कायाालयीन प्रयोग हे तु/For official use only

वििृत फाईल प्रवतिेदन/Open file report

भारत सरकार/Government of India

खान मंत्रालय/Ministry of Mines
भारतीय भूवैज्ञाननक सवेक्षण/ Geological Survey of India

हिमाचल प्रदे श के कुलु जनपद में कुल,ु बंजार, मनाली तथा अन्नी क्षेत्र में
िुए भस्
ू खलन के प्रारम्भभक आकलन पर प्रततवेदन
REPORT ON THE PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF LANDSLIDE AT
KULLU, BANJAR, MANALI AND ANNI SUB-DIVISION OF KULU
DISTRICT HIMACHAL PRADESH
टोपोशीट सं: 53E/1,5 तथा 52H/4, 8/Toposheet No.: 53E/1,5 & 52H/4,8

मद संख्या: एम.4 ईजीजी/सी/एन.आर./एस.यू-पी. एच. पी. 0223/46620

Item Code No.: M4EGG/C/NR/SU-PHP/2023/46620
कायासत्र 2023-24
Field Season 2023-24

द्वारा By
तृप्ति बाबा, िररष्ट भू िैज्ञावनक Tripti Baba, Senior Geologist
िेनेइख्रो क्रोमे ,भू िैज्ञावनक Weneikhro Krome, Geologist

नमशन–IV
MISSION-IV

राज्य इकाईबंजाप :, हररयाणा एवं नहमाचल प्रदे श / State Unit: Punjab, Haryana and Himachal pradesh
उत्तरी क्षेत्र / Northern Region
चंडीगढ़ / Chandigarh

अक्तब
ू र, 2023
October, 2023
 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON LANDSLIDE STUDIES IN KULLU, BANJAR,
MANALI AND ANNI SUB-DIVISION, KULLU DISTRICT, HIMACHAL PADESH
Item no. M4EGG/C/NR/SU-PHP/2023/46620
(FS: 2023-24)
by
Tripti Baba, Sr. Geologist & WeneikhroKrome, Geologist

1. INTRODUCTION:
Landslides are rapid downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials, they
displace material having well defined boundaries. Movement may take place by falling,
sliding or flowing, or some combination of these factors (Bell 2007). The vulnerability in
the geologically young and unstable steep slopes has increased due to anthropogenic
activities such as road construction and widening, communication facilities, expansion of
settlements and other allied developmental activities, deforestation and changes in
agriculture pattern (Kahlon et. al., 2014).
Due to tectonically active region, the Geology of the Himachal Pradesh is generally
fragile, Increase in population and rapid urbanization has led to the expansion of
construction activities also the Himachal state particularly the Kullu district have
witnesses a long spell of rain during the month of June and August 2023, which causes the
slope forming material to be oversaturated and lack of proper drainage management are
the major contributing factors of the landslide.
An incessant rainfall event during the month of July - August 2023 in and around the area
of Kullu, Banjar, Anni and Manali Sub-Division,of Kullu district resulted in a
series of slope failures/stability issues. In this regard the Deputy commissioner,
Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh requested GSI, Chandigarh to carry out landslide studies
vide letter no. 7142/SK(DM) dated 29th Aug. 2023. Accordingly, the authors of this
report have carried out landslide studies in Kullu, Banjar,Manali and Anni Sub-Division
from 30-08-2023 to 09-09-2023.
2. a) LOCATION AND ACCESSABILITY:
The study area falls in Kullu, Manali, Bandal, and Anni Sub division of Kullu District,
Himachal Pradesh. The important road corridors are passing through the area include NH-
3. Most of the villages in the area are well connected by metalled and non-metalled roads.
The nearest broad gauge railway station is at Jogindar Nagar railway station and Bhuntar
Airport in Kullu district is the nearest airport.

10
 Fig.1a. Location map of the study area showing the landslide incidences.
2.b)Rainfall;

11
The rainfall data for the month of June-Aug from the year 2019-2023 is given in the
Table.1, and Chart for rainfall data for the month of Jun-Aug from the year 2019- 2023.
(Fig.1 b). From the table it can be inferred that during the past 5 years, the marjinally
positive departure of rainfall data was observed for the month of june 2023 and rainfall
data for the month of July has drastically increased which reaches up to 467.2 mm.
comparing to past 4 years data. This drastic increased of rainfall especially during the
month of July -23 could be the major contribution/ triggering factors to the landslide
incidences in Kullu district.
Table 1: Rainfall data for the month of Jun-Aug (2019-2023). Source
https://indiawaris.gov.in.
Year Rainfall data (mm)
June July Aug
2019 62.98 185.76 259.43
2020 62.09 69.35 210.2
2021 57.57 231.27 97.04
2022 56.06 262.14 243.6
2023 87.87 467.2 122.46

12
13
Fig.1 b. Distribution chart of Rainfall data for the months of June,July, August from 2019-
2023 of Kullu Dist.Himachal Pradesh (Source: https://indiawaris.gov.in.)

3. GEOLOGICAL SET UP OF THE STUDY AREA IN PARTS OF KULLU SUB-

DIVISION, KULLU DISTRICT, H.P:
The study area falls in parts of SOI Toposheet nos. No. 53E/1, 53E/5 52H/04 and 52H/8,
forming parts of lesser Himalayas. Geologically, the area exposes the rocks ranging in age
from undifferentiated Proterozoic to Holocene represented by Vaikrita, Rampur, Kulu,
Naural Larji Group, Bandal Granitoid and Quaternary deposit. (Fig.2)

14
Table-2 Generalized lithostratigraphy set up of the study area in parts of Kullu Sub-Div,
Kullu Dist. H.P,. (Geoinformatics Division, SU-PHHP, GSI (NR), Chandigarh.)
Age Group Formation Lithology
Undiff. Grey fine to coarse sand with pebble
Holocene
Quaternary and clay
Bandal Granitoid, gneiss, migmatite
Neo Proterozoic
Granitoid
Meso- Aut Grey dolomite, grey-purple limestone
Larji
Proterozoic
Palaeo - Quartzite, phyllite
Naural
Proterozoic
Khokan Schist, quartzite.
Palaeo - Gahr Streaky and banded gneiss
Kulu
Proterozoic Kharmada Carbonaceous slate, phyllite,
limestone, quartzite
Manikaram White-green quartzite, phyllite, basic
Palaeo - flows
Rampur Banjar Schist, phyllite, quartzite
Proterozoic
Bhallan Phyllite, quartzite with basic flows
Morang Sillimanite - kyanie bearing schist,
Undifferentiated
Vaikrita quartzite Sillimanite - kyanie bearing
Proterozoic
schist, quartzite

The oldest rock unit is represented by Sillimanite - kyanie bearing schist, quartzite
Sillimanite - kyanie bearing schist, quartzite of Morang Formation belonging to Vaikrita
Group of Undifferentiated Proterozoic age. The Rampur Group is represented by Bhallan
Formation ( Litho unit; Phyllite, quartzite with basic flows), Banjar Formation (Litho unit;
Schist, phyllite, quartzite) and Manikaram Formation (Litho unit; White-green quartzite,
phyllite, basic flows) of Paleo Proterozoic in age.The Kulu Group is represented by
Kharmada Formation (Litho unit; Carbonaceous slate, phyllite, limestone, quartzite), Gahr
Formation(Litho unit; Streaky and banded gneiss) and Khokan Formation (Lithounit; Schist,
quartzite). The Naural Group of Paleo-Proterozoic in age is represented by litho units of
Quartzite, phyllite. The Larji Group is represented by Aut Formation consisting of Grey
dolomite, grey-purple limestone. The Bandal Granitoid of Neo Proterozoic in age is
represented by Granitoid, gneiss and migmatite and Undiff. Quaternary deposit of Holocene in
age is represented by Grey fine to coarse sand with pebble and clay.

15
 INDEX

Landslide
point

Fig.2 Geological map of the study area in parts of Kullu sub-division,Kullu District, H.P,.
showing landlside incidences point.

16
3.1: LANDSLIDE INCIDENCES IN KULLU SUB-DIVISION, KULLU DISTRICT,
H.P.
In Kullu Tehsil, the highly affected villages/area are Devdhar, Banontar, Garsa and
Baraiuna-Patwar Circle Manikaran Jari. These villages/area are located on transportational
mid slopes and colluvial foot slopes mainly consists of unconsolidated material having
overburden thickness of ~5-8m. The hydrological conditions of the slope are damp.
3.1.1: Devdhar Kharahal Village area:
The Devdhar Kharahal is located on hill slope at the left bank of Beas River. The village is
nestled on the transportational mid slope with moderate vegetation cover having thick
debris as over burden material. Several locations along this slope faces were affected with
varying dimension of landslide for about ~1.5 km stretchs along NH-3 and are witnesses
as damaged in retention structures/walls, road caving and cracks on ground.(Fig 1)
3.1.a: Devdhar subsidence:
 The Devdhar subsidence is located (31°57'48.08"N, 77°7'6.01"E) on
transportational mid slopes with moderately steep slope with 2-5m thick debris
material as overburden. The debris are semi-consolidated to unconsolidated.
 Damaged on civil structures in the form of cracks on wall, retaining wall collapse,
ground subsidence etc were observed. (Fig.3 and 4).
 Seasonal nala is observed on the right flank of the affected slope. Due to the side
erosion of loose material by the Nala during incessant rainfall, instability
signatures such as ground subsidence and tilting of trees is observed along the left
flank/slope of the Nala/Khad. (Fig.5).
 The landslide is active and poses serious threat to civil structures present on the
affected slope in case of further activating by extreme weather events.(Fig.5)
 No proper drainage management in the affected slope/area.

Fig.3; Damaged retaining walls towards Fig.4; Damaged house at Devdhar

the hill side along NH-3 village.

17
 House at risk
Seasonal Nala

Damaged retaining
wall

Ground subsidence

Fig.5; Ground subsidence observed along Fig.6; House at risk located upslope of
the left flank/ slope of seasonal Nala NH-03 at Devdhar village.
Causative factors:
 Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water during incessant
rainfall. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Toe erosion by local nala present on the right flank of settlement.
 Natural slope disturbance by road cutting down slope.
 Disturbance in slope geometry by toe cutting for the road construction
 Lack of proper drainage management.
Suggestions:
 The unchannelized nalas and house hold sewage domestic water should be
channelized systematically.
 Construct contour parallel drainage system in the upslope of the settlement.
 The damaged retaining wall along the hill side of NH-3 located down slope of the
village should be repair/replaced with a provision of weep holes.
 Construction of appropriately designed guide walls is required along both the bank
of nala located on the right flank of the affected area in consultation with design
engineers to prevent further toe erosion and damage to civil structures present
vicinity to it.
 Biotechnical stabilisation/ Plantation of suitably identified species that can hold the
soil in the failure affected zone in consultation with Botanist/Forest dept.

3.1.b: Indian oil Petrol Pump along NH-3:

 It is a reactivated debris slide located on the left bank of Beas River (31°57’28.81”
N and 77° 6’59.57” E) along moderately inclined hill slope with a general slope
direction of ~38º/N290º (Fig.7).

18
  At the failure affected site, the slope forming material consists mainly of fine to
coarse grained loose unconsolidated soil and no in-situ rock were exposed.
 The crown of the slide was observed along the local footpath connecting Devdhar
to Banontar.(Fig.8). The dimension of the landslide is ±55m length and ±50 m
width and are retrogressive in nature, dripping to flowing hydrological conditions
(Fig.9).
 No drainage system was observed to be present in and around the distressed zone.
 A set of retaining walls constructed on the hill side of petrol pump were observed
tilted and displaced due to retrogressive in nature and few ground cracks were also
observed near the crown of the slide, which posses more risk to petrol pump/
downslope structures in case of uneven/extreme weather conditions.

Crown

Foot path

Fig.7; Debris slide on upslope of Indian oil Fig.8; Crown of the landslide.
petrol pump.

Dripping to flowing
hydrological conditions

Ground crack

Fig.9;Seepage zone in flowing water conditions along ground cracks in the distressed
slope.

19
Causative factors:
 Concentration of pore water pressure in slope forming material due to damp and
dripping hydrology condition coupled with further water saturation from surface
runoff during incessant rainfall (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Disturbance of natural slope by road cutting and construction of petrol pump
towards hill side leaving the slope steeper.
 Absence of proper drainage system on the upslope.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed lined drainage parallel to
contour above the crown of the slide to avoid surface water discharge on the
distressed slope.
 The source area responsible for dripping water along the distressed slope need to
be identified and pipes should be installed at the seepeage/source zone for proper
drainage management on the slope.
 Biotechnical stabilisation/ Plantation of suitably identified species that can hold the
soil in the failure affected zone in consultation with Botanist/Forest dept.
 Immediate filling of ground cracks with appropriate impervious material
immediately.
 Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified locations at lower
levels as support to failing mass in consultation with design Engineers.
3.1.c: ~120 m south of Indian oil Petrol Pump:
 It is a debris slide located (31°57'24.56"N, 77°6'58.79"E) along moderately
inclined hill slope with a general slope direction of ~40º/N290º on the left bank
slope of Beas River (Fig.10).
 It was observed that the slope failure has taken place from a moderately inclined
hill slope. The slope forming material consist of fined to coarse grained loose
unconsolidated soil.
 At the time of field observations, the main scarp of the landslide is well exposed
for about ~ 1m . The hydrology conditions of the slope is wet to flowing. (Fig.11).
 The affected slide has a dimension of ±35m length and ±40 m width exhibiting
retrogressive and widening in distribution.
 Retaining walls that were placed on the hill side of the NH-3 were observed to be
damaged, partly tilted at places and the local foot path was completely wash out.

20
 Apart from this traverse ground crack on the road was also observed (Fig.11 and
12)

Scarp of the
slide.
Damaged foot
path

Wet to flowing
hydrological conditions.

Fig.10; Debris slide as discernable from the Fig.11; Main body of the landslide.
left bank of Beas River.

Fig.12; Damaged retention structures along the hill side of NH-3

Causative factors:
 In the present incidence, prima facie the slope failure does appear to be due to both
anthropogenic and natural causes.
 Natural slope disturbances by way of steep excavation for road construction
within unconsolidated debris material.
 Absence of proper drainage network in upslope and slope saturation due to
excessive/ incessant rainfall spells in the area during June 2023 have drastically
worsened the slope situation (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b)..
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed lined drainage parallel to
contour above the crown of the slide to avoid surface water discharge on the
distressed slope.

21
  The source area responsible for dripping water along the distressed slope need to
be identified and pipes should be installed at the seepeage/source zone for proper
drainage management on the slope.
 Biotechnical stabilisation/ Plantation of suitably identified species that can hold the
soil in the failure affected zone in consultation with Botanist/Forest dept.
 Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified locations at lower
levels as support to failing mass in consultation with design Engineers.
3.1.d: Banontar Kharahal.
 Banontar Kharahal subsidence is located (31°57'20.23"N, 77°6'59.42"E.) on the
upslope of NH-3 along transported mid slope of loose unconsolidated debris
material with a slope inclination and direction of 35º/N280º.
 A subsidence that has affected 2 Houses in the form of wall cracks, ground
subsidence, tilting and sinking of retaining walls.(Fig.13 and 14)
 Other instability signatures such as tilting of trees (Fig.15), ground cracks (N020°)
(Fig.14), damaged and tilted retaining walls were also observed (16).
 This subsidence is active and poses risk to the slope in case of extreme weather
events.

Damaged
houses

Tilting/subsiding N020°
of retaining wall

Fig.13; Damaged civil structures at Fig.14; Ground cracks observed at Banontar

Banontar Kharahal . Kharahal

Fig.15; Tilting of trees along the valley side Fig.16; Damage retaining structures along
of foot path. NH-3 downslope of Banontar Kharahal .

22
Causative factors:
 In the present incidence, prima facie the slope failure does appear to be both
anthropogenic and natural causes. Natural slope disturbances by way of steep
excavation for road construction within unconsolidated debris material, absence of
proper drainage network in upslope and slope saturation due to excessive/
incessant rainfall spells in the area have drastically worsened the slope situation
(Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b)..
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed lined drainage parallel to
contours upslope to avoid surface water discharge on the distressed slope.
 Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified locations at lower
levels as support to failing mass in consultation with site and design Engineers.
 Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks with appropriate
impervious material immediately.
3.1.e: Garsa Landslide:
 Garsa village landslide is located (31°49'42.82"N, 77°15'20.12"E) on a slope wash
material of unconsolidated loose debris material along steeply inclined hill slope
with a general slope direction of ~50º/N250º and presence of flowing Nala on the
right flank of the affected slope (Fig.17).
 In-situ rock of Phyllite belonging to Kharmada Formation of Kulu Group is well
exposed towards the right flank of Nala and down slope of distressed zone
(Fig.17).
 The subsidence is active, retrogressive, widening in distribution with development
of multiple crowns and damp to wet hydrological conditions.
 As per field observation, the main affected zone appears to be a part of landlside
main body.
 During field visit/inspection it was observed that several houses were partially to
fully damage in the form of cracks on walls and roof, lateral displacement of
structures, ground cracks, tilting of houses and tilting of electric pole (Fig.18,19
and 20). A total nos. of 16 houses was damaged (as informed by local residence).
 The presence of seasonal Nala on the right flank of the slope have a huge impact
on slope instability and civil structures present vicinity to it by means of excessive
toe erosion.

23
  During field study no instability signatures were observed along and down slope of
the link road that passes through the distressed slope.

Flowing Nala

In-situ rock

Fig.17; Right flank of Garsa village affected Fig.18; Damaged house at Garsa village.
slope.

N340°

Fig.19; Ground cracks at Garsa village. Fig.20; Tilting of electric pole located near
seasonal Nala on the right flank of Garsa
village.
Causative factors:
 The village is nestled on unconsolidated steep slope material. The incessant rainfall
spells during the month of Jun-Aug 2023 lead to oversaturation of slope material
(Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b)..
 The hill slope is damp to wet due to presence of streamlets, Further infiltration
during heavy rainfall induce the slope instability by increasing pore water pressure
of the slope material and activating the streamlets and nalas trigger subsidence.
 Toe erosion by flowing Nala on the right flank of slope.
 Lack of drainage management on the slope.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed lined drainage parallel to
contours on the distressed slope at multi level to avoid slope saturation.

24
  Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified locations at lower
levels (in consultation with site Engineers) as support to failing mass.
 Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks with appropriate
impervious material immediately.
 Avoid further loading, tampering of slope with heavy civil structures in/adjoining
failure affected zone and in immediate vicinity of nala courses.
 Appropriately designed guide walls in consultation with design Engineers along
the nala courses present on the right flank of the slope, to prevent further erosion
and damage to civil structures present vicinity to it.
3.1.f: Barauna landslide:
 Barauna village is located about 1.4 km North of Manikaram (32°2'4.73"N,
77°21'0.50"E) on transportational mid slope on the thick debris material. The
debris is of semi-consolidated to unconsolidated.
 It is a debris slide that developed on 26 and 27 July 2023 after heavy and
continuous precipitation.
 Morphometrically the Baraiuna landslide is located on steep slope 45°/N045° on
the right bank of perennial Baraiuna Nala, a tributary of Parvati River. After
landslide incidences, the slope becomes steeper during present field study (Fig.27).
 The local slope of Barauna village is characterised by steep slope on upper part
exposing in-situ rock, gentle to moderate in mid slope where settlement exist and
steeper in down slope where major slide took place. (Fig.28).
 It is a debris slide which is active in nature, widening and retrogressive in
distribution, multiple style and the hydrological conditios of the slope is damp.
 Prior to landslide incidences based on satellite imageries the land cover and land
use pattern depict mostly sparse vegetation, plantation and orchard with scattered
settlement. No sign of past landslide activities were observed.
 During field visit/inspection it was observed that several houses including Mandir
were damaged and developed cracks on walls and roof, lateral displacement of
structures, ground cracks, tilting of houses and foundation damaged. (Fig 21,22,23
and 25).
 Towards the right flank of the main slide area, several minor landslide incidences
were also observed which has damaged the footpath completely that connect
Manikaram- Baraiuna village and put several houses at risk (Fig.25 and 26).

25
  The slide is active and poses severe risk to life and properties that were present
inimediate vicinity in the upslope near the crown of the landslide.

House at risk

Baraiuna Nala

Fig.21; Crown of the slide along steep Fig.22; Mandir at risk located on the crown
slope at Barauna village. of the slide at Barauna village

Fig.23; Crack on civil structures at Barauna Fig.24; Tilting of houses at Barauna village.
village

House at risk

Fig.25; Landslide on right flank slope of Fig.26 Footpath completely wash

the Barauna village. out/damaged due to landslide on right flank
slope of Barauna village.

26
Causative factors:

Fig. 27; Schematic diagram of the Baraiuna landslide

Phyllite

Fig.27 a. Cross section of Baraiuna landslide

27
  Absence of proper drainage network in the upslope part and slope saturation due to
excessive/ incessant rainfall spells in the area during June-Aug 2023. (Ref. Table 2
and fig 1.b). along steep have drastically worsened the slope situation coupled with
toe erosion by the Baraiuna Nala.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed lined drainage upslope to
avoid surface water discharge on the distressed slope.
 Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified locations at lower
levels as support to failing mass.
 The affected house located at the crown of the landslide need to vacate
immediately.
 Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks with appropriate
impervious material immediately.
 Avoid further loading, tampering of slope with heavy civil structures in adjoining
failure affected zone.
 Appropriately designed guide walls along the bank of Baraiuna nala to prevent
further toe erosion of slope.

28
4. GEOLOGICAL SET UP OF THE STUDY AREA IN PARTS OF BANJAR SUB-
DIVISION, KULLU DISTRICT, H.P:
The study area falls in parts of SOI Toposheet nos. No. 53E/1, 53E/2, 53E/5 and 52E/6,
forming parts of lesser Himalayas. Geologically, the area exposes the rocks ranging in age
from undifferentiated Proterozoic to Holocene represented by Vaikrita, Rampur, Kulu,
Naural Larji Group, Bandal Granitoid and Quaternary deposit. (Fig.2)
Table-3. Generalized lithostratigraphy set up of the study area in parts of Kullu Sub-Div,
Kullu Dist. H.P,. (Geoinformatics Division, SU-PHHP, GSI (NR), Chandigarh.)
Age Group Formation Lithology
Undiff. Grey fine to coarse sand with pebble
Holocene
Quaternary and clay
Bandal Granitoid, gneiss, migmatite
Neo Proterozoic
Granitoid
Aut Grey dolomite, grey-purple limestone
Meso-
Larji
Proterozoic Hurla Quartzite, shale, slate, limestone

Palaeo - Quartzite, phyllite

Naural
Proterozoic
Khokan Schist, quartzite.
Palaeo - Gahr Streaky and banded gneiss
Kulu
Proterozoic Kharmada Carbonaceous slate, phyllite,
limestone, quartzite
Manikaram White-green quartzite, phyllite, basic
Palaeo - flows
Rampur Banjar Schist, phyllite, quartzite
Proterozoic
Bhallan Phyllite, quartzite with basic flows
Morang Sillimanite - kyanie bearing schist,
Undifferentiated
Vaikrita quartzite Sillimanite - kyanie bearing
Proterozoic
schist, quartzite

The oldest rock unit is represented by Sillimanite - kyanie bearing schist, quartzite
Sillimanite - kyanie bearing schist, quartzite of Morang Formation belonging to Vaikrita
Group of Undifferentiated Proterozoic age. The Rampur Group is represented by Bhallan
Formation ( Litho unit; Phyllite, quartzite with basic flows), Banjar Formation (Litho unit;
Schist, phyllite, quartzite) and Manikaram Formation (Litho unit; White-green quartzite,
phyllite, basic flows) of Paleo Proterozoic in age.The Kulu Group is represented by
Kharmada Formation (Litho unit; Carbonaceous slate, phyllite, limestone, quartzite), Gahr
Formation(Litho unit; Streaky and banded gneiss) and Khokan Formation (Lithounit; Schist,
quartzite). The Naural Group of Paleo-Proterozoic in age is represented by litho units of
Quartzite, phyllite. The Larji Group is represented by Hurla Formation consisting of Quartzite,

29
shale, slate, limestone and Aut Formation consisting of Grey dolomite, grey-purple
limestone. The Bandal Granitoid of Neo Proterozoic in age is represented by Granitoid, gneiss
and migmatite and Undiff. Quaternary deposit of Holocene in age is represented by Grey fine
to coarse sand with pebble and clay.

INDEX

Landslide
point

Fig.28. Geological map of the study area in parts of Banjar sub-division, Kullu district,
H.P., showing landlside incidences point.

30
4.1: LANDSLIDE INCIDENCES IN BANJAR SUB-DIVISION, KULLU
DISTRICT, H.P.
In Banjar Tehsil, the main landslide villages/area are Bandal landslide, Machine Nala
slide, road stretch from Thana Sainj to Taxi Stand, Sainj Landslide, Mourod subsidence,
Daduhar slide, Kartah and Sharai subdidence. The slide is mostly located on slope wash
material on moderate to steeply inclined hill slope.
4.1.a: Bandal landslide:
 Bandal landlside is located (31°38'3.49"N, 77°25'31.81"E) to the left bank slope of
Tirthan River along moderate to steeply inclined hill slope with a general slope
direction of 45 to 65°/N030.
 It is a large debris slide with a dimension of ±350m length and ±250 m width. It is
an active slide, deep translational failure, retrogressive in distribution and multiple
and successive in nature.
 The slope forming material of the distressed zone/area consists mostly of loose
unconsolidated debris material.
 In-situ rock of Gneiss belonging to Bandal Granitoid is exposed to the left flank of
the distressed slope and no any major instability signatures were observed on the
exposed in-situ rock at the site.
 The Hydrological conditions of the distressed slope are damp, wet and dripping at
sporadic locations.
 At least three level of link road were passes along the distressed slope. Several
severe instability signatures were observed along all the road level in the main
distressed slope such as damages of retention structures (Fig.35), crack on civil
structures, lateral ground displacement (Fig.30 and 32), damage houses, ground
cracks (Fig.29), tilting of trees (Fig.34), uprooting and road subsidence for about 2-
5 m mainly on topmost and middle road level (Fig.31).
 The instability signatures of landslide such as tilting of trees, minor landlsides, has
reach down to Tirthan River which poses risk to life and property present down the
slope and especially to the school that was located to the left bank of the Tirthan
River.

31
 N110°

Fig.29; Ground cracks along the lower most Fig.30 ; Damaged retaining wall towards
road level at Bandal. valley side of lowermost road level.

Original road level

~2m
Present Road level
after landslide
~2 foot

Fig.31; Road subsidence observed along the Fig.32; Lateral displacement of civil
middle road level at Bandal structure located at the valley side of
middle road level at Bandal.
Tilting of trees
~ 6 inch

N350°

Ground crack

Fig.33; Ground cracks along middle road Fig.34;Tilting and uprooting of trees
level observed nar the Scarp of the slide

32
Causative factor:
 Concentration of pore water pressure in debris due to damp and dripping
hydrology condition of the slope.
 Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water during incessant
rainfall along moderate to steeply inclined hill slope. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Lack of proper drainage system in upslope.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed channelized lined drainage to
avoid surface water discharge on the distressed slope.
 Appropriately designed retention structures in consultation with design Engineers
along the hill and valley side of road with a provision of weep holes and hill side
drainage.
 Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks with appropriate
impervious material immediately.
 Avoid further loading, tampering of slope with heavy civil structures in/adjoining
failure affected zone.
 Based on the dimension of the slide, the importance of the affected road and
houses located at the slide zone a detailed site specific study is recommended.

Fig. 35. Represntative schematic digram of Badal landslide

33
 Fig.36. Cross section along AB line of Bandal Slide
4.1.b: Machine Nala slide:
 Machine nala slide is located (31°46'21.80"N, 77°17'54.82"E) to the right bank
slope of Parvati river along moderate to steeply inclined hill slope with a general
sloe inclination and direction of 60°/N160. (Fig.37)
 It is a shallow translation debris slide with a dimension of ±130m length and ±100
m width. It is an active slide, retrogressive in distribution and single style.
 The Hydrological conditions of the distressed slope are damp and wet. Seasonal
nala was observed just to the right flank of the slide and Parvati River is flowing
down the slope/toe of the slide.
 No major casualties were reported from the affected site during field visit except
road damaged (Fig.38) (informed by local residence and Tehsildar). However few
houses are observed to be present on upslope/near the crown of the slide where
traverse ground cracks (Fig.39) were present which may pose risk to settlement in
case of extreme weather conditions.
 Construction of retaining wall towards hill side along road level is in progress.

34
 Parvati River

Fig.37; Machine Nala slide as discernable Fig.38; Road subsidence along Machine
from the opposite slope of Parvati River. Nala landslide.

N350°

Fig.39; Traverse ground crack on the right flank of landslide.

Causative factor:
 Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water during incessant
rainfall along moderate to steeply inclined hill slope. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Toe erosion by Parvati River/Sainj River.
 Lack of proper drainage system in upslope.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed contour parallel channelized
lined drainage above crown of the slide to avoid ingress of surface water in the
distressed slope.
 Appropriately designed retention structures along the hill and valley side of road
with a provision of weep holes and hill side drainage.
 Immediate filling of ground cracks/tension cracks (Fig.39) with appropriate
impervious material.
 Avoid further loading, tampering of slope in the adjoining failure affected zone.

35
  Appropriately designed guide walls along the bank of Parvati River to prevent
further toe erosion of the slope.
4.1.c: Thana Sainj to Taxi Stand road stretch:
 The road of about ~1km stretch from Thana Sainj to Taxi Stand was adversely
affected, which is located along the left bank of Parvati River (31°46'18.55"N,
77°18'46.78"E)
 The affected road stretch was observed to be constructed on loose unconsolidated
debris and river bone material along steep slope on left bank of River.
 Several portion of the said road stretch was observed to be subsiding, cave out and
development of ground cracks (Fig.40 and 41) due to excessive toe erosion on
loose material located on the left bank of the river. However, the right /opposite
bank of the river was observed to be least affected due to presence sound and in-
situ rock exposure.
 Few houses that are constructed on valley side of affected road/very close to the
river bank along steep slope (45°/N005°) were found to be damaged and also poses
risk to further damaged in case of uneven/extreme weather conditions (Fig.41).
 The entire affected stretch is observed to be damp, having dripping and flowing
hydrological conditions (Fig.42).

Ground crack

Partially damaged
house at risk

Fig.40; Severe road damaged near Thana Fig.41; Ground cracks and House at risk
Sainj. located towards valley side of the road
along Thana Sainj to Taxi stand road
stretch.

36
 Tilting of tree
trunk

Cracks on
retaining wall

Road
subsidence

Fig.;42 Flowing hydrological conditions Fig.43; Main subsidence zone at

along the hill side of the raod strectch. (31°46'18.34"N, 77°18'39.95"E) along
Thana Sainj to Taxi stand road stretch.

 At location (31°46'18.34"N, 77°18'39.95"E) a major subsidence zone of about ±80 m

length and ±75m width was observed on the said affected road stretch (Fig.43). The
entire distressed zone at this location is characterised by moderate vegetation cover
with a hydrological conditions of damp to dripping.
 The road stretch of about 75m in this zone is observed to be subsiding for about 5-10m.
The hill side and valley side retention wall are found to be bulged and damaged along
with tilting of tress were observed (Fig.43).
 Few settlements were nestled upslope of the affected zone along moderately inclined
hill slope with a general slope direction of ~ 40°/N340° poses risk to further damaged
to the existing structures if left untreated with suitable remedial measures.
Causative factor:
 Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water during incessant
rainfall along steeply inclined hill slope. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Toe erosion by Parvati River.
 Lack of proper drainage system.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed drainage network to avoid
surface water discharge on the distressed slope.
 Immediate filling of ground cracks/tension cracks with appropriate impervious
material.
 Appropriately designed guide structures for toe support along Parvati River.
 Identified the seepages point and channelized the flowing water nearest to natural
Nala/ Khad to avoid further slope saturation.

37
  Avoid further loading/construction of any heavy structures towards valley side of
the road along this affected stretch.
 Appropriately designed retention structures along the hill and valley side of the
major road subsidence zone with a provision of weep holes and hill side drainage.
4.1.d: Sainj Landslide:
 Sainj landslide (31°46'8.77"N, 77°18'29.22"E) is located on the left bank of Sainj
River along moderately inclined hill slope with a general slope direction of
~35°/N350° of loose unconsolidated to semi consolidated material (Fig.44).
 It is a shallow rotational debris slide, active, retrogressive and enlarging in
distribution and single crown with an approximate dimension of ±70 m length and
±85m width.
 A total 49 houses were damaged (informed by local residences) and most severely
affected area was observed at the main market.
 Due to excess water discharge/flow the houses that were constructed on low lying
area along both the bank of river are found to be damaged due to excessive side
ward erosion.(Fig.45 and 46) Also several houses located downstream of the
landslide are observed to be damaged.
 It is observed that the dumping site (Fig.47) was present (approximately 1.2 km)
upstream to the landslide point. During incessant rainfall, the rise of river water
level coupled with higher flow velocity eroded the dump material leading more
damaged to the civil structures and river bank downstream in the form of attrition
and abrasion.

Damaged houses

Parvati River.

Fig.44; Main landslide affected area at Sainj Fig.45;Houses at risk located at the right
market, bank of the river opposite to Sainj Market

38
Fig.46; House at risk at Sainj (left bank of Fig.47; Dumping site (located upstream of
the river) Sainj town)

Causative factors:
 Saturation of slope forming material from upslope surface runoff water during
incessant rainfall along moderately inclined hill slope. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Toe erosion by Parvati River.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed contour parallel drainage
above the crown of the main slide to avoid surface water discharge on the
distressed slope.
 Appropriately designed guide wall for toe support along both the bank of Parvati
River in consultation with Enginners for design and dimension.
 Avoid further construction of any civil structures vicinity to both the banks the
river.
 It is best to vacate the houses whose pillar foundation are affected as it posses risk
to life and property in case of uneven/extreme weather conditions.
4.1.e: Mourod subsidence:
 Mourod subsidence (31°42'44.05"N, 77°18'46.49"E) is located along
moderately inclined hill slope of slope wash material of loose unconsolidated
to semi consolidated debris material.
 The general slope of Mourod subsidence valley side face is moderate to steep
i.e. 35° to 60° towards N110°.
 The land use land cover of the subsidence zone is characterised by moderately
vegetation cover and plantation.
 Hydrologically the distressed zone is damp to flowing.

39
  Instability signatures such as minor ground cracks, partially damaged foot path,
partially damaged house, ground subsidence on plantation land were observed
(Fig.48,49 and 50).
 The subsidence is active and poses serious threat to some houses (Fig.51) if
further activating in the event of external trigger by rainfall/earthquake unless
adequate slope protection measure is given.

~1 foot.

Fig.48; Ground cracks and partially Fig.49; Ground subsidence.

damaged retaining wall.

Fig.50: Houses at risk. Fig.51; partially damaged houses Mourod

Causative factors:
 Saturation of slope forming material from upslope surface runoff water during
incessant rainfall. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Toe erosion by nala and lack of drainage network.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed drainage network where ever
applicable to avoid excess surface water/domestic water discharge on the
distressed slope.

40
  Appropriately designed guide structures for toe support and toe erosion prevention
along the bank of flowing nala.
 Avoid construction of any heavy civil structures on the distressed slope.
 Immediate filling of ground cracks/tension cracks with appropriate impervious
material.
4.1.f: Daduhar ward No.1:
 Daduhar landlside is located (31°38'31.20"N, 77°20'35.88"E) to the right bank
slope of Rabhi Khad along moderately inclined hill slope with a general slope
direction of 30 °/N290°. (Fig.52)
 It is an active debris slide with a dimension of ±100m length and ±150 m width,
Shallow translational failure, retrogressive in distribution and single crown.
 The slope forming material of the distressed zone/area consists mostly of loose to
semi loose unconsolidated debris material.
 The Hydrological conditions of the distressed slope are damp, wet and dripping at
sporadic locations (Fig.54) and no proper channelized drainage system were
present in and around the affected area.
 It is observed that due to debris slide down the slope, the NH-305 road stretch of
around ~40 m present just above the upslope of landslide has been subside for
about ~5m (Fig.55).
 As per information (received from local residence , SDM Banjar and field
observation) a total 5 nos. of houses were damaged including Sarswati Vidya
Mandir Sr.Sec, School located on the affected zone/slope. (Fig.53)

Fig.52; Daduhar slide as discernable from Fig.53;Damaged Sarswati Vidya Mandir

the opposite slope. Sr.Sec, School at Daduhar.

41
Fig.54; Dripping hydrological conditions on Fig.55; Damaged road stretch at Daduhar.
the distressed slope.
Causative factors:
 Increase of pore water pressure in debris due damp and dripping hydrology
condition of the slope.
 Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water during incessant
rainfall along moderate inclined hill slope. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Lack of proper drainage system in upslope and Toe erosion by Rabhi Khad down
slope.
Suggestions:
 It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed contour parallel drainage
along hill ward side of road level to avoid excess surface water/domestic water
discharge on the distressed slope.
 Construction of adequate retaining walls towards the valley side of the road with a
provision of weep holes and installation of culvert at suitable location.
 Appropriately designed guide structures for toe support and toe erosion prevention
along the bank of flowing nala.
 Avoid any further construction of civil structures on the distressed slope.
 Immediately vacate the affected houses/school present on the distressed slope as
the slide is still active and poses threat to live and properties in case of any extreme
weather conditions.
4.1.g: Kartah subsidence:
 Kartah subsidence is located (31°46'47.28"N, 77°20'35.20"E) to the left bank slope
of Sainj River along gentle-moderately inclined hill slope with a general slope
direction of 15 ° to 40 °/N065°.

42
  The affected area/settlement is located very close to the river bank on a slope wash
material of unconsolidated loose debris material (Fig.56).
 The hydrological conditions of the distressed slope are damp, wet, dripping and
flowing at sporadic locations and no proper channelized drainage system were
present in and around the affected area.(Fig.58)
 Instability signatures such as ground cracks along road (N300°), cracks on wall
lateral displacement on wall, road subsidence for about 0.5 m were observed
(Fig.59).
 During field study it is observed that, the affected civil structures are mostly
located towards the valley side of Siund-Neuli road (Fig.58) and upslope are least
affected. However, the upslope also poses risk to life and property if the adequate
remedial measure is not given.

Fig.56; Damaged houses towards the valley Fig.57;Damaged houses located near the
side of the slide at Kartah. bank of River at Kartah.
Flowing
hydrological
conditions

Road Sinking
zone

Fig.58; Road subsidence at Kartah Fig.59; Cracks on walls at Kartah.

43
Causative factors:
 Increase of pore water pressure in debris due damp and dripping hydrology
condition of the slope
 Excessive Toe erosion by Sainj River during incessant rainfall (Ref. Table 2 and
fig 1.b).and lack of proper drainage system is found to be the main triggering
factors.
Suggestions:
 Construction of appropriately designed guide structures for toe support and toe
erosion prevention along the bank of the river.
 Construction of adequate retaining walls towards the hill side of the road with a
provision of weep holes, hill side drainage and installation of culvert at suitable
location.
 Identification of seepages/dripping point and channelized the water away from
distresses slope to prevent further slope saturation.
 Immediate filling of ground cracks/tension cracks with appropriate impervious
material.
 Avoid any further construction of civil structures towards the valley side of the
road.
4.1.h: Sharai subsidence:
 Sharai subsidence (31°39'7.20"N 77°19'56.64"E) is located to the right bank of
Tirthan River along steeply inclined hill slope with a general slope direction of 55
°/N245°.
 The affected area has a dimension of ±55 m length and ±35 m width having damp
hydrological conditions.
 The slope forming material of the affected area composed mainly of
unconsolidated-semi consolidated loose debris material.
 The road subside for about ~5m (Fig.60) and ground subsidence below road level
were observed.(Fig 61) on the distresses slope. Also few houses were badly
affected located along the affected slope (Fig.62).

44
Fig.60; Road subsidence at Sharai Fig.61; Ground subsidence below road at
Sharai

Fig.62; Damaged house present on the affected slope at Sharai.

Causative factors:
 Increase of pore water pressure due to saturation of slope forming material along
steep slope from upslope surface runoff water during incessant rainfall and toe
erosion by Tirthan River. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
Suggestions:
 Construction of appropriately designed guide structures for toe support and toe
erosion prevention along the bank of the river.
 Construction of adequate retaining walls towards the hill side of the road with a
provision of weep holes, hill side drainage and installation of culvert at suitable
location.
 Immediate filling of ground cracks/tension cracks with appropriate impervious
material.
 Avoid further slope saturation on distressed slope by constructing adequate
drainage network on the upslope.

45
  The pillar foundation of one house is observed to be cave out completely , located
on the valley side of road need to be vacate immediately (Fig.62).

5. GEOLOGICAL SET UP OF THE STUDY AREA IN PARTS OF ANNI SUB-

DIVISION, KULLU DISTRICT, H.P:
The study area falls in parts of SOI Toposheet nos. No. 53E/6, 53E/7, 53E/10 and 53E/11,
forming parts of lesser Himalayas. Geologically, the area exposes the rocks ranging in age
from undifferentiated Proterozoic to Paleozoic represented by Vaikrita, Rampur, Kulu,
Shali Group, Katarigali, Manjir Formation and Mandi Dalhausi Granitoid. (Fig.63)
Table-4. Generalized lithostratigraphy set up of the study area in parts of Anni Sub-Div,
Kullu Dist. H.P,. (Geoinformatics Division, SU-PHHP, GSI (NR), Chandigarh.)
Age Group Formation Lithology
Mandi Dalhausi Leucocratic granite, aplite,
Paleozoic Granitoid quartz veins.
Slate, Phyllite, Quartzarenitr,
Katarigali
limestone,metabasics.
Neo- Proterozoic
Diamictite, shale, slate,
Manjir
sandstone, limestone
Tattapani Pink, grey dolomite, phyllite,
Meso-Proterozoic Shali
shale.
Khokan Schist, quartzite.
Palaeo - Gahr Streaky and banded gneiss
Kulu
Proterozoic Kharmada Carbonaceous slate, phyllite,
limestone, quartzite
Manikaram White-green quartzite, phyllite,
Palaeo - basic flows
Rampur
Proterozoic Banjar Schist, phyllite, quartzite
Chamba Carbonaceous slate, phyllite,
Undifferentiated quartzite.
Vaikrita Morang Sillimanite - kyanie bearing
Proterozoic
schist, quartzite Sillimanite -
kyanie bearing schist, quartzite

The oldest rock unit is represented by Morang Formation consisting of Sillimanite -

kyanie bearing schist, quartzite Sillimanite - kyanie bearing schist, quartzite and Chamba
Formation consisting of Carbonaceous slate, phyllite, quartzite belonging to Vaikrita
Group of Undifferentiated Proterozoic age. The Rampur Group is represented by Banjar
Formation (Litho unit; Schist, phyllite, quartzite) and Manikaram Formation (Litho unit;
White-green quartzite, phyllite, basic flows) of Paleo Proterozoic in age.The Kulu Group
is represented by Kharmada Formation (Litho unit; Carbonaceous slate, phyllite,

46
 limestone, quartzite), Gahr Formation(Litho unit; Streaky and banded gneiss) and Khokan
Formation (Lithounit; Schist, quartzite). The Shali Group is represented by Tattapani
Formation of Meso-Proterozoic in age is represented by litho units of Pink, grey dolomite,
phyllite, shale. The Manjir Formation consist of Diamictite, shale, slate, sandstone,
limestone and Kataragali Formation consists of Slate, Phyllite, Quartzarenitr,
limestone,metabasics represent Neo Proterozoic in Age. The Mandi Dalhausi Granitoid of
Paleozoic in age consists essentially of Leucocratic granite, aplite, quartz veins.

INDEX

Landlslide
point.

Fig. 63.Geological map of the study area in parts of Anni Sub division Kullu District,Himachal
Pradesh showing landslide incidence point.

47
5.1. LANDSLIDE INCIDENCES IN ANNI SUB DIVISION, KULLU DISTRICT,
H.P.
In Anni Tehsil, the most vulnerable and hazardous sites are Nigloodhar, Gungi, and
Chehva. These villages are situated on steep slopes having 5-8m thick semi-consolidated,
damp colluvium and 2-5m thick slope wash material. Besides these slides, other slides like
Lehrarali, Mashnoo nala, Kot nala, Falela nala, and Bainagarh slides are also major debris
slides observed in this sub-division.

5.1.1. Nigloodhar Village landlside:

 Nigloodhar Village (31°28'16.16"N, 77°22'1.63"E) is located on semi consolidated
debris of slope wash material along steeply inclined hill slope (65°-70°/N270°).
 It is observed that 3 houses were completly damaged by run out material from
upslope debris slide leading to loss of life to 3 persons. (Fig.64.a)
 The side was triggerd by incessant rainfall during the early morning of 14th August
2023.
 The hydrological conditions of the affected slope is characterised by damp to
dripping.

Slope failure
point

Run out
material

Damaged house
location

Fig. 64.a; Google image showing the Nigloodhar slide located along steep slope.

48
  Addition to this, No. of debris slides were observed to be occurred in the adjoining
areas. Most of the slide are taken place along the course of seasonal nala that has
partially affected houses.
 The debris slide in Rageli (31°28'11.10"N, 77°22'00.1"E) at elevation EL 1727m
with approximate dimension of 145m in length, 80m width with 180m run out
zone which touches the river portion (Fig.64).

 A flowing river is observed on the toe portion of the slide.

 Seasonal nalas, rills and crop lands are present along the distressed slope.

 A debris slide has also been observed on the same date 14th August,2023 in Dharta
village (31°28'22.8"N, 77°22'03.8"E) at elevation EL1706m comes in Nigloodhar
Panchayat (Fig.65).

 The slide is 100m in length, 25m in width with 45m height.

 Multiple tension cracks of 1-3m deep, 5-6m long are developed at sporadic
location along the affected zone.

 The buildings/houses located near the nalas/bounded by nalas are mostly affected
by the debris slide material and rill erosion.
 The whole hill slope comprises a thick semi-consolidated debris materials
dissected by small rills. The hydrological conditions of the affected zone is wet and
damp.
 All of these slides are subjected to ground subsidence due to deep rotational
failure.
Causative Factors: -

 Main cause for these landslides appear to be due to saturation of slope forming
material along steep slope during heavy rainfall/ precipitation(Ref. Table 2 and fig
1.b)
 Presence of several dry Nalas along the slope was reactivated during heavy rainfall
and erode the loose material present along the Nala course.
 Lack of drainage management in the entire slope.

49
 Crown

Fig. 64.Flowing nala observed near the Fig.65.Crown portion observed in the
Rageli slide Dharta village slide

Suggestions:-
 Scaling of loose debris in the upslope (Unloading of the crown portion).
 Channelization of nala/ domestic waste water. They shall be aligned with lining
and taken away from the slid affected zone.
 Slope dressing: Benches/berms of suitable heights and width shall be provided at
intermediate levels with gabions support and toe drains/ditches away from the
main slope to collect, carry and drain the seepage water away from the slide area.
 The wide-open tension cracks shall be treated / sealed/filled with impervious
material.

5.1.2. Gungi Slide:-

 Gungi village (31°24'12.8"N, 77°26'51.0"E) is 0.1sq.km from the MDR Dalash-
Shahidar Gungi link road situated on the transportational mid slope at EL±1929m.
This debris slide is activated during heavy rainfall period from 08/07/2023 to
10/07/2023. It is reactivated again on 18/07/2023 on 3.30pm.
 From the field work it is identified as an active, shallow translational failure,
retrogressive, widening in nature.
 The slide with an approximate dimension of 170m in length, 65 in width and 60m
run out zone.

50
  The distressed slope is composed of loose debris material with an overburden
thickness of 2-7m.
 A flowing nala is channelised on the left flank of the slide. The affected zone
shows the signatures of dripping and damp hydrological conditions.
 The village is situated at the toe portion of the slide. The crown portion is unstable
(Fig.66).
 Ground cracks (N045°) with a depth vary from 2-5m are observed on the slide area
(Fig.68).
 During field work no damaged in civil structures were observed and reported,
However houses located above crown and toe portion of the slide poses risk to
damaged in extreme events. (Fig.67).
 Small rills and channels flowing through the crown portion which looses the strata
of slide.

 Few seepages points were observed in the main body of the slide.

Casuative Factor:-
 Saturation of water along debris material during incessant rainfall induces the slope
instability by increasing the pore pressure of the slope material. (Ref. Table 2 and
fig 1.b).
 Reactivation of small unchannelized rills/drainage during incessant rainfall
triggered the slide area.

Fig.66. Construction of retaining wall carried Fig.67. Houses in high risk zone observed
out to protect the crown. on the crown portion.

51
 N045°

Fig.68. Longitudianl cracks with depth vary Fig.69. Ground water seepage within the
from 2-4m observed in the slide area. ground crack in the slide area

Suggestions:-

 Scaling of loose debris in the upslope (Unloading of the crown portion) along the
nala flow path.
 Channelization of nala/ domestic waste water. They shall be aligned with lining and
taken away from the slide affected zone Adequate toe support in the form of retaining
wall to protect it further mass movement.
 The wide-open tension cracks shall be treated / sealed / filled with locally available
clay if possible. This shall help in preventing further water percolation through this
inside the weak sliding plane.

 The source area responsible for dripping water along the distressed slope need to be
identified and pipes should be installed at the seepeage/source zone for proper
drainage management on the slope.

52
Cheras Slide:-
 In Cheras village (31°24'12.8"N, 77°26'51.0"E) a subsidence was observed which
was initiated due to heavy rainfall between 8/07/2023 to 10/07/2023 damaging three
houses severely. The slide is located on the upslope of the road NH 305 (Fig.70).
 The subsidence zone have an approximately dimension of 47m in length, and 15m
in width exhibiting widening, retrogressive and active in nature.
 The debris material has an overburden thickness of <5m, composed mostly of sandy
silt to clay with the wet and dripping hydrological conditions.
 Ground cracks with depth vary from 1-5m observed in the slide area. Seepage along
the cracks are also observed (Fig.73).
 Longitudinal cracks as a sign of tension cracks indicate the slide is active and
widening in nature (Fig.72).
 It is observed that the upslope of the slide-affected zone has few agricultural lands,
orchards, and settlements in the downslope.
 The subsidence/sink zone was observed at the road level and adjoining areas of the
main slide zone (Fig.71)

Fig. 70. Debris slide observed in Chehva village Fig.71. Subsidence/ sink zone in road
on the road side of NH 305 observed on NH-305.

53
 N055°

Fig. 73. Water/seepage observed in the ground

Fig. 72. Longitudinal transverse ground cracks
observed in the slide zone cracks within the slide zone of Chehva village

Causative Factors: -
 Percolation of rainwater within loose debris material during heavy precipitation and
over-saturation of prolonged water from agricultural land and domestic sewage
appears to be the major triggering factor of the slide. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).

Suggestions:-
 Proper drainage management.
 Construction of retaining /gabion wall to stabilized the slope forming material.
 The wide-open tension/ ground cracks shall be treated quickly.

 Well dug at suitable location along the distressed slope where seepages point were
present coupled with line channelized drainage to drain the water away from affected
zone.
Lehrarali Slide:-
 In the heavy precipitation period, from 08/07/2023 to 10/07/2023 a debris landslide
occurs in the village of Laharili (31°24'42.7"N,77°25'44.5"E). It is reactivated again
17th August,2023.
 The slide with 25m in length, 20m width with 22 m run out zone till the upslope of the
settlements.
 This slide is active, retrogressive, widening and single crown which shows the
shallow translational failure.

54
 The debris material is loose and wet due to precipitation of surface runoff water from
the crown side (Fig.74).
 Footpath track is damaged fully due to the slide.
 The debris/overburden material moves downward direction towards the settlements
in the village.
 Parts of orchards located down slope the slide were damaged due to run off slide
material.
Causative Factors: -
 Slope saturation by excess surface runoff along steep slope during heavy
precipitation coupled with prolong slope saturation from domestic usage of water
triggered the distressed slope for slide activity. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Lack of drainage management in and around the affected slope.

houses
Apple
Orchards

Toe side

Crown

Fig.74. Unstable crown with toe side observed in the slide

area of Lahraili village .
Suggestions:-

 Construct contour parallel drainage above the crown of the slide to avoid surface
water discharge to the distressed slope.
 Construct adequate retaining wall for atleast level, preferably one at the toe part
and other at the main body of the slide in consultation with site Engineers.
Mashnoo Nala slide:-
 Mashnoo Nala (31°31'41.3"N,77°24'04.5"E ) is a paleo slide with a steep gradient
having potential slide material. The slope gets retriggered frequently by external
causative factors in the form of rain leading to slope failures. The slides initiated prior

55
 to 2018 (source: Multi-temporal Google Earth Image) and has history of recurrent
activation (Fig.75 ).
 The slide is 560m in length, 200m width, 83m height, and the runout zone varies till
560m.
 Approximately 230m road stretch of NH 305 is badly affected by the slide.
 The slide is deep seated forming multiple crowns which shows the deep translational
failure along the slide (Fig.76).
 Presence of dripping nalas were observed along the slide zone.
 During active rainy seasons, these nalas have heavy discharge and erode the nala
side slopes further widening the slide zone.
 The run-out extend below road level and also observed having further side slope
erosion along run-out path.

2018 2019

2022 2023

Fig. 75.Multi temporal Google earth image from 2018 to 2023

56
 crown

Zone of
depletion

Damaged Toe of slide

road
Fig.76.Unstable crown portion with rills Fig. 77.Damaged road with Zone of depletion
observed in the slide zone. and toe of slide observed in the slide.
Causative factors:
 Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water during incessant
rainfall. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Toe erosion by Mashnoo Nala.
 Discharge of upslope surface water directly to the distressed slope.
 Seepages points present along the slope could could lead to piping out of finer sand, silt
and clay material of the slope are also likely to contribute to slope failure.
 Lack of drainage network.
Suggestions:-

 Scaling of loose slope wash/debris/dislodged rock boulders (Unloading of the crown).

 Provide benches /berms at suitable distance in consultation with design Engineers.
 Channelize the nala course with suitable width cascade structures.
 Install boulder catch fence/wire mesh at required places below the potential rock fall
zones.
 Provide toe protection by RCC wall along with weep holes in consultation with the
civil designers as per IS code.
 Construction of retaining wall with weep holes for proper drainage circulation.
Kot Nala Slide:-
 Kot Nala (31°31'5.76"N,77°25'0.24"E) is a prominent old debris slide situated on Jibhi-
Anni road NH-305 which is reactivated during the heavy rainy period of 8-10th
July,2023. The slide is appearing to be initiated in the year of 2008 (Fig.78).

57
  About 100m stretch road has been badly damaged due to sliding in every monsoon
which creates inconvenience in transportation due to road blocking for local peoples.
 The slide is active, retrogressive, widening in nature.
 The distressed slope exposes the debris material of schist and quartzite in the slide.
 Settlement located along the right flank of the slide is observed to be at risk in case of
extreme events (Fig.78.a).
 Two major nala namely, i.e.; Kot Nala and Tanga Nala merged at the downside of the
slide named Dwara Nala flowing near the slide area.
 Several flowing small rills drained within the distressed slope.
 The presence of two major Nala flowing along with excess surface runoff through the
unchannelized drainage in the upslope of the slide makes the distressed zones wet and
damp which vivacious the slope stability of the slide.

Causative Factors: -

 Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water during incessant
rainfall. (Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 During the heavy monsoon season, it is possible that the flowing nala near the slide
area and the unchannelized Nala could erode the fragile slope forming material from
the upslope and accumulating on the road level leading to the blockage of roads and
damaged the existing supports.
 Toe erosion by Kot Nala.

House at
risk

Fig.78.a; Field photograph showing Kot Nala landlside.

58
 Crown
Apple
Orchard
Zone of
depletion

Broken
retaining wall Zone of
accmulation

Fig. 78.b. Zone of depletion, zone of accumulation and other damaged

sites observed in the Kot Nala Section along NH 305 road.

Suggestions: -
 All the flowing nalas along the distressed zone need to be properly lined and
channelized to the main nala to avoid further surface water discharge on the distressed
slope.
 Installation of underground drainage pipe below the present road level along the major
depression of the affected zone.
 Construction of proper lined drainage along the hillside connecting it to the main
adjoining nala.
 Adequate retaing wall along the Kot Nala for toe support.
Falela Nala slide:-
 Falela nala slide (31°29'01.6"N,77°25' 23.1"E) is an old debris slide located along the
nala section on Banjar-Jalori Pass- Anni (NH 305) road. Initially, the slide occurs in
the year of 2022 and gets reactivated during the period of 8th-10th July 2023 by heavy
rainfall. The area is densely vegetated and agricultural lands/apple orchards.
 This is an active multiple deep rotational failure debris slide with the dimensions of
65m in length and 20m in width.
 The crown portion of the slide is in unstable condition.

59
 The debris material comprises boulders of phyllite and granite gneiss with dry
conditions.
 The slide affected the orchards present in the main body of the slide.
 The slide area is located in the close vicinity of flowing nala with unchanneled
seasonal nalas.
 No culvert system was observed in the affected/ slide area.
 The pre-existing slope protective measures in the form of a retaining wall of 5m height
and 10m length in the valley side of the road are partially failed with cracks due to
ground sinking and subsidence.
 The preliminary study unveils that, the semi-consolidated, very steep slopes (70°-75°)
meta-stable slope was modified during road cut with partial slope protective
measures. The slope was already in semi-saturated condition due to surface runoff,
and cultivated land/ orchards in the upslope area. The unchannelized drainage/ small
rills were observed flowing along the seasonal nala path in the downslope direction.
Casuative Factors:-
 Main causative factor for this slide is the oversaturation of slope forming material
from surface run off along steep slope. After the slope failure, it is observed that, the
affected slope is subjected to excessive erosion from upsloe runoff water leading to
development of rills and gully along the distressed zone. The upper part of slide is
defined by the ridge with agricultural land and orchards.

Crown

Run out zone

Fig.79. Unstable crown portion of slide Fig.80.Run out materail of the slide as
descerenable from the road

60
Suggestions:-

 Construct channelized contour parallel lined drainage above the crown of the slide
and divert its channel to the main Nala present left flank of the slope to arrest excess
water discharge to the affected slope/area.
 Proper lined channelized drainage need to be constructed along the hill side of the
road.
 Biotechnical stabilisation/ Plantation of suitably identified species that can hold the
soil in the failure affected zone in consultation with Botanist/Forest dept.
 Construct adequate retaining wall along the main body of the slide/ above the road
level at suitable interval in consultation with site Engineers.

Shailubhan Slide:-

 It is a major slide observed on the NH 305, which is initiated during the heavy
rainfall period of 8th-10th July,2023. The slide has affected the road for about ~1km
causing problematic to commuters during monsoon season.
 The major slide (~22H / 25L /60m & 150m) observed on NH305.
 It is an active, retrogressive, widening and enlarging in nature with development of
multiple crowns with an overburden thickness of 5-6m.
 Topographically the area is characterised by moderate to highly dissected
landforms.
 The affected slide area/slope is incised by flowing Nala.
 The slope material is damp and wet due to flowing of small rills and drainage
within the slide material.
 The right flank exposed the mountains whereas the left bank exposes debris
material.
 In the crown portion, 1-2mt depth of ground cracks were observed which covered
with plastic sheets to prevent it from excess seepage of ground water (Fig.81).
 Due to the debris slide, orchards and roads were destroyed.
Casuative Factors:-
 Unchannelized drainage on hill side of the road.
 Presence of loose and fragile rock/ debris material in the upslope and along the
side slopes of the nala.

61
  Flowing water action during heavy precipitation cause extensive rill erosions and
nala bank erosion.
 The loose and fragile rock/ debris material resting along slopes and nala side slopes
gets eroded and trigger debris flows with surface run-off.
 Toe portion of the slide gets eroded by the flowing nala and weaken the lower
portion (Fig.82).

crown

nala

Fig.81. Crown is covered with plastic sheets Fig.82. Run off material of slide reaches up
of the slide to the nala

Suggestions:-

 The loose materials confined along the major nala need to be removed manually /
mechanically.
 Construction of adequate retaining wall along the Hill side of the road with a
provision of weep holes.
 Construction of proper lined drainage along the hill side of the road and joined/
connect it to the main adjoining Nala to avoid excess surface water discharge on
the distressed slope.
 Construction of adequate retaining wall along along the bank of River located below
the road level in affected slope.

6. GEOLOGICAL SET UP OF THE STUDY AREA IN PARTS OF MANALI SUB-

DIVISION, KULLU DISTRICT, H.P:
The study area falls in parts of SOI Toposheet nos. No. 52H/4, forming parts of lesser
Himalayas. Geologically, the study area exposes the rock of Vaikrita Group of undiff.

62
Proterozoic in age represented by Kharo Formation (Litho units; Schist, gneiss, migmatite,
qrtzite, marble) and Morang Formation (Litho units; Sillimanite - kyanie bearing schist,
quartzite). The undifferentiated Quaternary deposit of Holocene in age is represented by
Grey fine to coarse sand with pebble and clay. (Fig.83)

INDEX

Landslide
point

Fig.83. Geological map of the study area in parts of Manali sub-division Kullu district,
H.P., showing landlside incidences point.

63
6.1. LANDSLIDE INCIDENCES IN MANALI SUB DIVISION, KULLU DISTRICT,
H.P.
In Manali sub division, two slides zones were studied during the post disaster studies.
Both the slides are debris slide situated on transportational mid slope of the study area.
6.1.1. Shaleen Subsidence:-

 Shaleen subsidence (32°11'55.1"N,77°11'05.9"E) is located along Manali-Shaleen

village road. The affected zone is situated along moderately inclined hill slope with a
slope inclination and direction of 35°/N120°.
 The slope forming material consist of semi consolidated loose debris.
 The subsidence was triggered from incessant rainfall during the period of
08/07/2023 to 10/07/2023 and has affected the link road stretch for about ~70m, in the
form for road subside for about 10m (Fig.84).
 The Hydrological conditions of the site is dripping to flowing conditions
 The drainage on the hill side of the road has been completely choked by the debris
material.
 Instability signatures such as tilting to trees, bulging gabion wall were observed
towards the hill side of the road.
 At location (32°11'50.5"N,77°11'04.5"E) about 150 m SW Shaleen Subsidence a
debris flow along the course of nala was observed.
 These materials are fresh, loose debris that were resting along the nala course
without any toe support and affected parts of orchards located along the flow
course.
 The debris flow have an approximate dimension of 160 m in length and 20 m
width.
Causative Factors: -
 Oversaturation of water within the semi consolidated material during incessant
rainfall leads to weaken the slope forming material and triggered the subsidence.
(Ref. Table 2 and fig 1.b).
 Seepages points/spots as observed based on field conditions in this
failure/subsidence affected zone could lead to piping out of finer material of the
slope are also likely to contribute to subsidence.
 Lack of drainage management.

64
 Drainage pipe

Toe of slide
Subsidence Manali-Shaleen Apple
of road PMGSY road orchards

Fig.84. Subsidence of road observed in Shaleen village

Suggestions:-
 Construction of adequate retaining wall with a provision of weep hole.
 Construct channelized lined contour parallel drainage above the crown of the slide
and divert it to the main Nala.
 The dripping/flowing Nala present along the slide area need to be properly
channelized coupled with installation of culvert across the road.
 Proper drainage management.

Fig. 85. Debris flow path along the course of

Fig.86. Run out debris materail
seasonal Nala (about 150 m SW Shaleen
damaged the apple orchards located
Subsidence).
along the course of debris flow path
(about 150 m SW Shaleen Subsidence)

65
6.1.2. Darsha Slide:-
 A shallow debris slide (32° 8'56.51"N , 77° 9'8.44"E) occurs on the Manali-Darsha
PMGSY Road. Due to the unprecedent heavy rainfall in the period of 8th-10th July,
2023 results the major debris slide (Fig.88).
 A debris slide (~25m H /35m L /30mW) was observed along the Manali-Darsha
PMGSY Road.
 The debris slide is active, retrogressive, widening in nature with development of
multiple crowns showing shallow translational failure mechanism.
 The material is damp to wet due to presence of dripping of flowing small rills
within the slide.
 The PMGSY road is passing within the slide zone and is partially damaged.
 It was observed that the nalas were unchannelized.
 Addition to this minor slide in the form of road caving, damged retaining wall
along the Manali-Darsha PMGSY Road were observed at location (32° 8'58.79"N,
77° 9'16.50"E). Fig.89.
Causative Factors: -
 Saturation of water on the loose debris material during incessant rainfall.
 Lack of drainage management.
 Road cutting along steep slope.

Road caving

Damaged
retaining
Shallow
wall
debris slide

To Darsha

Fig.88. In Darsha debris slide (32° Fig.89. Road caving along Manali-Darsha
8'56.51"N , 77° 9'8.44"E) along Manali- PMGSY Road at location (32° 8'58.79"N,
Darsha PMGSY Road 77° 9'16.50"E).

66
Suggestions:-

 Construct adequate retaining wall along the hill side of the slope with a provision
of weep holes at location (32° 8'56.51"N , 77° 9'8.44"E) along Manali-Darsha
PMGSY Road
 Repair/replaced the damaged retaining wall along the valley side of the road at
location (32° 8'58.79"N, 77° 9'16.50"E). along Manali-Darsha PMGSY Road
 Construction of lined chanallized drainage along the hill side of the road.
 Channelization of seasonal nalas with construction of culverts along nala-road
junctions.

7. CONCLUSION:.
1. On the request received from Deputy commissioner, Kullu District, Himachal
Pradesh requested GSI, Chandigarh to carry out post disaster landslide studies
vide letter no. 7142/SK(DM) dated 29th Aug. 2023. The authors of this report have
carried out landslide studies in Kullu, Banjar,Manali and Anni Sub-Division from
30-08-2023 to 09-09-2023.
2. An incessant rainfall event during the month of July 2023 and August 2023 in and
around the area of Kullu, Banjar, Anni and Manali Sub-Division,of Kullu district
resulted in a series of slope failures/stability issues
3. The study area falls in parts of SOI Toposheet nos. 52E/6, 52H/6, 52H/8, 53E/1,
53E/2, 53E/6, 53E/7, 53E/10 and 53E/11. Forming parts of lesser Himalayan
characterised hy high relief with moderated to highly dissected hills.
4. Geologically, the area exposes the Rocks ranging in age from undifferentiated
Proterozoic to Quaternary represented by Vaikrita, Rampur,Kullu,Shali,Nirmal,
and undiff. Quaternary deposit and intrusion of Bandal Granitoid and Mandi
Dalhausi Granitoid.
5. Most of the affected area are observed to be nestled/located along transported mid
slope and slope wash material of semi unconsolidated debris.
8. Recommendation:
1. The Highly affected areas are to be avoided for any planning and construction
activities. However, if at all any construction is unavoidable detailed site-specific
studies must be carried out.
2. Proper drainage management for surface runoff and domestic water.

67
3. Natural drainages, even though dry, may not be blocked/diverted as they are vital
in draining out excess surface runoff water during heavy rainfall.
4. Unplanned excavation of hill slopes is to be avoided , since the settlement are
mosty located on semi unconsolidated debris material without sound/in situ rock.
However, where the excavation is unavoidable, suitable retaining structures/slope
stabilisation measures should be provided for the excavated slope.
5. Suitable retaining structures as per site conditions and along the road may be
provided with adequate filter and drainage in particular, when constructed in debris
filled mass.
6. Monitoring of slope by way of installing adequate instruments in consultation with
local people and administration.

68
 Annexure I
42 POINT GEOPARAMETRIC DATASHEET FOR LANDSLIDE OF KULLU
DISTRICT, HP
No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/01
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/1
4 Slide Name Devdhar Kharahal landslide
5 NH/SH Location NH-03
6 Latitude 31°57'48.08"N
7 Longitude 77° 7'6.01"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~60 m
10 Width ~80 m
11 Height ~70 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Subsidence
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Confined
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Quaternary Deposit
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Moderate vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp
condition
32 Triggering factor Anthropogenic and Rainfall.
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged to houses and retention structures.
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water
causes
during incessant rainfall.
Toe erosion by local nala present on the right flank of settlement.

Natural slope disturbance by road cutting down slope.

40 Remedial The unchannelized nalas, house hold sewage domestic water

measures, if any
should be channelized systematically right from the up slope with
side banks and slope protective measures.
Biotechnical stabilisation/ Plantation of suitably identified species
that can hold the soil in the failure affected zone

The damaged retaining wall along the hill side of NH-3 located
down slope of the village should be repair/replaced with a
provision of weep holes.

41 Remarks
42 Photograph of the slide

Seasonal
Nala

Fig.1. Devdhar landslide (Source: Google image)

 Fig.2. Damaged retaining walls towards the Fig.3. Damaged house
hill side along NH-3

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/02
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/1
4 Slide Name Up slope of Indian oil Petrol Pump along NH-3
5 NH/SH Location NH-03
6 Latitude 31°57’28.81” N
7 Longitude 77° 6’59.57” E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~55 m
10 Width ~50 m
11 Height ~50 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Slide
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year --
24 Reactivation year 2023
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Quaternary Deposit
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Moderate vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Dripping to flowing
condition
32 Triggering factor Anthropogenic and Rainfall.
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Retention structures and footpath
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water
causes
during incessant rainfall.
Natural slope disturbance by road cutting down slope.

40 Remedial Proper channelization of drainage

measures, if any
The dripping water source along distressed slope need to be
identified and channelized it away from the distressed slope
Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified
locations at lower levels as support to failing mass.
41 Remarks
42 Photograph of the
slide

Fig.1. Debris slide on upslope of Indian oil petrol pump

Fig.2. Crown of the landslide Fig.3. Flowing hydrological conditions
along ground cracks in the distressed slope

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/03
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/1
4 Slide Name ~120 m south of Indian oil Petrol Pump
5 NH/SH Location NH-03
6 Latitude 31°57'24.56"N
7 Longitude 77° 6'58.79"E

8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~35 m
10 Width ~40 m
11 Height ~30 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Slide
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive and widening
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Quaternary Deposit
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Moderate vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Dripping to flowing
condition
32 Triggering factor Anthropogenic and Rainfall.
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Retention structures and footpath
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water
causes
during incessant rainfall.
Natural slope disturbance by road cutting down slope.
40 Remedial Proper channelization of drainage
measures, if any
The dripping water source along distressed slope need to be
identified and channelized it away from the distressed slope
Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified
locations at lower levels as support to failing mass and repair or
replaced the damaged retaining structures.
Biotechnical stabilisation/ Plantation of suitably identified species
that can hold the soil in the failure affected zone.
41 Remarks
42 Photograph of the
slide
Fig.1. Debris slide as discernible from the left bank of Beas River.

Fig.2. Damaged retention structures along the hill side of NH-3

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/04
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/1
4 Slide Name Banontar Kharahal
5 NH/SH Location NH-03
6 Latitude 31°57'20.23"N
7 Longitude 77° 6'59.42"E

8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~75 m
10 Width ~100 m
11 Height ~70 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Subsidence
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive and widening
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Quaternary Deposit
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Moderate vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp
condition
32 Triggering factor Anthropogenic and Rainfall.
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Houses and Retention structures.
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water
causes
during incessant rainfall.
Natural slope disturbance by road cutting down slope.
40 Remedial Proper channelization of drainage
measures, if any
Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified
locations at lower levels as support to failing mass and repair or
replaced the damaged retaining structures.
Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks
with appropriate impervious material immediately
41 Remarks
42 Photograph of the
slide

Fig.1. Damaged civil structures

Fig.2. Ground cracks

Fig.3 Damage retaining structures along NH-3.

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/05
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/5
4 Slide Name Garsa Slide
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 31°49'42.82"N
7 Longitude 77°15'20.12"E

8 Landslide alert I
categorisation
9 Length ~190 m
10 Width ~130 m
11 Height ~180 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth >5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Subsidence
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive and widening
20 Style Multiple
21 Failure plane Deep seated
22 Failure Deep translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Phyllite (Kharmada Formation)
29 Structure J1=15°/ N030°, J2=70°/ N270° and J3=80°/ N200°
30 Land use land Moderate to sparsely vegetation cover
cover
31 Hydrological Damp and dripping
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall.
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged 16 Houses (Informed by local residence)
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water
causes
during incessant rainfall.
Toe erosion by flowing Nala on the right flank of slope.
40 Remedial Proper channelization of drainage
measures, if any
Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified
locations at lower levels as support to failing mass
Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks
with appropriate impervious material immediately
Avoid further loading, tampering of slope with heavy civil
structures in/adjoining failure affected zone and in immediate
vicinity of nala courses.

Appropriately designed guide walls along the nala courses present

on the right flank of the slope, to prevent further erosion and
damage to civil structures present vicinity to it
41 Remarks
42 Photograph of the
slide
 Flowing
Nala/Khad

Fig.1. Garsa Subsidence (Source: Google image)

Fig.2. Damaged house

Fig.3 Ground crack

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/06
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 52H/8.
4 Slide Name Baraiuna landslide
5 NH/SH Location NH-03
6 Latitude 32° 2'4.73"N
7 Longitude 77°21'0.50"E
8 Landslide alert I
categorisation
9 Length ~130 m
10 Width ~180 m
11 Height ~120 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth >5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Slide
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive and widening
20 Style Multiple
21 Failure plane Deep seated
22 Failure Deep rotational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Bhalan Formation of Rampur Group
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Sparsely vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall and toe erosion
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged to houses.
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Absence of proper drainage network in upslope and slope
causes
saturation due to excessive/ incessant rainfall spells in the area
during June 2023 along steep have drastically worsened the slope
situation coupled with toe erosion by the Baraiuna Nala
40 Remedial It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed lined
measures, if any drainage upslope to avoid surface water discharge on the distressed
slope
Appropriately designed retention structures at suitably identified
locations at lower levels as support to failing mass.

The affected house located at the crown of the landslide need

vacate immediately.
Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks
with appropriate impervious material immediately
Appropriately designed guide walls along the Baraiuna nala to
prevent further erosion of slope.

Avoid further loading, tampering of slope with heavy civil

structures in/adjoining failure affected zone
41 Remarks
42 Photograph of the slide

Fig.1. Crown of the slide along steep slope

Fig.2. Crack on civil structures Fig.3. Landslide on right flank of the slope

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/07
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/6
4 Slide Name Bandal landslide
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 31°38'3.49"N
7 Longitude 77°25'31.81"E
8 Landslide alert I
categorisation
9 Length ~350 m
10 Width ~250 m
11 Height ~300 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth >5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Slide
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive and widening
20 Style Multiple
21 Failure plane Deep seated
22 Failure Deep translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Gneiss of Bandal Granitoid
29 Structure J1=60°/ N290°, J2=30°/ N160° and J3=75°/ N070°
30 Land use land Moderately vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp, wet and dripping
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall.
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged to civil structures and road
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Absence of proper drainage network in upslope and slope
causes
saturation due to excessive/ incessant rainfall spells in the area
during June 2023 along unconsolidated-semi consolidated slope
wash material.
40 Remedial It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed lined
measures, if any drainage upslope to avoid surface water discharge on the distressed
slope
Appropriately designed retention structures along the hill and
valley side of road with a provision of weep holes and hill side
drainage.
Avoid further loading, tampering of slope with heavy civil
structures in/adjoining failure affected zone
Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks
with appropriate impervious material immediately
Based on the dimension of the slide, the importance of the affected
road and houses located at the slide zone a detailed site specific
study is recommended.
41 Remarks
42 Photograph of the slide
Fig.1. Bandal landslide (Source: Google image)

Fig.2. Ground cracks Fig.3. Road subsidence

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/08
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/5
4 Slide Name Machine Nala slide
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 31°46' 21.80"N
7 Longitude 77°17' 54.82"E
8 Landslide alert II
 categorisation
9 Length ~130 m
10 Width ~100 m
11 Height ~110 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Slide
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Bhalan Formation of Rampur Group
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Moderately vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp and wet
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall and toe erosion
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged to road
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Absence of proper drainage network in upslope and slope
causes
saturation due to excessive/ incessant rainfall spells in the area
during June 2023 along unconsolidated-semi consolidated slope
wash material.
Toe erosion by Parvati River
40 Remedial It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed lined
measures, if any drainage upslope to avoid surface water discharge on the distressed
slope
Appropriately designed retention structures along the hill and
valley side of road with a provision of weep holes and hill side
drainage.
Avoid further loading, tampering of slope with heavy civil
structures in/adjoining failure affected zone
Immediate filling of transverse and contour parallel tension cracks
with appropriate impervious material immediately
Appropriately designed guide walls along the Parvati River to
prevent further toe erosion of slope.
41 Remarks Settlement located on upslope/near the crown of the slide pose risk
to life and properties in case of uneven weather conditions.
42 Photograph of the slide

Fig.1. Machine Nala slide as discernable from the opposite slope of Parvati River.

Fig.2. Road subsidence Fig.3. Traverse ground crack on the right

flank of landslide.
No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/09
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/5
4 Slide Name Sainj Landslide
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 31°46' 8.77"N
7 Longitude 77°18'29.22"E
8 Landslide alert I
categorisation
9 Length ~70 m
10 Width ~85 m
11 Height ~65 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Slide
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive and enlarging
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Bhalan Formation of Rampur Group
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Sparse vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp and wet
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall and toe erosion
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged 49 houses (As informed by local residences)
affected
38 Landuse land --
 cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from upslope surface runoff
causes water during incessant rainfall along moderately inclined hill slope.
Toe erosion by Parvati River and unloading of dump site material
from upstream
40 Remedial It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed contour
measures, if any parallel drainage above the crown of the main slide to avoid
surface water discharge on the distressed slope.
Appropriately designed guide structures for toe support along both
the bank of Parvati River.
Avoid further construction of any civil structures vicinity to both
the banks the river.
It is best to vacate the houses whose pillar foundation are affected
as it possess risk to life and property in case of uneven/extreme
weather conditions
41 Remarks --

42 Photograph of the slide

Fig.1. Main landslide affected are

Fig.2. Houses at risk (Right bank of the river) Fig.3. House at risk (left bank of the river)
No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/10
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/6
4 Slide Name Mourod subsidence
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 31°42'44.05"N
7 Longitude 77°18'46.49"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~80 m
10 Width ~35 m
11 Height ~70 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Subsidence
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive and enlarging
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Banjar Formation of Rampur Group
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Sparse vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp to flowing
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall and toe erosion
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged houses and retention wall
 affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from upslope surface runoff
causes water during incessant rainfall along moderately inclined hill slope.
Toe erosion by nala and lack of drainage network.
40 Remedial It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed drainage
measures, if any network where ever applicable to avoid excess surface
water/domestic water discharge on the distressed slope.
Appropriately designed guide structures for toe support and toe
erosion prevention along the bank of flowing nala.
Avoid construction of any heavy civil structures on the distressed
slope
Immediate filling of ground cracks/tension cracks with appropriate
impervious material.
41 Remarks --

42 Photograph of the slide

Flowing
Nala/khad

Fig.1. Mourod Subsidence zone (Source: Google image)

Fig.2. Ground subsidence Fig.3. House at risk

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/11
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/6
4 Slide Name Daduhar ward No.1
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 31°38'31.20"N
7 Longitude 77°20'35.88"E
8 Landslide alert I
categorisation
9 Length ~100 m
10 Width ~150 m
11 Height ~90 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Slide
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive and enlarging
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Banjar Formation of Rampur Group
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Sparse vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp, wet and dripping
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall and toe erosion
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged 5 houses (Informed by local residence), Road
affected subsidence located upslope of the slide
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from upslope surface runoff
causes water during incessant rainfall along moderately inclined hill slope.
Lack of proper drainage system in upslope and Toe erosion by
Rabhi Khad down slope.
40 Remedial It is suggested to construct an appropriately designed contour
measures, if any parallel drainage along hill ward side of road level to avoid excess
surface water/domestic water discharge on the distressed slope
Construction of adequate retaining walls towards the valley side of
the road with a provision of weep holes and installation of culvert
at suitable location.
Appropriately designed guide structures for toe support and toe
erosion prevention along the bank of flowing nala
Avoid any further construction of civil structures on the distressed
slope and immediately vacate the affected houses/school present on
the distressed slope as the slide is still active and poses threat to
live and properties in case of any extreme weather conditions.
41 Remarks --

42 Photograph of the slide

Fig.1. ; Daduhar slide as discernable from the opposite slope.

Fig.2. Damaged Sarswati Vidya Mandir Fig.3. Damaged road stretch

Sr.Sec, School

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/12
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/5
4 Slide Name Kartah subsidence
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 31°46'47.28"N
7 Longitude 77°20'35.20"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~35 m
10 Width ~150 m
11 Height ~30 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Subsidence
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Enlarging
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Bhalan Formation of Rampur Group
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Sparse vegetation and Agricultural land
cover
31 Hydrological Damp, wet, dripping and flowing
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall and toe erosion
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged houses and Road subsidence
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Concentration of pore water pressure in debris due damp and
causes dripping hydrology condition of the slope coupled with toe erosion
by Sainj River and lack of proper drainage system is found to be
the main triggering factors
40 Remedial Construction of appropriately designed guide structures for toe
measures, if any support and toe erosion prevention along the bank of the river
Construction of adequate retaining walls towards the hill side of the
road with a provision of weep holes, hill side drainage and
installation of culvert at suitable location.
Identification of seepages/dripping point and channelized the water
away from distresses slope to prevent further slope saturation
Immediate filling of ground cracks/tension cracks with appropriate
impervious material and avoid any further construction of civil
structures towards the valley side of the road
41 Remarks --

42 Photograph of the slide

 Sainj River

Fig.1. ; Kartah subsidence (Source: Google image)

Fig.2. Damaged houses located near the bank Fig.3. Road subsidence
of River

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E1/2023/13
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/6
4 Slide Name Sharai subsidence
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 31°39'7.20"N
7 Longitude 77°19'56.64"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~55 m
10 Width ~35 m
11 Height ~50 m
12 Run out distance --
13 Depth 2-5m
14 Landslide volume Data not available
15 Material type Debris
16 Movement type Subsidence
17 Movement rate Moderate
18 Activity Active
19 Distribution Retrogressive
20 Style Single
21 Failure plane Shallow
22 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
23 Initiation year 2023
24 Reactivation year --
1
25 Reactivation year --
2
26 Reactivation year --
3
27 Geomorphology Lowly dissected hill
28 Geology Bhalan Formation of Rampur Group
29 Structure --.
30 Land use land Sparse vegetation
cover
31 Hydrological Damp
condition
32 Triggering factor Rainfall and toe erosion
33 Persons death --
34 People affected --
35 Livestock --
affected
36 Communication ---
affected
37 Infrastructure Damaged houses and Road subsidence
affected
38 Landuse land --
cover affected
39 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material along steep slope from
causes upslope surface runoff water during incessant rainfall and toe
erosion by Tirthan River
40 Remedial Construction of appropriately designed guide structures for toe
measures, if any support and toe erosion prevention along the bank of the river.
Construction of adequate retaining walls towards the hill side of the
road with a provision of weep holes, hill side drainage and
installation of culvert at suitable location
Immediate filling of ground cracks/tension cracks with appropriate
impervious material
 Avoid further slope saturation on distressed slope by constructing
adequate drainage network on upslope.
41 Remarks --

42 Photograph of the slide

Fig.1.Damaged house present along the affected slope.

Fig.2. Road subsidence Fig.3. Ground subsidence

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/14
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/7
4 Slide Name Rageli, Nigloodhar landslide
5 NH/SH Location -
6 Latitude 31°28'11.10"N
7 Longitude 77°22'00.1"E
8 Landslide alert I
categorisation
9 Length ~145m
10 Width ~80 m
11 Height ~80 m
12 Area ~1160 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~180 m
14 Depth 2-5m
15 Landslide volume 58000m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Slide
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Widening
21 Style Successive
22 Failure plane Shallow
23 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 14th August, 2023
25 Reactivation year --
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Moderately dissected hill
29 Geology Carbonaceous phyllite/slate, quartzite of Chamba Formation,
Vaikrita Group
30 Structure --.
31 Land use land Agriculture, Settlement
cover
32 Hydrological Damp
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall.
34 Persons death 3 peoples
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication ---
affected
38 Infrastructure Damaged to houses and retention structures.
affected
39 Landuse land --
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water
causes
during incessant rainfall.
Toe erosion by local nala present on the right flank of settlement.

41 Remedial Channelization of nala/domestic waste water. They shall be aligned

measures, if any
and taken away from the slide affected zone.
Scaling of loose debris in the upslope.
Benches/beams of suitable heights and width shall be provided
 with gabion wall.

For toe support, toe drains away from the main slope to carry
seepage water away from the slide area

The wide-open ground/tension cracks shall be filled with locally

available impervious material immediately.

42 Remarks
43 Photograph of the slide

Fig.1. Rageli landslide in Niglioodhar village Fig.2. Open ground cracks in Rageli slide

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/15
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/7
4 Slide Name Dharta, Nigloodhar landslide
5 NH/SH Location -
6 Latitude 31°28'22.8"N
7 Longitude 77°22'03.8"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~100m
10 Width ~25 m
11 Height ~45 m
12 Area ~2500 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~85 m
14 Depth 2-5m
15 Landslide volume ~12500m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Slide
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Enlarging
21 Style Successive
22 Failure plane Shallow
23 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 14th August, 2023
25 Reactivation year --
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Moderately dissected hill
29 Geology Carbonaceous phyllite/slate, quartzite of Chamba Formation,
Vaikrita Group
30 Structure --
31 Land use land Agriculture, Settlement
cover
32 Hydrological Wet
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall.
34 Person’s death ---
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication ---
affected
38 Infrastructure Cracks observed in houses
affected
39 Landuse land --
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water
causes
during incessant rainfall.
Lack of drainage management in the slope.

41 Remedial Channelization of nala/domestic waste water. They shall be aligned

measures, if any
and taken away from the slide affected zone.
For toe support, toe drains away from the main slope to carry
seepage water away from the slide area .

Wide-open tension cracks shall be treated / sealed/filled with

impervious material

Benches/berms of suitable heights and width shall be provided at

 intermediate levels with gabions support.

42 Remarks
43 Photograph of the slide

Fig.1. Dharta landslide in Niglioodhar village Fig.2. Cracks in house

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/16
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/7
4 Slide Name Gungi
5 NH/SH Location ---
6 Latitude 31°24'12.8"N
7 Longitude 77°26'51.0"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~170m
10 Width ~65 m
11 Height ~55 m
12 Area ~11050 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~60 m
14 Depth 2-7m
15 Landslide volume ~44200m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Subsidence
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Inactive
20 Distribution Retrogressive, Widening
21 Style Successive
22 Failure plane Shallow
23 Failure Shallow translational failure
 mechanism
24 Initiation year 2023
25 Reactivation year --
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Moderately dissected hill
29 Geology Sillimanite-Kyanite bearing schist, quartzite of Morang Formation,
Vaikrita Group
30 Structure --.
31 Land use land Agriculture, Settlement
cover
32 Hydrological Damp
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall.
34 Persons death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication Yes
affected
38 Infrastructure Damaged to houses.
affected
39 Landuse land Apple Orchards were damaged.
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Saturation of slope forming material from surface runoff water
causes
during incessant rainfall.
Reactivation of small unchannelized rills/drainage triggered the
slide.

41 Remedial Proper drainage alignment in the form of channelization of nala/

measures, if any domestic waste water.
Scaling of loose debris in the upslope.
Construction of retaining /gabion wall to stabilized the slope
forming material.
Loading of toe support is suggested to protect it further mass
movement.
The wide-open ground/tension cracks shall be filled with locally
available impervious material immediately.

42 Remarks
43 Photograph of the slide
 Ground
crown cracks

N045°

Fig.1. Unstable crown observed in Gungi Fig.2. Open ground cracks in Gungi slide
slide

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/17
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/7
4 Slide Name Chehva
5 NH/SH Location ----
6 Latitude 31°24'12.8"N
7 Longitude 77°26'51.0"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~47m
10 Width ~15 m
11 Height ~25 m
12 Area ~705sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~60 m
14 Depth 2-5m
15 Landslide volume ~3525m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Subsidence
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Retrogressive, widening
21 Style Single
22 Failure plane Shallow
23 Failure Shallow translational failure
 mechanism
24 Initiation year 2023
25 Reactivation year --
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Moderately dissected hill
29 Geology Sillimanite-Kyanite bearing schist, quartzite of Morang Formation,
Vaikrita Group
30 Structure --.
31 Land use land Agriculture, Settlement
cover
32 Hydrological Wet
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall.
34 Persons death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication Yes
affected
38 Infrastructure ----
affected
39 Landuse land Apple Orchards were damaged.
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Oversaturation of prolonged water from agricultural land and
causes
percolation of rainwater within loose debris material due to heavy
rainfall leads for the subsidence and slide activities.
Small unchannelized rills/drainage triggered the slide.

41 Remedial Proper drainage alignment in the form of channelization of nala/

measures, if any domestic waste water.
Well dug at suitable location along the distressed slope coupled
with line channelized drainage.

Construction of retaining /gabion wall to stabilized the slope

forming material.
The wide-open ground/tension cracks shall be filled with locally
available impervious material immediately.
42 Remarks
 Subsidence
observed in
43. Photograph of the slide- road

crown
Ground
cracks

N055°

Fig.1. Unstable crown observed in Chehava Fig.2. Open ground cracks in Chehava slide
slide

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/18
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/7
4 Slide Name Lehrarali
5 NH/SH Location ----
6 Latitude 31°24'42.7"N
7 Longitude 77°25'44.5"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~25m
10 Width ~20 m
11 Height ~15m
12 Area ~500 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~20 m
14 Depth 2-5m
15 Landslide volume ~2000 m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Subsidence
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Retrogressive, widening
21 Style Single
22 Failure plane Shallow
23 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 2023
25 Reactivation year --
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Moderately dissected hill
29 Geology Sillimanite-Kyanite bearing schist, quartzite of Morang Formation,
Vaikrita Group
30 Structure --.
31 Land use land Agriculture, Settlement
cover
32 Hydrological Wet
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall.
34 Person’s death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication Footpath road to village is damaged fully.
affected
38 Infrastructure ----
affected
39 Landuse land Apple Orchards were damaged.
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Oversaturation of prolonged water from agricultural land and
causes
percolation of rainwater within loose debris material due to heavy
rainfall leads for the subsidence and slide activities.
Slope saturation from domestic usage of water also one factor to
triggered the slide

41 Remedial Scaling of loose material on the unstable crown.

 measures, if any Proper channelization of nala to be suggested for drainage
purposes.

Construction of breast wall to stabilized the slide material.

Loading of toe support to be implemented.
42 Remarks
43 Photograph of the slide-

Settlement
Apple
orchards

toe

Fig.1. Unstable crown with toe side observed in Lehrarali slide

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/19
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/6
4 Slide Name Mashnoo Nala
5 NH/SH Location NH 305
6 Latitude 31°31'41.3"N
7 Longitude 77°24' 04.5"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~560m
10 Width ~200m
11 Height ~83m
12 Area ~ 112000 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~500m
14 Depth 5-9m
15 Landslide volume ~784000 sq.m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Slide
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Retrogressive, enlarging
21 Style Multiple
22 Failure plane Deep
23 Failure Deep rotational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 2018
25 Reactivation year 2019
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year 2023
3
28 Geomorphology Moderately dissected hill
29 Geology Schist, quartzite of Khokhan Formation, Kullu Group
30 Structure --.
31 Land use land Sparse vegetation
cover
32 Hydrological Wet, damp and dripping
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall
34 Person’s death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication NH 305 Road is damaged fully.
affected
38 Infrastructure ----
affected
39 Landuse land ---
cover affected
40 Geoscientific oversaturation of slope forming material from the surface runoff
causes water during heavy rainfall.
Discharge of upslope surface water directly to the distressed slope.
Seepages points present along the slope could lead to piping out of
finer sand, silt and clay material of the slope are also likely to
contribute to slope failure.
Toe erosion of Mashnoo nala.
Seasonal nalas bounded the periphery of the slide which brings
heavy discharge and erode the side slopes further widening the
slide zone.

41 Remedial Scaling of loose material/ dislodged rock boulders on the unstable

measures, if any crown.
Channelize the nala course with suitable width cascade structures.
 Construction of retaining wall with weep holes for proper drainage
circulation.

Provide toe protection by RCC wall in consultation with the civil

designers as per IS code.

Provide benches /berms at suitable distance in consultation with

design Engineers.

Install boulder catch fence/weir mesh at required places below the

potential rock fall zones.

42 Remarks
43. Photograph of the slide-

crown

Toe side

Fig.1. Unstable crown observed in Mashnoo nala Fig.2. Toe observed in Mashnoo nala
slide slide

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/20
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/6
4 Slide Name Kot Nala
5 NH/SH Location NH 305
6 Latitude 31°31'5.76"N
7 Longitude 77°25'0.24"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~400m
10 Width ~150 m
11 Height ~65m
12 Area ~67500 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~20 m
14 Depth 5-8m
15 Landslide volume ~360000 m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Slide
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Retrogressive, widening
21 Style Multiple
22 Failure plane Deep
23 Failure Deep translational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 2008
25 Reactivation year 2023
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Highly dissected hill
29 Geology Schist, quartzite of Khokhan Formation, Kullu Group
30 Structure --
31 Land use land Sparse vegetation, Agriculture
cover
32 Hydrological Wet, damp and dripping
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall and toe erosion by the nalas.
34 Person’s death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication NH 305 is blocked due to landslide.
affected
38 Infrastructure ----
affected
39 Landuse land ---
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Flowing nalas are present adjacent to the slide area which erode the
causes soft slope forming material from the upslope side to downward
direction which is triggered by heavy rainfall leads to the slide.
Toe erosion by Kot Nala.

41 Remedial Scaling of loose material on the unstable crown.

measures, if any Proper lined and channelization of nala to avoid surface water
 discharge from the distressed slope.

Construction of proper lined drainage along the hillside connecting

it to the main adjoining nala.
Adequate retaining wall along the Kot Nala for toe support.
Installation of underground drainage pipe below the present road
level along the major depression of the affected zone.
Loading of toe support to be implemented.
42 Remarks
43. Photograph of the slide-

Apple crown
orchards

Zone of
depletion

Broken
retaining
wall

toe

Fig.1. Unstable crown with toe side, and zone of depletion observed in Kot Nala slide

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/20
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 53E/7
4 Slide Name Falela Nala
5 NH/SH Location NH 305
6 Latitude 31°29'01.6"N
7 Longitude 77°25'23.1"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~65m
10 Width ~20 m
11 Height ~45m
12 Area ~1300 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~40 m
14 Depth 5-8m
15 Landslide volume ~10400 m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Slide
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Retrogressive, widening
21 Style Multiple
22 Failure plane Deep
23 Failure Deep rotational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 2022
25 Reactivation year 2023
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Highly dissected hill
29 Geology Sillimanite-Kyanite bearing schist and quartzite of Morang
Formation, Vaikrita Group.
30 Structure --
31 Land use land
cover
32 Hydrological Wet, damp and dripping
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall and toe erosion by the nalas.
34 Person’s death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication NH 305 is blocked due to landslide.
affected
38 Infrastructure ----
affected
39 Landuse land Apple orchards were damaged.
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Oversaturation of slope area and surface run off water along steep
causes slope.
Excessive erosion from upslope runoff water leading to
development of rills and gully along the distressed zone.
Heavy rainfall is also a triggered factor for the slide.

41 Remedial Proper lined channelization drainage should be constructed along

measures, if any hill side of the road.
Construct channelized lined contour parallel drainage above the
crown of the slide and divert its channel to the main Nala.

Construct adequate retaining/breast wall to support the belly

 portion of the slide.
Biotechnical stabilisation/ Plantation of suitably identified species
that can hold the soil in the failure affected zone in consultation
with Botanist/Forest dept.
42 Remarks
43. Photograph of the slide-

crown

Toe

Fig.1. Excessive erosion from upslope runoff Fig2. Run out material of the slide as
water leading to development of rills and descerenable from the road
gully along the distressed zone

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/21
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 52H/4
4 Slide Name Shailubhan
5 NH/SH Location NH 305
6 Latitude 31°29'11.4"N
7 Longitude 77°24'52.8"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~25m
10 Width ~ 15m
11 Height ~22m
12 Area ~375 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~15 m
14 Depth 5-6m
15 Landslide volume ~2250 m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Slide
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Retrogressive, widening
21 Style Multiple
22 Failure plane Deep
23 Failure Deep translational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 2023
25 Reactivation year ---
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Moderate to highly dissected hill
29 Geology Sillimanite-Kyanite bearing schist and quartzite of Morang
Formation, Vaikrita Group.
30 Structure --
31 Land use land Sparse vegetation
cover
32 Hydrological Wet, damp and dripping
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall and toe erosion by the nalas.
34 Person’s death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication NH 305 is blocked due to landslide.
affected
38 Infrastructure ----
affected
39 Landuse land Apple orchards were damaged.
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Presence of loose and fragile rock/ debris material in the upslope
causes and along the side slopes of the nala.
Unchannelized drainage on hill side of the road.
Toe portion of slide gets eroded by the flowing nala.
Loose and fragile rock/ debris material resting along slopes and
nala side slopes gets eroded and trigger debris flows with surface
run-off. Heavy rainfall is also a triggered factor for the slide.

41 Remedial Loose material along the major nala need to be removed

measures, if any manually/mechanically.
Proper lined channelization drainage should be constructed along
hill side of the road.

Construction of adequate retaining wall along the Hill side of the

road with a provision of weep holes.
Toe should be stabilized with the construction of bench walls.
42 Remarks
43. Photograph of the slide-

crown

Toe

Fig.1. Crown portion covered with plastic Fig.2. Toe side of slide
sheets of slide

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/22
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 52H/4
4 Slide Name Shaleen
5 NH/SH Location --
6 Latitude 32°11'55.1"N
7 Longitude 77°11'05.9"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~15m
10 Width ~10 m
11 Height ~5m
12 Area ~150 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~20 m
14 Depth 2-5m
15 Landslide volume ~ 750m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Subsidence
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Inactive
20 Distribution Retrogressive
21 Style Single
22 Failure plane Shallow
23 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 2023
25 Reactivation year
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Moderately dissected hill
29 Geology Sillimanite-Kyanite bearing schist and quartzite of Morang
Formation, Vaikrita Group.
30 Structure --
31 Land use land Sparse vegetation
cover
32 Hydrological Wet, damp and dripping
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall and toe erosion by the nalas.
34 Person’s death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication --
affected
38 Infrastructure ----
affected
39 Landuse land Apple orchards were damaged.
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Oversaturation of water within semi consolidated material during
causes heavy rainfall weakens the slope forming material triggered the
subsidence
Seepage points could lead to piping out of finer material of the
slope are also likely to contribute to subsidence.
Lack of drainage management.

41 Remedial Construction of adequate retaining wall with a provision of weep

measures, if any
hole.
Dripping/flowing Nala present along the slide area need to be
properly channelized coupled with installation of culvert across the
road.

Construct channelized lined contour parallel drainage above the

crown and divert it to the main Nala.
Proper drainage management.
42 Remarks
43. Photograph of the slide-
 Drainage
pipe

Toe side

Subsidence
of road

Fig.1. Subsidence of road observed in Shaleen village

crown

Toe

Fig.2. Unstable crown portion of Shaleen Fig.3.Toe side of Shaleen slide

slide

No Slide No HP/KUL/53E7/2023/23
1 State Himachal Pradesh
2 District Kullu
3 Toposheet No 52H/4
4 Slide Name Darsha
5 NH/SH Location ---
6 Latitude 32°08'56.51"N
7 Longitude 77°09'8.44"E
8 Landslide alert II
categorisation
9 Length ~35m
10 Width ~30 m
11 Height ~25m
12 Area ~1050 sq.m2
13 Run out distance ~20 m
14 Depth 2-5m
15 Landslide volume ~5250 m3
16 Material type Debris
17 Movement type Slide
18 Movement rate Moderate
19 Activity Active
20 Distribution Retrogressive, widening
21 Style Multiple
22 Failure plane Shallow
23 Failure Shallow translational failure
mechanism
24 Initiation year 2023
25 Reactivation year --
1
26 Reactivation year --
2
27 Reactivation year --
3
28 Geomorphology Highly dissected hill
29 Geology Schist, Gneiss, Migmatite of Kharo Formation, Vaikrita Group.
30 Structure --
31 Land use land Dense vegetation
cover
32 Hydrological Wet and dripping
condition
33 Triggering factor Heavy Rainfall
34 Person’s death --
35 People affected --
36 Livestock --
affected
37 Communication PMGSY road is blocked due to slide.
affected
38 Infrastructure ----
affected
39 Landuse land -----
cover affected
40 Geoscientific Saturation of water on loose debris material during heavy rainfall.
causes Lack of drainage management.
Road cutting along steep slope.

41 Remedial Construct adequate retaining wall along the hill side.

measures, if any Construction of lined channelized drainage along the hill side of
the road.
 Repair/replaced the damaged retaining wall along the valley side
along the Manali-Darsha PMGSY Road.

Channelization of seasonal nalas with construction of culverts

along nala-road junctions.
42 Remarks
43. Photograph of the slide-

crown

Toe

Fig.1. Unstable crown portion of Darsha slide Fig.2. Toe side of Darsha slide