
This, then a.m. 1460-1 461 71i =b.c. 2536-

2534H —was the period to which we must

assign the occasion referred to by Poole,
64 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

when a certain person is said to have “ made

offerings,” and to have “ lived in the time of

King Num-Shufu.”
Poole said, it will be remembered, that the
G.P. Y. which began in Khufu’s time, and which

he wrongly called a 2nd G.P.Y., was also

current in the time of Amenemhat II of the

12th Dynasty. If he was right in thinking

that, whether a 1st or a 2nd G.P.Y., it was the

same G.P.Y., then, as it proves to have really

been a lsZ G.P.Y., I conclude that the one in

which Amenemhat II flourished was the same

1st G.P.Y. of the 2nd Sothic Cycle, but later

on in it.

Poole’s date — b.c. 2352 = a. m. 1652 — could

not possibly have been the Commencement
of any Sothic Cycle, any more than b.c. 1322

(1320), b.c. 2780, or b.c. 4241 could have been.

It was not a 2nd G.P.Y., but plainly the 192nd
year of the 1st G.P.Y. of the 2nd Sothic Cycle.

So also his prior date— b.c. 2717 = a. m. 1287

—could not possibly have been any such
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 65

Commencement either. It was not a 1st

G.P.Y. at all, but the 192nd year of the 4th

G.P.Y. of the 1st Sothic Cycle.

Poole, and some others, are discovered

unconsciously wandering in this wilderness

of error, not because their own calculations

are wrong, once the basis from which they

start is granted, but because they take their

bearings from a so-called Sothic Cycle which

is not a Sothic Cycle at all, but an arbitrary

Cycle which is floating about in the skies of

their own mentality, with no relation to any-

thing except the nearest similarly capricious

cloud.

On p. 41 of his Short History , Professor

Budge says that Khufu cannot have reigned

much longer than 20 years. Breasted (p.

597) gives him 23 years. Petrie (vol. i, p.

37) allows him 63 years. All knowledge about

this celebrated personage, therefore, seems
very indefinite.
Taking the longest of these different

E
66 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

estimates, and assuming that this 63 years

was in and near the 1st G.P.M. of 30^ years

above referred to, I take it roundly that

Khufu reigned about a.m. 1460-1523 = b.c.
2536-2473. Thus, with Shaaru (29 years)
as its first king, the 4th Dynasty began about
a.m. 1431 =b.c. 2565, and ended with Aimhe-
tep, after a total period of 284 years, about
a.m. 1715=b.c. 2281.

I accordingly find the period of the 4th

Dynasty to have been a.m. 1431-1715 = b.c.

2565-2281. Shepseskaf, the 6th king of this

Dynasty, seems by the above reckoning to

have reigned about a.m. 1671-1692=b.c.

2325-2304. According to Breasted ( Ancient

Records, vol. i, p. 67), he celebrated a “ Seshed

Feast ” in his first regnal year. If this was
the same thing as a Sed Heb, it was no doubt
the Ordinary Festival for a.m. 1672}£, No. 19

in my List of Hebs, post. If so, this will be

the earliest Sed Heb that has been identified

so far. Moreover, it fixes Shepseskaf’s first

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 67

regnal year at a.m. 1673 =b.c. 2323, and thus

gives us a base from which to make other

adjustments. We shall find in due course

that these Sed and Hunti Hebs — of which
there is a long and impressive vista, in succes-

sive periods of exactly 30 ih years — clinch our

calculations from time to time in the most
delightful way ;
in fact, they operate as a

splendid Chronological Control.

According to Poole (p. 82), the 4th Dynasty

was somewhat earlier than the 6th, which was

about contemporaneous with the 11th, and
with the beginning of the 12th.
According to Dimbleby, Dynasties from 4th
to 15th were all contemporaneous at some part,
often during the greater part, of their periods.

Poole, speaking of his unmoored year b.c.

2717, which he identifies as the Era of Menes,

says, “That this was the First G.P.Y. is proved
by the characteristics which it possesses ;
for

it commenced in a year in which the manifes-

tation of Sothis fell in the first month of the

 ,

68 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Vague Year, and was therefore celebrated on

the first day of that month ” (p. 63).

The beginning of a G.P.Y. (of which there

are 4 in every Sothic Cycle) is always a year
that begins, the 1st at the Autumnal Equinox,

the 2nd at the Winter Solstice, the 3rd at the

Vernal Equinox, and the 4th at the Summer

Solstice, and in which Sirius rises at a time
regulated by the fact that at the commencement
of the Cycle, and therefore of the 1st G.P.Y.
Progressive 1st Thoth, or Progressive New
Year’s Day, falls exactly on Fixed 1st Thoth.

WhenP. 1st Thoth is at the Autumnal Equinox,

at the opening of the 1st year of any Cycle,

the Manifestation or Rising occurs that year

exactly 10 months subsequently, i.e. on 1st

F. Epiphi, or our 20th July. When, 365

years afterwards, in the course of the Cycle,

at the commencement of the 2nd G.P.Y., P.

1st Thoth reaches the Winter Solstice, the

Rising occurs 7 months afterwards. When,

another 365 years afterwards, at the
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 69

commencement of the 3rd G.P.Y., P. 1st Thotli

reaches the Vernal Equinox, the Kising occurs

4 months subsequently. When, yet another

365 years afterwards, at the commencement
of the 4th G.P.Y., P. 1st Thoth reaches the
Summer Solstice, the Rising occurs 1 month
subsequently. Then, for the first time, at

the end of the ensuing 121§ years, P. 1st

Thoth falls exactly on F. 1st Epiplii, and

Progressive New Year’s Day and the Rising

coincide. That happens like this once, and

once only, in the Cycle. But obviously it is

not, as Poole says, a characteristic marking

the 1st G.P.Y. It marks a stage in the early

part of the, and every, 4th G.P.Y. If it

marked Poole’s b.c. 2717, he had clearly got

hold of the wrong year, but it could not

have marked it for b.c. 2717 was a.m. 1287.

As such, it was not only 192 years past the
commencement of the 4th G.P.Y. of its

Cycle, but it was 70| years past the time of

the Heliacal Rising’s coincidence with the

7o Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Progressive New Year. As already observed,

there was another kind of Heliacal Rising of

Sirius which the Egyptians observed every

162 years, but that seems to have been con-

nected with the Eclipse Cycles of 18, 54, and

649 years.
Let us now gather up our results so far.

(a) Era of Menes (First Year), a.m. 1095-

1 096-tV, or b.c. 2901-2899fL

(b) 4th Dynasty, a.m. 1431-1715 = b.c.
2565-2281, and therewith the means of forming,

prior to calculations, an approximate idea

of the periods of any Dynasties that were

contemporaneous with it.

(c) Era of Khufu (First Year), a.m. 1460-

14617*2= b.c. 2536-2534 ft.

(d) A complete Line of all the Great Pane-

gyrical Years, from the Prime Date to the
first few centuries of the Christian Era.
They must be read as completed years.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 71

No. of
G.P.Y. a.m. 0, 1 Thoth.
1 „ 365=b.c. 3631. ..Opening G.P.Y. of 1st

Sothic Cycle.
2 „ 730= „ 3266
3 „ 1095= „ 2901
4 „ 1460= „ 2536... Close of 1st Sothic Cycle.

1 „ 1825= „ 21 71... Opening G.P.Y. of 2nd

Sothic Cycle.
2 „ 2190= „ 1806
3 „ 2455= „ 1541
4 „ 2820= „ 1176. ..Close of 2nd Sothic Cycle.

1 „ 3185= „ 811... Opening G.P.Y. of 3rd

Sothic Cycle.
2 „ 3530= „ 466
3 „ 3895= „ 101
4 „ 3996+164:=4160=a.d. 161... Close of 3rd
Sothic Cycle.

1 „ 4525 =a.d. 526 ...Opening G.P.Y. of 4th

Sothic Cycle.
(And so on up to date.)

(e) A complete Line of all the Sed (Ordinary)

and Hunti (Quadruple) Hebs, or Religious
Festivals, from the 1st Sed Heb in a.m.
7
1125nr> or b.c. 2870i 2, at the beginning of the

Era of Menes, up to the opening years of the

72 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

20th Dynasty, which will suffice for my present

purposes. The reader can easily carry them
on further for himself, to any period he desires,

by adding the required number of periods of

30&. Dimbleby numbered his list of wrong

periods (round periods of 30 and 120 years)

from a.m. 0 ;
but in this he obviously erred,
as they did not in fact commence till the com-

mencement of civil life in the Era op Menes.

red. HUNTI. A.M. R.C.

1 1125!% 2870^
2 1155% 2840%
3 11861 2809%
4 1 1216§ 2779%
5 1247^- 2748]%
6 1277% 2718%
7 1307%% 2688!%
8 2 1338% 2657f
9 1368% 2627%
10 1399% 2596%
11 1429y% 2566%%
12 3 1460 2536
13 1490%% 2505!%
14 1520% 2475%
15 1551% 2444%
16 4 1581% 2414%
Secret of Egyptian Chronology 73

SED. HUNTI. A.M. B.C.

17 1612^ 238300
18 1642£ 23530
19 16720/ 2323/j
20 5 17030 22920
21 1733f 22620
22 1764/ 22310
23 1794/y 22OI/2
24 6 1825 2171
25 18550/ 2140/2
26 18850- 21101
27 19161 20790
28 7 19460 20490
29 1977 112 2018}/
30 20071 19880
31 2037]/ 1958/2
32 8 20681 19270
33 2098f 18970
34 21291 18660
35 2159^2 1836//
36 9 2190 1806
37 2220 T/ 1775/>
38 22500 1745/"
39 22810 17140
40 10 23110 1684§
41 2342/,- 16530/
42 2372/ 1624
43 2402}/ 1593/2
44 11 24330 15620
45 24630 15320
 1

74 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

SEE. HUNTI. A.M. B.C.

46 2494£ 1501$
47 2524 ft 1471ft
48 12 2555 1441
49 2585 & 1410ft2
50 2615$ 1380^
51 26461 1349f
52 13 267 6§ 1319$
53 2707 ft 1288}y
54 2737^ 1258£
55 2767}| 1228 ft
56 14 27981," 1197|
57 2828| 1167|
58 2859 ft 1136|
59 2889 1106ft
60 15 2919 }i 1076
61 2950^ 1045/2
62 2980|- 1015J

N.B. —The line of periods of 30 ft years each, prior to

the Era of Menes and starting from a.m. 30ft, will be

found on the Sothic Cyclical Clock.

2. The 6th Dynasty.

Period according to different authorities.

Petrie (vol. i, p. 86) : A.M. 501-669 = B.C.

3503-3335.

Brugsch (p. xxi) : a.m. 704-938 =b.c. 3300-

3066.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 75

Breasted (p. 597) : a.m. 1379-1529 = B.c.

2625-2475.

Dimbleby : a.m. 1962-2227 = B.c. 2034-

1769.

Preliminary hypothesis as to period.

I have arrived at a.m. 1431-1715 = b.c.

2565-2281 as the period of the 4th Dynasty.
Both Dimbleby and Poole put it earlier than

the 6th Dynasty. Therefore, taking Dim-

bleby’s and even Breasted’s computations for

the 6th Dynasty as preferable to Brugscli’s

and Petrie’s —which I regard as absolutely

impossible, and startlingly remote from the

probable —we may assume, as a working
hypothesis, that we are dealing with a Dynasty
whose period was perhaps at the end of the

1st Sothic Cycle of 1460 Years, but more

probably partly in the 1st Great Panegyrical

Year of the 2nd Sothic Cycle, and partly in

the 2nd G.P.Y. of that Cycle. Our problem
is to find which of these 3 possible periods

is the correct one.

76 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Merira, or Pepi I, the 3rd king, is said to

have celebrated a Sed Heb in his 18th year

(Petrie, vol. i, p. 93), Sed, I understand,

means “ Tail,” and the Festival was so called

because it was originally in celebration of the

heirship of the Crown Prince, who was figura-

tively regarded as the “ tail ” of the Royal

“ Lion.” This Sed probably really relates to

Pepi II, as we shall see presently.

Period of Pepi 7.

Petrie (vol. i, p. 89): a.m. 537-557 =b.c.

3467-3447.

Breasted does not specially assign him any

period.

Pepi I reigned 21 years (

Petrie , vol. i, p.

86), and was succeeded by Merenra, who

reigned 5 years.

Now, in MerenrH’s reign there was a high

official named Una, or Uni, who, being com-
missioned to bring some alabaster to the

Pyramids, quarried it at Hatnub in 17 days

of the month of Epiphi, and who reports

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 77

that nevertheless he could not float it down

the Nile in the great rafts originally intended,

in time to benefit by the Inundation, as the

waters had subsided, or were subsiding.

Petrie puts the subsidence at about 5th

November, the departure from Hatntib, at

28th October, and the 17 days of Epiphi, he
says, take us back to 11th October. Hence,

according to him, Epiphi fell within 6 days

of 5th October-5th November. This date,

he asserts, would be that of Epiphi at about

b.c. 3350 =A.M. 654, if we reckon the 1460

years’ period back from a.d. 139. I have
already commented on this last- mentioned

date and its fellows as starting points for

calculations connected with the Sothic Cycle.

However, he thereby obtains b.c. 3410 =a.m.

594 as the date of the beginning of the 6th

Dynasty, with an uncertainty, he adds, of at
most 50 to 100 years. Over 800 years prior
to the commencement of the Era of Menes !

Let us test Petrie’s argument.

 —

78 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Una works at the quarries from 14th to

30th, inclusive, of Epiplii. Then on 1st

Mesore (28th October) he leaves Hatnub.

He travels by raft from then till 9th Mesore

(5th November), i.e. 9 days, both inclusive,

and finds the waters fallen or falling. We

thus get the following parallel :

1 Epipki=28 September 21 Epipki=18 October

2 » 29 33 22 „ 19 33

3 3 3
30 33 23 „ 20 33

4 33 1 October 24 „ 21 33

5 33 2 33 25 „ 22 33

6 33 3 33 26 ,, 23 33

7 33 4 33 27 „ 24 33

8 33 5 33 28 „ 25 33

9 33 6 33 29 „ 26 ?5

10 33 7 33 30 „ 27 53

11 33 8 33 1 Mesore 28 33

12 33 9 33 2 „ 29 33

13 33 10 33 3 „ 30 33

14 33 11 33 4 „ 31 33

15 33 12 33 5 „ 1 November
16 33 13 33 6 „ 2 33

17 33 14 33 7 „ 3 33

18 33 15 33 8 „ 4 33

19 33 16 33 9 „ 5 33

20 33 17 33
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 79

That is, according to Petrie, Epiphi fell on

that occasion between 28th September and 27th

October, both inclusive.

It must be remembered that the Epiphi

spoken of by Una was Progressive Civil Epiphi,

not the Fixed Epiphi on the Clock of the

Natural Year. At the opening of every

Sothic Cycle of 1460 Years, but only then, i.e.

when P. 1st Tlioth is exactly level with F. 1st

Thoth at the Autumnal Equinox, P. Epiphi

falls at F. Epiphi. Every 1 day’s remove

further on, however, means an advance of

4 years in the Cycle. Hence, by making P.

1st Epiphi coincide with F. 28th September,
or the greater part of F. Thoth and a small
portion of F. Paopi, Petrie has moved P. 1st

Epiphi from its original position (level with

F. 20th July) through 12 days of July, 31 days

of August, and 28 days of September =71

days in all. This, multiplied by 4, = 284

days, which means that Una was then in

the 284th year of some Great Panegyrical

 So Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Year. Plainly we have a choice of 3

G.P.Y.’s.

The 284th year of the 4th G.P.Y. of the

1st Sothic Cycle of 1460 Years was a.m. 1379
=B.c. 2617.

Of the 1st G.P.Y. of the 2nd Cycle, the 284th

year was a.m. 1744=b.c. 2252.

Of the 2nd G.P.Y. of the 2nd Cycle, the 284th

year was a.m. 2109 =b.c. 1887.

It is obvious that it will make a very great

difference which of these years we decide to

select. Only one of them can be the correct

one. Let us analyse them, each in turn.

In a.m. 1379, 1st Thoth P. fell on 10th
Mesore, or our 28th August. Therefore P.

Epiphi then fell in July and a few days of

June. That could therefore not be the period

we want.
A.M. 1744 was 1460 plus 284. In the 284th

year of the 2nd Cycle, P. 1 Thoth fell on 10th

Athyr— 1st December. P. Epiphi, therefore,

coincided almost exactly with the month of

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology Si

F. October. Now, this is the very position

we are looking for. Let us, however, first

test the remaining year a.m. 2109.

That was 1460 plus 649. In the 649th year
of the 2nd Sothic Cycle, P. 1 Thoth fell on 10th
Mechir=lst March. P. Epiplii therefore fell

in January. This is clearly no use to us.

The year we must go by is obviously a.m.

1744.

Here, however, to be quite exact, we must

make a little correction. To get Cyclic years

Petrie multiplies his days by 4. We must

multiply them by 4iV- 71 days multiplied

by 4iV, means that Una was really in the

287l|th year of some G.P.Y.

Taking Petrie’s calculation we chose the
year a.m. 1744, as being the 284th year of

the 1st G.P.Y. of the 2nd Cycle. Hence,

we must now chose the 287 Uth year of that

G. P.Y. That year is a.m. 174711, or, say,

a.m. 1748.

Thus, then, we find that though Petrie is

Gr
82 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

practically right in his synchronisation of the

months, yet his being right in this does not

validate his conclusion that his argument
brings us to b.c. 3350 as the time when Una
was quarrying for Merenra.

Besides, we know that it is always, and can

only be, when P. 1 Thoth in its career round

the Cycle, is pointing to early F. Athyr, or

beginning of our December, i.e. when it is in

the last stage of the Cycle’s 1st Gr.P.Y., or

stretch of 365 Years, and is approaching the

Winter Solstice, that P. Epiphi can and does

ever coincide with our October.

Well, were these conditions those of b.c.

3350 ?

That was a.m. 654. a.m. 654 was when P. 1

Thoth, in course of its Cyclic round, was 289

years along the path of the 2nd G.P.Y. In
other words, P. 1 Thoth was then staging,

nowhere near the Winter Solstice, but far

beyond it, at a point somewhere in F. Mechir

= our March.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 83

Having selected Year a.m. 1747 Hr, let us now

proceed to apply it. Merenra reigned at least

5 years ( Ancient Records, p. 145). Una’s

commission was probably in the 1st regnal
year, as we know that on the accession of an

Egyptian king one of the first things that he

attended to was the construction of his in-
“
evitable long home,” or tomb, where, as it

were, he would await his next period of in-

carnation after about 1500 years. Merenra’s

reign, therefore, was probably a.m. 1747H-

175111.

How does this conclusion consist with the

necessities arising out of the known facts

of the reign of his immediate successor,

Nefer-ka-ra, or Pepi II ? It harmonises

exactly.

Pepi II came to the throne as a child of 6,

and reigned for over 90 years (Breasted, p.

143 ;
Petrie, vol. i, p. 102). At p. 93 of the
same vol. Petrie tells us that at Hammamat
there are many inscriptions, the largest of
84 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

which records a Sed Heb celebrated by Pepi I

in his 18th regnal year. This must surely

relate to Pepi II, not to Pepi I ? In Ancient

Records, pp. 136, 137, §§ 296-298, the in-

scription is noticed, and the reference to the

“ 18th occurrence ” is described as being below

the reliefs, in the inscription of the officers of

an expedition. One of the reliefs has the

“
words, First occurrence of the Sed Jubilee.”

Then (pp. 139, 140, §§ 304, 305) another

inscription is noticed, also purporting to relate

“
to the First occurrence of the Sed Jubilee,”

but dated in the “ year of the 25th numbering.”

As Breasted remarks, “ On any theory of the

Sed Jubilee this date is in glaring contra-

diction ” of the other. I submit that the one

stated to have been in the 18th year was

really Pepi II’s Festival. In any case, a

Sed Heb fell due precisely in what would have

been the 18th regnal year of Pepi II. It was
No. 22 Ordinary, in a.m. 1764£=b.c. 2231f.
Exactly 30 1% years later, in his 49th regnal
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 85

year, he celebrated another of the same kind

in a.m. 1794i^=b.c. 2201fV- Exactly another

30 1\ years afterwards, in his 80th regnal year,

he celebrated yet another that was not

Ordinary. It was the 24th Heb in my list,

but the 6th Quadruple, or Hunti ,

falling in

A.M. 1825=B.C. 2171.

Thus, allowing 36 years for its first two

kings, Teta and Aty (
Petrie ,
vol. i, p. 86), I

find to a moral — I might almost say to an

astronomical, geometrical, and mathematical

—certainty, that this Dynasty began about

a.m. 1684H=b.c. 2311 iV, and, having flourished

about 198 years altogether, ended about a.m.

1882H=b.c. 23 1 1 tV- In this result we have

a solid basis on which to build the rest of

our inferences and conclusions ;

and the
first use I find for it is to notice that it

confirms my conclusion regarding the period

of the 4th Dynasty, which I fixed by pro-

ceeding on an altogether different line of

thought.
 —

86 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Re-constructing the Dynasty, we get

Teta . . 30 years . . a.m. 1684d|—171111

Aty . . . 6 „ . . . „ 1714}|-1720li
Pepi I • 21 „ . . . „ 172011-1717*
Merenra I • 5 „ . . . „ 1747 *-1751*
Pepi II . 90 x „ . . „ 1751*—1841 pg-x
Merenra II • 1 „ • • • 55
2

Nefer-ka-ra 1 2
• 55 • • • 55

Men-ka-ra
(Nitokris) 12 „ . . . „ 1870*-1882*
198 ?

Period of Dynasty : a.m. 1684 *- 1882 *= b c . . 2311 *-

2113*.

3. The 12th Dynasty.

Period according to authorities.

Petrie (vol. i, p. 147) : a.m. 1226-1499 =b.c.

2778-2565.

Brugsch (p. xxii.) : a.m. 1538-1738 =b.c.

2466-2266.

Breasted (pp. 598-9) : a.m. 2004-2216=b.c.

2000-1788.

Dimbleby : a.m. 2006-2162=b.c. 1990-1834.

Comparison with 6 th Dynasty.

According to Poole, the 12th Dynasty began
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 87

about the time when the 6th Dynasty ended

(p. 159). Petrie’s, Brugsch’s, and Breasted’s

periods for the 6th Dynasty show that they
also thought the 12th Dynasty began after
the end of the 6th, by some 4|-6 centuries.

Budge merely assigns about b.c. 2400 as the

period of the 12th Dynasty (p. 252). Dimbleby

held that not only did the 6th Dynasty precede

the 12th by 46 years, but it also continued to

flourish for 65 years after the 12th had ended.

He thus holds that they were contemporary

as long as the 12th lasted.

I have just assigned the 6th Dynasty to

a.m. 1684l!-1882H = B.C. 2311iV-2113iV
Thus, while Petrie and Brugsch are remote

in their estimates, Dimbleby and Breasted are

nearer, and practically agree.

Which of all these estimates is the right one ?

Is any of them the right one ?

Some doubt seems to exist as to whether

Amenemhat I should be regarded as a king of

the 12th Dynasty at all, or whether he should

88 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

be assigned to the 11th Dynasty. As to this,

Poole probably gives the correct view. Accord-

ing to him (pp. 21, 141 et seq.), Amenemh&t I

did not, strictly speaking, belong to either

Dynasty. Either that, or he belonged to both.

He was originally established as vassal ruler

of Upper Egypt by the then supreme Pharaoh,

Neb-taui-ra, or Mentu-hotep II (Neb-tete-ra,

or Munt-hotep), 5th king of the 9th Dynasty.

This connected him in a manner with the 11th

Dynasty ; but anarchy arose, and he was
several times dethroned and restored. Finally

he seems for 16 (Breasted says 10) years to

have been co-regent with Usertesen, Senusert,
or Senwosri I, the really first king of the 12th

Dynasty.
Dimbleby states that there was a Quadruple
Festival (the 17th since a.m. 0) connected with

the Sothic Cycle of 1460 years celebrated in

the 4th regnal year of Senwosri I. In this he

is wrong. A Sed Heb, or Ordinary Festival,
was celebrated in that king’s 3rd year, as we
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 89

shall see presently. Dimbleby ’s 17th Quad-

ruple means a.m. 2040, but it is impossible to

equate this with any of the Hebs on my list,

because Dimbleby and I construct our lines

on different bases —he on a 120 years, I on a

121§, basis. It shows, however, one thing

which I regard as very important, and that is

that, without any thought of G.P.Y.’s in his

mind, he is speaking of a time which must

have been in the 2nd G.P.Y. of the 2nd

Sothic Cycle. Process : from 2040 subtract

1460, the 1st Cycle. The remainder is 590
of the 2nd Cycle. Now subtract 365, the 1st

G.P.Y. of that 2nd Cycle. The remainder is

225 years, part of the 2nd G.P.Y.

Now, I have already committed myself to
the view that the G.P.Y. in which the 12th

Dynasty must have flourished was, not a 2nd,

but the 1st G.P.Y. of the 2nd Cycle, and well

on in it. Hence, as Dimbleby is clearly wrong-

regarding his co-called 17th Quadruple Festival

in a.m. 2040, he should also be wrong in his

90 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

placement of the reign of Senwosri I in the

2nd G.P.Y. of the 2nd Cycle. We shall soon

see.

In Ancient Records, § 42, p. 28, Breasted

gives us the momentous information that

among the Kahun Papyri there is a letter from

a Priest to his subordinates, notifying them in

the 120th year of the 12th Dynasty (which,

according to Breasted’s figures, indicates the

reign of Senwosri III) that the Feast of the

Rising of Sothis would occur on “ the 15th

of the 8th month,” which I take to be Phar-

muthi. In an article on “ Egypt ” in the
Encyc. Brit., 11th edition, vol. 9, p. 79, we get
the further fact that the phenomenon occurred
in Senwosri Ill’s 7th regnal year.

Of one thing, at least, we may be very

certain. This Rising could not possibly have

been one of the kind that happened only once

in a Sothic Cycle, i.e. when Progressive 1st

Thoth, or the Progressive New Year, coincided

with Fixed 1st Epiphi at point 1216| on the

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 91

Cycle ;
for the first happened in a.m. 1216§

=b.c. 2779^, and the next occasion was not

till a.m. 2676|=b.c. 1319£.

In a footnote to p. 28 Breasted states that

Temple entries from the same Papyri recording
offerings made at the Sothis Feast, are dated

the next day, i.e. I suppose, the 16th of “ the

8th month.” This, however, does not advance

us, as a Sothis Feast was not the same function

as a Sed or Hunti Iieb. I have already dealt

with Breasted’s method of fixing this event

at b.c. 1880. Curiously enough, that method

amounts to the same thing as —what does

the reader think ? To something which re-

veals quite clearly that Breasted has been

basing himself on the old Cycle of 1440 Years

which the Ancient Egyptians carefully dis-

carded ! For if we count the years from 1st

Epiphi, on the basis of this discarded Cycle,

when we come to 15th Mechir we come to

exactly Breasted’s 900 years ! What he really

has proved, therefore, though he did not know

Q2 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

it, is that his point of Coincidence between

the Calendar and Nature, i.e. b.c. 2780, is

indeed metaphysically placed in his own mind,

but nowhere in Time, certainly nowhere on
the Clock ;
that his basic Cycle is the wrong

one ;
that 1st Epiplii, or my Cyclical Division

1216§, is not the “ beginning ” ;

that Mechir

is not “ the 8th month ” ;

and that b.c. 1880
is a chimaera.

As already stated, the true date of the Rising

in Senwosri Ill’s 7th regnal year was any one

of the dates a.m. 1768f-, 1769|, 1770§, and

1771|=b.c. 2227 1, 2226£, 2225$, and 2224$.

In arriving at this we ought to have arrived
at the 120th year of the 12th Dynasty.

We may now proceed to attempt a re-

construction of the Dynasty, going by either

Petrie’s or Breasted’s figures for each reign.

It matters little which we rely on, as, excluding

co-regencies, both authorities give Amenem-

hat I 20, Senwosri I 42, and Amenemhat II

32 years =94 years. Unfortunately the length

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 93

of Senwosri II’s reign is not known with any

certitude. It is, in fact, the weak link in the

chain so far made by Egyptologists. But

apparently he has been allowed about 19

years.

It may be remembered that some time back

I decided to adopt the working rule that

whenever we have 4 available years for a

Sothic Rising, with nothing to indicate which

one of them is the right year, the one to select

is preferably the highest of the 4. Let us,

therefore, consistently with this rule, select

a.m. 177 If as Senwosri Ill’s 7th regnal year.

This would make his 1st regnal year a.m.

1765f.
Senwosri II’s period would then be a.m.

1746f-1765f.
Amenemhat II’s period would be a.m.

1711f-1746f.
Senwosri I’s period would be a.m. 1666f-

1711f.

His 3rd regnal year would, therefore, have

94 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

been a.m. 1668§. Our task now is, not only to

determine the proper place of Senwosri Ill’s

7th regnal year on the Sothic Cycle, but
also to see that Senwosri I’s 3rd regnal

year, when we have decided upon it, is con-

sistent with the requirements of my List of

Hebs.

First, let us see whether a.m. 1668f .is on

that List.

No, it is not. The nearest Sed Heb was

4f§ years later, i.e. it was No. 19 on the List
—a.m. 1672R.
Now, I find that in the 3rd year of his reign,

in the 3rd month of the 1st season, Senwosri I

“ was taking thought in an excellent matter.”

“ I will make a work, namely, a great house

for my father Atum.” In other words, he

decided to build a Temple to the Sun-God

at Heliopolis (
Ancient Records , §§ 498-506,

pp. 240-245 ;
Petrie, vol. i, p. 157 ;
Budge,

p. 55 ;
Brugsch, pp. 58, 59). On an Obelisk

commemorating the laying of the Foundation,

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 95
“
it is recorded that the work was executed at

the beginning of a 30 years’ cycle ” (

Brugsch ,

p. 59). Hebs, be it remarked, were celebra-

tions of completed periods. Here the record
speaks of the beginning of one of these periods.

Its reference to it as a “ 30 years’ cycle,” I

regard as merely a rough-and-ready allusion,

its true fractional nature being taken as known,

at least to the educated classes. It was,

therefore, an appellative, not a descriptive

expression.

From this it is clear that there is no reason

whatever why a.m. 1668f should be on the
List of Hebs at all. No Heb was being cele-

brated or was due then. In this 3rd regnal

year—which we are provisionally assuming to

have been a.m. 1668 —Senwosri only decided
9 I

to build the Temple. Such a great structure

would certainly have taken many years to
erect. Even the clearing of the site and the
laying of the Foundation would have required

several years. Then the inscription on the

96 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Obelisk records that the completion of this

“
Foundation-work was at the beginning of a

30 years’ cycle ”= the beginning of a Heb

Period of 30 iV years.
Therefore we now have it that the decision

to build was presumably in a.m. 1668§, and

the completion of the Foundation-work was

presumably soon after a.m. 1672}4. That is

to say, it was either in Mesore, the last iVth

of a.m. 1673, or it was in Thoth, the first iVfch

of a.m. 1674=4fi years after a.m. 1668f. Let

us assume that it was at this last-mentioned

date. How does this work out ?

Amenemhat I . . . 30 years
Senwosri I .... 45 „
Amenemhat II . .... 35 „
Senwosri II .... 19 „
Senwosri III .... 7 „

136
Co-regencies . . . . . .-15

12] st year of
the Dynasty.

This is so very near the mark that obviously

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 97

the 1 year in excess is probably susceptible of

elimination by a little adjustment.

Suppose, therefore, we assume that the

completion of the Foundation-work took, not

4f& years, as above, but only 3f& years,

ending a.m. 1673ik, which seems indeed a more

reasonable time. Senwosri I’s first regnal

year would then have been, not a.m. 1666#, as

above, but a.m. 1667#.

Thus we obtain the following final re-

construction of the Dynasty :

Amenemhat I 30 years A.M. 1637f-1667f

Senwosri I 45 3 3 33 1667#— 1712#
Amenemhat II 35 33 • 33 17122-17471
Senwosri II 18 33 33 1747#—1765#
Senwosri III 38 33 * 33 17 65 y-l 803 2
Amenemhat III 48 33 33 1803#—1851#
Amenemhat IV 9 33 33 1851#—18602
Sebeknefrure 4 33 33 1860^-1864#

227
Co-regencies -15

212

By these figures Senwosri I’s 3rd year was

H
 !

98 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

a.m. 1669f, and Senwosri Ill’s 7th regnal

year works out at 135—15 for co-regencies
= exactly the 120th year of the Dynasty !

All the conditions of the problem, as laid

down by the records and by the nature of the

Sothic Cycle, have now been completely satis-

fied. Senwosri I’s regnal period, at a.m.

1667f-1712f, is consistent, not only with the

inscription on the Obelisk, but also with the

List of Hebs. Senwosri Ill’s regnal period,

at a.m. 1 7 65 1-1 803f , consists with the recorded

date of the Sothic Rising that took place in

his 7th regnal year, and the latter is shown
to have been exactly the 120th year of the

Dynasty, as stated in the Kahun Papyrus.

And incidentally the length of Senwosri II’s

regnal period, hitherto uncertain, has been

definitely fixed at 18 years.

I think I am now entitled to say that an

effective portion of the magic formula, Open
Sesame has been legitimately uttered, that

my Triple Key is beginning to turn, that the

 :

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 99

lock of the door of the Chamber of Mystery

is yielding, and that there is good reason to
hope that when we come to apply my methods
to the era of the famous 18 th Dynasty we shall

be able to open the door itself, for all to enter

who will.

Period of Dynasty a.m. 1637|-1864|

=b.c. 23583-2131 &.

Thus, to our astonishment, Poole turns out

to have been quite correct, when he said that

the G.P.Y. in which Amenemhat II flourished,

and the G.P.Y. which commenced in the age

of Khufu, were identical. Amenemhat II’s

date, we see, was a.m. 1712f-1747|. a.m.

1712 consists of 1460 (the 1st Sothic Cycle)

plus 252 years of the 1st G.P.Y. of the 2nd

Cycle.

Thus, too, I myself was right in my antici-

pation that it would turn out to be the same

1st G.P.Y. of the 2nd Cycle, but at a later stage.

It is, at first sight, alarming to find the results

of my calculations regarding the period of

 !

ioo Secret of Egyptian Chronology

this Dynasty differing so greatly from those

of authorities like Breasted, Petrie, and Dim-
bleby, and actually fixing the 12th Dynasty at
a period anterior to that of the 6th Dynasty

But this little confirmation from considerations

connected with Poole’s views regarding the
G.P.Y.’s formed before I had arrived at my
final results, has a steadying effect. We
must remember, too, that the 12th Dynasty
was a Theban Dynasty. The 6th was Mem-
phite, as also was the 4th. Further, they

probably got the serial numbers with which

they have come down to us, at a time when

— as is very well known now —the supposed

facts regarding the Dynasties and their mutual
relations in point of time, and their respective

kings, and the lengths of their several reigns,

and in fact all so-called knowledge about

them, was exceedingly confused.
So great, so surprisingly great, is this con-

fusion, that in my opinion it is only explicable

on the hypothesis that the Land of Egypt

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 101

sustained some tremendous catastrophe of

which conventional scholarship is still ignorant.

In my book on European and Other Race-

Origins I show what I believe this catastrophe

to have been the wholesale deportation of the

race of Ancient Egyptians from Egypt hy

Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon. Nothing but an
event of that magnitude and drastic character

will, in my opinion, explain the oblivion which

seems to have swallowed up so great a portion

of their past history.

In Ancient Records ,
vol. i, p. 48, Breasted
has a note entitled, “ Addendum on Chrono-
logy” (§ 42), regarding a fragmentary relief

found in the tomb of Thutnakht (El Berskeh),

recording that the Flax-Harvest, which, he

says, as the 11 3-1 17th days from 1st Epiphi,

normally falls between 9th-13th November,
had taken place between " the 23rd and 27th
of the fourth month.” By his reference to
“
early April,” Breasted seems to identify
this “ fourth month ” with Phamenoth.
102 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Let us analyse these data.

23rd-27th Phamenoth= 263-267 days from
1 Epiphi.

9th-13th November = 18-22 Paopi = really

108-112 days from 1st Epiphi ;
not 113—

177 days.

113-117 to 263-267 = a shift of 150 days.

108-112 to 263-267 = a shift of 155 days.

According to Breasted 150 days=600 years.

According to my reckoning it is 608f Cyclic
years. Therefore 155 days = 628 11 Cyclic

years.

On these data Breasted says there was a

shift of the Calendar amounting to over 200
clays, showing that the Flax-Harvest in 23rd-
27 th Phamenoth occurred in the middle of

the 20th Century b.c.

As I read the data the shift was one of 155

days, or 628H years from normal Harvest to

abnormal Harvest. This is the same thing

as a shift of P. 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day,

from F. 1 Thoth (Cyclic Division 1460) to 5th

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 103

Mechir=628ls' Cyclic years past 1460 =a.m.

7
2088]-8', or b.c. 1907t 8. All this, of course,

is on the assumption that Prof. Breasted

is right in regarding (if he does regard)
“
Phamenoth as the fourth month.” My
submission, however, is that by the “ fourth

month ” was meant, not Phamenoth at all,

but Khoiak : for, as fully explained elsewhere,

in calculations intended to place any given

event in its proper position on the true Sothic

Cycle which always commences from the

Autumnal Equinox, we must count fromF. 1

Tliotli. The true position then works out thus

Counting now from P. 1 Epiphi to F. 23-27

Khoiak, instead of to F. 23-27 Phamenoth,

we get 173-177 days, instead of 263-267 days.

The shift between 108-112 days and 173-177

days =65 days, as against the previous 155

days. This is 263ii Cyclical Divisions past

1460, representing the previous first Cycle

=a.m. 1723H=47i! years earlier than Sen-

wosri Ill’s 7th regnal year. Now, let us test
 104 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

this shift of 65 days by the Sothic Rising. In

a.m. H the Rising occurred on P. 26
1723
Pharmuthi = True Time F. 6 Athyr, as will be
seen on reference to Table II. Well, what is

the shift between F. 1 Thoth and F. 6 Athyr ?

It is 66 days = practically the same as the shift

at the time of this Flax-Harvest. Now, ac-

cording to the standpoint from which we look

at it, this may or may not be described as

“
corresponding completely ” with the shift

in Senwosri Ill’s time, which was from F. 1

Thoth to F. 17 Athyr =77 days. It certainly

corresponds if we allow for the 47 H years

intervening between the two periods. But it

is a very different shift from Prof. Breasted’s

225 days for Senwosri Ill’s time.

4. The 18th Dynasty.
Period according to different authorities.

Breasted (Anc. Pec., vol. i, p. 42) : a.m. 2424-

2654 = b.c. 1580-1350.

Petrie (vol. ii, p. 29) : a.m. 2417-1676= b.c.
1587-1328.
 ;

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 105

Budge (p. 252) : A.M. 2404-2604 = b.c. 1600-

1400.

Brugsch (p. xxii) : a.m. 2304-2571 = b.c.

1700-1433.

Dimbleby : a.m. 2235-1558 = b.c. 1761-1438.

Period of Thothmes III.

Petrie places bis accession at b.c. 1503.

Mahler, as modified by Lehmann and Eduard

Meyer ;
3rd May, b.c. 1501 to 17th March,

B.c. 1447.

Breasted adopts this last period.

What I now propose to do is to make, not

so much further investigations and calculations
as an application and adjustment of the con-

clusions to which I have come by the methods

hereinbefore explained.

Having ascertained that a.m. 2524 x 2 or b.c.

-,

1471 12 ,
was the 16th regnal year of Queen
Hatshepsut, and the 3rd of Thothmes III

that they celebrated a Sed Heb that year

jointly ;
and that the year was also marked
by a Sothic Basing on the 21st Epiphi ;
and
 ; ;

106 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

having also ascertained that a.m. 2555, or b.c.

1441, was the 33rd regnal year of Thothmes III

that in that year a Sothic Rising took place

on 28th Epiphi ; and also that in the same

year Thothmes III celebrated a Hunti Heb,
or Quadruple Festival, which is on my
List of Hebs many other important dates,

hitherto wandering about in uncertainty, fix

themselves.

The following is a Summary in skeleton

form of some of the more prominent dates for

a portion of the 18 th Dynasty (Aahmes to

Thothmes III), established by my methods

of investigation.

A.M.
2439=b.c. 1557. Accession of Aahmes, the Founder
of the Dynasty. Some time during
the first 4 or 5 years of his reign
he permitted the Aamu or Shasu
and their Hyksds (Hek-Khaskhetu,
Hequ-Shdsu) leaders, whom he had
shut up in Hauar, or Avaris, to de-

part thence for the country after-

wards called Palestine and Syria.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 107

A.M.
2443 5th year. Aahmes pursues the
Hyksos, and be-
sieges them in Shar-

liana, the Sharuhen

of Joshua xix. 6.

21 Reigns 25 years.

2464=b.c. 1532. 1st year. Amenhotep I suc-

ceeds. Iteigns just

over 21 years.
2465 2nd „
2466 3rd ,,

2467 4th „
2468 5th ,,

2469 6th ,,

2470 7th „ 7th Epiphi, Sothic

Rising. This is the
Rising that should
have been on Petrie’s
List, vol. ii, p. 32,
instead of the Rising
there given as 9th
Epiphi, 9th regnal
year.
2471 8th ,,

2472 9 th ,,

2473 10th „
2474 11th „
2475 12th „
2476 13th „
io8 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

A.M.
2477 14th year.
2478 15th „ 9 Epiphi, Sothic Ris-
ing. This is the Ris-
ing wrongly associ-

ated in Petrie’s List

with the 9th regnal
2479 16th 55 year.

2480 17th 55

2481 18th 5 5

2482 19th 55

2483 20th 55

2484 21st 55

2485 =b.c.1511. 22nd 55 Thothmes I succeeds

P. 21 Phamenoth
(Dec.). Reigns 25
1st 55 years 4 r

2486 2nd 55

2487 3rd 55

2488 4th 55

2489 5th 55

2490 6th 55

2491 7th 55

2492 8th 55

2493 9th 55

2494 10th 55

2495 11th 55

2496 12th 55

2497 13th 55

2498 14th 55
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 109

A.M.
2499 15th year. 14 Epiphi, Sothic Ris-
ing. This supplies
the datum as to
regnal year not given
in the List in Petrie.

2500 16th
2501 17th
2502 18th
2503 19th
2504 20th
2505 21st
2506 22 nd
2507 23rd
2508 24th
2509 25th
2510 26th ,=B.c. 1486.
23 Sep.
Oct. During months of Me-
Nov. chir, Phamenoth and
Dec. PharmuthiHATSHEP-
Jan. sut is associated on
the throne with Tho-
thmes I.

Feb. 4 Pakhons. Thoth-

mes II dates his
reign from now.
Mar.
Apr. 21 Epiphi. Thothmes I
dies, having reigned
no Secret of Egyptian Chronology

A.M.

25 years up to 21
Pkamenoth,and then
another 4 months.
May.
June. New Year’s Day. Hat-
shepsut’s Corona-
tion. Her 1st year

begins.

July.

Aug.
22 Sep.
2511 2nd year of Hatshepsfit begins at New Year,
late in the Natural Year.

2512 3rd 9 9

2513 4th 99

2514 5th 99

2515 6th 99

2516 7th 99

2517 8th 99 of Hatshepsfit begins late in Natural

Year.
2518 9th 99

2519 10th 99

2520 11th 99

2521 12th 99

2522 13th 99

2523 14th 99 P. 4 Pakhons (about Feb.),

Thothmes II dies. Thoth-
mes III succeeds. His 1st

year begins.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology m
A.M.
2524 15th year. P. Phamenoth. Total Solar
Eclipse in Dec.
P. 4 Pakhons (about Feb.),

Thothmes Ill’s 2nd year

begins.

2525=b.c. 1471.
j'g 23 Sep.-22 Oct.
23 Oct.-22 Nov. P. 1 Mechir. Quarrying for
Obelisk begun under Hat-
shepsut’s orders.

Y2 23 Nov.-22 Dec.
4 23 Dec.-22 Jan.
j 2
{’2 23 Jan.-22 Feb. P. 4 Pakhons. Thoth-
mes Ill’s 3rd year begins.
23 Feb.-22 Mar. P. 21 Epiphi, Sothic Rising.

^2 23 Mar.-22 Apr. P. 30 Mesore. Sed Heb

celebrated by Queen and
Thothmes III, and Obelisk
erected at Karnak.

^ 23 Apr -22 May.

Yg- 23 May-22 June. New Year’s Day. Hatshep-

sut’s 16th year begins.

23 June-22 July.
23 July-22 Aug.

If 23 Aug.-22 Sep. Close of Natural Year.

2526 Thothmes Ill’s 4th yr. & Queen’s 17th yr. begin as
above.
2527 18th „
2528 19th „
1 12 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

A.M.
2529 Thothmes Ill’s 7th yr. & Queen’s 20th yr. begin as
above.
2530 „ 8th „ „ 21st ,, „
2531 =B.c. 1465 9th „ „ 22nd „ Hatshep-
sut dies, and Thothmes III begins to reign as
an independent monarch.
2532 Thothmes III.’s 10th yr.
2533 3 3
11th „
2534 33 12th „
2535 3 3
13th „
2536 33
14th „
2537 33 15th ,,

2538 33 16th „
2539 33
17th „
2540 33 18th ,,

2541 33
19th ,,

2542 33 20th „
2543 33
21st ,,

2544== b.c. 1452. 23 Sep.

Feb. P. 4 Pakhons. Thothmes Ill’s
22nd year begins.
22 Sep. Close of Natural Year.

2545 =b.c. 1451. 23 Sep.

Feb. In this his 22nd yr., month
P. Pharmuthi, 25th day,
Thothmes III found him-
self in Zalu, Zaru, or
Tharu (Zoan-Tanis) on the
frontier of Egypt, on his

1st Syrian campaign.

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 113

A.M.
P. 4 Pakhons. His 23rd yi'.

begins. In this yr., month

P. Pakhous, the anni-
versary of his Coronation,
he found himself at Gaza-
tu, or Gaza (Petrie, vol. ii,

pp. 103, 104 ;

BrugscJt,

p. 154).

22 Sep. Close of Natural Year.

2546 Thothmes Ill’s 24th yr. begins on P. 4 Pakhons.
2547 25th „ „
2548 26th „ „
2549 27th ,, ,,

2550 (M
CO r=l

2551 29th
2552 30th
2553 31st ,, ,,

2554 32nd „ „
2555=b.c. 1441. 23 Sep.
Feb. P. 4 Pakhons. Thothmes Ill’s

33rd year begins.

Apr. P. 21 Epiphi. Sothic Ris-
ing.
June. P. 30 Mesore. Hunti Heb
No. 48 (12th Quadruple)
on Heb List celebrated.
22 Sep. Close of Natural Year.
21

2576=b.c. 1420. 23 Sep.

1
1
14 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Dec. P. 30 Pliamenoth. Tlioth-

mes III died, after having

reigned 53 years 10
months 26 days. Said to
have been about 63 years
old.

One or two points in the foregoing rough

statement call for special remark.

First, there is my equation of the death of

Queen Hatshepsut in her 22nd regnal year with

the 9th regnal year of Thothmes III. Petrie

(vol. ii, p. 101) puts her death as having

occurred about 4th Mechir in the 22nd regnal

year of Thothmes III. Brugsch seems to

follow Petrie in this. On the monuments

there is no specific record of the date when she
died. But it seems to be pretty obvious that

that event took place in her own 22nd year,

not in that of Thothmes III. Speaking of a

mining expedition sent by Hatshepsut to

Sinai in her 16th regnal year, Breasted (Hist.,

“ This work in Sinai continued
p. 282) says :

in her name until the twentieth year of her

 5

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 1

1

reign. Some time between this date and the

close of the year twenty- one, when we find

Thutmose III ruling alone, the great queen

must have died.” Precisely so, except that

Breasted docks her of more than a year. If,

with Petrie and Brugsch, we take her death

as having occurred in the 22nd regnal year of

Thothmes III, we are compelled to assign her
a regnal period oi 34 years. So far, however,
as I am aware, there is nothing in the records
supporting that view. Assuming that I am
right, it seems to me that the mistake into

which Petrie and Brugsch have wandered has

arisen from both or one of them having un-
consciously confused HatsJiepsut’s 22nd year

with TJiothmes Ill’s 22nd year. Moreover,

there is another way of looking at the matter.

According to Breasted and Brugsch, the very

moment Hatshepsut died, Thothmes III, as

though by magic, appears possessed of a brand-

new army capable in all respects of victoriously

campaigning in Syria. Having regard to the

1 1 6 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

position he occupied while she was alive, such

a thing was impossible. But the whole aspect
of affairs changes if we assume that he came
into supreme power in his 9th regnal year.

Incited to rebel by the recently departed

Hyksos and by emissaries from Mitanni,

Egypt’s empire in Palestine and Syria was

showing symptoms of an ever-increasing rest-

lessness that boded much ill for the near

future, and the re-establishment of her autho-

rity was bound to be a long and heavy task.

By having now to assign the commencement

of Thothmes Ill’s independent reign to his
9th regnal year, instead of to his 22nd, when

his 1st campaign was undertaken, sufficient

time is allowed him for the necessary labour

of preparing his strategical plans, and organis-

ing his resources, and especially of raising,

training, equipping, and collecting supplies

and transport for the forces that the long

series of enterprises he manifestly had in view

would require. It was not, however, a case
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology it;

of one brilliant campaign, necessary for the

suppression of a revolt. Thothmes Ill’s sub-

sequent campaigns were no less than 17 in

number, conducted almost annually ;
and
remembering this and the magnitude of his

achievements, we are forced to conclude that

many years of organisation must have pre-

ceded those during which he executed his

plans. Breasted, indeed, seems to be not

unconscious of the necessity for some such

long period of preparation (p. 285).

Few or none will fail to notice that

according to my figuring in the above state-

ment, Thothmes III marched out of Egyptian
territory on his 1st campaign about the begin-
ning of February. Breasted (p. 285) puts the

time of his departure at about the 19th April,

and elsewhere it is stated that all the northern

campaigns were initiated about that season.

I quite appreciate the view that military

operations in that part of the world would as

a rule be so timed as to avoid the difficulties

 n8 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

always resulting from the “ Rains.” Usually

there is a preliminary fall in November.
December is wetter. In January the down-
pour is the heaviest of all. It is not quite so

bad in February ;
and March is also a wet
month. I do not know on what basis Breasted
concludes that Pharmuthi equated with 19tli

April. On the Fixed Clock, of course, Phar-

muthi corresponds with May. But it has to

be remembered that the dates given in Thoth-

mes Ill’s records are those of the Progressive

Clock, not the Fixed Clock at all. With regard

to any particular year it is an easy matter to
ascertain at what point on the Fixed Clock
New Year’s Day, or P. 1 Thoth, fell. Knowing
that, we can obtain the point on the Fixed
Clock at which any other Progressive date
fell, and so arrive at the season thereby indi-

cated. I propose, therefore, to go into detail

on these lines, in connection with three of the

more important years referred to in the above

statement, e.g. a.m. 2525, a.m. 2545, and a.m.

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 119

2555. The importance of a.m. 2525 and

a.m. 2555 consists, it will be remembered, in

the fact that, by referring to our List of Hebs,

we see that they are “ Clinch dates,” giving

us a fixed point from which we can securely

elaborate our other adjustments. That List,

in fact, according as it does or does not tally

with our Sothic Risings, is our Chronological

Control. Further, it is permissible to suppose

that in planning and carrying out his military

operations Thothmes III kept in view weather

conditions certainly, but surely not weather

conditions alone. Various considerations

political, military, economical, or otherwise

may have compelled, or at least induced, him

to penetrate the enemy’s country at a time

other and earlier than that at which the enemy

would in ordinary course have been expecting
him. But even if the Progressive Pharmuthi

mentioned in Thothmes Ill’s records will

not equate with the end of the “ Rains,”

the difficulty is not insurmountable. So
i2o Secret of Egyptian Chronology

forcibly and clearly do my adjustments, even

to fractions of years, carry on their own face

proof of their correctness as Clock Time, that

I do not see my way to give them up,

simply because it is reasonable to think that
the Syrian campaigns of the ancient Pharaohs

were as a rule undertaken towards the end

of April.

In justice, however, to Professor Breasted,

I feel bound to make on this subject the follow-

ing concluding, and perchance conclusive,

remarks.

Breasted says that the season when Thoth-

mes III began his 1st campaign was about

19th April. According to my Progressive

Clock, it was about 6th February, and natur-

ally I believe in my Clock.

It is possible, however, that both of us are

right. Or rather, it is probable that he is

right, and yet that I am not wrong, provided

that my Tables, based as they are on the

assumption that the mutual relations of the

 1

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 12

Clocks remain normal, really represent Natural

Time. Some way back, however, it will be

remembered that we discovered that in the

time of Amenhotep I the Clocks had got out

of touch with Natural Time by 421 If Cyc.

Divs., i.e. the difference between 1005ft and

1427x8. This represents 104 days on the

Clock of the Year, or 3f months. In the reign
of Amenhotep I, therefore, Natural Time was
about 3| months ahead of the seasons shown
on the Clocks. Now, conditions could not
have been very different when Thothmes III
acceded. Therefore, if the Clocks show
that he began his 1st campaign about 6th
February, he would really , according to

Natural Time, have begun it about 20th

May.
It is a pleasure to me that the argument

should have taken this turn, as it not only

enables me to place the honours where they are

due, i.e. with Professor Breasted, but it also

seems to show that my reasonings on the

12 2 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

subject of the revelations which I extracted

from Petrie’s List of Risings are sound.

At the same time, for the purposes of internal

analysis and synthesis, the Clocks may be

considered as correct.

The first year that I shall subject to the

process above referred to is a.m. 2545 =b.c.

1451, being the year in which Thothmes III

entered upon his 1st Syrian campaign. It

will be necessary, however, to go back to

the previous year, a.m. 2544, in order to see

on what date, according to our reckoning,

New Year’s Day fell that year.

A.M. 2544 = B.C. 1452.

This was Cyclical Division 1084 of the 2nd

Cycle. That year New Year’s Day, or Pro-

gressive 1 Tlioth, fell at 28 Pakhons on the

Fixed Clock. This was our 17th June. Hence

P. 1 Tlioth =F. 28 Pakkons=17 June, b.c. 1152.

1 Paopi = 28 Paoni =17 July
1 Athyr = 28 Epiphi =16 August
1 Khoiak= 28 Mesore =15 September
8 „ = 5 Thoth =22
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 123

This closes Natural Year, a.m. 2544. We

now start the next Natural Year thus—
a.m. 2545 = b.c. 1451.
P.9 Kkoiak = F. 6 Thotli =23 Sep., b.c. 1451.
1 Tybi = 28 ,, =15 October
1 Mechir = 28 Paopi =14 November
1 Pkamenoth = 28 Atkyr =14 December
1 Pharmuthi = 28 Kkoiak=13 January
25 ,,
= 22 Tybi = 6 February

This was the date, in his 22nd regnal year,

on which Thothmes III found himself in Zalu.

1 Pakkons=28 Tybi =12 February

4 „ = 1 Mechir =15 „

This was the anniversary of his Coronation,

the beginning of his 23rd regnal year, and the

date on which he found himself at Gazatu.

Hence, unless there is some fundamental

misconception in my method, or an arithme-
tical mistake somewhere in my reckoning, or

unless (as we have seen was the case) Natural

Time had shot ahead of the Clocks, we must
conclude that Thothmes III marched out of

Zalu (Zoan-Tanis) on his 1st campaign at the

 —

124 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

end of the first week in February, ordinarily

the second wettest month of the “ Rains,”

but in a.m. 2545 perchance not so wet as

usual, and therefore perhaps leaving the

country to be traversed in a state that pre-

sented no difficulties such as were likely to

deter a resolute General and troops that were

keen for active service. But if, as seems to

have been the fact, Natural Time had over-

shot the Clocks by 3| months, he departed

from Zalii about 20th May.

Now let us ascertain the details of a.m.

2525, the important year in which Hatshep-

sut’s 16th regnal year equated with Thoth-

mes Ill’s 3rd year. The previous year New

Year’s Day, or P. 1 Thoth, fell at Cyc. Div.

1064 of the 2nd Cycle =F. 23 Pakhons, or

our 12th June b.c. 1472. Hence
P. 1 Thotli =F. 23 Pakhons=12 June, b.c. 1472.
1 Paopi = 23 Paoni =12 July
1 Atliyr = 23 Epiphi =11 August
1 Khoiak = 23 Mesore =10 September
13 „ = 5 Thoth =22
 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 125

This closes a.m. 2524 Natural. We now

start on a.m. 2525

P. 14 Kkoiak=F. 6 Tkotk=23 September, B.c. 1471.

1 Tybi = 23 „ =10 October

1 Mecbir = 23Paopi= 9 November

On this date, under Hatshepsut’s orders,

quarrying was commenced for the Obelisk

afterwards, i.e. in Mesore, erected at Karnak.

P. 1 Pkamenotk=F. 23 Athyr = 9 December

1 Pharmuthi = 23 Khoiak= 8 January
1 Pakkons = 23 Tybi = 7 February
4 „ =26 „ =10

On this date Thothmes Ill’s 3rd regnal

year began. It was the anniversary of his

Coronation Day.

P. 1 Paoni =F. 23 Meckir = 9 Marck

1 Epipki= 23 Pkamenotk= 8 April
21 „ = 13 Pkarmutki =28 „

This was the date of the Sothic Rising that

year.

P. 1 Mesore=F. 23 Pkarmutki=8 May

30 ,,
= 22 Pakkons =6 June
126 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

On this date Hatshepsut and Thothmes III

jointly celebrated Sed Heb No. 47 on the
Heb List, and the Obelisk, the quarrying
for which had begun 7 months previously, on
P. 1 Mechir, was standing erected and finished

in its place in the Temple at Karnak.

The next day was P. 1 Thoth, or New Year’s
Day = 7th June. But if we ascertain its date

by the Clock, we shall find a difference of 5

days. Thus, a.m. 2525 is Cyclical Division

1065 of the 2nd Cycle. At that point P. 1

Thoth falls on the 12th June. This result is

owing to the unsatisfactory nature of our

Calendar, which will not run properly when

an attempt is made to equate it continuously,

year after year, with a Calendar that is es-

sentially Cyclical. In other words, except

for our own little purposes, our Chronological

System is unworkable, because it is arbitrary

and unscientific.

This reveals the danger of setting down the

Progressive date, the date on the Fixed Clock,

 ^

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 127

and the English date day by day, and carry-

ing on that equation from one year to another

continuously over a stretch of several years.

For in course of time our dates thereby lose

all value as indicators of the true season.

The reason is clear.

Every 121| Cyclical Years New Year’s Day,

or P. 1 Thoth, falls at a point on the Fixed

Clock which is 1 month further ahead than it

was at the beginning of that stretch. Thus,

after the 1st 121f Cyclical Years it falls at F. 1

Paopi, and so indicates 23rd October instead

of 23rd September. At Cyclical Division 243

it falls at F. 1 Athyr, and so indicates 22nd

November instead of its original 23rd Sep-

tember. In this way it proceeds round the

Clock till it reaches Cyclical Division 730,

when instead of indicating the Autumnal

Equinox it indicates the Vernal Equinox.

When at last it reaches Cyclical Division 1460

it is back again at its original position as

indicator of the Autumnal Equinox. On this

 128 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

basis, of course, our English dates represent

the real Natural Seasons.

But if, instead of tracing Progressive New

Year’s Day round the Fixed Clock like this,

we set the three different styles of dates down

in equated parallel columns, day by day, and
year after year continuously, our English dates

do not fall in quite the same way. We have just

seen an instance of it when, instead of falhng

as equating with 7th June, P. 1 Thoth falls

as equating with 12th June. This means that

not P. 1 Thoth, but our Enghsh dates gradually

lose their character as indicators of the real

Natural Seasons. In the course of half a Cycle

they must indicate the exact reverse of what

they should indicate, and they will never get

back their original character till in process of

time the entire Cycle of 1460 Years has been

covered. To find, therefore, the true season of

a year for any particular date on the Egyptian

Calendar in terms of our Enghsh dates, it

is necessary to deal with each a.m. separately,

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 129

ascertain the date of its New Year’s Day in

terms of our English chronological nomen-

clature, and then, from that as a basis, by a
series of equations ascertain the English date

of the particular Egyptian date that we are

interested in.

The remaining year for which we want

details is a.m. 2555, or b.c. 1441. That year
New Year’s Day, or P. 1 Thoth, fell at Cyclical

Division 1095=F. 1 Paoni=19 June. There-

fore, working this time backwards, we get

P. 1 Pakhons = F. 1 Mechir = 19 February, b.c. 1441.

4 „ = 4 „ =22 „

This date was the anniversary of Thoth-

mes Ill’s Coronation, and the beginning of

his 33rd regnal year.

P. 1 Paoni = 1 Phamenotk = 21 March

1 Epiphi = 1 Pkarmuthi = 20 April
21 „ =21 ,, = 10 May

This was the date of the Sothic Rising

that occurred that year.

K
130 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

P. 1 Mesore = 1 Paklions = 20 May

30 „ =30 ,,
= 18 June
On this date Hunti Heb, No. 48 (12th

Quadruple) on my Heb List , was celebrated

by Thothmes III.

Next day was, of course, New Year’s Day.

With this my task is done.

The 19th Dynasty is very inviting, summon-

ing up, as it does, visions of Krete and The

Isles of the Sea, Mykenaean Civilisation,

the Oppression of the Hebrews, the

Exodus, and all the attractive problems
connected with each of these great subjects.

Some day, should time and opportunity

permit, I may venture to attack them.

Here and now I will merely state —by way
of clue to, or hint of, what it is possible to say

—that, by continuing my list of Sothic

Risings from our fixed point a.m. 2555, I

find that the Rising given in Petrie’s List as

occurring on 29th Thoth in the 2nd regnal

year of Merenptaii of the 19 th Dynasty,

 —

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 13 1

occurred in a.m. 2802i s

7
= b.c. 11931s. I

take it, however, that 29 Tliotli was a mis-

take on the part of the Scribes for 28 Thoth.

The year would then really be a.m. 2798|-

=b.c. 1197§. If that was Merenptah’s 2nd

regnal year, his 1st was a.m. 2797|=b.c. 1198§,

and his 5th regnal year must have been a.m.

2801-| = b.c. 1194§. This was the famous

epoch in which Merenptah repelled the mighty
onslaught on Egypt of The People of the
Sea —the Aqaiusha, Turisha, Lequ or Luqu,
Shardana, and Shakalsha, allied with the
Libyan (Tahennuan or Tamehuan) Mashau-
asha, under Maur Mey, son of Did —the first

historical mention hitherto met with of

European Peoples. In Merenptah’s Song of

Triumph over these invaders occurs also the

first historical mention of the name Israel :

“ Tahennu (Libya) is laid waste : Kheta

(Hittite-Land) is pacified : Pa-Kanaana is

ravaged with all violence : Askadna (Askelon)

is led away : Kazmel (Gezer) is taken : Yenu
 —

132 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Aamam is made as though it were not : the

people of Israel (I-si-ra-al) is spoiled —they

have no seed (crops ?) : Kharu (Palestine)

hath become as a widow by Egypt.”

Besides this there is also (Papyrus Anastasi
vi) a despatch from one of Merenptah’s
Frontier Officials :

“ Another matter for the satisfaction of my

lord’s heart : We have finished passing the
tribes of the Shasu of Edom through the
Fortress of Merenptah-Hotephirma, L.P.H.,
in Theku, to the pools of Pitkom, of Merenp-

tah-Hotephirma in Theku, in order to sustain

them and their herds in the domain of Pharaoh,
L.P.H., the good Sun of every land.”

Even up to so late a period as the reign of

Ramses III in the beginning of the 20th

Dynasty, we have unquestionable evidence

that Kharu, or Palestine, was effectually

subject for a while to the rule of Egypt, and

even Syria was under more than her influence.

All this causes us to hold our conventional
 .

Secret of Egyptian Chronology 133

views of the Exodus in suspense, and seems

to throw a rather disturbing light upon
the Conquest of Palestine by Joshua,
as that event is related in the Bible. The
subject, however —including, as it does, the

problem of Hebrew, Israelitish, and

Jewish Origins—is a big one, and cannot
be entered into here.

I set out to fix certain eras in the periods

of the 4th, the 6th, the 12th, and the 18th

Dynasties. I believe that I have done this

and in that belief I claim that in regard to

Chronology I have ousted our leading Egypto-

logists from the positions which they have held
unchallenged so honourably and so long.

But if, by my analysis of their long-estab-

lished views, I have been destructive, none

can say that by my own theories on the
subjects dealt with I have not also been
constructive. I have revealed the true nature
of the Sothic Cycle of 1460 Years ;
I have
shown what the Sed and Hunti Hebs really
i34 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

were, and how supreme is their importance as

checks ;
and I have discovered mistakes in
our list of data regarding certain Risings of
Sothis, and rectified them. In achieving this
I claim that—not by merit, but by mere good
luck attendant upon my researches — have I

discovered the Secret of Ancient Egyptian

Chronology.
It will now be possible to determine with

meticulous nicety the majestic chronological

sequence of the history of those old Dwellers

on the Nile. With that sequence taken as a

main-line, and with lateral synchronisations

projected out towards Babylonian, Assyrian,

Kretan, Mykenaean, Hittite, Hellenic,

Hebrew and other records, we should now
be able to reconstruct the Past on a scale
and with a degree of elaboration respectively

greater and more minute than has ever been

possible before. Indeed, there is no reason
now why future industry should not enable us

to present to coming generations, nay, to our

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 135

own, a picture of Antiquity as imposing in

general outline and as brilliant in detail as is

likely to be the history of our own momentous

times.

Should my claim be justified, all I can say

is that any merit that may attach to what I

have done will be ascribable to the magnificent

sources of information contained in the works

of Professors Petrie, Breasted, Budge, the late

Mr. R. S. Poole, and Mr. J. B. Dimbleby,

some of which I was fortunate enough to be

able to refer to constantly. Without them I

could never have hoped to work out my results.

They are beyond all praise : but I trust I may
be forgiven if I add that they will be many
times more valuable than they are, when once
they are re-cast, as I hope some day to see
them re-cast, on the basis of a Chronology of

which we are sure.

 a
:

ADDENDUM
In conclusion, attention may be drawn to the fact,
noticed by the late Emanuel Deutsch ( Literary
Remains, 1874, p. 188), that, according to Manetho,
that mighty and mysterious personality who goes
by the name of Hermes Trismegistus is tradition-
ally alleged to have written exactly 36,525 Egyptian
books.
Of course, a statement like this is only a veiled

allusion to some esoteric truth. What can that

esoteric truth be ?
We have seen that the Ancient Egyptian Sothic
Cycle consisted of 1460 Years. We have also seen
that at the end of every such Cycle there is a
shortage, as compared with Natural Time, of 870^
Days, or, say, 1 Year. If, then, this be added, we get
1461 Years as the perfected Sothic Cycle, or at
least as nearly perfected as is required for practical

purposes. Now, if 1461 be multiplied by 25, the

result is exactly the above-mentioned total, 36,525

Years ! This is both interesting and significant

but significant of what ? Is it not suggestive of
some Cycle, even greater than the Sothic Cycle,
of which the Ancient Egyptians were aware —
Super Sothic Cycle, somewhat similar, perhaps,
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 137

to that Grand Cycle of about 25,920 Years known

to modern astronomers, which results from the fact
that the Sun appears to continue in each of the
12 Constellations of the Zodiac successively for somo
21 GO Years?
For instance, in a.m. 1508, or b.c. 2488, the Sun,
which had previously been in Gemini, is said to have
entered Taurus, and it remained in that constella-
tion, and the Cult of the Bull was accordingly in
vogue, till a.m. 8668, or b.c. 328 (Macedonian Period),
when it entered Aries, and thereupon the right to
divine honours passed from the Bull to the Bam.
Scrutinised under the light that streams from this
remote but majestic source, the Kecords of Antiquity
reflect back many a glittering and fascinating aspect,
whose very existence, I venture to say, many peoplo
have not even suspected, but the effect of which
will by no means impossibly be to change completely
the values hitherto attached to several of what have
been considered our more familiar data of knowledge.
The subject is of too complex a nature to be
entered into here ;
but, I ask, has it ever occurred
to any of my readers
wonder who the worshippers
to
of Mes-ra, “ the Bull,” were ? Or who the ’AbIrI,
or “ People of the Bull,” were ? Or what relations,
if any, either in or out of the Delta, subsisted between
these two communities during and after the period
of the 18th Dynasty ? A world of investigation,
speculation, and re-construction lies in, and is

connected with, the answers to these three questions.

 —

SOLAR TIME AND THE SOTHIC YEAR

In Ancient Records, vol. i, p. 26, Prof. Breasted
points out that the interval between any heliacal
Rising of Sothis and that of its successor in the
following year was approximately a Solar Year.
In Note b, on p. 27, he further states that in b.c.

4231, the Summer Solstice fell at our 28th July.

Each century it was always 18 hours 40 minutes
earlier than the Sotiiic Rising. In the 31st
century (3001-3100) b.c. it coincided with the
Rising on 19th July. In b.c. 231 it had advanced
31 days (31 days 6 hours 40 minutes) to 27th June.
From these data we can ascertain how long the
Summer Solstice took to sweep right round the
Clock. Thus

In b.c. 4231 it was at ... 28 July,

In 40 centuries (roughly), i.e. by b .c. 231,
it fell 27 June.
In 40 centuries more it will fall 28 Mav.
„ „ „ 27 April.
,, ,, „ 28 March.
„ „ „ 25 February.
„ „ „ 28 January.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 139

In 40 centuries more it will fall 28 December.

99 ,, 9 y
• • • • • 27 November.
j, 99 99 28 October.
99 99 99 27 September
99 99 99 28 August
>9 99 99 28 July
Allow 3 days 8 hours more 3

25 July

We thus arrive at what seems to be a Super Cycle

of 480 Centuries, though of course the exact period
in which the above advance of a month is effected
is probably less than 40 Centuries, which is no doubt
only an approximation in round numbers. This
Super Cycle of 48,000 Years cannot very well have
anything to do with the Zodiacal Grand Cycle of

25,920 Years, because that divided by 12=only a

littlemore than 20 Centuries, i.e. 2160 Years, the
time during which the Sun appears to remain in
each of the Twelve Signs. But it is obviously the
Cycle of the Coincidence of the Summer Solstice
with the Sothic Bising, and may possibly have
really consisted of 25 Sothic Cycles of 1461 Years
each. That is to say, should it turn out that the
period in which the Summer Solstice falls 1 month
in advance is really about 30 Centuries, then it is

just possible that we are here on the track of that

other Super Cycle of exactly 36,525 Years which,
aswe have seen, was associated with the mysterious
name of Hermes Trismegistus.
T40 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Unfortunately we are not told the year in which

the Summer Solstice began to fall at any particular
date—say 19th July, the epoch of Coincidence with
the Rising — or how many years remains at that
it

particular date.
 —

EPILOGUE
What led mo into the train of thought which I
have tried to follow up in the foregoing pages, I
hardly know. Perchance it was certain references
to Ancient Egyptian History contained in my work,
European and Other Bace-Origins —references
which, in regard at least to chronology, will now
require revision.
Obscure and abstruse, the subject is yet enthral-
ling, not only in itself, but also in respect of the
possibilities which seem to hover all round it.

Haply my treatment of it may induce others, more

competent, to give it more serious and scientific
attention than it has hitherto received.
I have at least blazed the trees, so to speak ;

but though this little book —the brain- dash of a

—
month reveals, as I believe, The Secret of
Egyptian Chronology, I nevertheless feel that,
in the beautiful words of Professor Gilbert Murray,
it goes forth upon its fortunes
“ A thing not perfectly articulate, which means

more than it can ever say, possesses more than it

can ever impart, envisages more than it can ever

define.” ( The Rise of the Greek Epic, p. 278.)

H. B. H.
 APPENDIX
TABLE I

Showing progress of the Revolving New

Year’s Day, or P. 1 Thoth, as it shifts from
day to day round the Fixed Clock, remaining
at each day, i.e. passing through 4 A Cyclical

Divisions, for 4 years, i.e. passing through

121 1 Cyclical Divisions every month. Wher-

ever P. 1 Thoth falls, the 4 years indicated

in the last column represent, under normal

conditions, True Time.

 , » A

i44 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Day Egyptian Day English The l years during which Progressive
of Fixed of Fixed 1Tlioth, or New Year s Day, falls on
Month. Month. Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 Thoth 23 Sept. 1, 2, 3, 4 +ft

(i.e. <h added to eaoh year
regarded as a unit).
2 24 33 5 ft. 6*, 7 ft 8ft + ft
3 3 3 25 33 9ft, 10ft, lift, 12 ft + ft
4 26 13ft» Wft, l 6 l% + ft
33 33
14ft,
5 ” 27 33 n/s. 18 1%, 19ft, 20 ft 4* ft
6 ” 28 3? 21 1%, 22ft, 23ft, 24 ft ft+
7 33 29 33 25ft, 26ft, 27ft, 28ft + ft
8 ” 30 33 29 ft, 30ft, 31ft, 32ft + ft
9 3 3 1 Oct. 33 1%, 34ft, 35ft, 36 ft 4- ft
10 33 2 33 37ft, 38ft, 39ft, 40 ft + ft
11 33 3 33 42)8. 43)8. 44)8 + 18
12 33 4 45fi> 46 Is, 47ft, 48 ft 4- ft
13 3 9 5 93 50ft, 61)1, 52)1 +A
14 6 33 53H, 54} f, 55 ft, 56)1+
15 33 7 33 57)8, 58}|, 59ft, 66)8 +A
16 8 >3 61 }f, 62ft, 63} |, 64} ft + ft
17 „ 9 33 65H, 66ft, 67)8, 68)8 +A
18 33 10 33 6911, 70ft, 71ft, 72} t+ ft
19 33 11 33 73 74ft, 75)8, 76 M + ft
20 33 12 33 7m. 78)1, 79)8, 80}-§+ ft
21 33 13 33 8118, 82f8, 83ft, 84ft + A
22 33 14 33 85? 86f|, 87fi, 88ft + ft
23 33 15 33
89 90f|, 91ff, 92f| + ft
24 33 16 33 93?|, 94ff, 95 ft, 96ft +A
25 qq24
y»18> iooft +A
33 17 33 97 If, 98ft,
26 33 18 33 101f|, 102ff, 103ft, 104 ft + ft
27 33 19 33 105 ff, 106 f§, 107?f, 108ff +A
(M
00
33 20 33 109? § noft, 111ft, H2?t + ft
29 33 21 33 113?8> 114?-|, 115f|, 116 ft + ft
30 99 22 93 H7ft, 118ft, 119ft, 120ft + ft
120 4- ft = 121§
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 145

Egyptian l
Day English The 4 years during which Progressive
of Fixed of Fixed 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day, falls
>ntl Month. Month. Month. on same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 Paopi 23 Oct. 122§, 123§, 124f, 125§ +*

2 99 24 9 9 126||
3 99 25 99 130— (N.B. —To save space
4 99 26 99 134— only the first of each
5 99 27 99 138— group of 4 years is

6 99 28 99 14217 now indicated and

7 39 29 99 146— only the numerator
8 99 30 99 150— of the 18ths is in
9 99 31 39 154— each case given).
10 99 1 Nov. 158^1
11 9 9 2 99
16222
12 99 3 99
16621
13 9 9 4 99 17021
14 99 5 99 17421
15 99 6 99
17821
16 99 7 9 9
18221
17 99 8 99 18621
18 99 9 99 19021
19 99 10 99
194H
20 99 11 99 19811
21 99 12 99 20212
22 99 13 99
206H
23 99 14 99 21011
24 99 15 99 21411
25 99 16 99
218H
26 99 17 99
222H
27 99 18 99
226H
28 19 99
23011
29 20 39
234M
30 21 99 238ft, 239ft, 240ft, 241ft,
241 +ft = 243-J
L
146 Secret of Egyptian Chronology
Day Egyptian Day English The 4 years during which Progressive
of Fixed of Fixed 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day, falls on
Month. Month. Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 Athyr 22 Nov. 244^, 2451 2464, 2474 +A

2 95 23 99

3 99 24 55 252—
4 59 25 99 256—
5 99 26 95
260H?
6 95 27 59
264H
7 99 28 95
268H
8 9 9
29 99
272H
9 95 30 99
27611
10 „ 1 Dec. 280—
11 59 2 55
284H
12 9 9 3 99
2881
13 99 4 59
29211
14 99 5 99 296—
15 59 6 59
300H
16 99 7 99 304—
17 55 8 99
308H
18 99 9 99
312H
19 99 10 59 31611
20 99 11 95
32011
21 99 12 99
32411
22 95 13 99
328H
23 99 14 99
33211
24 99 15 99
336H
25 99 16 59
340M
26 99 17 99
34411
27 95 18 59
co OO 2|
28 59 19 99
352H
29 99 20 9'
356H
30 99 21 99 360?-f, 361 362ff, 363?! +^
363 + f-f = 365
 et of Egyptian Chronology 147
Day English The 4 years during which Progressive
of of Fixed 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day, falls on
mtl Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 22
23
Dec. 366,
370,1
367, 368, 369 + ^
2
3 24 374—
4 25 378H
5 26 383—
6 27 386-1
7 28 390—
8 29 394 7-

9 30 398—
10 31 402H
11 1 Jan. 406—
12 2 410—
13 3 4141 2
14 4 418 —
15 5 422—
1G 6 426—
17 7 430—
18 8 434—
19 9 438—
20 10 4421 !)

21 11 446H
22 12 450—
23 13 454H
24 14 458—
25 15 462H
26 16 466—
27 17 370H
28 18 47411
29 19 47811
30 20
483Sf,488f|,«4f|, 485ft +A
485+ f-»= 486J
M8 Secret of Egyptian Chronology
Day Egyptian Day English The 4 years during which Progressive
of Fixed of Fixed 1 Thoth, or NewYear’s Day, falls on
Month. Month. Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

Tybi
1

2
21 Jan. 487§, 4881, 489-1, 490 1 ^
99 22 99 491ft
3 9 9 23 99
495—
4 9 9 24 99
499—
5 99 25 99
503—
6 99 26 99
507—
7 99 27 99
511—
8 99 28 99
51515
9 99 29 99
51915
10 99 30 99
523—
11 »» 31 99
527H
12 99 1 Feb. 531—
13 99 2 99
535—
14 99 3 99
539H
15 99 4 99
543—
16 99 5 99
547—
17 99 6 99
551—
18 99 7 99
555—
19 99 8 9 9
559M
20 99 9 99
563U
21 99 10 99
567H
22 » 11 99
57111
23 12 99
575H
24 99 13 99
579H
25 „ 14 99
58315
26 15 99 587—
27 99 16 99
591M
28 99 17 99 59511
29 99 18 99 59915
30 99 i
19 99
603ft, 604ft, 605ft, 606ft +h
606 + ff = 608^
 it of Egyptian Chronology 149

Day English The 4 years during which Progressive

of Fixed 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day, falls on
Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 20 Feb. 609£, 610 61 1£, 612 +*

2 21 613yjr
3 22 617—
4 23 621—
5 24 625—
6 25 6293-i

7 26 633—
8 27 637—
9 28 641—
10 1 Mar. 645—
11 2 649—
12 3 653H
13 4 657—
14 5 6611^
15 6 665—
16 7 669—
17 8 673—
18 9 677—
19 10 681^-4
20 11 685—
21 12 689—
22 13 693—
23 14 697—
24 15 701—
25 16 705M
26 17 709—
27 18 713—
19 717—
20 721—
21 725ff, 726?f, 727ff, 728f
'ft +A
rrOO
728
3f
+
?f-
l

= 730
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology
Egyptian Day English The 4 years during which Progressive
of Fixed of Fixed 1Thoth, or New Year’s Day, falls on
lont Month. Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 Phamenoth 22 Mar. 731, 732, 733, 734 + fa

2 33 23 33 735*
3 33 24 33 739—
4 33 25 33 743-1-
5 33 26 33 747—
6 33 27 33
751H
7 33 28 33 755—
8 33 29 33
759-A_

9 33 30 33
763—
10 33 31 33
767-5-

11 33 1 April 7711A
12 33 2 33
77511
13 33 3 33
7791*
14 33 4 33 783—
10 33 5 33 787—
16 33 6 33
791M
17 33 7 33 795—
18 33 8 33
799H
19 33 9 33 803—
20 33 10 33 807—
21 33 11 33 81115
22 33 12 33
815H
23 33 13 33
819H
24 33 14 33
82311
25 33 15 33 827—
26 33 16 33
831M
27 33 17 33
835H
28 33 18 33
839H
» 19 33
843H
33 20 33 847ft, 8«fS, MO}*, 860ft +*
850 + = 851|
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 15

Egyptian Day English The 4 years during which Progressive

of Fixed of Fixed 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day, falls on
lont Month. Month. Month. same day of Fixed Clock.

1 Pharmuthi 21 April 852f, 853 1, 854§, 855§ +&

2 33 22 33 85611
3 33 23 33
860 —
4 33
24 33
864 1A
5 >3
25 33 868—
6 33
26 33
872—
7 33
27 33
876—
8 28 33
880—
9 29 33
884—
10 30 33
888AL
11 1 May 892A2
12 2 33
8962A
13 3 33
900—
14 4 33
904—
15 5 33
908—
16 6 912—
17 7 33
916—
18 8 33
920—
19 9 33
924—
20 10 33
928—
21 11 33
932-3-2
22 12 33
936—
23 13 33
940—
24 14 33
944—
25 15 33
948—
26 16 33 952—
17 33 956—
18 33 960—
19 ,, 964—
20 968 H, 969ft,
33
33
970ft, 971ft + JV
971 =
+ ff 9731-
J5 2 Secret of Egyptian Chronology
Day Egyptian Day English The 4 years during which Progressive
of Fixed of Fixed 1 Thoth, or New
Year’s Day, falls on
Month. Month. Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 Pakkons 21 May 974ny, 975£, 976£, 977^ +^

2 9, 22 55 978ft
3 55 23 55
982-§-
4 55 24 55
986—
5 55 25 55
990H
6 55 26 55
994H
7 55 27 55
998H
8 55 28 55
1002H
9 99 29 55
1006H
10 55 30 55
101011
11 55 31 55
1014M
12 55 1 June 1018H
13 99 2 55
1022 —
14 55 3 55
1026—
15 9 .
4 55
1030—
16 55 5 55
1034H
17 99 6 55
1038—
18 99 7 55
1042H
19 55 8 55
1046H
20 55 9 1050H
21 99 10 1054H
22 99 11 55
1058H
23 12 5 ?
1062H
24 55 13 55
1066H
25 55 14 55
1070H
26 55 15 55
1074H
27 55 16 55
1078H
28 55 17 55
108211
29 55 18 55
1086H
30 55 19 55
1090?f, 1091ff, 1092 ft, 1093ff+,L
1093 + f£ = 1095
 ret of Egyptian Chronology 153
Day English The 4 during which Progressive
years
of of Fixed 1 New Year’s Day, tails on
Thoth, or
anti Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 20 June 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099 +^

2 21 11001V
3 22 1104—
4 23 1108—
5 24 1112J-
6 25 1116—
7 26 1120—
8 27 1124—
9 28 1128—
10 29 1132—
11 30 1136—
12 1 July 1140—
13 2 1144—
14 3 1148—
15 4 1152JJ
16 5 1156—
17 6 1160—
18 7 1164^
19 8 11681 *
20 9 1172—
21 10 11762P
22 11 1180—
23 12 1184^
24 13 1188—
25 14 1192—
26 15 1196—
27 16 1200 —
28 17 1204—
29 18 1208—
30 19 1212ft, 1213 ft, 1214ft, 1215ff+_
ihf

1215 + ft = 1216|
 :ret of Egyptian Chronology
Day English The 4 during which Progressive
years
of of Fixed 1 New Year’s Day, falls on
Thoth, or
lont Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 20 July 1217§, 1218§, 1219f, 1220§+rV

2 21 55
1221f|
3 22 55 1225—
4 23 55 1229—
5 24 55 1233—
6 25 1237 LI
7 26 „ 12411^
8 27 55 1245—
9 28 55 1249—
10 29 55 1253—
11 30 55 1257 ^
12 31 55 1261—
13 1 Aug. 1265M
14 2 55 1269—
15 3 55 1273—
16 4 5 J
1277—
17 5 55
1281—
18 6 55 1285—
19 7 55
1289—
20 8 55
j
1293—
21 9 1297—
22 10
55

55 mm
23 11 55
1305—
24 12 55 1309—
25 13 55 1313—
26 14 55
1317—
27 15 55
1321—
16 55
1325—
17 55
1329—
18 1333fi, 1334fl, 1 335f^ 1336^-+^
1336 + f~| = 13381
 of Egyptian Chronology 155

Day English The 4 years during which Progressive

of of Fixed 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day, falls oil
ont Month. Month. same day of the Fixed Clock.

1 19 Aug. 1339j, 1340 3 , 1344, 1342£+ &

2 20 99
1343,
3 21 99 1347—
4 22 99 1351—
5 23 99
135512
6 24 99
135911
7 25 99 1363—
8 26 99
1367—
9 27 99
1371—
10 28 99 1375—
11 29 99
1379—
12 30 99
1383—
13 31 99 1387—
14 1 Sept. 1391—
15 2 99
139520
16 3 99
1399H
17 4 99
1403—
18 5 99
1407—
19 6 99
1411—
20 7 99
1415—
21 8 99
1419—
22 9 99
1423—
23 10 99
1427H
24 11 99
1431—
25 12 99
1435—
26 13 99
1439—
27 14 99
144311
28 15 99 I 44 7 . M
29 16 99
1451—
17 99 1455ff, 1456ff, H57ff, 1458^+^
1458+ff = 1460. Close of Cycle.
56 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

1 Epagomenal. 18 Sept.
2 „ 19 „
3 „ 20 „
4 „ 21 „
5 „ 22 „ Close of Natural Year.
 TABLE II

Showing where P. 1 Thoth, or New Year’s

Day, falls for every Rising of Sirius. True

Time will, under normal conditions, be one
of the 4 years indicated in Table I or

Table III for each date that P. 1 Thoth

falls on.
1 58 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Risng originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Thoth F. 1 Epiphi P. 1 Epiphi

2 55 2 55 30 Paoni
3 55 3 55 29 55

4 55 4 55 28 55

5 55 5 55 27 55

6 55 6 55 26 55

7 55 7 ” 25 55

8 55 8 55 24 55

9 55 9 5J 23 55

10 55 10 55 22 55

11 55 11 55 21 55

12 55 12 55 20 55

13 55 13 55 19 55

14 55 14 55 18 55

15 >5 15 55 17 55

16 55 16 55 16 55

17 55 17 55 15 55

18 55 18 »> 14 55

19 55 19 jj 13 55

20 55 20 55 12 55

21 55 21 55 11 55

22 55 22 * 5 10 55

23 55 23 55 9 55

24 55 24 55 8 55

25 55 25 55 7 55

26 55 26 55 6 55

27 55 27 55 5 55

28 55 28 55 4 5>

29 55 29 55 3 55

30 55 30 55 2 55
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 159

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiplii Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Paopi F. 1 Mesore P. 1 Paoni

2 „ 2 „ 30 Pakkons
3 „ 3 „ 29 „
4 „ 4 „ 28 „
5 „ 5 27 „
6 „ 6 „ 26 „
7 „ 7 „ 25 „
8 „ 8 „ 24 „
9 „ 9 „ 23 „
10 „ 10 „ 22 „
11 „ 11 „ 21 „
12 „ 12 „ 20 „
13 „ 13 „ 19 „
14 „ 14 „ 18 „
15 „ 15 „ 17 „
16 „ 16 „ 16 „
17 „ 17 15 „
18 „ 18 „ 14 „
19 „ 19 13 „
20 „ 20 12 „
21 „ 21 „ 11
22 „ 22 „ 10 „
23 „ 23 „ 9 „
24 „ 24 „ 8 „
25 „ 25 „ ^ >>

26 „ 26 „ 6 „
27 „ 27 „ 5 „
28 28 „ 4 „
29 „ 29 „ 3 „
30 „ 30 „ 2 „
i6o Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Athyr F. 1 Thoth P. 1 Pakhons

2 „ 2 „ 30 Pharmuthi
3 „ 3 „ 29
4 „ 4 „ 28
5 „ 5 „ 27
6 „ 6 „ 26
7 „ 7 „ 25
8 „ 8 „ 24
9 „ 9 „ 23
10 „ 10 „ 22
11 „ 11 „ 21
12 „ 12 „ 20
13 „ 13 „ 19
14 „ 14 „ 18
15 „ 15 „ 17
16 „ 16 „ 16
17 „ 17 „ 15
18 „ 18 „ 14
19 „ 19 „ 13
20 „ 20 „ 12
21 „ 21 „ 11
22 „ 22 „ 10
23 ,, 23 „ 9
24 „ 24 „ 8
25 „ 25 „ 7
26 „ 26 „ 6
27 „ 27 „ 5
28 „ 28 „ 4
29 „ 29 „ 3
30 ,, 30 „ 2
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 161

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Khoiak F. 1 Paopi P. 1 Pharmuthi

2 „ 2 „ 30 Phamenoth
3 „ 3 „ 29
4 „ 4 „ 28
5 5, 5 „ 27
6 „ 6 „ 26
7 „ 7 „ 25
8 „ 8 „ 24
9 „ 9 „ 23
10 „ 10 „ 22
11 „ 11 „ 21
12 „ 12 „ 20
13 „ 13 „ 19
14 „ 14 „ 18
15 „ 15 „ 17
1G „ 16 „ 16 „
17 „ 17 „ 15
18 „ 18 „ 14
19 „ 19 „ 13
20 „ 20 „ 12
21 „ 21 „ 11
22 „ 22 „ 10
23 „ 23 „ 9
24 „ 24 „ 8 „
25 „ 25 „ 7
26 „ 26 „ 6 „
27 „ 27 „ 5
28 „ 28 „ 4
29 „ 29 „ 3
30 „ 30 „ 2 „
M
1 62 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Tybi F. 1 Athyr P. 1 Phamenotk

2 „ 2 „ 30 Mechir
3 „ 3 „ 29 „
4 „ 4 „ 28 „
5 „ 5 „ 27 „
6 „ 6 „ 26 „
7 „ 7 „ 25 „
8 „ 8 „ 24 „
9 „ 9 „ 23 „
10 „ 10 „ 22 „
11 „ 11 „ 21 „
12 „ 12 „ 20 „
13 „ 13 „ 19 „
14 „ 14 „ 18 „
15 „ 15 „ 17 „
16 „ 16 „ 16 „
17 „ 17 „ 15 „
18 „ 18 „ 14 „
19 „ 19 „ 13 „
20 „ 20 „ 12 „
21 „ 21 „ 11 ,

22 „ 22 „ 10 „
23 „ 23 „ 9 „
24 „ 24 „ 8 „
25 „ 25 „ 7 „
26 „ 26 „ 6 „
27 „ 27 „ 5 „
28 „ 28 „ 4 „
29 „ 29 „ 3 „
30 „ 30 „ 2 „
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 163

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Mechir F. 1 Klioiak P. 1 Meckir

2 33 2 33 30 Tybi
3 33 3 33 29 33

4 33 4 33 28 33

5 33 5 33 27 33

6 33 6 33 26 33

7 33 7 33 25 33

8 33 8 33 24 33

9 33 9 33 23 33

10 10 33 22 33

11 33 11 33 21 33

12 12 33 20 33

13 33 13 33 19 33

14 33 14 33 18 33

15 33 15 33 17 33

1G „ 16 33 16 33

17 33 17 33 15 33

18 ” 18 33 14 33

19 „ 19 33 13 33

20 33 20 33 12 33

21 33 21 33 11 33

22 33 22 33 10 33

23 33 23 33 9 33

24 33 24 33 8 33

25 33 25 33 7 33

26 33 26 33 6 33

27 33 27 33 5 33

28 33 28 33 4 33

29 33 29 33 3 33

30 33 30 33 2 33
1
64 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Phamenoth F. 1 Tybi P. 1 Tybi

2 2 „ 30 Khoiak
3 3 „ 29 „
4 4 „ 28 „
5 5 „ 27 „
6 6 „ 26 „
7 7 „ 25 „
8 8 „ 24 „
9 9 „ 23 „
10 10 „ 22 „
11 11 „ 21 „
12 12 „ 20 „
13 13 „ 19 „
14 14 „ 18 „
15 15 „ 17 „
16 16 „ 16 „
17 17 „ 15 „
18 18 „ 14 „
19 19 „ 13 „
20 20 „ 12 „
21 21 „ 11 „
22 22 „ 10 „
23 23 „ 9 „
24 24 „ 8 „
25 25 „ 7 „
26 26 „ 6 „
27 27 „ 5 „
28 28 „ 4 „
29 29 „ 3 „
30 30 „ 2 „
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 165

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Pharmuthi F. 1 Mechir P. 1 Khoiak

2 55 2 55 30 Athyr
3 55 3 55 29 55

4 55 4 55 28 55

5 55 5 55 27 55

6 55 6 55 26 55

7 55 7 55 25 55

8 55 8 55 24 55

9 55 9 55 23 55

10 55 10 55 22 55

11 55 11 55 21 55

12 5 )
12 55 20 55

13 55 13 ,, 19 55

14 55 14 55 18 55

15 55 15 55 17 55

16 55 16 55 16 55

17 55 17 55 15 55

18 55 18 55 14 55

19 55 19 55 13 55

20 55 20 55 12 55

21 55 21 55 11 55

22 55 22 55 10 55

23 55 23 55 9 55

24 55 24 55 8 55

25 55 25 55 7 55

26 55 26 55 6 55

27 » 27 55 5 55

28 55 28 55 4 55

29 » 29 55 3 55

30 55 30 55 2 55
1 66 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thotli P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Pakhons F. 1 Pkamenoth P. 1 Athyr

2 „ 2 30 Paopi
3 „ 3 29 „
4 „ 4 28 „
5 „ 5 27 „
6 „ 6 26 „
7 „ 7 25 „
8 „ 8 24 „
9 „ 9 23 „
10 „ 10 22 „
11 „ 11 21 „
12 „ 12 20 „
13 „ 13 19 „
14 „ 14 18 „
15 „ 15 17 „
16 „ 16 16 „
17 „ 17 15 „
18 „ 18 14 „
19 „ 19 13 „
20 „ 20 12 „
21 „ 21 11 „
22 „ 22 10 „
23 „ 23 9 „
24 „ 24 8 „
25 „ 25 7 „
26 „ 26 6 „
27 „ 27 5 „
28 „ 28 4 „
29 „ 29 3 „
30 „ 30 2 „
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 167

When P. 1 Thotli P. 1 Epiplii Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Paoni F. 1 Pkarmutki P. 1 Paopi

2 „ 2 „ 30 Thotli
3 „ 3 „ 29 „
4 „ 4 „ 28 „
5 „ 5 „ 27 „
6 „ 6 „ 26 „
7 „ 7 „ 25 „
8 „ 8 „ 24 „
9 „ 9 „ 23 „
10 „ 10 „ 22 „
11 „ 11 „ 21 „
12 „ 12 „ 20 „
13 „ 13 „ 19 „
u „ 14 „ 18 „
15 „ 15 „ 17 „
16 „ 16 „ 16 „
17 „ 17 „ 15 „
18 „ 18 „ 14 „
19 „ 19 „ 13 „
20 „ 20 „ 12 „
21 „ 21 „ 11 „
22 „ 22 „ 10 „
23 „ 23 „ 9 „
24 „ 24 „ 8 „
25 „ 25 „ 7 „
26 „ 26 „ 6
27 „ 27 5 „
28 „ 28 „ 4 „
29 „ 29 „ 3 „
30 „ 30 „ 2 „
1 68 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Epiphi F. 1 Pakhons P. 1 Thoth

2 „ 2 „ 30 Mesore
3 „ 3 „ 29 „
4 „ 4 „ 28 „
5 „ 5 27 „
6 „ 6 „ 26 „
7 „ 7 „ 25 „
8 „ 8 „ 24 „
9 „ 9 „ 23 „
10 „ 10 „ 22 „
11 „ 11 „ 21 „
12 „ 12 „ 20 „
13 „ 13 „ 19 „
14 „ 14 „ 18 „
15 „ 15 „ 17 „
16 „ 16 „ 16 „
17 „ 17 „ 15 „
18 „ 18 „ 14 „
19 „ 19 „ 13 „
20 „ 20 „ 12 „
21 „ 21 „ 11 „
22 „ 22 „ 10 „
23 „ 23 „ 9 „
24 „ 24 „ 8 „
25 „ 25 „ 7 „
26 „ 26 „ 6 „
27 „ 27 „ 5 „
28 „ 28 „ 4 „
29 „ 29 „ 3 „
30 „ 30 „ 2 „
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 169

When P. 1 Thoth P. 1 Epiphi Rising originally at F. 1

falls falls Epiphi falls

F. 1 Mesore F. 1 Paoni P. 1 Mesore

2 „ 2 „ 30 Epiphi
3 „ 3 „ 29 „
4 „ 4 „ 28 „
5 „ 5 „ 27 „
6 „ 6 26 „
7 „ 7
1
>> 25 „
8 „ 8 „ 24 „
9 „ 9 „ 23 „
10 „ 10 „ 22 „
11 „ 11 „ 21 „
12 „ 12 „ 20 „
13 „ 13 „ 19 „
U „ 14 „ 18 „
15 „ 15 „ 17 „
16 16 „ 16
17 „ 17 „ 15 „
18 „ 18 „ 14 „
19 „ 19 „ 13 „
20 „ 20 „ 12 „
21 „ 21 „ 11 „
22 „ 22 „ 10 „
23 „ 23 „ 9 „
24 „ 24 „ 8 „
25 „ 25 „ 7 „
26 „ 26 „ 6 „
27 „ 27 „ 5 „
28 „ 28 „ 4 „
29 „ 29 „ 3 „
30 „ 30 „ 2 „
 TABLE III

Showing the first Cyclical Division or Year

out of every 4 available for any Rising of

Sirius of which the month and day of the

month are given. These Tables are based

on an assumption that the mutual relations
of the several Cyclical Clocks remain normal.
Owing, however, to the gradual and Cyclical
changes in the rate of Natural or Sothic
Time, they will not always yield True Time,
and the needful allowance will then have to
be made. But, apart from this, they are for

purposes of Chronological analysis and syn-

thesis correct.
172 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is is normally

F. 1 T-hoth P. 1 Epiphi Cyc. Yr. 1216§ Cyc. Yr. 0

2 „ 30 Paoni » 1220ff ’’ 4^
3 „ 29 „ „ 1224— „ 8-2-

4 „ 28 „ „ 1228— „ 12-1-

5 „ 27 „ „ 1232— „ 16—
6 „ 26 „ „ 1236H ,,
20-1-

7 „ 25 „ „ 1241 „ 24—
8 „ 24 „ „ 1245— » 28H-
9 „ 23 „ „ 1249 — „ 32-1-

10 „ 22 „ „ 1253— „ 36—
11 „ 21 „ „ 1257— „ 4011
12 „ 20 „ „ 1261— „ 4411
13 „ 19 „ „ 1265— » 48—
H „ 18 „ „ 1269— „ 5211
15 „ 17 „ „ 1273— „ 5611
10 „ 16 „ „ 1277— » 6011
17 „ 15 „ „ 1281— „ 64H
18 „ 14 „ „ 1285H „ 68H
19 „ 13 „ „ 1289— „ 73
20 „ 12 „ „ 129311 „ 77-1-

21 „ 11 „ „ 129711 „ 81-2.

22 „ 10 „ „ 1301— „ 85—
23 „ 9 „ „ 1305— „ 89-1
24 „ 8 „ „ 1309H „ 93—
25 „ 7 „ „ 1314 „ 97—
26 „ 6 „ „ 1318— „ 101 J-
27 „ 5 „ „ 1322— „ 105—
28 „ 4 „ „ 1326— „ 109-1-

29 „ 3 „ „ 1330— „ 113H
30 ,,
2 „ 1334-1- „ 11711
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 173

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is isnormally

F. 1 Paopi P. 1 Paoni Cyc. Yr. 1338-1 Cyc. Yr.

121f-
2 „ 30 Pakhons „ 1342— » 125M
3 „ 29 „ „ 1346 — „ 12911
4 „ 28 „ „ 1350— „ 13311
5 „ 27 „ „ 1354— „ 13711
6 „ 26 „ „ 1358 — „ 141 —
7 „ 25 „ „ 1362— „ 146
8 „ 24 „ „ 1366— „ 1501-
9 „ 23 „ „ 1370— >, 154-1
10 „ 22 „ „ 1374H „ 158—
11 „ 21 „ „ 1378—6 „ 1621-
12 „ 20 „ „ 1382H „ 166-1-

13 „ 19 „ „ 1387 „ 170H
14 „ 18 „ „ 1391-2- „ 174-1
15 „ 17 „ „ 1395— „ 178-1
16 „ 16 „ „ 1399— „ 182—
17 „ 15 „ „ 1403— „ 186H
18 „ 14 „ » 1407— „ 190H
19 „ 13 „ „ 1411— „ 19411
20 „ 12 „ „ 1415— „ 198H
21 „ 11 „ „ 1419— „ 20211
22 „ 10 „ „ 1423-1 „ 206H
23 „ 9 „ „ 1427— „ 21011
24 „ 8 „ „ 1431H „ 214—
25 „ 7 „ „ 1435— „ 219
26 „ 6 „ „ 143911 „ 2231-
27 „ 5 „ „ 1443H „ 227—
28 „ 4 „ „ 144711 „ 231-1-
29 „ 3 „ „ 1451H „ 235-1
30 „ 2 „ „ 1455— „ 239-1-
t
74 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is is normally

F. 1 Athyr P. 1 Pakhons Cyc. Yr. 1460 Cyc. Yr. 2431

2 „ 30 Pharmuthi 5 3
4JL
* „ 247/g
3 „ 29 „ 8— „ 251—
4 „ 28 „ „ 12— „ 255—
5 „ 27 „ 16— „ 259—
6 „ 26 „ 20— „ 263H
7 „ 25 „ „ 24-6
„ 267—
8 „ 24 „ „ 28^- „ 27111
9 23 „ „ 32-8- 27511
„ „
10 „ 22 „ „ 36— „ 279—
11 „ 21 „ » 40 Lo „ 283—
12 „ 20 „ 44H „ 28711
13 „ 19 „ » 48— „ 292
14 „ 18 „ „ 52M „ 2961-
15 „ 17 „ „ 5611 „ 300-=-

10 „ 16 „ „ 60— „ 304—
17 „ 15 „ „ 64— „ 3081-
18 „ 14 „ „ 68H „ 312—
19 „ 13 „ „ 73 „ 316—
CM
o 12 „ 71 JL „ 320-1-

21 11 „ „ 81-2. „ 324-1
„
22 „ 10 „ „ 85— „ 328—
23 „ 9 „ 89-1- „ 33211
24 „ 8 „ „ 93— „ 336H
25 „ 7 „ „ 97— „ 340—
26 „ 6 „ „ 101-1- „ 344—
27 „ 5 „ „ 105— „ 348H
(M
00
4 „ „ 109— „ 352H
29 „ 3 „ „ 113— „ 356—
30 „ 2 „ „ 117H „ 36011
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology i75

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at, Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is isnormally

F. 1 Klioiak P. Pharmuthi Cyc. Yr. 121H Cyc. Yr. 365

1

2 „ 30 Phamenoth „ 125— „ 369—

3 „ 29 „ „ 12911 „ 373-1
4 „ 28 „ „ 133— „ 377—
5 „ 27 „ 137— „ 381-1-

6 „ 26 „ „ 141— „ 385-1-

7 „ 25 „ „ 146 „ 389—
8 „ 24 „ „ 150— „ 393 —
9 „ 23 „ 154— „ 397 —
10 „ 22 „ » 158— „ 401-5-
11 ,,
21 „ 162-1- „ 405—
12 „ 20 „ 166-5- „ 409H
13 „ 19 „ „ 170 — „ 413—
14 „ 18 „ „ 174H „ 417U1
15 „ 17 „ 178— „ 421
16 „ 16 „ „ 182-5- „ 425—
17 „ 15 „ „ 186— „ 429—
18 „ 14 „ „ 190H „ 43311
19 „ 13 „ „ 19411 » 438
20 „ 12 „ „ 198H „ 442-1
21 „ 11 „ „ 20211 „ 446-2-

22 „ 10 „ „ 206— „ 450-1
23 „ 9 „ „ 210— „ 454—
24 „ 8 „ „ 214H „ 458-1
25 „ 7 „ „ 219 „ 462-1
26 „ 6 „ „ 223— » 466-1
27 „ 5 „ „ 227-1- „ 470-1
28 „ 4 „ „ 231— „ 474-1
29 „ 3 „ „ 235— „ 478—
30 „ 2 „ „ 239— „ 482H
1 76 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thotli Rising originally at Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is is normally

F. 1 Tybi P. 1 Phamenoth Cvc. Yr. 243^- Cyc. Yr. 468 §

2 „ 30 Mechir » 247 T7ff „ 490 J-f
3 „ 29 „ „ 251— „ 49411
4 „ 28 „ „ 255— „ 498H
5 „ 27 „ „ 2591° „ 502H
6 „ 26 „ „ 26311 „ 506—
7 „ 25 „ „ 267— „ 511
8 „ 24 „ „ 271H „ 515—
9 „ 23 „ „ 275— „ 519—
10 „ 22 „ „ 27911 „ 5231-
11 „ 21 „ „ 283— „ 5271-
12 „ 20 „ „ 287H „ 531—
13 „ 19 „ „ 292 „ 535—
14 „ 18 „ „ 2961- „ 539—
15 „ 17 „ „ 300— „ 543-1
16 „ 16 „ „ 304— » 547—
17 „ 15 „ „ 308— „ 551H
18 „ 14 „ „ 312A. „ 55511
19 „ 13 „ „ 316— „ 55911
20 „ 12 „ „ 320— „ 563H
21 „ 11 „ „ 324— „ 567H
22 „ 10 „ „ 328— „ 571H
23 ,, 9 „ „ 33211 „ 57511
(4^
8 „ „ 336H „ 57911
25 „ 7 „ „ 340— „ 584
26 „ 6 „ „ 34411 „ 588—
27 „ 5 „ „ 348M „ 592—
to 00 4 „ „ 352H „ 596—
29 „ 3 „ „ 35611 „ 600—
30 „ 2 „ „ 36011 „ 604—
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 1 77

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is isnormally

F. 1 Mechir P. 1 Mechir Cyc. Yr. 365 Cyc. Yr. 6081

2 „ 30 Tybi 369^ ”
7
312 r 8
3 j> 29 „ „ 373-2- „ 616—
4 „ 28 „ 377— 620—
„ „
5 „ 27 „ „ 381-4- 624—
„
6 „ 26 „ „ 385— „ 628H
7 „ 25 „ 387-5- 632—
„ „
8 „ 24 „ „ 393— „ 636—
9 „ 23 „ „ 397— „ 640H
10 „ 22 „ 401— 644—
„ „
11 „ 21 „ „ 405H „ 64815
12 „ 20 „ „ 40911 „ 652H
13 „ 19 „ 41312 657
„ „
H „ 18 „ „ 417— „ 661—
15 „ 17 „ 42111 665-1
„ „
16 „ 16 „ 425— 669—
„ ,,

17 „ 15 „ 4271-5 673-1
„ „
18 ,, 14 „ „ 433— „ 677—
19 „ 13 „ 681-5-
„ 438 „
20 „ 12 „ 442-1 685-1
„ „
21 ,, 11 „ „ 446-2- „ 689—
22 „ 450—
10 „ „ „ 693—
23 „ 9 „ 454— 697—
„ „
24 „ 8 „ 458— 701H
„ „
25 „ 7 „ 462— 70511
„ „
26 „ 6 „ 466— 709—
„ „
27 „ 5 „ 470— 713H
„ „
28 „ 4 „ „ 474 „ 717—
29 „ 3 » 478— 721H
„ „
30 „ 2 „ 482U- 725H
» „
N
1 78 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is isnormally

F. 1 Phamenoth P. 1 Tybi Cyc. Yr. 486 § Cyc. Yr. 730

2 30 Khoiak „ 490f| „ 734-1
3 29 „ „ 494H „ 7381
4 28 „ „ 498H „ 742-1
5 „ 27 „ 5021H „ 746—
6 „ 26 „ „ 506in „ 750—
7 25 „ 511 „ 7541
8 24 „ „ 515— „ 758—
9 23 „ „ 519— „ 762-1
10 22 „ „ 523— „ 766-1
11 21 „ 527— „ 770H
12 20 „ „ 531-2_ „ 7740.
13 19 „ „ 535— „ 778U4
14 18 „ „ 539m „ 782M
15 17 543— „ 78611
16 „ 16 „ „ 547— „ 79011
17 15 „ 5511° „ 79411
18 14 „ „ 555-H „ 798H
19 13 „ 559m „ 803
20 12 „ „ 563m „ 807-1
21 11 „ 567-0 „ 811—
22 ,, 10 „ „ 57111 » 815-1
23 9 „ „ 57511 „ 819-1
24 8 „ „ 57911 „ 823-1
25 7 „ „ 584 „ 827-1
26 6 „ „ 5881 „ 831—
27 5 „ „ 592-1 „ 8351
28 4 „ „ 596— „ 8391
29 3 „ „ 600-1 „ 8431
30 2 „ „ 604— „ 84711
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 179

When P. 1 Thotli Rising originally at Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is isnormally

F. 1 Pharmuthi P. 1 Khoiak Cyc. Yr. 608^ Cyc. Yr. 851f

2 30 Athyr » 612-j^ „ 855ft}
'3
29 „ » 616— „ 85911
4 28 „ „ 620— „ 863H
5 » 27 „ „ 624H „ 867—
6 „ 26 „ „ 62811 >, 87111
7 25 „ „ 6321-1 „ 876
8 24 „ „ 636— „ 880-1
9 23 „ „ 6401A „ 884—
10 22 „ „ 6441-1 „ 888-1-

11 21 „ „ 648— „ 8921-
12 20 „ „ 652H „ 896—
13 19 „ „ 657 „ 900—
14 18 „ 661-1- » 9041-
„
15 17 „ „ 665— „ 908—
16 16 „ ,, 669— „ 912—
17 15 „ „ 673— „ 916—
18 14 „ „ 677— „ 920H
19 13 „ „ 68111 ,,
924H
20 12 „ „ 685— „ 928H
21 11 ,, „ 689— „ 932H
22 10 „ „ 693— „ 936H
23 9 „ „ 697— „ 940H
24 8 „ „ 70111 „ 94411
25 7 „ „ 705— „ 949
26 6 „ „ 709H „ 9531-
27 5 „ „ 713H „ 957—
CM 00
4 „ „ 717— „ 961-1-

29 3 , „ 72111 „ 965—
30 2 „ „ 72511 „ 969-1
i8o Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at Apparent Time True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls for Rising is isnormally

F. 1 Pakhons P. 1 Athyr Cyc. Yr. 730 Cyc. Yr. 973^

2 „ 30 Paopi „ 734— » 977*
3 „ 29 „ „ 738— „ 9811-
4 „ 28 „ „ 742-1- „ 985—
5 27 „ „ 746— „ 98941
6 26 „ „ 750— „ 99341
7 „ 25 „ „ 754— „ 99741
8 „ 24 „ „ 758— „ 100141
9 „ 23 „ „ 762-5- „ 100541
10 „ 22 „ „ 766— „ 100941
11 „ 21 „ „ 77041 „ 101341
12 „ 20 „ „ 77414 „ 101741
13 „ 19 „ „ 778 — „ 1022
11 „ 18 „ „ 78241 „ 1026—
15 „ 17 „ 78641 „ 1030-=-
„
16 „ 16 „ „ 790H „ 10341-
17 „ 15 „ „ 79441 „ 1038—
H 00 14 „ „ 79841 „ 1042—
19 „ 13 „ „ 803 „ 1046—
20 ” 12 „ „ 807— „ 1050—
21 „ 11 „ „ 811— „ 10541-
22 „ 10 „ „ 815— „ 10581-
23 „ 9 „ „ 819— „ 106241
24 „ 8 „ „ 823— „ 106641
25 „ 7 „ „ 827— „ 107041
26 „ 6 „ „ 831— „ 107441
27 „ 5 „ „ 835-1- „ 107841
CM 00
4 „ „ 839— „ 108241
29 „ 3 „ „ 84341 „ 108641
30 „ 2 „ „ 847H „ 109041
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 181

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at Apparent Time for True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls Rising is isnormally

F. 1 Paoni P. 1 Paopi Cyc. Yr. 851| Cyc. Yr. 1095

2 „ 30 Thoth „ 855fi- „ 1099*
3 „ 29 „ „ 8591-4 „ 1103—
4 „ 28 „ „ 863— „ 1107—
5 „ 27 „ „ 867— „ IIH^
6 „ 26 „ „ 871— „ 1115—
7 „ 25 „ „ 876 „ 1119 -I-
8 „ 24 „ „ 880-L „ 1123—
9 „ 23 „ „ 884-=- „ 1127—
10 „ 22 „ „ 888— „ 1131—
11 „ 21 „ „ 892A. „ 1135—
12 „ 20 „ „ 896— „ 1139H
13 „ 19 „ „ 900— „ 114312
14 „ 18 „ „ 904-1 „ 1147M
15 „ 17 „ „ 908— „ 1151—
16 „ 16 „ „ 912— „ 1155—
17 „ 15 „ „ 9161H „ 1159H
18 „ 14 „ „ 920H „ 1163H
19 „ 13 „ „ 924H „ 1168
20 „ 12 „ „ 928M „ 1172-1-

21 „ 11 „ „ 932-H „ H76-2-
22 „ 10 „ „ 93611 „ 1180-1
23 „ 9 „ „ 94011 „ 1184—
24 „ 8 „ „ 94411 „ 1188-1
25 „ 7 „ „ 949 „ 1192-1
26 6 „ 953-1- „ 1196-1-
„ „
27 „ 5 „ » 957— „ 1200—
bO oo
4 „ „ 961— „ 1204—
29 „ 3 „ „ 965— „ 1208H
30 „ 2 „ „ 969-1- „ 1212H
182 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

When P. 1 Thoth Rising originally at Apparent Time for True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls Rising is is normally

F. 1 Epiphi P. 1 Thoth Cyc.Yr. 973£ Cyc. Yr. 1216§

2 ,, 30 Mesore » 977^ „ 1220H
3 „ 29 „ „ 981— „ 1224H
4 „ 28 „ „ 985— „ 122812
5 „ 27 „ „ 989M „ 123212
6 „ 26 „ „ 993— „ 1236H
7 „ 25 „ „ 999— „ 1241
8 „ 24 „ „ 1001— „ 12451-
9 „ 23 „ „ 1005— „ 1249-2-
10 „ 22 „ „ 1009— „ 1253-1-
11 „ 21 „ „ 1013H „ 1257—
12 „ 20 „ „ 1017— „ 1261-2-
13 „ 19 „ „ 1022 „ 1265-2-
14 „ 18 „ „ 1026-1- „ 1269—
15 „ 17 „ „ 1030-1 „ 1273—
16 „ 16 „ „ 1034— „ 1279—
17 „ 15 „ „ 1038— „ 128112
i-H
00
14 „ „ 1042— „ 1285H
19 „ 13 „ „ 1046— „ 1289—
20 „ 12 „ „ 1050-1 „ 129312
21 „ 11 „ „ 1054— „ 1297H
22 „ 10 „ „ 1058— „ 130112
23 „ 9 „ „ 106212 „ 130512
24 „ 8 „ „ 1066H „ 1309H
to Cl
7 „ „ 1070H « 1314
26 „ 6 „ „ 107412 „ 13181-
27 „ 5 „ „ 1078H „ 1322-1
28 „ 4 „ „ 1082H „ 1326—
29 „ 3 „ „ 1086— „ 13301-
30 „ 2 „ „ 109011 „ 13342-
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 1S3

When P. 1 Tlioth Rising originally at Apparent Time for True Time

falls F. 1 Epiphi falls Rising is isnormally

F. 1 Mesore P. 1 Mesore Cyc. Yr. 1095 Cyc. Yr. 1338J

2 „ 30 Epiphi „ 1099^ „ 1342
3 „ 29 „ „ 1103-2- „ 13462-
4 „ 28 „ „ 1107 — „ 13502-
5 „ 27 „ „ 1111-*- „ 135412
6 „ 26 „ „ 1115— „ 1358H
7 „ 25 „ „ 1119— „ 136212
8 „ 24 „ „ 1123-7- „ 136612
9 „ 23 „ „ 1127-i- „ 1370—
10 „ 22 „ „ 1131 — „ 137412
11 „ 21 „ „ 1135111 „ 137812
12 „ 20 „ „ 1139H „ 138211
13 „ 19 „ „ 114312 „ 1387
14 „ 18 „ „ 114712 „ 1391-L
15 „ 17 „ „ 1151H „ 1395—
16 „ 16 „ „ 115512 „ 1399-1
17 „ 15 „ „ 1159H „ 1403—
18 „ 14 „ „ 1163H » 14072-
19 „ 13 „ „ 1168 „ 14112-
20 „ 12 „ „ 11722- „ 14152-
21 „ 11 „ „ 11762- „ 1419-1
22 „ 10 „ „ 11802_ „ 14232-
23 „ 9 „ „ 11841- „ 142712
24 „ 8 „ „ 11882. „ 1431H
25 „ 7 „ „ 11922- „ 143512
26 „ 6 „ „ 1196-1 „ 143911
27 „ „ 12002- „ 144312
28 „ 4 „ „ 12042 „ 144712
29 „ 3 » „ 120812 „ 145112
CO O 2 „ „ 121211- „ 145511
 TABLE IV
Showing how, during every Sothic Cycle,
the Seasons according to the Progressive

Clock gradually diverge from and then gradu-

ally once more coincide with the Natural
Seasons as normally indicated by the Fixed
Clock.
 1 86 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

We have seen that the Progressive Clock

loses a little more than 1 Year in every Sothic
Cycle of 1470 Years. That is to say, at the

end of every period, originally commencing

from a.m. 0-1, the P. Clock is370^ days, or

about 12 months, short of Natural Time as

normally indicated on the Fixed Clock.

Thus, from the commencement of the Cycle
onwards, as indicated by the 2 Clocks, the

Seasons, originally coincident, steadily diverge

—each remove leaving the P. Clock Seasons

behind Nature by just double the time by
which the Cycle is in fact short of Natural
Time, because, of course, the latter is also

advancing. Inasmuch, however, as the

Seasons in fact coincide again at the end of

each Cycle, it is obvious that it is only

during the first half of the Cycle, i.e. during

its first 2 Great Panegyrical Years, that

the Clock Seasons are cumulatively divergent.

At Cyc. Div. 730 (half-way round), the

Seasons, as indicated by the 2 Clocks, are

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 187

exactly reversed. For instance, if the Fixed

Clock shows Thoth (our September-October),

the P. Clock will show Phamenoth (normally

our March- April). But, from that point on,

throughout the second half of the Cycle, i.e.

throughout the 3rd and 4th Great Panegyri-

cal Years, while the Seasons by the P.
Clock still continue to be cumulatively short

of Natural Time, up to the maximum of

370^ days, they nevertheless steadily become

less and less divergent as they approach nearer

and nearer again to Zero the point ,

of Coinci-

dence.

Thus, at the following periods, regarded as

completed'

A.M.
0 when Nature is 23 Sept., i.e., the
say, 23 Sept., P. two Clocks
Clock Time is coincide.

Distributing the shortage, it is clear that at

the end of the period a.m. 0-1 21 f, P. Clock

Time has fallen short of F. Clock Time at
1 88 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

the rate of 1 ^ day in every 4^ Cyclical Years

and, as regards Seasons, has fallen behind at

the rate of 2^ days in every 4^ Cyclical

Years. To resume : at the following com-

pleted periods —in Col. 1, as stated ;

in Col. 2,

for the excess over 1460 ;

and in Col. 3, for

the excess over 1460 -f 1460 = 2920

A.M.

121§, 1581§, or 3041§ when Nature 23 Jul.= rough-

is, say, 23 ly 1 month
Sept., P. short, but 2
Clock Time m. behind, be-
is causeNATDRE
has advanced
1 m.
2431 17031, or 31631 23 May =2 m.
short, but 4
m. behind.
365, 1825, or 3285 23 Mar. = 3m.
short, but 6

m. behind.
486§, 1946§, or 3496§ 23 Jan. =4 m.
short, but 8
m. behind.
6081, 2068^, or 3528^ 23 Nov. =5 in.

short, but 10

m. behind.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 189

A.M.

730, 2190, or 3650 when Nature 23 Sept. — 6 in.

is, say, 23 short, but 12

Sept., P. m. behind,
Clock Time and Seasons
is Reversed.
851$, 2311$, or 3771$ 23 Jul. =7 m.
short, but 10

m. behind,
and Seasons
beginning to
Converge
again.

973$, 2433$, or 3893$ 23 May =8 in.

short, but 8
m. behind.
1095, 2555, or 4015 23 Mar. =9 m.
= A.D. 16 short, but 6
in. behind.
1216$, 2676$, or 4136$ 23 Jan. = 10 in.
= A.D. 137$- short, but 4
m. behind.
1338$, 2798$, or 4258$ 23 Nov. = 11 m.
= a.d. 259$ short, but 2
m. behind.
1460, 2920, or 4360 23 Sept. = 12 m.
= A.D. 381 or 370^ days
short, but
Seasons again
Coinciding.
190 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

N.B. —Now let us take the Rising in

Senwosri Ill’s 7th regnal year, a.m. 1771 fj

= b.c. 2224f, as a test case.

When the Seasons coincide at the Autumnal
Equinox, Sirius rises on F. 1 Epiphi=say,
20th July — 10 months after F. and P. 1

Thoth. a.m. 1771f is 1460 +311$ of the 2nd

Cycle. At Cyc. Div. 243^, P. Clock Time
is roughly 2 months short of Natural Time,
and, as regards the Seasons, it is 4 months
behind. Therefore, at Cyc. Div. 31 If, which

in the 2nd Cycle =a.m. 1771f, we get the

following :

True Clock
Rising. Official date. Clock Time.
Time. Seasons.

1771-§ = 7 15 Pharmuthi 17/18th 14 Pharmuthi 5 months

months = 5 months Athyr. = 2 months 3 days
12/13 days 2 days be- /days behind
after P. 1 hind True "s'h or t of Natu-
Thoth. Time. Natural RAL
Time. Also Time.
2| months
short of F.
1 Epiphi.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 19

All which seems to show that at that epoch

the Official Reports went by the Clock

Seasons, and that at that time there was

really no coincidence ;
or, if there was, it

was only between Clock Time and Official

Time. In other words, the Official date
was Calendar Time, not True Time. But,

by the time of Amenhotep I (a.m. 2470

=b.c. 1526), some change of method appears

to have taken place, because on that occasion
the Official Date is only 1 month 28 days
behind True Time, whereas it should have

been 8 months and some odd days behind.

Strange to say, it is 8 months 11 days after

Clock Time (22 Paophi) ;

which looks as if

Official Reports were then trying to represent

Natural Time, not Calendar Time.
As a matter of fact —and this is practically

my final winding up of the tangled skein that

we have been seeking to unravel —what really
happened seems to have been this. On the

founding of the 18th Dynasty by Aahmes,

i9 2 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

circ. am. 2439=b.c. 1557, the Calendar was

Revolutionised. The Old System —which,
I believe, must have corresponded to mine,
was for some unknown reason discarded, the
Year was taken as commencing from F. 1

Epiphi, and P. 1 Thoth (the Indicator) was

deliberately put back and set to that point.

They knew where they were on the Cycle

from the relation between this new artificial

point and True Time as indicated by the

Old System. Clock Time by that System was

then P. 30 Paophi : True Time was therefore

F. 2 Pakhons : the interval between it and
F. 1 Epiphi was 1 month 28 days. This they

knew, as appears from the fact that thence-

forth all their dates preserve that, or about

that, relationship to True Time. In due

course, as P. 1 Thoth travelled on, by stages

of 4iV Cyc. Divisions to a day, or as they

seem to have taken it by 4 years to a day,

it reached F. 7, or a doubtful F. 9 Epiphi,

in the 7th, or a doubtful 9th, regnal year of

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 193

Amenhotep I : and so it went on —through

14, 21, 28 Epiphi, 7, 14, 21, 28 Mesore, 7, 14,

22 (21 ?), 29 (28 ?) Thoth, and 1 Tybi, as

reported — always keeping up the same average

interval between the dates, so indicated, and
True Time as indicated by the Old System.
It was quite a wrong System, of course ;

because the interval between True Time and

F. 1 Epiphi never remained constant.
One last word. I cannot for the life of me
imagine how Professor Breasted has deluded

himself with the idea that his shift of 225 days

from New Year’s Day at F. 1 Epiphi in what

,

he calls b.c. 1880, being the 7th regnal year

of Senwosri III, consists with his shift of 308

days in the 9th year of Amenhotep I, b.c.

1549, or his shift of 327 days “ somewhere

between 47 and 101 years later ” in the reign

of Thothmes III —by which, I presume, he

means the Rising on 28 Epiphi in that king’s

33rd year=B.c. 1469 according to the Pro-

fessor’s chronology. From b.c. 1880 to b.c.
o
i94 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

1549 is 331 years=nearly 83 days on the basis

he adopts of 4 years to a day : and the differ-

ence between 225 and 308=also 83 days.

This is quite all right, so far. Further, from

b.c. 1549 to b.c. 1469 is 80 years=20 days.

This, too, seems quite all right, as representing

the interval between 308 and 327. But, how

does Professor Breasted get his 308 days' shift

for 9th Epiphi ? It is, of course, 83 days from

the 225 days’ shift in b.c. 1808. But did he
arrive at it independently of that fact ? If so,

what was his method, and was it legitimate ?

He certainly did not arrive at it in the same

way as that by which he reckoned his 225

days for the Senwosri III Bising. In that

case he treated F. 1 Epiphi as New Year’s

Day, and began counting from there. Does

he do that in this case ? No : had he done
so he would never have got his 308. What,
then, has he done ? He has simply discarded

his F. 1 Epiphi, and has gone to F. 1 Tlioth.

This 308 days=10 months 8 days. It is only

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology t
95

by starting from F. 1 ThotJi that in 10 months

8 days you will come out at 9 Epiphi. Had
Breasted in this case started from F. 1 Epiphi,

as he did in the case of the Rising in Sen-

wosri Ill’s time, his 308 days would have

brought him out at 9th Pakhons instead of

9th Epiphi ! Similarly, to get 28th Epiphi

for the Rising in Thothmes Ill’s 33rd year,

the Professor had again to resort to F. 1

Thoth as his starting point. This, at any

rate, is certain : both his methods cannot be
correct. Surely he will let us know which
one he elects to stand by ?

Let us even suppose that Professor Breasted’s

answer is : “Oh no, even in the case of the

Senwosri Rising I begin to count my 225 days

from F. 1 Thoth, and that brings me to 15

Pharmuthi.” That would not be consistent

with what he says in Anc. Rec., vol. i, p. 31,

note a , read with the opening sentences of

§ 40, p. 26, from which I gather that for him

New Year’s Day and the “ beginning ” and

19 6 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

“the first day of the calendar year”=F. 1

Epiphi pointed to by P. 1 Tlioth. I do not

gather from it that they=F. 1 Thoth pointed
to by P. 1 Thoth. However, take it that he

counts from F. 1 Thoth for the Senwosri

Rising. How does that give him his year

b.c. 1880 ? I mean on the Clock, and apart

from his subtraction of 900 from b.c. 2780 ?

Counting 225 from F. 1 Epiphi he arrives at

15 Mechir. That is 60£ past Cyc. Div. 608§
= 669 i, which, plus 1460 for the previous
1st Cycle, gives him a.m. 2129-J=-b.c. 1866|.

This is near enough to his b.c. 1880 to be

satisfactory, assuming that this particular

method is a sound one. But now let him

count his 225 from F. 1 Thoth, thus bringing

him to 15 Pharmuthi. That is 60f past Cyc.

Div. 851| = 912|, which, plus 1460, gives him

a.m. 2373-|=b.c. 1623|. I imagine that that

is very far from being a satisfactory year from

his point of view ! I take it, therefore, that

I am right in my original assumption that for

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 197

tlie Senwosri Rising Professor Breasted counts

his 225 days’ shift from F. 1 Epiphi, seeing

that that brings him somewhere near his year

B.c. 1880.

The following Tabular Statement is

useful :

Interval between
Calendar Seasons as regards
Cyc. Div. P. 1 Thoth and
Natural Time.
Rising.

1213 10 months 2 months behind 1 m. short.

243! 9 > y
4 5 5
2 >>

365 8 > J
6 j >
3 yy

486§ 7 yy 8 yy 4 yy

608-1 6 yy
10 yy 5 yy

730 5 5) 12 yy 6 y y

851f 4 > >

10 yy 7 y y

9731 3 )) 8 yy 8 yy

1095 2 J J
6 yy 9 yy

1216§ 1 5 >
4 yy 10 yy

13381 5 >
2 y y
11 yy

1460 10 >5
Coinciding : 12 yy

N.B. —Every 4^ years = 1 day short.

Every 4 ^ years =2 days behind, as

regards Seasons, at least up to Cyc. Div.
730 .
 ADDENDUM
We have seen from the Clock of the Progressive

Year that Sothis, or Sirius, is due to rise periodi-

cally at certain dates separated by intervals of 4^

Cyclical Divisions, or Years ;
but we have also seen

that, according to the data in Petrie, vol. ii, p. 32,

a series of particularly specified Risings occurred

as a matter of fact, or at least as a matter of Official
Report, on quite other dates —with regard to some
of which we have, however, reason to entertain
doubts as to their accuracy.*
Let us therefore make a List of the due dates,
according to the Clock, of all the Risings that have
occurred throughout the Period we have been dealing
with, marking with a star the Risings that we are
specially interested in, and also a List of the dates
on which these last-mentioned Risings are officially

reported to have actually taken place, and compare

the two.
Perhaps, from the comparison, we shall be able to

extract something which may shed some light on

* On reconsideration I am not so sure of this, but I let

my previous train of thought stand.

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 199

the fact that the mutual relations subsisting betAveen

Natural Time on the one hand and the Progressive
and Fixed Clocks on the other are continually
changing in the way that I found so disturbing in
connection Avith my original calculations.
A definite base from which to start will, of course,
be necessary. For this I propose to resort to the
first occasion since a.m. 0 on which Sothis rose (as
it does only once in each Cycle) on Progressive 1

Thoth, or Progressive New Year’s Day. This was

at those Cyclical Points, or Divisions (1216§-1217f-§

1217ff-1218f§ ;
1218^-121951 ; 12195M220)|)
during the 4 years represented by which P. 1 Thoth
fell on Fixed 1 Epiphi, 29 days by the Annual Clock

after P. 30 Thoth had fallen on the same date.

Cyc. Div. 121 6|, of course, is not one of these 4
years. Like Zero, it is only a nominal point from
Avhich to start. The year that is said to begin there
is really the durational space betAAr een it and 121 7f|
and so on, throughout the series.

Hence, according to the Progressive Clock, the

Sothic Risings, beginning from Cyc. Div. 1216§,
occurred as follows :

= Starting point, or Zero.

1216 j-§
P. 30-1 Mesore 12Lf§ = 30 series of 4 years, end-
ing 1338-3.

1338y% = Starting point for next

„ Epiphi 121}- f series.

1460
200 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

P. 30-1 Paoni 121

1581H
,, Pakhons 12l]|

1703 A It now becomes necessary

to take the month day
by day, and the Cycle at
intervals of 4-j^ Divs.
30 Pharmuthi 4*
1707yg
29 4*
17UA
28 4*
1715^
27 4rs
1719E2
26 4*
1723fJ
25 4*
1727^ |
24 4i
1
8

1731fl
23 4*
1735M
1-
22 4-
*1 8

1739]J
21 il
*1 8
Secret of Egyptian Chronology 201

20 Pharmuthi 4*
1747||
19 33

1752
18 33
4A
1756*
17 33 4*
1760*
16 33

1764*
15 33 4*
1768*
14 33 4* series of 4 completed years

1772* —1769ff, 1770f|,

1771f| and 1772ff.
,

—
N.B. The Rising in a.m.
1771 If (7th regnal year
of Senwosri III) is re-

ported officially as hav-

ing occurred on the 15th
day of the 8th month
=15th Pharmuthi. As
Natural Time and the
Clock then coincided,
this is no doubt intended
to be a normal case :

yet the official report

is 1 day in advance of
the Clock. Probably the
202 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

exact point of coinci-

dence had not quite been
reached.
1 Pharmuthi 52j-§

1825
P. 30-1 Phamenoth 121ff

1946ff-
55 Mekhir 121 }|

2068A-
55 Tybi 12.5
2190
55 Khoiak 121 M
2311f|
5 > Athyr 12111
2433^
30 Paophi 4*
2437^
29 -
55
41s
2441^
28 55
41s
2445^
27 55 4 _18_

2449fg
26 55 4_1_
1 8

2453^1
25 55 4 Is

2457-ff
Secret of Egyptian Chronology 203

24 Paophi 4 1-
*18
2161 j-f
1
23 „ 4
*) 8

2465 pf
*22 4* The 4 completed years
2466f|, 2467ff,2468f§,
and2469f§. TheKisiNG
2469yf (7th regnal yr.

of Amenhotep I) is offi-

cially reported as having

occurred 3| months =
105 days, ahead of the
Clock = 425 p| Cyc. Yrs.
from the time of the last

Coincidence with Natura l

Time, which must have
been about Cyc. Div.
1244.

2469-p|
21 „ 4 tV

2473 Pf
20 4*
2477-PI
i_
19 „ 4

2482
18 „ 4*
2486
aJ-
*
17 *18
2490*
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

1G Paophi 4 118
-

2494 ^
15

2498^
*14 >>
^rg- = The 4 completed years

2502ff 2499f| 2500ff, 2501f|,

,

13 ” and 2502fg (15th yr.

Thothmes I).
2506
12

2510j%
11 ” fV
2514^-
10 ” 4 A
2518ft
9 ”

2522fg
*8 4JL.
*18 = The 4 completed years

2526fJ- 2523ft, 2524f|, 2525f|,

7 and 2526ff (3rd yr.
4ft
Thothmes III).
2530 jj
6 4JL
*18

2534ff
5
4ft
2538ft
4
4ft
2542ft
3 4JL
*1 8

2546fg
Secret of Egyptian Chronology 205

2 Paophi 4_i_
4 1 K

2550{|
1 „ 4 J.
*1 8
The 4 completed years
2555 2551®!, 2552 f!, 2553f£,
and 2555 (33rd yr.
Thothmes III).

30 Thoth 4JL
*1 8

2559 rV
29 „

2563*
28 „

2567^
27 „ 4 tV

2571A
20 „

2575^
25 „
4_L
*1 8

2579 T%
24 „ 4 -1
*1 8

2583^
23 „

2587j%
*22 „ 4=1.
*1 8
The 4 completed years—
2591j°g 2588ff, 2589f|, 2590ff,
21 „ 418 and 2591f| (17th yr.

Amenhotep II).
2595y-g-

20 „
4JL
*1 8

2599U
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

19 Thoth

18 99

2607ff
17 99
4rV
2611J-I
16 99
Ws
2615ft
ns 99
4_L
*18
•

' The 4 completed years

2619ft 2616ff 2617ff, 2618ff,

,

14 99 4 _i_
*18
and 2619ff (45th yr.
Amenhotep II).
2623ft
13 99
Aj
*1 _
8

2628
12 99 4 JL
*18
2632 *
11 99 4*
2636*
10 99
4iV
2640*
9 99
4i%
2644*
*8 ; The 4 completed years
99
4rg :

2648* 2645ff, 2646 2647ft,

7 99 4 L
*1
and 2648ft (20th yr.
8
Amenhotep III).
2652*
6 99 4 J
*18
2656*
Secret of Egyptian Chronology 207

5 Thoth 44
*18 .

2660*
4 „

2664^
3 „ 4 JL
*18
2668}"
2 „
m
2672 U-
!!:
1 „ ^iV — The 4 completed years

2676{-| 2673ft, 2674ff, 2675f|,

and 2676ft ( lst F- Tut.

ankli. amen).
30 Mesore 4 1
*1 8

2680f|
9 „ 85*
2765*
*8 „ 4* — The 4 completed years—
2766 f#> 2767ff,
2769ft 2768f|
7 „ 44; and 2769ft (41st yr.
Eameses II).
6 „

2778*
5 „ 4 *
2782*
4 „ 4 *
2786*
3 „ 1
4 re

2790*
2o 8 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

2 Mesore 4 A
2794j%
*1
9)
U£| II
:
The 4 completed years
2798^ 2795ft, 2796ff 2797-ff
,

and 2798ff (2nd yr.

Merenptah).
30-1 Epiphi 121«
2920
,, Paoni 121f|
3041 -fj
,, Pakhons 121||
3163A
,, Pharmuthi 4 1_
*18
3167 tV
29 4*
3171
*28 4iV = The 4 completed years

3175^ 3172f 1,3173ft, 3174ft,

and 3175ft (11th yr.

Takelat II). This being

our last datum, the list

of Risings closes.
 CHECK
These results, it will be seen, are based on Pro-
gressive Clock Time. Will they stand firm, as
regards the years, if, Clock Time, we
instead of P.
base them on True Time ? The two years that I
have said I rely on as what I may call Clinch
Dates, are the 3rd and the 33rd regnal years of
Tiiothmes III a.m. 2524-^ and a.m. 2555. Let
us therefore test these two : and first as regards
a.m. 2524/.,.
But what are we to take as True Time ? The date
given in the Official Report, i.e. 21st Epiphi ?
Or the date to which P. 1 Thotii points as shown in
Table II ? The former works out at a.m. 2757
which is absurd. I therefore propose to go by my
Table. According to Clock Time, as shown above,
Sothis rose on 8th Paophi. From Table II we find
that when P. 1 Epiphi (normal point of Rising)
falls at 8th Paophi, P. 1 Thoth, or True Time, falls
at 24th Pakhons. Now, as each day represents
4iV Cyclical Years, 24x4^ = 97^. Pharmuthi
closed at Cyc. Division 973*. Therefore that
+ 97-^=Cyc. Div. 1070f. Add 1460 Years for the
previous first Cycle =a.m. 2530§ . But 1 Paophi
P
2 io Secret of Egyptian Chronology

(which = 4^ Cyc. Years) is only 1 Paophi com-

mencing. Hence, the 4^- Cyc. Years which it
represents are only commencing too. Therefore,
from a.m. 2530§we must deduct 4^ a.m. 2526f£. =
Now, this is one of the 4 available years shown
above, namely, 2523f£, 2524f|, 2525f§, and 2526f§;
and our Heb List shows us that of these a.m.

2524f | is the one we want. Now let us similarly

test a.m. 2555.
By Clock Time the Rising took place on 1st
Paophi. From Table II we find that this equates
with True Time 1st Paoni, commencing = the month
of Pakhons, ending=Cyc. Div. 1095. This plus
1460 years for the first Cycle=exactly a.m. 2555
again one of the 4 available years shown above, and
in this case, according to our Heb List, the very
year we want.
Or, let us take one of the other dates —say that
of the Rising reported as having happened in the
reign of Tfit-ankh-amen. By Clock Time it occurred
on 1 Thoth. 1 Thoth, therefore, was then equat-
P.
ing with F. Epiphi=Cyc. Div. 1216|. Hence
1

the year must have been a.m. 2676§=b.c. 1319^.

It appears to have coincided with Tfit-ankh-amen’s

1st regnal year. This kind of Rising took place

only once in every Cycle.
But how did those who prepared the Official
Reports arrive at their dates ? They must have
had some principle on which to build their results.
What was it ? I confess I do not know. As P. 1
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 211

Thoth travels round the Cycle till it comes in a.m.

2676 1 to F. 1 Epiphi and then goes on till it returns
to F. 1 Thoth, and as F. 1 Epiphi marks the point
of every Rising, the dates of the Rising, as shown
by me, naturally retrogress from the higher to the
lower dates in each month. In the Official
Reports this is reversed. There, the dates progress
from lower to higher e.g. 7, 14, 21, 28 Mesore
which seems to show that in the Official scheme
they are indicated, not by F. 1 Epiphi, as P. 1 Thoth
revolves towards and past it, but by P. 1 Thoth
itself pointing to successive dates on the Fixed Clock.*
By this method, however, I do not see how the true
Year can ever be obtained. For instance, take
1 Tybi, the Official date of the Rising in Take-
lat IPs 11th regnal year. If that be regarded as
P. 1 Time was Cyc. Div. 730, and the
Tybi, True
year works out at a.m. 3650. But if 1 Tybi be
regarded as itself True Time to which P. 1 Thoth
points, then the year works out at a.m. 3406§.
Either way it is wrong ;
for the true year could not
have been other than a.m. 3175|. Roughly the
dates in the Official Reports advance by 7 days.
But this is not always the case. And for every 7
days, when it is 7 days, the amount of time by
which Rising Time is in advance of Clock or Calendar
Time is just double 7. This seems to correspond
with the fact that the Natural Seasons are ahead

* Note. — s a matter of fact P. 1 Thoth never indicates

the Rising, except once in the Cycle.
2i2 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

of the Calendar Seasons by just double the amount

of time by which the Calendar Year is short of the
Natural Year. But, as the Official Reports do
not give a view of the Risings throughout the
Cycle, but only a short segment of the Cycle, and
as even that segment is irregularly constructed, it

seems impossible to reduce them to any principle

which will enable us to see why such and such a
date is reported for a particular Rising.
A little gleam of light illumines the darkness if

we examine the case of the Rising in a.m. 3175.1.

This, of course, is what I say the year was. The
Official Reports give no year. It is made up of
1460 -+- 1460 + 255.1. That is to say, it is 12-*- points
further on than 243| on the Cyclical Clock, and it

equates with F. 4 Athyr. This was the point at

which, at that stage of the 3rd Cycle, P. 1 Thoth,
or New Year’s Day, fell, marking in that particular
year the beginning of the annual revolution. As
the Rising always occurs at F. 1 Epiphi, it took
place that year, as it was bound to have taken place,
exactly 7 months 26 days after New Year’s Day.
This relation between P. 1 Thoth and F. 1 Epiphi
is one that, starting with a 10 months’ interval,
steadily changes right throughout the Cycle, and
therefore it constitutes a splendid Control in
connection with calculations made for the purpose
of obtaining True Time.The Official date of
this particular Rising is 1 Tybi, i.e. 6 months before
F. 1 Epiphi. By the Clock it occurred 3 months 27
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 2 13

days later, i.e. on P. 28 Pharmuthi, or 2 months

2 days before F. 1 Epiphi. Now, it will be noticed

that when this date, 1 Tybi, thus Officially

taken as Rising Time, is treated as Calendar Time
and placed on the Clock at F. 1 Epiphi (normal
point of Rising), P. 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day,
falls 4 months before then at F. 1 Phamenoth, thus
making Cyc. Div. 730 = a.m. 3650, True Time.
This, however, it was not. As Clock Time
certainly
for the Rising was P. 28 Pharmuthi, True Time was
—as we already know it to have been —F. 4 Atliyr,
i.e. 3 months 26 days earlier than F. 1 Phamenoth,
as will be apparent if the P. Clock be superposed
upon the F. Clock and the necessary adjustment
made. Now, strange to say, if we add this 3 months
26 days to the 4 months between F. 1 Phamenoth
and the Offical date, 1 Tybi, treated as P. 1 Tybi,
and placed at F. 1 Epiphi, we get exactly the
7 months 26 days that intervened that year between
P. 1 Thoth, or New Year’s Day, at F. 4 Athyr and
the Rising on F. 1 Epiphi. But of course, as already
observed, perhaps in the Official Reports 1 Tybi
is regarded as itself True Time, thus making the year

the impossible one, a.m. 3406§. Look at the matter

how we will, there seems to be no discoverable
reason why 1 Tybi should have been fixed upon,
rather than, say, P. 28 Pharmuthi, as the date of the
Rising in the lltli year of the reign of Takelat II.

And the same remark is applicable to all the other

data in the Official List of Risings.
214 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Of course the b.c. dates given in Petrie’s List

(Vol. II, p. 32) cannot possibly be correct. They
are in no way connected with the Sothic Cycle ;

they do not equate with any of the dates in the

Heb List ;
and they are based on a shift of 4 years
to 1 day, instead of on a shift of 4^ years to 1 day.
Thus, Hatshepsut’s 16th year, corresponding to
Thothmes Ill’s 3rd year, is given as b.c. 1498, and
Thothmes Ill’s 33rd year is given as b.c. 1470 =a
difference of 28 years, agreeing with 4 times 7, the
difference between 21st and 28th Epiphi. b.c. 1498
was really b.c. 1471^% ; but, assuming that it is

correct, b.c. 1470 (really b.c. 1441) ought to have

been b.c. 1469}^.
The unique nature of the Rising in Tut-ankh-
amen’s 1st year, a.m. 2676f, is probably what gave
rise to what has been styled the Era or Menophres.

It was, of course, b.c. 1319^.

 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 215

List of Sothic Risings.

According to Official Reports ( Petrie ,

vol. ii).

Rising. Clock Time. Official Reports.

Senwosri III, 7th yr. 14 Pkar. 15th day of 8th

A.M. 1771$ month = 1 day
after Clock Time.
Amenkotep I, 7th yr. 22 Paop. 9 (7 ?) Epiphi = 3j
a.m. 2470 mths. in advance.
Thotkmes I, 15th yr. 14 „ 14 Epiphi 3 mths. =
a.m. 2499}| in advance.

„ III, 3rd yr. 8 „ 21 Epiphi = 2 mths.

a.m. 2524^ 17 d. in advance.
,, III, 33rd yr. 1 „ 28 Epiphi = 2 mths.
a.m. 2555 5 d. in advance.
Aruenhotep II, 17th yr. 22 Thoth 7 Mesore Tk mths. =
a.m. 2591 t in advance.
^
„ II, 45th yr. 15 „ 14 Mesore 1 mth. =
A.M. 2619]% 1 d. in advance.

„ III, 20th yr. 8 „ 21 Mesore 17 d. =

(Nimmuriya), in advance.
a.m. 2648-!%
Tut. ankh. amen, 1st yr. 1 „ 28 Mesore = 3 d. in
a.m. 2676 advance.
Raineses II, 41st yr. 8 Mesore 22 (21 ?) Thoth = 1

a.m. 2769j| mth. 13 d. behind

the Clock.
Merenptak, 2nd yr. 1 „ 29 (28 ?) Thoth =
a.m. 2798k Nearly 2 mths.
behind.
Takelat II, 11th yr. 28 Phar. 1 Tybi (Conder) =
a.m. 3175 3 mths. 27 d. in
advance.
2 16 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Analysis.

From a.m. 1771§ to a.m. 2470 (Cyc. Divs. 311§-

1010) = a stretch of 698 § years, within which
Natural Time has shot ahead of the Clock by 3|
months.
From a.m. 2470 to a.m. 2676§ (Cyc. Divs. 1010—

1216f) = a stretch of 206| years, during which the

rate at which Natural Time is moving, though still

ahead of Clock Time, steadily and regularly di-

minishes, till the two coincide soon after Cyc. Div.

1216§ —probably Cyc. Div. 1244.
From a.m. 2676§ to a.m. 27981- (Cyc. Divs. 1216^-
13381) = a stretch of 121 ^ years, at the end of which
Natural Time has so slowed down that it is actually
2 months behind Clock Time.
From a.m. 27981 to a.m. 3175 (Cyc. Divs. 1338^—
1460 -f- 255) = a stretch of 376| years, at the end of
which w e find Natural Time again ahead
r
of the

Clock by 3 months 27 days.

In this analysis we have been dealing with a
period of 1403| years. There still remains a stretch
of 56f years (Cyc. Divs. 255-311 f) to complete the
Cycle of 1460 Years, at the end of which period
the two Standards of Time doubtless once more
coincide as they did at the outset.
In all this we seem
have revealed a kind of
to
Cyclical Process, or Wobble, which it will be
convenient to illustrate by means of the accompany-
ing Ellipse.
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 217

It will be noticed that the changes from accelera-

tion to retardation and from retardation to accelera-
tion, with regular intermediate coincidences, are all

crowded up in the smaller portion of the Ellipse,

while the larger portion seems to consist of one long
sweep from Cyc. Div. 81 If to Cyc. Div. 1010. I say
“ seems to consist,” because in all probability this

is merely a result of the fact that we have no data

for any of the Risings that occurred between the
Rising in the 7th regnal year of Senwosri III, and
the Rising in the 7th (reported as the 9th) regnal
year of Amenhotep I. Had our available resources
included any such data, it is reasonably presumable
that the larger portion of the Ellipse, instead of
being one long sweep, as shown, would reveal
periodical changes corresponding to those on the
other side.
As it stands, the Ellipse seems to me to indicate
some obscure Cyclical Process, perhaps connected
with Sirius. Beyond this, however, and the uses
to which I have put what I have thus vaguely
become aware of, I am at present unable to go.
But one or more of my readers, skilled in mathematics
and astronomical lore, might find it worth his or
their while to probe the matter thoroughly. Per-
chance, by very reason of this disturbing factor
which has practically deflected me into my results,

I shall at least have been the means of drawing

expert attention to the existence of what may turn
out to be some important Kosmic Influence which
 2i8 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

has hitherto evaded the search-lights of Modern

Science. On the other hand, it may be something
already well known to astronomers. If so, all the
better. With expert aid my system can then be
perfected on a proper scientific basis.

Comparison between Official Dates and True Time.

How far Official
Year. True Time. Official Date. Date behind
True Time.

A.M. 1771f 18 Athyr 15 Pharmvithi 4 mths. 26 da.

5> 2470 10 Pakhons 9 Epiphi 1 mth. 28 ,,

J J
2499-fJ 18 „ 14 „ 1 „ 25 „
2524-jV 24 „ 21 „ 1 „ 26 „
J J
2555 1 Paoni 28 „ 1 » 26 „
5 > 2591* 10 „ 7 Mesore 1 „ 26 „
>> 2619j-f 17 „ 14 „ 1 „ 26 „
J J 2648^ 24 „ 21 „ 1 » 26 „
5 J 2676| 1 Epiplii 28 „ 1 „ 26 „
2769-f| 23 „ 22 Thoth 1 >, 28 „
2798’- 1 Mesore 29 1 27
>> „ „ „
3175 4 Athyr 1 Tybi 1 „ 26 „

This is a very interesting comparison. There

are 12 Risings, and in no less than 7 of them the
Official date is 1 month 26 days behind True
Time. Of the others the Rising in a.m. 17711-
stands out by itself, because there Official Time
and Clock Time were nearly level. The Risings
in a.m. 2470,
2769ff, and 2798-^ are cases in which
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 219

the sequence 7, 14, 21, 28 have been altered —7 to

9, 21 to 22, and 28 The case of the Rising
to 29.
in a.m. 2499f J seems unique. The original sequence
has not been altered, and yet it alone shows Official
Time 1 month 25 days behind True Time.
Now, why should they all be on an average 1
month 26 days behind True Time ? I can think
of only one explanation, and it covers at least all
the 12 cases except the first, the Rising in Sen-
wosri Ill’s 7th year, which I shall deal with
separately.
We have seen that in the Official scheme the
Indicator of the Rising seems to be P. 1 Thoth,
not P. 1 Epiphi as in my method. In my method,
it will be remembered, P. 1 Thoth indicates the
True Time. Well, then, if, adopting the assumed
Official method, we superpose the Progressive
Clock on the Fixed Clock, and adjust them so
that P. 1 Thoth points to any one of the above

11 Official Dates as shown on the Fixed Clock,

it will be noticed that exactly 2 months previously

P. 1 Epiphi on the Progressive Clock points to a

Cyclical Division on the Fixed Clock which is very
near what, according to my method, isTrue Time.
If instead of 2 months we take, say, 1 month 26 days,
or whatever the precise interval is, it will point to

exactly that True Time. Thus, instead of an interval

starting at 10 months and gradually diminishing,
between P. 1 Thoth and the Point of Rising, F. 1
Epiphi, as in my method, we get a constant average
220 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

interval of, say, 1 month 26 days between P. 1 Epiphi

and P. 1 Thoth. Were this mode of procedure
sound, would certainly go far to support Professor
it

Breasted in his view that Senwosri Ill’s 7th regnal

year was b.c. 1880. For P. 1 Thoth would then
point to 15th Pharmuthi as the Calendrical date
of the Rising, and True Time would be 1 month
26 days before that=18th Mekhir=Cyc. Div. or
Year 2141^=b.c. 1854|. But is this method
sound ? I do not think so. In the first place, the
dates on the Fixed Clock, to which P. 1 Thoth
is supposed to be pointing, are not Calendrical Time.
They are theoretically Natural Time. Secondly, I
hardly think that the Official Reports are in-

tended to represent P. 1 Thoth as pointing to any-

thing except what was then understood to be real
Natural Time. Nay, I believe they are intended to
represent P. 1 Thoth as indicating both True Time

and the Rising a thing it never does, except in

one solitary instance, when it falls once, and once
only, in the course of the Cycle at F. 1 Epiphi.
Thirdly, Cyc. Div. or a.m. 21411=b.c. 1854f, is
the 117th year of the 2nd G.P.Y. of the 2nd Cycle.
Were True Time, then Poole’s statement
that
(which we found to be correct) that the G.P.Y. in
which Amenemhat II flourished and the G.P.Y.
which commenced in the age of Khufu were identical,
would have to be rejected. Fourthly, it seems
impossible that this new method should be applicable
to the Rising in Senwosri Ill’s time in the same way
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 221

as it appears to be applicable in the other cases.

There is a great difference between it and the other
cases. In the latter the Official Reports are
often months either in advance or behind my
Clock Time. Only once —the Rising in Tut-
ankh-amen’s reign —were they only 3 days in
advance : but that was a very special case in the
history of the Cycle. Whereas, in the case of the
Senwosri III Rising, the Official Reports and
my Clock Time were only by a day different !

between
Fifthly, as the Cycle goes on, the interval
P. 1 Thoth and the Rising is never constant, and
unquestionably starts at 10 months. I have no
desire to maintain any of my propositions if they
are plainly untenable : but for the reasons above
set forth I submit that the period I have assigned
for Senwosri Ill’s 7th regnal year, namely, a.m.
1772=b.c. 2224, and not Professor Breasted’s
b.c. 1880, is the correct period.
The following brief Notes will conveniently, and
I hope usefully, round off the investigations upon
which we have been engaged :

18th Dynasty.
From end of reign of Thothmes III in a.m. 2576.

Petrie (vol. ii, p. 153) assigns Amenhotep II a reign

of about 26 years, founding on Manetho, who says he
reigned 25 yrs. 10 mths. For some time Egyptologists
thought the reign must have been short. The Lateran
222 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

Obelisk, however, records that it was set up in this reign

35 years after it was abandoned, presumably, says Petrie,

at the demise of Thothmes III, who had ordered it. But

apart altogether from this, the reign must needs be
extended up to at least a.m. 2619 the date of the
Rising said to have occurred on 14th Mesore. Hence

A.M.

2576
Amenhotep II 46 yrs. Sothic Risings on 7
Mesore, a.m. 2591^%, and 14
Mesore, a.m. 2619f|. 44}f
2620 }f
Thothmes IV 10 yrs. Relations with Rim-
mon-Nirari of Assyria. 9

2629 }§
Amenhotep III Sothic Rising in 20th yr.
r>
(Nimmurlya) a.m. 2648 ^. ,

31 yrs. 30

2659jf
Amenhotep IV Relations with Burnaburias
(Akh.en.aten) of Babylon
17 yrs. 16

2675
Ra.smenkh.ka
(Sa.aka.ra) 1ft Fs- It
2676if
Tut. ankh. amen Sothic Rising, a.m. 2676| =
n.c. 13191. Occurred once
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 223

A.M.
in each Cycle, normally on
P. 1 Thoth. Also Hunti
Heb 52nd on List, and 13th
Quarterly.
lO^yrs. 9 ^
2686
Ay 13 yrs. 12

2698
Hor.em.heb lll | yrs. (Uncertain period). 10 17
±U 1 8

27081-J-

19tii Dynasty.

Rameses 1 2 years. A.M. 2708 1-1-2709}

Seti I 21 years. „ 270911 -272911 -

Rameses II Just over 68 years.

1st year. „ 2729 }| = b.c.
'

1266 *
41st year, Sothic
Rising on 22 (21 ?)

Thoth. „ 2769 }-|

68 year. „ 2796f|
Merenptah 1st year. ,, 27971. = b.c.

1198§
2nd year, Sothic
Rising on 29
(28 ?) Thoth. Also
Hunti Heb, 56th
224 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

on List, and 14th

Quarterly. a.m. 2798J = b.c.

1197§
20th year. „ 281 6
Seti II 12 years. „ 2816^-2828f
Amen.meses Temporarily exclud-
ing Tewosret. Sed
Heb, 57th on List.

1 year 2828f = b.c.

11671
Towosret Troy said to have
fallen in her time.

4 years. 3

33
2831f
Sa.ptah Married Tewosret.
6 years. 5

33 2836|
Anarchy, and usurpation of Arisu
the Syrian, lasting about 5 years. 5
00 rH
(M
3 3

Setnekht 1 year ? 1

33 2842f-

20th Dynasty.

Rameses III 32 years. a.m. 2842f-2873§.

5th year. a.m. 2846f = b.c. 1149^.-.

Invasion of Egypt by Mashau-

sha, Lebu, Sabata, Qayqasha,
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 225

Shaytep, Hasa, and Baqana,

under chiefs named Didi, Masha-
kenu-mar, Aqu . . . -mar, and
Zautmar. Also described as
“the people of the Tamahu
. . . assembled together, united
with the Lebu, the Sepdu
(Sabata ?), the Mashausha . . .

the Bureru ” (
Petrie , vol. iii,

p. 148).

8th year. a.m. 2849| = b.c. 1146j.

Invasion of Egypt by a league
gathered in the Amorite-Land
(Syria) —Kheta, Qedi, Qerqa-
mesha, Arothu, and Arosa.
Allies who came by sea
Pulosathu, Zakkaru, Shaklu-
sha,Daanau,or Daanona,Uasha-
shau, and Shairdana (Krete
and the Isles of the Sea)
{Petrie, vol. iii, pp. 150, 151).
11th year. a.m. 2852f = b.o. 1143j.
Invasion of Egypt by Mashau-
ash and Tahennu, Lebu, and
Sepdu, under chief named
Masha-shal, son of Kapur
{Petrie, vol. iii, p. 153).

The remainder of this Dynasty is of no interest.

Q
226 Secret of Egyptian Chronology

22nd Dynasty.
Shushanq I 21 years. a.m. 3030} } -3050}
In 1 Kings xiv, 25, and in 2 Chronicles
xii, 2, it is stated that in the 5th regnal
year of Rehoboam, king of Judah, Shi-
shak king of Egypt came up against Jeru-
salem with a host of Lubim, Sukkiim,
and Ethiopians, and plundered the
Temple. The 5th year of Rehoboam was
a.m. 3034^ = b.c. 961),. This event,
therefore, was also in the 5th regnal
year of Shushanq I.

Uasarkon I 36 years. a.m. 3050} .}-3086}

In 2 Chron. xiv, 9 and xvi, 8, it is stated
that Zerah the Ethiopian invaded Judah,
that Asa, king of Judah, marched against
him, that a battle was fought in the valley
of Zephathah at Mareshah, and that the
Ethiopians were routed. This seems to
have been in the 14th regnal year of Asa
(2 Chron. xv, 10). That was a.m. 3063}
= b.c. 932J. It therefore occurred in

the 14th regnal year of Uasarkon I (Ua-

Zerakh-on).
Takelat I 26 years. a.m. 3086 jJj-3111}-}.

Hor.si.ast
(Co-regent).

Uasarkon II 29 years. Sed

Heb, 67th on List,
 Secret of Egyptian Chronology 227

celebrated in 22nd
yr. = a.m. 3132} J. a.m. 3111} £-3139}%
Shushanq II 25 years. „ 3139}d-3165 r98-.
Talelat II 25 years. Sothic
Rising on P.l Tybi,
in lltb regnal year
= A.M. 3175 = B.C.
8201. 3165^-3189^8.
Shushanq III 53 years „ 3189 I%-3242 1%.
Pamay 4 years 3242 r%-3246 1%.
Shushanq IY 37 years ,, 3246 1%-3283 1%.

256 ^
Less for Co-
regencies, at

least 23
233

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