Department of Public Administration, SUST

Introduction to Public Policy Analysis

Course Code: PAD-351
3rd Year 1st Semester
Topic-1: Definition of public policy. Features of public policy. Categories of public policy.
Introduction:
Public policy is a course of action adopted and pursued by a government. Generally, public policy refers to
certain rules and regulations adopted by the government to ensure public welfare and serviced to the people.
That is, public policy is some of the decisions made by the government that are made for welfare of the people
and play a role in solving problems. It has some features and it implies in policy making. Public policy also has
different categories and this different category discuss different types of Policy. For doing something public
policy play vital role.

Definition of Public Policy:

Policy designates the behavior of some actors or set of actors, such as an official, a governmental agency or a
legislature, in the area of activity such as public transportation or consumer protection. Public policy also may
view as whatever governments chose to do or not to do.

Public policy is a relationships of a government units to its environment.

According to Professor Richard Rose, “Policy be considered a long series of more or less related activities and
their consequence for those concerned rather than a discreet decision.

According to Carl. J. Friedrich, “Policy is a proposed course of action of a person, group or government within
a given environment providing obstacles and opportunities which the policy was proposal to utilize and
overcome in an effort to reach a goal realize an objective or a purpose.

According to James E. Anderson, “Public policy is a relatively stable, purposive with a problem or matter of
concern.

Features of Public policy:

1. Public policy is purposive or goal-oriented action rather than to a random behavior or chance
occurrences.
2. Polices consists of courses or patterns of action taken over time by governmental officials.
3. Public policies emerge in response to policy demands.
4. Policy involves what government actually do, not just what they intend to do
5. Public policy may be either positive or negative.
 6. Public policy is based on law and authoritative.
Categories of Public policy:

Public policy has different categories. Some categories of public policy shown in below…

(A)

1. Substantive policy: Substantive policies involve what government is going to do, such as constructing
highways, paying welfare benefits, acquiring bombers, or prohibiting the retail sale of liquor.
Substantive policies directly allocate advantages and disadvantages, benefits, and costs, to people.
Basically, these policies concerned with the general welfare and development of the society. For
example: provision of education and employment opportunities, economic stabilization, law and order
enforcement, antipollution laws etc.
2. Procedural policies: These policies entail how something is going to be done or who is going to take
action. It includes laws providing for the creation of administrative agencies, specifying the processes
and techniques that they can use in carrying out their programs, and providing for presidential, judicial,
and other controls over their operations. For example:

(B)

1. Distributive policy: This policy determined on the basis of economic condition. Distributive policies
involve allocation of services or benefits to particular segments of the population. The policies involve
using public funds to assist particular groups, communities, or industries. Basically, these types of policy
taken for underprivileged people. For example: Education policy, economic policy, fiscal policy, tax
policy, agricultural sector, rivers and harbors improvement and flood control etc.
2. Regulatory policy: Regulatory policy issues are those which are concerned with regulation and control
of activities or behaviors. These policies impose restrictions or limitations on the behavior of individuals
and groups. This policy taken in order to inhibit crime and try to remove unexpected situation from
society or state. For example: environmental protection policy, labor policy, competitive regulatory
policy, criminal justice policy, fertility control policy etc.
3. Self-regulatory policy: Self-regulatory policies are similar to comparative regulatory policies in that
they involve restricting or controlling some matter or group. Self-regulatory policies are usually more
controlled by the regulated group as a means of protecting or prompting the interests of its members. An
organization create these types of policy in order to guide themselves. For example:
4. Redistributive Policy: Redistributive policies involve deliberate efforts by the government to shift the
allocation of wealth, income, property, or rights among broad classes or groups of the population. The
main purpose in this policy to break power structure and established equal distribution. Example of
 redistributive policy is graduated income tax or taxing the wealthy to allocate resources to the poor. For
example: social welfare policy, social policy, health care policy, civil rights policy etc.

(C)

1. Material Policy: Material policy provide tangible resources or substantive power to their beneficiaries or
impose real disadvantages on those adversely affected. For example: welfare payments, housing
subsidies etc.
2. Symbolic Policy: Symbolic policy have little real material impact on people. Symbolic policies appeal
more to cherished values than to tangibles benefits, such as national holidays that honor patriots,
concerning the flag etc.

(D)

1. Collective goods policy: Collective goods is such that if they are provided for one person, they must be
provided for all. Collective goods policies are those benefits that cannot be given to some but denied to
others. For example: national defense and public safety, traffic control, clean air etc.
2. Private goods policy: Private goods policies are those goods that may be divided into units and for
which consumers can be charged. For example: food, trash collection, home security, garbage
collection, postal service, medical care etc.

Conclusion:

Topics-2: Policy environment. Different categories of policy environment. Socio-economic condition on public policy.

Introduction:

The policy environment:

Public Policy Environment where policy is made, and output is applied. When policy making the environment
cannot be depart from policy process. Sometimes feedback also taken from environment.
 According to system theory, demands for policy action stem from problems and conflicts in the environment
and are transmitted to the political system by groups, officials, and others. At the same time, the environment
both limits and directs what policy makers can effectively do.

Policy is made for the betterment of people but to do this many actors and factors are involved in policy
making.

• There are some factors in policy environment which greatly influence the public policy. Some factors shown
below…
(1) Geographic characteristics such as: climate, natural resources, topography.
(2) Demographic variables such as: population size, age distribution, spatial location.
(3) Political culture: social structure/class system, economic system.
(4) Socio-economic condition

Other nations also become an important part of the environment when foreign and defense policies are involved.

۞ Among these factors here will focus only two factors like- political culture, and socio-economic condition
which have received much attention from political scientists.

Political Culture:

Every society has a culture that differentiates its members’ values and lifestyle from those of at her societies.

Culture can be regarded as that part of the environment that is the creation of man.
Most social scientists seem to agree that culture shapes or influences social action but does not fully determined
it.

Culture is only one of many factors that may give from and direction to human behavior.

The portion of the general culture of a society that can be designed Political culture: widely held values, beliefs
and attitudes on what government should try to do, how they should operate and relationships between the
citizen and government.

Political culture is transmitted from one generation to another by socialization. Socialization is a process in
which the individual through many experiences with parents, friends, teachers, political leader and other learn
politically relevant values, beliefs, and attitude.

۞ Political socialist Daniel J. Elazar contends that we have three identifiable political
culture: a. Individualistic
b. Moralistic
c. Traditionalistic
 a. Individualistic: The individualistic political culture emphasizes private concerns and views government as a
utilitarian device to be used to accomplish what the people want. The government cannot do anything for
citizen by own self.
b. Moralistic: The moralistic political culture views government as a mechanism for advancing the public
interest. Government service is considered public service. More governmental intervention in the economy
is accepted and there is much public concern about public issues.
c. Traditionalistic: The traditionalistic political culture takes a paternalistic and elitist view of government and
favors it is used to maintain the existing social order. Real political power centers in a small segment of the
population and most citizens are expected to be relatively inactive in politics.
۞ The socialist Robin M. Williams identifies a number of ‘major value orientations’ in American society including
individual freedom, equality, progress, efficiency and practicality.

There are values as well as democracy, individualism, and humanitarianism- clearly have significance for policy
making.

۞ G.A. Almond and Sidney Verbal: They differentiated three political cultures
a. Parochial political Culture
b. Subjective political Culture
c. Participant political culture
a. Parochial political culture: In a parochial political culture citizen have little awareness towards political
system, input process or the output process as a political participant. The parochial expect not from the
system. It is essentially nonexistent. Example: African Society, tribal society.
b. Subject political culture: In a subject political culture citizen is oriented and aware toward the political
system and the output process and have little awareness about input process as a political participant He/She
is aware of governmental authority and may like or dislike it but it is essentially passive.
Example: Germany, modern Italy. They are not active about government is to do or not to do.
c. Participant political culture: In this culture, citizens have a comparatively high level of political awareness
and information toward the political system, its input and output process. Here, meaningful participation of
citizen in politics in occurred. They also understand how individual and group can influence decision
making. Example: The people of U.S.A, UK, Canada is conscious about political system and active
participation in politics.

Limitation of Political Culture:

Some political Scientists shy away from using political culture as an analytical tool. Because
- It is too imprecise and conjectural in and subject to varying interpretation. Different scholars clarify it
differently.
But It has utility in policy analysis.

Socio-economic Conditions:

It is impossible to separate social and economic factors as they impinge (have a negative effect on) on or
influence political activity. The levels of educational attainment in a society, for instance, have both social and
economic effects.

(1) Conflicts among different group: As a consequence of economic activity- Public policies often arise out
of conflicts among groups of people, private and official, with differing interests and desires. One of the
prime sources of conflict is economic activities.
Conflict may develop between the interests of big business and small business, employers and
employees, wholesalers and retailers, bankers and securities, hospitals and medical insurance
companies, consumers and manufactures.
(2) Dissatisfactory relationships- Dissatisfactory relationships among different groups that are
underprivileged or dissatisfied with their relationships with other groups in the economy may seek
governmental assistance to improve their situation. Thus it has been labor groups, dissatisfied with the
wages sometimes resulting from bargaining with corporate employers, that have sought minimum-wage
legislation. Consumer groups, who feel disadvantaged in the marketplace, they seek protection from
hazardous food, adulterated food, extra price etc.

(3) Disruption or alteration of satisfactory relationship between groups by economic change/development.

Those who feel adversely affected or threatened may then demand government action to protect their
interests or establish a new equilibrium. Rapid industrialization: impact
Farmers, small-business operators, reform elements, and other aggrieved groups called for government
action to control big business (the trusts).
(4) Society’s Level of Economic development- society’s level of economic development impose limits on
what government can do in providing public goods and services to its citizens. One factor affecting what
governments can provide in the way of welfare programs is the availability of economic resources. A
scarcity of economic resources will of course be more limiting in many of the developing countries than
in affluent society, e.g. old age allowance of BD

Controversy:

Thomas R. Dye contends that the level of economic development (as measured by: per capita personal
income, percentage of urban population, median (average) education, and industrial employment) had a
 dominant influence on state policies on seek matters as education, welfare, high-ways, taxation and public
regulation.

Comparing the effects of economic development with those of he political system, he found that political
variables (voter participation, interparty competition, political party strength,. and legislative
apportionment). had only a weak relationship to public policy.

Political variables were clearly subordinated to socio-economic factors in explaining differences in state
public policies.

Richard Dawson and James Robinson also sought to demonstrate that socioeconomic variables have a
stronger impact on policy than political factors.

They concluded environmental factors had a greater effect than party competition.

Conclusion:

Topics-3: Constitutional implication of public policy

Constitutional basis of Public Policy:

Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh – Part two and article 8 to 25 discussed the fundamental
principles of state policy for the republic. These fundamental principles also called the constitutional guideline
for public policy making. In following article 8 to 25 discussing…

Article (8): Fundamental Principles- (1) the principles of nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism,
together with the principles derived from those as set out in this part, shall constitute the fundamental principles
of state policy.

(2) the principles set out in this part shall be fundamental to the governance of Bangladesh, shall be
applied by the State in the making of laws, shall be a guide to the interpretation of the Constitution and
of the other laws of Bangladesh, and shall form the basis of the work of the State and of its citizens, but
shall not be judicially enforceable.

Article (9): Nationalism- the unity and solidarity of the Bangalee nation, which, deriving its identity from its
language and culture, attained sovereign and independent Bangladesh through a united and determined struggle
in the war of independence, shall be the basis of Bangalee nationalism.
Article (10): Socialism and freedom from exploitation- a socialist economic system shall be established with
a view to ensuring the attainment of a just and egalitarian society, fee from the exploitation of man by man.

Article (11): Democracy and human rights- the Republic shall be a democracy in which fundamental human
rights and freedoms and respect for the dignity and worth of the human person shall be guaranteed and in which
effective participation by the people through their elected representatives in administration at all levels shall be
ensured.

Article (12): Secularism and freedom of religion- the principle of secularism shall be realized by the
elimination of-

a) Communalism in all its forms;

b) The granting by the State of political status in favor of any religion.
c) The abuse of religion for political purposes;
d) Any discrimination against, or persecution of, persons practicing a particular religion;

Article (13): Principles of ownership- the people shall own or control the instruments and means of production
and distribution, and with this end in view ownership shall assume the following forms-

a) State ownership, that is ownership by the State on behalf of the people through the creation of an
efficient and dynamic nationalized public sector embracing the key sectors of the economy.
b) Co-operative ownership, that is ownership by co-operatives on behalf of their members within
such limits as may be prescribed by law; and
c) Private ownership, that is ownership by individuals within such limits as may be prescribed by
law.

Article (14): Emancipation of peasants and workers- It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the
State to emancipate the toiling masses-the peasants and workers-and backward sections of the people
from all forms of exploitation.

Article (15): Fundamental Principles- It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the State to attain,
through planned economic growth, a constant increase of productive forces and a steady improvement in
the material and cultural standard of living of the people, with a view to securing to its citizens-

a) The provision of the basic necessities of life, including food, clothing, shelter, education and
medical care.
b) The right to work, that is the right to guaranteed employment at a reasonable wage having regard
to the quantity and quality of work.
c) The right to reasonable rest, recreation, and leisure; and
 d) The right to social security, that is to say, to public assistance in cases of underserved want
arising from unemployment illness or disablement or suffered by windows or orphans or in old
age, or in other such cases.

Article (16): Rural development and agriculture revolution- the State shall adopt effective measures
to bring about a radical transformation in the rural areas through the promotion of an agricultural
revolution, the provision of rural electrification, the development of cottage and other industries, and the
improvement of education, communications, and public health, in those areas, so as progressively to
remove the disparity in the standards of living between the urban and the rural areas.

Article (17): Free and compulsory education- The state shall adopt effective measures for the purpose
of-

a) Establishing a uniform, mass-oriented and universal system of education and extending free and
compulsory education to all children to such stage as may be determined by law;
b) Relating education to the needs of society and producing properly trained and motivated
citizens to serve those needs.
c) Removing illiteracy within such time as may be determined by law.

Article (18): Public health and morality- (1) The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the
improvement of public health as among its primary duties, and in particular shall adopt effective measures to
prevent the consumption, except for medical purposes or for such other purposes as may be prescribed by law,
of alcoholic and other intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.

(2) The State shall adopt effective measures to prevent prostitution and gambling.
Article (18A): Protection and improvement of environment and bio-diversity- The State shall endeavor
to protect and improve the environment and to preserve and safeguard the natural resources,
biodiversity, wetlands, forests and wild life for the present and future citizens.

Article (19): Equality of opportunity- (1) The State shall endeavor to ensure equality of opportunity to all
citizens.

(2) The State shall adopt effective measures to remove social and economic inequality between man
and man and to ensure the equitable distribution of wealth among citizens, and of opportunities in order
to attain a uniform level of economic development throughout the Republic.

(3) The State shall endeavor to ensure equality of opportunity and participation of women in all spheres
of national life.
Article (20): Work as a right a duty- (1) Work is a right, a duty, and a matter of honor for every citizen who is
capable of working and everyone shall be paid for his work on the basis of the principle “from each according
to his abilities, to each according to his work”.

(2) The State shall endeavor to create conditions in which, as a general principle, persons shall not be
able to enjoy unearned incomes, and in which human labor in every form, intellectual and physical, shall
become a fuller expression of creative endeavor and of the human personality.

Article (21): Duties of citizens and of public servants- (1) it is the duty of every citizen to observe the
Constitution and the laws, to maintain discipline, to perform public duties and to protect public property.

(2) Every person in the service of the Republic has a duty to strive at all times to serve the people.

Article (22): Separation of Judiciary form the Executive- The state shall ensure the separation of the
judiciary from the executive organs of the state.

Article (23): National culture- The State shall adopt measures to conserve the cultural traditions and heritage
of the people, and so to foster and improve the national language, literature and the arts that all sections of the
people are afforded the opportunity to contribute towards and to participate in the enrichment of the national
culture.

Article (23A): The culture of tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities- The state will take steps
to protect and develop the unique local culture and tradition of the tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and
communities.

Article (24): National monuments, etc. - The State shall adopt measures for the protection against
disfigurement, damage or removal of all monuments, objects, or places of special artistic or historic importance
or interest.

Article (25): Promotion of international peace, security, and solidarity - The State shall base its international
relations on the principles of respect for national sovereignty and equality, non-interference in the internal
affairs of other countries, peaceful settlement of international disputes, and respect for international law and the
principles enunciated in the United Nations Charter, and on the basis of those principles shall –

a) strive for the renunciation of the use of force in international relations and for general and
complete disarmament.
b) uphold the right of every people freely to determine and build up its own social, economic, and
political system by ways and means of its own free choice; and
c) Support oppressed peoples throughout the world waging a just struggle against imperialism,
colonialism, or racialism.
Government cannot violate these fundamental principles of state policy that are mentioned Constitution of the
People’s Republic of Bangladesh. If government want to formulate or take any public policy, government have
to formulate public policy on the basis of these fundamental principles.

Conclusion:

Topics-4: Institutional framework for policy making in Bangladesh (Determinants of Policymaking)

Introduction:

Policy making is the key content of government administration. Policy making is the very important thing to
achieve a specific goal. It is determined what kind of action will be rational or realistic for a country. A number
of institutions directly or indirectly involve in policy making. These institutions play different role in policy
making. The political commitment at the highest level is found to be the most critical determinant element of
policy formulation and implementation in Bangladesh. In this part I discuss about determinants of policymaking
in Bangladesh perspective.

 The major determinants in Bangladesh policy formulation process would include the following: the cabinet,
the government ministries, parliament, political parties, bureaucracy, non-governmental organization, the
private sector, and the international donor community. The briefly following discussions of each of these
determinants one by one…

Cabinet:

The central cabinet is the highest policymaking body in Bangladesh. As stated in the Rules of Business 1996,
section 4 (ii), “No important policy decision shall be taken except with the approval of the cabinet”. Thus the
cabinet is the ultimate authority for approving a policy, and all policy-related issues must be cleared by it. These
include all cases related to legislation, including the promulgation of ordinances; cases involving vital political,
economic, and administrative policies; and proposals related to changing any existing policy or cabinet
decisions.
The cabinet has its own structure (committees) for assessing and examining selected policies.

Government Ministries:
Bangladesh’s government ministries are responsible for conducting government business in distinct, specified
spheres. For each ministry, a minister is responsible for the policy matters that concern his or her ministry and
for the implementation of those policies. One of the major responsibilities of a ministry, as per the Rules of
Business Section4 (ix) is “policy formulation, planning and evaluation of execution of plan”. The ministries
have special agencies or institutions delegated with the task of policy making and coordination. The relevant
ministry generally forms a task force that is entrusted with formulating the policy outline. A task force is
comprised under a joint secretary or equivalent. The task force may include members from other ministries as
well. The task force may, on occasion (সময়ে সময়ে, আবশ্যক মতে), engage domestic or international
consultants to provide the background research for a document, as guided by the overall goals of the policy.
Once a draft policy document is prepared in accordance to the Rules of Business Section 14 (4), it is forwarded
to relevant ministries for their comments, observations, and clearance. This usually includes the Ministry of
Law and the Ministry of Finance for comments and vetting on all legal and financial implications. Other
ministries may also be asked to comment on the policy draft, if it is determined that the policy involves their
scope of interest as well. The draft is then revised accordingly. There may be several rounds of comments and
counter-comments before consensus is reached. The revised document is then sent to the cabinet for review and
approval. In some cases, the cabinet refers some critical and important policies to cabinet sub-committees for
further review and analysis. However, evidence suggests that some policy packages initiated by the office of the
prime minister or an influential cabinet member generally follow a fast-track approach in the formulation and
approval process.

Parliament:

Despite its constitutional position, Bangladesh’s parliament has become merely the law approving body. It’s
cannot play any vital role to formulate policy making. Important policy issues are rarely discussed in parliament
and the committees. What is more (তাছাড়া, উপরন্তু), there is inadequate debate on policy and legislation
in parliament; many important matters including the 5-year plans are not discussed there, and most policies that
are formulated at the ministry level are not even announced in parliament. It is not an active body for policy
debate, review, and analysis. The parliament has unfortunately failed to deliver the key tasks of representation,
legislation, oversight of the executive branch, and conflict resolution. It has therefore been insignificant for
promoting good governance.

Political Parties:

Bangladesh’s political parties suffer from an image crisis, low credibility, and low public trust. Nevertheless,
image still matters in the country’s political processes and policy mobilization. In most cases, elected office
holders at various levels do not necessarily win an election because they are credible candidates but because of
the party symbol they represent. The political parties are considered a safe abode for criminals, terrorists, and
extortionists. Furthermore, the political system has been ruined by a new process of “criminalization and
commercialization” of politics. Business elites are gradually taking control of the political party and the
parliament. The ruling parties in Bangladesh have almost always tried to establish hegemonic control over the
use of public resources to further their partisan interests. This they have done under the façade of public
interest. Public policymaking is thus characterized “as the outcome of incentives created by patronage politics
as opposed to the compulsion for the government to play an effective developmental role”.
Bureaucracy:

Because of its professional expertise and strategic position, public bureaucracy plays a significant role in
policymaking in Bangladesh. In fact, bureaucracy stands at the center
of both policy formulation and implementation. Bureaucracy also plays a critical and tactical role in addressing
and accommodating donor pressure, persuasion, and dominance in the policy formulation, and to certain extent
the implementation process. That said, the public bureaucracy is considered to be slow, risk aversive, and
resistant to change. There are many instances where bureaucratic resistance has stalled good policies and
government programs.

NGOs:

The NGO community has largely filled the void left by the state’s inattention to policy formulation and reform.
NGOs have played the role of catalysts in the formulation process of policies on the
environment, the right to information, and the rights of women and children. In such processes, they have been
heavily supported by donor funding, technical assistance, and consulting support. In many cases, the donors act
as mediators between the NGOs and the government. In some cases, the government also utilizes the NGOs in
mobilizing public opinion in favor of a policy. Some leading NGOs even provide research and consulting
support to the government in the policy formulation process.

The Private Sector:

Over the last two decades, the private sector has emerged as a strong stakeholder in policymaking processes. In
the present parliament, one-third of all MPs have direct
commercial interests in the garment industry, the nation’s largest exporter. Business leaders cum MPs directly
and indirectly play significant roles in formulating fiscal policy. This adds force to the argument that over the
years, strong ties have developed between MPs and the private sector. Such ties have become strong and
effective factors that characterize and affect the policymaking process in contemporary Bangladesh.

Informal Pressure Group:

There is also evidence that informal pressure groups have played important roles in pursuing various policies.
Such informal networks with relatively few actors tend to maintain close working relations with the highest
political offices. They try to influence policy outputs and institutional processes. The informal powerhouse was
alleged to have played a strong “policy influencing” role to extract “kickbacks” and “political advantage”.
Donor and Development Partners:

Since the early 1980s, the international donor community has played a significant role in setting and shaping the
policy agenda for Bangladesh. When a donor country or donor organization lend us by aid then they impose
different condition. Government has to obey this condition. When government formulate policy then this
condition reflects in policymaking. This way they play role in our policy making.

Factors of Policy making:

There have some factors that play role in policy making. Some factors shown in below…

a. Political will is a significant factor that shapes and influences the policy formulation and implementation
process of public policies in Bangladesh.
b. Donor technical assistance is a critical determinant that strongly affects both formulation and
implementation of public policy.
c. Donor’s conditionality is a strong determinant for both formulation and implementation, while it is
much stronger and significant in terms of implementation.
d. Managerial preparation and technical competence are recognized as important determinants for both
formulation and implementation. However, their effect is much more significant in policy
implementation than formulation.
e. Control and management of resources is another determinant that influences policy formulation and
implementation. However, this factor is much stronger and significant in policy implementation than
formulation.
f. Regime change did not make any impact on the policy formulation, but it had significant impact on
policy implementation.
g. Other factors affect the implementation process and practice of public policy—these include
community and stakeholder’s participation, the absence of a long term perspective and vision, the
continuity of the government, supportive and supplementary rules and a legal framework, and the
synergy between and among such rules.
Recommendation:

To improve the quality of policy formulation and implementation, the institutional foundation for these tasks
needs to be addressed and enhanced:

1. Enhance the role of the parliament and its committees.

 2. Reassess the donor position and role.

3. Reorganize and enhance the in-house capacity of the ministries. 4. Institutional links with think tanks
and universities.
5. Recognizing and integrating the role of civil society.

Conclusion:
 Topics-5: Policy Formation: Problems, Agendas and Formulation

Introduction:

Policy Formation: Problems, Agendas and Formulation

Policy making process is a sequence of functional activities. Three interrelated aspects of policy formation are:

1. The nature of Public Problems.

2. Agendas and the process of agenda setting.
3. The Formulation of proposal polices.

Before discussing three interrelated aspects of policy making process, we should know the meaning of these
terms (formation, problem, agendas, and formulation).

Policy Formation: Policy formation donates the total process of creating or developing and adapting a policy.

Policy Formulation: Policy formulation in contrast refers more narrowly to the crafting of proposed alternatives
or options for handling a problem, such as what should be done to reduce the number of high school/dropouts.

Setting agendas and formulation policy proposals: mainly by legislature although the other branches of
government also get involved.

* Supreme Court sets its own agenda when it determines which of the thousands of cases appealed to it will
be heard and decided.

* Again, much policy formulation occurs in the context of the administrative process, as agencies exercise
their delegated authority to make rules on air pollution, motor-vehicle safety, trade practices, and other matters.

* It should be kept in mind that defining problems, setting agendas, and formulation proposals, together with
adoption of policies, are functional categories.
Although they can be readily separated for analysis, in actuality they frequently are interrelated and smudged
together.

For instance, those who want action on a problem may try to define it broadly, as affecting large numbers of
people, to help ensure that it gets on a legislative agenda.

(1) Policy Problem

“A policy problem can be defined as a condition or situation that produces needs or dissatisfaction among
people and for which relief or redress through governmental action in sought” – Anderson.

Such conditions as dirty air, unwholesome food, the practice of abortion, urban congestion, crowded prisons,
and global warming are conditions that may become problems if they produce sufficient anxiety or
dissatisfaction to cause people to seek a remedy.

Conditions do not become public problems unless they are defined as such, articulated by someone, and then
brought to the attention of government. This action can be and frequently is taken by legislators and other
government officials who are often scouting (exploring in order to gain information) around for problems that
they can claim credit for solving.

To be converted into a problem a condition must also be seen as an appropriate topic for governmental action
and, further, as something for which there is a possible governmental remedy or solution.

Conditions can be defined as problems, and redress for them can be sought by persons other than those who are
directly affected.

Although many problems are persistent, how they are defined may change as values and conditions change.
E.g., alcoholism (drunkenness) as an illustration. In the 19th century, drunkenness was viewed as a personal
problem. In the early decades of the 20th century, it became more common to view drunkenness as a social
problem that arose from the response by some individuals to the social, family, and other pressures that played
upon them. Counseling and other social services were seen as appropriate responses.

The definition of problems is often a political process whose outcome will help determine appropriate solutions.
Is access to public transportation for the physically handicapped a transportation problem or a civil-rights
problem? (text here from sheet)

Another facet of problem definition is causation. -crime, poverty, inflation- have multiple causes.

To deal effectively with a problem one must treat its causes rather than its symptoms. Defining the problem then
itself becomes a problem.

Public problems vs Private problems:

Public problems are those which affect a substantial number of people and have broad effects, including
consequences for persons not directly involved.

Private problems are those which have limited effects, being of concern only to one or a few persons who are
directly affected.

it should be stressed that whether a condition or situation is regarded as a problem depends not only on its
objective dimensions, but also, quite importantly, upon how it is perceived by people or, put differently, how it
is socially constructed.

(2) The Policy Agenda

Although thousands of demands made upon government, only a small number will receive serious consideration
by public policymakers.

Each problem must compete for official attention because legislators and executives have limited time and
resources.

Decisions to consider some problems mean that others will not be taken up, at least for the time being.

Definition: “The demands that policymakers choose to or feel compelled to act on at a given time, or at least
appear to be acting on, constitute the policy agenda”-Anderson

Achieving Agenda status: To achieve agenda status, a public problem must be converted into an issue, or a
matter requiring governmental attention.

Political scientist Robert Eyestone state, “An issue arises when a public with a problem seeks or demands
governmental action, and there is public disagreement over the best solution to the problem”. E.g., a rising
crime rate. Disagreement: What government should do about it creates an issue.

Types of Policy Agenda: Professor Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder specify two basic types:

1. The systematic Agenda.

2. The institutional/governmental agenda.

The systematic Agenda: The systematic agenda is the define it consists of all issues that are commonly
perceived by members of the political community as meriting public attention and as involving matters within
the legitimate jurisdiction of existing governmental authority.

A systematic agenda will exist for every national, state, and local political system. (some items may appear
simultaneously on many systemic agendas, such as environmental protection, drug abuse, and crime in the
streets.)
The systematic agenda is essentially a discussion agenda. Most of the items on it will be general or abstract
rather than specific or detailed. Action on a problem requires that it be brought to the attention of a
governmental body with authority to take appropriate measures.

The institutional/governmental agenda: An institutional or governmental agenda consists of the problems to

which legislators or public officials feel obliged to give serious active attention.

Only some of the issues that concern policy makers are likely to be widely discussed by the public. – most of
the public are ignorant about policy issues except a segment of attentive public.

A policy decision can be made at a variety of points in the political system, there are also several institutional
agenda.

At the national level, one can identify legislative, executive, administrative, and judicial agendas. An
institutional agenda is basically an action agenda and thus will be more specific and concrete in content than a
systemic agenda.

Whereas crime in the streets may be of systemic concern, congress will be confronted with more fully
developed proposals for action in this policy area, such as a program of financial aid to local law-enforcement
agencies or a proposal for constructing additional prisons.

Institutional agenda items can range from mandatory to discretionary.

The agenda setting process:

Professor John Kingdom, “Agenda setting can be viewed as comprising three mostly independent streams of
activity (problems, proposals, and politics), which occasionally converge, opening a “policy window” and
permitting some matters to reach a governmental agenda”.

1. Problems stream: the problems stream consists of matters on which policy players, either inside or
outside of the government, would like to secure action. E.g., in the health area, people may be worried
about the cost of the health care, access to care, the adequacy of disease-prevention programs, or the
need for more biomedical research.
2. Policy proposal streams: the policy proposals steams comprise possible solutions for problems. Public
officials, parliamentary committee staffs, bureaucrats, academics develop proposals.
3. Politics Stream: the politics stream includes such items as election results, changes in presidential
administrations, swings in public moods, and pressure-group campaigns.
Anderson’s view: many problems and issues compete for the attention of public officials, who also have their
own preferred ideas to push. Only a portion of these problems will succeed in securing agenda status because
officials lack the time, resources, interest, information, or will consider many of them.

(Political leadership, media, president’s speech in parliament, message also important factor in setting agendas).

Non-Decisions:

Professor Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Bratz defined, “Non-decisions making as a means by which demands
for change in the existing allocation of benefits and privileges in the community can be suffocated before they
are even voiced; or kept covert; or killed before they gain access to the relevant decision-making arena, or
failing all these things, maimed or destroyed in the decision-implementing stage of the policy process.”
Problems may be kept off a systemic or institutional agenda in various ways.

*Face may be utilized: as in the south during the 1950s and 1960s by white groups to stifle black demands for
equal rights.

*Prevailing values and beliefs:

*crucial problem in politics: the management of conflict.

When government take a decision, if opposite party and public stand against this decision than this decision will
convert non-decision. E.g., Election of 1996.

The loss of Agenda status:

According to Anderson, “Problems that may reach agendas may also, of course, disappear from agendas. Action
may be taken on a problem, or a decision may be made not to act, not to have a law on a matter. Policy-makers
may then feel that the problem has been taken care of and turn their attention to other issues.”

Policy analyst and Anthony downs suggest that an “issue-attention cycle” causes some public problems to fade
from public view. The cycle has five stages…

1. The pre-problem stages: at this time, a quiet undesirable social condition exists but has not received
much public notice. Some specialist and interest groups may have become concerned about it.
2. Alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm: something cause the public to become aware of and
alarmed about the problem. There is a strong desire to quickly solve the problem, which reflects the
nation that most obstacles to improvement are external. Hence the solution does not appear to
necessitate fundamental change in society.
3. Realization of the cost of significant progress. Awareness spreads that solving the problem will entail
high costs. people realize that part of the problem’s teams from arrangements, such as the millions of
 cars that cause traffic congestion, that benefit many people. the nation's most pressing social problems
usually involved intended or unconscious exploitation of one social group by another.
4. Gradual decline in the intensity of public interest. as people realize how difficult and costly it will be to
solve the problem, some become discouraged, others feel threatened, and some become bored. attention
to the issue wane, and moreover, by now another issue may be reaching stage 2.
5. The post-problem stages. the issue moves into a “twilight realm” of less attention. the agencies, policies,
and programs created to help solve it persist and usually have some impact. a supportive subsystem may
develop.

Policy formulation: Even when it is clear that a problem is worth solving, different people will have differing
views regarding what is the best alternative solution. These differences may be as a result different moral
viewpoint, interests, incentives, among others. Research plays a key role in helping to minimize the differences
by providing objective cost-benefit analysis of each alternative scenario. Depending on the stakes associated
with the potential change, this process could also be influenced. This is reflected in instances where objective
research results are put aside in exchange for political horse-trading.

At this stage, the policy is then drafted and approved by the respective authorizing entity according to the law.
This stage can take anywhere from a few weeks to years depending on the level of contention on the subject
matter and interests of individuals with influence over the process.

Conclusion:

Topics-6: Role of Bureaucracy in Public Policy Process of Bangladesh

Introduction:
Bureaucracy or the Civil Service constitutes the permanent and professional part of the executive organ of the
government.

Bureaucracy is deeply involved in the proper articulation and shaping of the policies.

It stands at the center of both policy formulation and implementation. The role of bureaucracy in policy making
is informative, suggestive, and analytical.

With the augmentation of government’s duty and responsibility the duty of bureaucrat increases.

Since modern states are welfare states, they need to perform a number of welfare works. And for this the
government is greatly dependent on the bureaucrats.

Bureaucracy can be seen as the most influential actor that determines the shape of most of the public policies
since they are directly and indirectly involved with entire public policy process from drafting of policy to
implementation and monitoring.

Typically, as per the instruction from the Cabinet, relevant ministry is asked to form a taskforce headed by a
senior bureaucrat to prepare draft policy that goes through a process involving different ministries and other
stakeholders before getting approved.

Similarly, the approved policies are also implemented by the street level bureaucrats of the field administration.

Parliament is not vibrant as it is supposed to be while most of the elected politicians who serve in the ministries
usually lack relevant specialized and technical knowledge.

On the other hand, civil servants have an edge on the policy arena due to their experience and technical
knowledge. So, it is evident that bureaucracy enjoys an unparalleled influence on the entire public policy
process. Zafarullah and Huque (2001, p. 1386) noted that during the formative phase of the Bangladesh polity,
the civil service was accorded very little discretion in shaping public policy; however, with a growing
politicization of the bureaucracy, especially its higher ranks, it is now a dominant actor in the policy process.

They further noted that “policy making in Bangladesh has never been the monopoly of the political executive
or elected representatives; bureaucrats enjoy more than an equal share in setting the agenda, planning and
delivering policies” (Zafarullah & Huque, 2001, p. 1388).

Jahan and Shahan (2012, p. 280) observed that despite the weakness of bureaucracy, the administrative history
of the country suggests that bureaucrats have always played the pivotal role in designing and implementing
policy.

Alam and Teicher (2012, p. 870), Huque (2011, p. 65) and Siddiquee (1999, p. 93) all recognized that the
bureaucracy has been a dominant partner in governing Bangladesh.
 One of the reasons is that political leaders with scant experience in governing have relied excessively on
nonelected members of the bureaucracy both to make and to implement policy decisions.

Factors Enhance the Influence of Bureaucrats in Policy Making Process

Knowledge and Experience

Information Base

Advisory Expertise

Involvement in Public Service

a. Knowledge and Experience

Upper-level civil servants have a nearby total monopoly of the knowledge, which they have derived from their
educational qualifications and their direct experience with the operation of public policies.

They are the think tanks of government.

The vast experience and knowledge enable them to argue from positions of great strength about the financial
and administrative difficulties of policy proposals.

b. Information Base

The responsibility to advise policy making process is given to upper-level civil servants.

The secretaries advise the ministries to take decision that arise within the framework of the existing laws or
policy.

Such decisions clarify the scope of a policy and finalize its application in new and special situations.
c. Advisory Expertise

The quality of the policy advisory function of the bureaucrat is dependent upon the extent to which he connects
with the policy of the government of the day, the views of the opposition parties and the needs of the society.

The bureaucrats dominate the “fact finding, analysis and recommendations side” of policy making, with the
result that a minister with an extremely able group of bureaucrats as advisers will find that his personal impact
on policy making will not be very great and the balance of ability could, in the end, be decisive of the balance of
power.

d. Involvement in Public Service

Bureaucrats are normally appointed for a career in the public service. This puts them in the position to acquire
vast knowledge of a specific public sphere.
Due to their expert knowledge of the work done in their departments; of the results and impacts of existing
legislation, and also because they can devote all their time to the administration of their departments, they are in
the unique position.

They know intimately what is feasible or not feasible and where innovation and creativeness could serve a
positive purpose.

They need not therefore wait for things to happen but could initiate improvements and stimulate the
development process more satisfactorily than their political bosses or the ministers.

Role of Bureaucrats in Policy Implementation

The bureaucrats are considered to be the agency of government for getting the benefits of legislation to the
public through implementation of various policies, which are enacted by the governmental agencies from time
to time.

The implementation of policies by the bureaucracy helps in building the credibility of political executive in the
eyes of common people.

The bureaucrats play a dual role of performing the ‘output’ functions of executing policies and programs and
the ‘input’ functions, which relate not only to policy making but also influencing public attitude towards the
government.

The important duties of the bureaucrats are to:

a. Execute policies and orders, as prescribed by the government,

b. Maintain and keep in order the overall administrative apparatus which lies within its official charge, and
c. Give advice to the political executive regarding rules of procedure, regulation etc.

The bureaucracy makes the policy objectives clear to the citizens and persuades them to adhere to the policies.

Such an attempt smoothens the task of policy implementation.

The bureaucracy tries to be closer to the public and endeavors to placate the interest groups.

By virtue of their position at the interface between citizens and the State, street level bureaucrats have
significant opportunities to influence the delivery of public policies. (Meyers and Versanger, 2003)

Factors Affecting the Policymaking Role of the Bureaucracy

As responsibly comes with power, the bureaucracy is also the one that faces the music if the policies fail to give
expected outcome.

Questions are often raised whether bureaucracy is utilizing this influence to shape better policy outcome.

Many argue that bureaucracy is not playing the expected role in policy making due to politicization, lack of
civic engagement, inefficiency in implementation and lack of professionalism.

Politicization

Any political bias of administrative executives potentially results in suboptimal policy options being suggested
and addressed.

Such bias through politicization can reduce the morale of civil servants and reduce their efficiency and
effectiveness (Jahan, 2006, p. 2).

The Bangladeshi civil service has frequently been politicized and thus unable to function free from undue
political pressures and influences.

It has remained institutionally weak because of its politicization, with efforts to reform the administration and
reduce political influence having had only limited success (Huque, 2011, p. 65).

Lack of engagement with civil society

In Bangladeshi public administration, there has been a lack of genuine civic engagement (Sarker, 2009, p.
1113).

Even though consultation and dialogue with all stakeholders have become imperative in the implementation
and reform of policies, there have been no moves to reorient public servants to become astute in engaging with
the public (Zafarullah & Huque, 2001, p. 1390).

Mechanisms for popular participation in government programs and policy initiatives are very limited.

Even when the public and particular beneficiaries of public services are able to share their views and
perceptions, it is not certain how much is incorporated into policymaking.

The negligible number of consultations that take place are conducted in an ad hoc and fragmented manner.

Thus, institutional, and individual experiences and insights from the community level, which can strengthen
policymaking, are not utilized.

Lack of engagement with think tanks

 Engagement with think tanks which conduct research on socio-economic issues have relevance for the
bureaucracy because such organizations can provide policy relevant inputs and recommendations.

However, the civil service in Bangladesh is often antagonistic towards independent think tanks.

In some issue areas, think tanks have become strong and visible in policy discourse, outshining their
counterparts in the civil service.

The perspectives and policy suggestions of think tanks are better represented in the media.

Many of the think tanks are well financed to undertake numerous studies and research projects and are staffed
with young and energetic individuals.

By contrast, the bureaucracy often lacks the resources to conduct research. This results in the bureaucracy being
criticized, while think tanks are often glorified by aid donors and the media. This has created animosity between
the bureaucracy and think tanks and related civil society organizations.

Even when there are significant opportunities for synergistic activities, think tanks and the bureaucracy seem to
function in parallel to one another.

The efforts of think tanks to engage closely with civil servants have been unsuccessful (Rashid, 2013).Low
capacity of the civil servants

It is observed that, in Bangladesh, there is lacking in the procedural capacity of civil service to play proactive
role in policy making.

Bureaucrats often lack the knowledge and skills relevant to their areas of work, are unclear about their duties
and responsibilities, and lack knowledge of rules and procedures, all of which hamper the performance of
policymaking functions (Zafarullah & Rahman, 2008, p. 745).

Political interference in civil service entrance examinations during the last decades has resulted in numerous
underqualified or unqualified party activists and supporters being recruited.

The Public Service Commission (PSC), a constitutional body responsible for conducting exams and recruiting
personnel for the bureaucracy, has been the focus of allegations of corruption and politicization.

On several occasions the PSC was forced to cancel preliminary examinations and oral examinations because of
alleged leakages of question papers (Jahan & Shahan,2008, p. 308).

The examination system has also struggled to bring meritorious personnel into the civil service as it does not
test for creative thinking and analytical ability (Jahan, 2006, p. 10).

Inadequacy of training program

A critical factor has been the inadequacy of training programs run by the civil service training institutes. The
impact of training is negligible as training continues to suffer from numerous inadequacies and does not equip
servants with the necessary skills to perform their specific jobs (Siddiquee, 2003, p. 40).

Thus, gaps in policy analysis and analytic capacities remain.

Many of the training programs focus on procedural and administrative issues rather than subject-specific
technical topics that can assist in policy analysis.

Poor relationship with media

The bureaucracy’s interaction with media representatives can potentially provide important insights on social
and economic trends that can inform policy decisions.

However, the civil service in Bangladesh has traditionally had poor relations with the media.

Civil servants have not been able to use the media as an ally in terms of impressing upon the media the merits
of policy ideas and proposals.

The civil service has a poor reputation in responding to journalists’ requests for information on policies and
programs.

The media, in turn, is quick to publish reports and news of bureaucratic irregularities, mismanagement,
inefficiency and corrupt practices (Siddiquee, 1999, p. 95).

Therefore, the bureaucracy frequently approaches the media with the aim of salvaging its image rather than
using it as a source of information and insights.

Conclusion:

Topics-7: Models/Approaches of Public policy

Introduction:

Policy models:

Over the years, political science, like other scientific disciplines, has developed a number of models to help
us understand political life. Among these models are the following:

1. Political system model

2. Group model
3. Elite model
 4. Institutional model
5. Incremental model
6. Rational-choice model
7. Game model

Conclusion:

Topics-8: Role of Parliament in policymaking process

Introduction:

The Jatiya Sangsad is the center of governance in Bangladesh. The Jatiya Sangsad is not only the center of
legislation; As the ministers are members of the Jatiya Sangsad, but it is also directly related to the system of
governance. According to the constitution, Bangladesh has a one-chamber legislature. According to the
constitution of Bangladesh, this legislature is the national parliament. Pursuant to Article 65 (1) of the
Constitution, there shall be a Parliament of Bangladesh (to be known as the House of
the Nation) called Jatiya Sangsad and the power to make laws of the Republic is vested in this Parliament
subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution and the Rules of Procedure of parliament of the
people’s republic of Bangladesh provide guidance on how the National Assembly will function and what its role
will be.
Here we will look at how the National Assembly plays a role in policy making.

Parliament’s role in policy making process:

Parliament execute three significance functions in the public policy making process. These functions discuss
below…

1. Policy formulation
2. Ensuring accountability
3. Watchdog functions
1. Policy Formulation:
 Legislation is the basic function of Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad. Policy formulation in parliament involve the
following steps-
a) Introduction of government Bills:
Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh – in Article 80 (1, 2, 3) about the government bill
stated that Every proposal in Parliament for making law shall be made in the form of a Bill and When a
Bill is passed by Parliament it shall be presented to the President for assent. The President within fifteen
days after a Bill is presented to him, shall assent to the Bill and if he fails so to do, he shall be deemed to
have assented to the Bill at the expiration of that period.
In the Rule 75 (1) of the Rules of Procedure stated that A Minister may move for leave to introduce a
Bill after giving to the Secretary seven days' written notice of his intention to do so, unless the Speaker
for sufficient reasons suspends this rule and allows the motion to be made at a shorter notice. In Rule 82
stated that any member, when called upon by the Speaker, may propose an amendment to the Bill (Mode
of moving amendment) and in Rule 84 stated that Conditions of admissibility of amendments that’s
means when an amendment is proposed on a bill than an amendment shall not be irrelevant to the
subject-matter or beyond the scope of the Bill, or the clause or Schedule under consideration. b) Passing
of Bills:
In Rule 90 (1) about passing of bills stated that When a motion that a Bill be taken into consideration has
been carried, and no amendment of the Bill is made the member-in-charge may at once move that the
Bill be passed.
c) Publications of Bills:
In Rule 76 (2) about publications of bills stated that As soon as may be after a Bill has been introduced,
the Bill, unless it has already been published, shall be published in the Gazette.
2. Ensuring Accountability:
Accountability means answerability. The Constitution states that the Cabinet shall be collectively
responsible to Parliament. The Rules of Procedure of Parliament have prescribed a number of devices to
make the Government answerable and accountable to Parliament. These include:
a) Parliamentary Question:
To ensure accountability parliamentary question is very effective measure which is discussed in the Rule
(41-59) of the Rules of Procedure of Parliament. Parliamentary questions are two typesi.
Questions (41-58)
ii. Short notice Questions (59)

General question needed 15 days’ time to be asked. A question relation to a matter of public importance
may be asked with notice shorter than 15 clear days, in case of emergency the time should be reduced
 short questions may be asked either 7 days or 15 days. The important questions of the members are
given asterisk mark.

b) Half on hour discussion:

In Rule 60 of the Rules of procedure stated that The Speaker may, on three clear days’ notice in writing
being given by a member to the Secretary, allot half-an-hour on two sittings only in a week for
discussion on a matter of public importance, which has been the subject of a recent question, starred or
unstarred, and the answer to which needs elucidation on a matter of fact.
c) Discussion on matters of urgent public importance for short duration:
In Rule (68-70), provides information about that any member desirous of arising discussion on matter of
urgent public importance may give to the secretary notice in writing supported by the signatures of at
least 5 other members and specifying clearly and precisely the matter to be raised, not less than two days
before the date on which he intends to raise the discussion.
d) Calling attention to matters of urgent public interest:
In Rule-71 stated that any member may, with the previous permission of the Speaker, call the attention
of a Minister to any matter of urgent public importance and the Minister may make a brief statement or
ask for time to make a statement at a later hour or date.
e) Motion of non-confidence in minister:
In Rule-159 stated that a member may move for leave to make a motion expressing want of confidence
in the Cabinet of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh after giving to the Secretary not less than three
days written notice of his intention to do so.
f) Motion of Adjournment:
In Rule 61-67 there is stated that a motion for an adjournment of the business of the House for the
purpose of discussing a definite matter of recent and urgent public importance may be made with the
consent of the Speaker.
g) Scope of Debate:
In Rule-91 stated that the discussion on a motion that the Bill or the Bill as amended, as the case may be,
be passed shall be confined to the submission of arguments either in support of the Bill or for the
rejection of the Bill. In making his speech a member shall not refer to the details of the Bill further than
is necessary for the purpose of his arguments which shall be of a general character.
3. Watchdog functions:
The watchdog function of parliament includes the following mechanisms-
a) Ombudsman:
 Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh – in Article 77 (1, 2, 3) about the ombudsman
stated that the ombudsman shall exercise such powers and perform such functions as parliament may, by
law, determine and the annual report of ombudsman concerning the discharge of his function shall be
laid before parliament.
b) Parliamentary standing committees:
The Rules of Procedure of parliament of the people’s republic of Bangladesh delivered three
parliamentary Standing committees namely….
i. Public Accounts Committee:
In Rule 233 and 234 mentioned that there shall be a committee on public accounts consisting of
not more than 15 members. The task of public accounts committee is to examine the accounts of
autonomous and semi-autonomous bodies and takes measures against irregularities and
mismanagement. The public accounts committee mainly examines those reports on which the
Comptroller and Auditor General has made reservations.
ii. Committee on Estimates:
In rule 235 and 236 stated about committee on estimates that which consists of not more than 10
members. The functions of the committees includes-

-to report what economies, improvements in organization, efficiency or administrative reform,

consistent with the policy underlying the estimates, may be effected.

-to suggest alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration.
- to examine whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policyimplied in
the estimates; and
- to suggest the form in which the estimates shall be presented to the House.

iii. Public Undertaking Committee (PUC):

In Rule 238 and 239 stated that the PUC shall consist of not more than 10 members. The
functions of committees is to examine the reports and accounts of the public undertakings and to
examine the affairs of the public undertakings are being managed in accordance with sound
business principles and prudent commercial practices.

Limitation of Parliament:

1. Ineffective discussion: in most of the time the parliament cannot arrange discussion over the years. So,
there is limited scope to discuss various urgent issues.
2. Avoid the question:
 3. Limited time: there is limited time to discuss about the budget and many issues related to budget is not
understand by the MP.
4. Party discipline: according to article 70 of the constitution of BD due to party discipline, no member can
vote against the party.
5. Ineffective standing committees: the standing committees of parliament is not effective. They cannot
take any punitive measures if ministries or departments violate the rules that they suggest.
6. Lake of proper audit system: due to lack of proper training and equipment’s the relevant committees or
commissions cannot carry out effective audit system.
7. Ignorance of private of opposition party’s bills: the ruling party during their period do not consider
private bills of opposite party. So, many important public issues has been suffocated.

Conclusion:

Topics-9: Policy evaluation, termination, adoption (will be briefly discussed) which are included to policy
formation termed as policy cycle.