CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature relevant to the concept of

the present study. It also analyses some studies and materials from

the Internet to provide sufficient background information essential for

the accomplishment of this study. It sought to collect claims of

previous studies about the effect of quarantine on the mental health of

Junior High School students.

COVID-19

The continual progression of COVID-19 affected the whole world to

the extent of no return. New norms are being practiced and

experienced by the entire world to limit face-to-face and maximize

time inside the common household from work to education. As this

pandemic extends, more and more people suffer from stress, mental

health issues that can correlate from the pandemic itself. According to

Tsamakis et al., 2020, families undergo massive changes to their tasks

at home from being cautious from people outside, buying the needed

necessities at home and do it while people unbeknownst of having

COVID-19 virus.

The pandemic has proven to worsen the countless lives of people,

and it only progresses as we continue to find an efficient cure to this

Corona Virus. As stated by Cornell et al. (2020), anxiety grows as this

pandemic continuously worsen and at this point fear and anger will

develop overtime. It is also stated that in times of

an epidemic, the quantity of individuals whose mental wellbeing is

affected tends to be far greater than the quantity of individuals

affected by the virus. Mental Health of certain individuals may also rise

because of this metal state they experience. According to Banks

(2020), there has been a rise of mentally unhealthy people ranging

from teenagers to adults. It is also stated that young women are

proven to be more prone to be mentally unstable compared to men,

younger individuals have seen to have an apparent leap to be more

mentally unhealthy compared to the adolescent.

It is expected to have mental health issues or problems especially

in these dark times, it seems to be the case for young people in this

generation yet some still ignore and hide the truth. According to

Torales et al. (2020), people are being affected by the global pandemic

are either affected mentally, physically or socially. Even if this

pandemic has been already addressed, there would be likely be a

lingering effect on those who are afflicted by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Mental Health

It is evident that our mental health is now being affected by the

Enhanced Community Quarantine which is caused by the new virus we

are now currently facing which is the COVID-19 and it is without a

doubt that because of this pandemic our mental is now being affected

drastically. According to Garcia (2020), the outbreak of corona virus

disease (COVID-19) recently has affected human life to a great extent.

Besides direct physical and economical threats, the pandemic
also indirectly impact people’s mental conditions, which can be

overwhelming but difficult to measure.

It is stated by Elmer (2020), At the time of the COVID-19

pandemic in April,2020, using longitudinal data collected since 2018.

They had analyzed change on multiple dimensions of social networks

(interaction, friendship, social support, co-studying) and mental health

indicators (depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness). As this data

shows that as time passes with the pandemic and community

quarantine still in active, it has shown significant correspondence of

mental health issues and problems rising to a considerable extent.

In spite of these preventive procedures may be considered critical

to contain the rapid outbreak of COVID-19, they will undoubtedly have

short- and long-term consequences for the mental health of school

students. The movements restrictions, school closures and stay-at-

home during the COVID-19 pandemic will likely rise the rates of

domestic violence, loneliness, depression, fear, panic, and anxiety.

(Radwan, 2020)

According to Porcelli in 2020, Fear and anxiety have big role to

play to the Covid-19 pandemic as this treat individuals more cautious

and conscious about the surroundings they inhabit. Due to this, people

who social distance are more susceptible to more patterns of sadness

or even worse, depression. Less contact with each other also impact

our social stability with each other, this can trigger of mental health

issues or problems such as depression, anxiety issues that can lead to

suicide thoughts or even death. It is also stated that being mindful

of our
surrounding is the best way to help and lessen the spread of the virus

but at a cost. As this continually progress, we may be more

accustomed to this norm but at a price of or mental sanity diminishing

as the time goes on. But people kept in their minds that this is the

greater good for humanity and this is how they will combat this

pandemic as the cure and vaccination are mass produced.

Emotional Aspect

Murthy (2020) states that increased mental health needs and

problems correlates to the calamity or disaster that has occurred. This

may lead to emotional health complications to the individual who is

experiencing said catastrophe. It also states that these past dealings of

mentally unstable individuals were dealt with social support and

therapeutic care from professionals to alleviate emotional stress and

tension.

According to a study conducted by Graham (2020) stated that

some restrictions has been lifted thus people that works experience

constantly stress level. Experiencing stress is not good for our body

because it contributes to many kinds of problems to the health of a

person. Thus, some safety measurements been loosened people still

struggling to their mental health brought by this pandemic.

The continuous spreading of the COVID-19 causes lots of mental

health problems as well as stress, sleep disorder, panic attack,

depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety disorders,

irrational anger, impulsivity, somatization

disorder, and even suicidal behavior (Hossain, 2020). The mentioned

health problems do not choose on what gender, age, marital status,

and place of living you are on because everybody is vulnerable to this

infectious virus. As stated by Minihan (2020), a pandemic that upsurge

on each country impacts its physical health, its immunity, and its well-

being. Addition to this, people that experience mental illness are

vulnerable to this virus.

According to Javed (2020), many health factors have been

affected by this pandemic including mental health, while having COVID

– 19 around the world people like front liners has no escape to this kind

of virus. This causes them to have anxiety, acute psychosis,

depression, and other more psychiatric disorders especially if they

handle ill patients. By handling some ill patients that can be infected

by the contagious virus they are likely vulnerable.

Physiological Aspect

Covid-19 has greatly impacted the whole range of both short and

long term mental and even, a person’s physical health. Worldwide

famine is prevalent especially on many third-world countries placed

under quarantine. For most, their daily source of income depends on

their daily labor, which had to stop during such quarantine events (PR

Newswire, 2020). A lot of family is suffering from financial loss due to

being forced inside, unable to work to sustain their daily commodities.

Simply put, people who live in poverty are struggling with hunger.
 To add to this, loss of appetite has also been described as a

symptom of coronavirus. Signs of a decreased appetite including a

person not wanting to eat, the feeling of always full no matter what

time of day and unintentional weight loss are cases common to the

influence of the virus. In fact, the idea of eating food makes a person

feel that they might vomit after eating and nauseous. (Jessica Knibbs,

2020)

People experiencing situations linked to poor mental health

outcomes, in this case, also in a physiological aspect. Feelings of

anxiety and being overwhelmed by the COVID-19 pandemic can

happen after quarantine (Crystal Johnson, 2020). The multiple negative

factors of quarantine eventually lead to degraded physical changes in

body shape causing poor self-esteem among individuals.

Social Aspect

It is without a doubt that prolonged social isolation among each

other leads to discomfort and alarming problems. Students who live by

themselves where contact to family members and close friends run

higher risks of developing mental health issues due to standard

quarantine procedures. According to Elmer T et al. (2020), universities

or school lockdowns and social distancing measures greatly affect the

social capabilities of individuals leading them in feelings of isolation on

a negative level.
 Sleeping disorders like insomnia seems to be affecting more

people during the COVID-19 pandemic as stress levels is at an all time.

People worry that their health, financial situation and a sudden change

in social life present detrimental damage. (Vasiliki, et al. 2020). Lack of

sleep show signs of worsened social skills among people.

Loneliness, insomnia and other negative factor leads to dangerous

substantial influx of depression cases. Recent studies demonstrate that

the COVID-19 pandemic is distinctly related with anxiety, distress, fear

of being infected, insomnia and worse, depression among everyone

including healthcare professionals. (Leo Sher, 2020).

Social interaction among friends and queers prove to be beneficial

as asking for help is common to them. But with quarantine protocols,

students are forced to stay at home, away from friends, away from fast

and approachable help. The forced lockdown of schools, colleges and

universities intrude the teaching for students across the countless

nations. (Bahwna Yadav, 2020)

Synthesis

COVID-19 pandemic alongside with community quarantine and

economic crisis caused many losses such as fatality rates, stock

market crash, economic loss which in the process damaged the well-

being of every individual especially the high school students. Mental

health aspects correlate to the continuing enhance community

quarantine that has affected many students. Namely the
social aspect, physiological aspect, and the emotional aspect. These

aspects give us indicators on the state of mind of students.

The review of related literature of this study mainly revolves on

the background histories of the studies that were made that may relate

and affect to this present paper. It provided insights to the researchers

and helped them analyze and comprehend the topic in much deeper

context. Materials reviewed in this chapter has provide additional

findings to what the recent study has gathered. It serves as

instrumental guide to help the researchers conduct the study, and

formulate the discussions.

Related studies likewise validated the relevance of the study in

which the topics that have the most bearing on the present studies

were carefully selected by the researchers.