Introduction

PLUMBING
 Is the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures & other apparatuses in
buildings & for bringing the supply, liquids, substances or ingredients &
removing them;
 from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes were once made from lead.
 refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the
distribution of potable water and the removal of waterborne wastes.
Introduction - history
P L U M B I N G PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
The plumbing profession in the Philippines began in the 17th century with the
establishment of Intramuros by Spaniards. In 1902, the government recognized the
trade, and Master Plumber John F. Hass became the first Chief of Division of
Plumbing Construction. In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines (NAMPAP) was established, and the Plumbing Code for Manila was
enacted in 1954.
Water Supply and Distribution System
definition Carries water from the water source, street main or a pump to the
building and to various points in the building at which water is used.
 COLD WATER SUPPLY
 HOT WATER SUPPLY
WATER
plays an important part in the plumbing system Providing water is one of the most
critical utility requirement “Universal Solvent
WATER CYCLE
3 MAJOR STAGES
EVAPORATION
CONDENSATION
PRECIPITATION

SOURCES OF WATER
RAIN WATER Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored
in cisterns or ponds.
GROUND WATER The portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth
to form underground deposits called aquifers (water- bearing soil formation).
NATURAL SURFACE WATER A mixture of surface run-off and ground water.
Surface sources includes rivers, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoirs.
USES OF WATER
NOURISHMENT
CLEANSING AND HYGIENE
CEREMONIAL USES
TRANSPORTATIONAL USES
COOLING MEDIUM
ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT
PROTECTIVE USES
PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF WATER
 SURFACE TENSION
 HEAT ABSOPTION/CAPACITY
 CAPILLARITY
 DISSOLVING ABILITY
Water treatment and purification is any method that will remove one or more
materials that make the water unsuitable for a given use.
Known as the “Universal Solvent”

AERATION Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb
additional oxygen for better taste
COAGULATION - FLOCCULATION process by which small sediment particles which
do not settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be removed
by sedimentation
COAGULATION chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with the sediment
to make it capable of combining into larger particles.
FLOCCULATION physical process in which the sediment particles collide with each
other and stick together
SEDIMENTATION suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling
and deposition water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a
period of time
FILTRATION water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in
order to remove the finer suspended particles.
WELLS
Wells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn using manual or
mechanical means such as draw bucket, pump, etc.
GENERAL TYPES OF WELL
 SHALLOW WELL
 DEEP WELL
TYPES OF WELL (ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
DUG WELLS can be constructed with hand tools or power tools depth of about 15
meters (50 ft) can have the greatest diameter that a space may allow

DRIVEN WELLS A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section and
driven into the earth. The point may be driven into the ground to a depth of up to
15 meters (50 ft).

BORED WELLS These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters
(100 ft) deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well is lined with metal,
vitrified tile or concrete.
DRILLED WELLS Requires more elaborate equipment depending on the geology of
the site. Used for drilling oil and can reach up to 1000 meters in depth.

JETTED WELLS Use extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundation in
the vicinity. It makes use of a suction pump above, while casing acts as the pump
riser

PUMPS A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries. A pump
displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS RECIPROCATING PUMP
Pump having a plunger that move back and forth within a cylinder equipped with
check valves. The cylinder is best located near or below the ground level.
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Pump having a plunger that move back and forth within a cylinder equipped with
check valves. The cylinder is best located near or below the ground level.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 It contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The rotating impeller
increases the water velocity while forcing the water into a casing thus converting
the water’s velocity into higher pressure.

TURBINE PUMP
A turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below groundwater levels and a
driving motor located at ground.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP Is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric motors

which are positioned underwater in a suitable bored hole that delivers the water to
the surface.
JET (EJECTOR) PUMP Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing
water up from a well.

PISTON PUMP Is a positive displacement reciprocating pump in which a plunger is

driven backwards and forwards, or up and down by a mechanical working head.
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston

SUMP PUMP Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area. a pump used to remove water that has
accumulated in a water collecting sump pit,
OVERHEAD TANK/ GRAVITY SUPPLY TANK Does not have any pressure concerns but
relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below. Use in overhead feed system

CISTERN
Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and connected
with a pump.
PNEUMATIC WATER TANK
Used in the air pressure system and often used with a pump.

Small hot water tank

(30-60 cm diameter; 180cm max length) Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi

Storage Boiler
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint

FUNCTION OF VALVES
Control of the water system- Start or shut down a system
 Regulate pressure Check backflow
 Control the direction of water
TYPES OF VALVES
GATE VALVE
Used mainly to completely close or completely open the water line (does not control
flow of water).

GLOBE VALVE Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle. Can reduce water
pressure (throttling).
Plug Type Disc Valve

Conventional Disc Valve

Composition Disc Valve

ANGLE VALVE
Used to make a 90° turn in a line.
FOOT VALVE
Located at the lower end of the pump. Used
mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps.

SAFETY VALVE
Used on water systems, heating systems,
compressed air lines & other pipe lines
with excessive pressure.

TYPES OF FAUCETS

COMPRESSION COCK
Operates by the compression of a soft
packing upon a metal sheet.

KEY COCK
Operates with a round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet.

BALL FAUCET
Constructed with a ball connected to the handle.

HOSE BIBB
A water faucet made for the threaded attachment of a hose.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary
connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or
adjacent to the structure or premises.
PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SERVICE PIPE
The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply
to the water distribution system of the building served.
WATER METER
Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service.
DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE
A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water
from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.
RISER
A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey
water to branches or to a group of fixtures.
FIXTURE BRANCH
A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.

COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION

 DIRECT (UPFEED)
 INDIRECT
- Down feed or Gravity System
- Hydro pneumatic System ( Air Pressure System)

DOWNFEED or GRAVITY SYSTEM

Water is pumped into a large
tank on top of the building and
is distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.
HYDRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/ AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM

When pressure supplied

by city water supply is not
strong enough.
Compressed air is used to
raise and push water into
the system.

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems

Upfeed and Gravity Return System
 With a continuing network of
pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
 Hot water rises on its own &
does not need any pump for
circulation.

Downfeed and Gravity Return System

Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing
system and travels to the fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system) Water distribution is dependent
on the expansion of hot water & gravity.
Pump Circuit System
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the
upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings.