Task 1

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English chivalric romance. It is
one of the best-known Arthurian stories and falls under the category of the “beheading game.”
The Green Knight is interpreted by some as a representation of the Green Man of folklore and by
others as an allusion to Christ. The poem is composed in stanzas of alliterative verse, each
ending in a rhyming bob and wheel. It draws on Welsh, Irish, and English stories, as well as the
French chivalric tradition. The work remains significant in the romance genre, which typically
involves a hero on a quest that tests his abilities. It continues to be popular through modern
English renderings by J.R.R. Tolkien, Simon Armitage, and various film and stage adaptations.

The narrative follows Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table, who accepts a
challenge from the mysterious Green Knight. The challenge involves striking him with an axe,
with the condition that the Green Knight will return the blow in a year and a day. Gawain
beheads the Green Knight, who then picks up his own head and reminds Gawain of their
agreement. Throughout his journey to honor his word, Gawain demonstrates chivalry and
loyalty. However, his honor is tested by Lady Bertilak, the wife of the Green Knight.

The poem is preserved in a single manuscript, the Cotton Nero A.x., which also contains three
other religious narrative poems: Pearl, Purity, and Patience. These works are attributed to the
same unknown author, possibly Cameron of Sutherland, known as the “Pearl Poet” or “Gawain
Poet.” All four poems are written in a North West Midland dialect of Middle English.

Medieval aristocrats enjoyed tales of adventure, particularly those about brave knights. Although
real knights were not perfect, legendary knights adhered to a code of chivalry—a set of rules
governing gentlemanly and heroic behavior. This code encompassed Christian and military
ideals, including faith, modesty, loyalty, courtesy, bravery, and honor. Ideal knights defended
their church, king, country, and victims of injustice. The legends of King Arthur and his Round
Table knights were especially popular during the medieval period due to their idealized settings
—castles, heroes, courtly love, and magical elements—contrasting sharply with the harsher
realities of medieval England, such as plagues and political strife.

While Launcelot is often portrayed as the greatest knight, earlier tales celebrated Gawain,
Arthur's nephew, known for his courage and unwavering chivalry.

Task 3

Setting

The story begins during Christmas and the New Year celebrations.

The court of King Arthur, specifically Camelot.

The scene is festive and filled with feasting and revelry.

Characters

King Arthur - the noble leader of the court who welcomes the Green Knight.

The Green Knight - a mysterious, enormous man entirely green, who challenges the knights. He
is armed with a holly bough and a large axe but comes in peace.
Sir Gawain - a knight of the Round Table who volunteers to accept the Green Knight’s
challenge. He displays humility and a sense of honor by stepping forward to face the challenge
instead of King Arthur.

Queen Guinevere - Arthur's wife, who is present at the court.

Plot

The Green Knight enters the court during the Christmas feast and proposes a challenge to the
knights.

The Green Knight offers to let any knight strike him with his axe, provided that he can return the
blow in a year and a day.

After Arthur initially accepts the challenge, Gawain insists on taking his place, demonstrating
bravery and humility.

Gawain successfully beheads the Green Knight, who then picks up his own head and reminds
Gawain of their pact to meet at the Green Chapel in a year and a day.

Themes

The challenge reflects the ideals of chivalry, where knights are expected to demonstrate bravery,
loyalty, and honor.

Gawain's acceptance of the challenge and his later journey highlight the trials a knight must
endure to uphold his honor.

Task 4

a) The Green Knight's tone as he addresses King Arthur is mocking and challenging. He
expresses confidence in his own strength and questions the courage of Arthur's knights, implying
that they are too afraid to accept his challenge. His demeanor is bold and confrontational, aimed
at provoking a response from the knights.

b) The challenge presented by the Green Knight is a "beheading game." He invites any knight to
strike him with his axe, promising to return the blow in a year and a day. The challenge is a test
of bravery, and he emphasizes that if no knight is willing to accept, it would reflect poorly on
Arthur’s court.

c) Gawain’s description of himself reflects humility and self-awareness, key aspects of a knight’s
code of chivalry. He acknowledges his own weaknesses and asserts that he is the least worthy
knight among those present. This humility is significant, as it emphasizes the importance of
honor and the willingness to face danger, even when one feels inadequate.

d) Gawain deserves to be requited for his bravery in accepting the Green Knight’s challenge. He
has sworn to uphold his word, demonstrating loyalty to his king and the chivalric code by
stepping forward to take the challenge instead of allowing King Arthur to fight.
e) Gawain likely requests to take up the Green Knight’s challenge because of his sense of duty
and honor as a knight. He wishes to protect King Arthur and the reputation of Camelot, proving
his own bravery and commitment to the ideals of chivalry, even if it means risking his own life.

f)

 The Green Knight is both enigmatic and intimidating, displaying confidence and a sense
of humor while also being serious about the challenge he presents. His actions provoke
the knights, demonstrating his strength and questioning their bravery.
 The other knights initially appear hesitant and stunned by the Green Knight’s challenge,
reflecting their fear. However, Gawain’s willingness to step forward ultimately inspires
respect and admiration for his courage among the others.
 The code of chivalry emphasizes virtues such as bravery, loyalty, honor, and humility.
Gawain embodies these ideals by accepting the challenge and showing respect for the
Green Knight, despite his own fears.

g) If Gawain had refused to accept the sash, it might have symbolized a rejection of the Green
Knight’s challenge and, by extension, the ideals of chivalry. Gawain’s refusal could have been
interpreted as cowardice or dishonor, potentially damaging his reputation and that of King
Arthur’s court. The outcome of the narrative could have shifted, leading to a different
exploration of themes related to honor, courage, and personal integrity.

When comparing Gawain and Beowulf, both characters display notable bravery and honor, but
they do so in different contexts.

 Beowulf exemplifies the ideal warrior with his strength and heroism, facing external
monsters without fear.
 Gawain, on the other hand, embodies a more nuanced approach to honor, as he grapples
with internal conflicts regarding his own vulnerabilities and moral choices.

In my opinion, Gawain might be seen as the more honorable character, as he acknowledges his
weaknesses and still chooses to uphold his promises, showcasing a complex understanding of
honor that goes beyond mere physical strength.

Task 5

Some historians suggest that the legendary King Arthur may have been inspired by a real figure,
possibly a Celtic chieftain or military leader from the late fifth or early sixth century who
defended Britain against the Anglo-Saxon invasions. The historical Arthur is likely to be quite
different from the romanticized king portrayed in later legends.

Since the sixth century, numerous versions of the Arthurian legends have emerged, each with its
unique twist on characters and events. Some of the most notable adaptations include works by
Geoffrey of Monmouth, Chrétien de Troyes, and Sir Thomas Malory.

Camelot, the legendary castle and court of King Arthur, is often depicted as a symbol of chivalry
and unity. The Round Table represents equality among Arthur’s knights, as everyone who sits
there is considered equal, eliminating hierarchy and favoritism.
The Arthurian legends are influenced by Celtic mythology and folklore, with many elements—
such as magical creatures, prophecies, and the Otherworld—reflecting the beliefs and stories of
ancient Celtic culture.

Merlin, the legendary wizard, is a crucial character in the Arthurian tales. He is often depicted as
Arthur's advisor and protector, possessing magical powers and wisdom. His character is
sometimes associated with the archetype of the wise old man in mythology.

Guinevere, Arthur’s queen, is a complex character whose affair with Sir Launcelot leads to
conflict and tragedy within the court. Her character has been interpreted in various ways, from a
symbol of romantic love to a representation of betrayal and moral conflict.

Arthurian legends continue to inspire contemporary literature, film, and television, including
adaptations like The Mists of Avalon, Excalibur, and the BBC's Merlin. These modern retellings
often reinterpret the characters and themes for new audiences.

Task 6

Early Life - Malory was likely born into a well-off family around 1405 in Warwickshire,
England. His upbringing provided him with the means to become involved in the military and
political life of the time.

Military Involvement - he fought in the Hundred Years' War, which was a conflict between
England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453. His military experiences may have influenced
his writing, particularly the themes of chivalry and valor found in Le Morte d’Arthur.

Knighthood - Malory was knighted around 1442, which added to his status and allowed him to
participate more actively in the political landscape of England. His knighthood reflects his
involvement in the ideals of chivalry and knighthood prevalent in Arthurian legends.

Parliamentary Career - he was elected to Parliament in 1445, representing the interests of his
locality. His political career was marked by instability due to the ongoing conflicts of the Wars
of the Roses, a series of civil wars fought for control of the English throne.

Political Allegiances - Malory was a firm supporter of the Lancaster faction during the Wars of
the Roses. His loyalty to this cause made him a target for Yorkist adversaries, leading to his
repeated imprisonments.

Imprisonment - the charges that led to his imprisonment included serious accusations such as
robbery, cattle rustling, bribery, and attempted murder. Although he maintained his innocence,
the political climate of the time made it easy for rivals to accuse him.

Literary Work - it is believed that Malory began writing Le Morte d’Arthur during his time in
prison, drawing inspiration from existing tales of Arthur and his knights, as well as from other
sources like French romances.

Publication and Impact - the first edition of Le Morte d’Arthur was published in 1485 by
William Caxton, who was instrumental in bringing the printing press to England. This
publication helped solidify Malory's work as the definitive English version of the Arthurian
legends, influencing countless adaptations in literature, theater, and film.
Legacy - Malory's Le Morte d’Arthur remains a foundational text in the study of Arthurian
literature and has played a crucial role in shaping the perception of the Arthurian legends in
Western culture.

Death - Sir Thomas Malory died in 1471, shortly after completing Le Morte d’Arthur. His life,
marked by adventure, conflict, and literary achievement, has left a lasting legacy in the realm of
English literature.

Task 7

Malory employs various techniques of characterization to shape readers' impressions of

characters in Le Morte d’Arthur. He provides vivid physical descriptions that often reflect a
character's inner qualities, such as nobility or treachery. Speech and dialogue reveal personality
and social standing, with noble characters speaking formally while base characters use coarser
language.

Actions are critical in establishing nature; for instance, Launcelot’s noble deeds emphasize his
heroism despite flaws, while Modred’s deceitful actions highlight his ambition. Internal thoughts
provide insight into moral dilemmas, deepening understanding of characters like Gawain. The
reactions of other characters further define individuals, with Launcelot often revered and Modred
met with disdain.

Malory contrasts characters to highlight qualities, accentuating themes of loyalty and betrayal.
He also includes narrative commentary to guide reader impressions, noting Launcelot’s noble
nature despite faults. These techniques create a complex tapestry of characters, enriching the
themes and emotional impact of the narrative.

Task 8

Sir Launcelot demonstrates his desire for peace by expressing reluctance to engage in battle
against King Arthur, stating he is "reluctant to shed Christian blood in a war against my own
liege." He acknowledges the courtesy he has shown despite Arthur's ravaging of his lands,
claiming, "My courtesy is repaid with insults, so deadly and shameful that now I must by force
of arms seek redress." When faced with Gawain's challenge, he initially laments, "Alas, that I
should have to fight Sir Gawain!" but ultimately accepts the challenge, feeling it is necessary for
his honor.

Launcelot sends a noblewoman to convey his desire for peace to Arthur, showcasing his
willingness to negotiate. During the battle with Gawain, he adopts a defensive strategy, waiting
until he sees Gawain weaken before he escalates his attacks. After wounding Gawain, Launcelot
refuses to kill him, stating, "I will never strike a knight who has fallen," which reflects his
commitment to the chivalric code.

Other characters respond in various ways. Sir Bors encourages Launcelot to lead them into
battle, emphasizing action over passivity. King Arthur expresses grief over Launcelot's situation,
acknowledging his nobility and reluctance to fight against his own blood. In contrast, Gawain
aggressively provokes Launcelot, repeatedly calling him a "traitor" and insisting he come forth to
fight, highlighting his determination for revenge.
Despite Gawain's insults and challenges, Launcelot maintains his composure and sense of honor,
demonstrating a complex character caught between love, loyalty, and the chivalric code.

Task 9

Sir Launcelot:
Launcelot's nobility is highlighted through his reluctance to shed Christian blood and his
commitment to peace, stating, "I am reluctant to shed Christian blood in a war against my own
liege." His honorable nature is further emphasized when he refuses to kill Gawain after
wounding him: "I will never strike a knight who has fallen." These passages portray him as a
complex character struggling with loyalty, love, and honor.

King Arthur:
Arthur's sorrow and conflict regarding Launcelot are evident when he expresses grief over their
conflict, saying, “Alas! King Arthur would readily be reconciled to Sir Launcelot.” His character
embodies the burden of kingship, as he grapples with loyalty to his knights while trying to
maintain his authority. His understanding of Launcelot’s nobility adds depth to his character,
showing that he values honor over mere pride.

Sir Gawain:
Gawain is depicted as a fierce and determined warrior, showing his aggressive nature through his
repeated challenges to Launcelot, declaring, "Come forth, traitor! Until one of us is dead I shall
never give in!" His commitment to honor and revenge is a driving force in his character,
highlighting the chivalric values that compel him to seek retribution, even against a former ally.

Sir Modred:
Modred's actions, such as usurping the throne and spreading false news of Arthur’s death,
present him as a manipulative and ambitious character. His willingness to deceive for power
paints him in a negative light, contrasting sharply with the noble ideals represented by Arthur
and Launcelot.

Queen Gwynevere:
Gwynevere's plight is central to the conflict between Launcelot and Arthur. Her sentencing to
burn at the stake showcases her vulnerability and the dire consequences of the love affair. Her
character evokes sympathy, as she is caught between her love for Launcelot and her duty to
Arthur. Her relationship with Launcelot is also a testament to her complexity, illustrating the
theme of love intertwined with betrayal and honor.

Task 10
Margery Kempe's autobiography, The Book of Margery Kempe, has an intriguing publishing history.
Written in the early 15th century, it was not published until the 20th century. The manuscript, which
survived in a single copy, was discovered in the 1930s by scholars studying medieval literature. It was
transcribed and published in 1934, allowing Kempe’s unique voice and experiences to reach a modern
audience. This late publication reflects both the challenges faced by women writers in her time and the
growing interest in women's voices in literature.

Task 11
Writer’s Character - Kempe’s autobiography reveals her as a determined and passionate
woman of faith. She is portrayed as someone who defies societal norms, demonstrating a deep
commitment to her spiritual journey despite facing ridicule and persecution.

Writer’s Attitudes - the text showcases Kempe's attitudes toward religious devotion and the
importance of personal experiences in faith. Her willingness to speak openly about her visions
and emotional experiences signifies a strong belief in the validity of personal religious
expression.

Writer’s Motivations - Kempe’s primary motivation for writing seems to be to share her
spiritual journey and the “gifts” she believes she has received from God. She feels compelled to
convey her experiences to highlight God's power and to serve as an example of faith for others.

Society in Which the Writer Lived - Kempe’s autobiography provides insight into the
medieval societal expectations of women, particularly regarding their roles as wives and
mothers. It also illustrates the tension between individual religious experiences and the
institutional church, as well as the societal reactions to women who stepped outside traditional
roles.

Task 12

Margery Kempe's use of the third-person point of view and phrases like "this creature" creates a
sense of detachment and humility, which encourages readers to view her experiences as more
universal. By referring to herself in this way, she diminishes her personal identity, emphasizing
her role as a vessel for divine communication rather than focusing on herself.

This narrative style allows for self-examination, making her struggles seem broader than her
individual experience. It evokes compassion, portraying her as a being grappling with profound
spiritual challenges. The language reflects the medieval context, aligning with themes of
humanity's frailty and divine mercy. Overall, these choices invite readers to connect with her
story on a deeper level, enhancing the emotional impact of her spiritual journey.

Task 14

Margery Kempe is a multifaceted individual characterized by deep spiritual conviction and

emotional complexity. Her desire to confess her sins indicates a profound commitment to her
faith and a need for absolution. However, her struggle to reveal her guilt also highlights her
vulnerability and the weight of societal expectations. Kempe’s experiences reflect both her
passionate devotion and her internal conflicts, making her a compelling figure who challenges
traditional gender roles.

Task 15

Kempe’s account of her illness and recovery is believable, especially considering the historical
context of her time. Her vivid descriptions of emotional turmoil and the supernatural vision of
Christ resonate with modern understandings of mental health struggles. The portrayal of her
mental anguish evokes empathy, as it illustrates her genuine torment and her eventual relief
through faith. This makes her experiences relatable and impactful, allowing readers to connect
with her journey on a personal level.

Task 16

Kempe’s experiences reveal a complex societal attitude toward mental illness characterized by
skepticism and a lack of understanding. Her emotional struggles lead to ridicule and persecution,
demonstrating how society often dismissed such experiences as mere hysteria. However, her
vivid spiritual experiences also evoke curiosity, suggesting that some people viewed her as a
vessel for divine communication. This tension illustrates a broader societal struggle to reconcile
religious fervor with the realities of mental health.

Task 17

Kempe exhibits contradictory qualities throughout her narrative. Her humility is shown in her
self-deprecating remarks, as she views her life as a testament to God’s grace rather than her own
merit. In contrast, her assertive declarations of divine visions and her desire to preach reveal a
strong will and ambition that defy the expectations of her time. This duality is further reflected in
her emotional experiences—while she displays profound devotion, she also seeks recognition
and validation, showcasing the complexity of her character.