Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb

Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.1
Q1. Write a program to find size of fundamental datatype?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout<<"Size of integer is:"<<sizeof(int)<<" bytes"<<endl;
cout<<"Size of float is:"<<sizeof(float)<<" bytes"<<endl;
cout<<"Size of double is:"<<sizeof(double)<<" bytes"<<endl;
cout<<"Size of long double is:"<<sizeof(long double)<<" bytes"<<endl;
cout<<"Size of char is:"<<sizeof(char)<<" bytes"<<endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2.Write a program to show the base of numeric value of the variable using hex, oct and dec
manipulator functions.
 #include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int number = 255; // Example number
cout << "Number in decimal: " << dec << number << endl;
cout << "Number in hexadecimal: " << hex << number << endl;
cout << "Number in octal: " << oct << number << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q3. Write a program to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit and Fahrenheit to
Celsius
 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int choice;
float temp, convertedTemp;
cout << "Temperature Conversion Program\n";
cout << "1. Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit\n";
cout << "2. Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius\n";
cout << "Enter your choice: ";
cin >> choice;
if (choice == 1) {
cout << "Enter temperature in Celsius: ";
cin >> temp;
convertedTemp = (temp * 9 / 5) + 32;
cout << temp << " Celsius is equal to " << convertedTemp << " Fahrenheit." << endl;
}
else if (choice == 2) {
cout << "Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: ";
cin >> temp;
convertedTemp = (temp - 32) * 5 / 9;

cout << temp << " Fahrenheit is equal to " << convertedTemp << " Celsius." << endl;
}
 else {
cout << "Invalid choice!" << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.2
Q1. Write a program to display n terms of natural numbers and their sum.
 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n, sum = 0;
cout << "Enter the number of terms: ";
cin >> n;
cout << "The first " << n << " natural numbers are: " << endl;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
cout << i << " ";
sum += i;
}

cout << "\nThe sum of the first " << n << " natural numbers is: " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2. Write a program to read matrix of size m*n using function.
 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int m, n;
cout << "Enter the number of rows (m): ";
cin >> m;
cout << "Enter the number of columns (n): ";
cin >> n;
int matrix[m][n];
cout << "Enter the elements of the matrix:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
cout << "Element at position [" << i << "][" << j << "]: ";
cin >> matrix[i][j];
}
}
cout << "\nThe matrix is:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
cout << matrix[i][j] << " ";
}

cout << endl;

}
 return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q3.Write a program to count all the vowels in the given string.
 #include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char str[100];
int vowelCount = 0;
cout << "Enter a string: ";
cin.getline(str, 100);
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(str); i++) {
char ch = tolower(str[i]);
if (ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'u') {
vowelCount++;
}
}
cout << "Total number of vowels in the string: " << vowelCount << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.3
Q1.Write a program to swap two numbers using call by value and call by reference using class
and object
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void swapByValue(int a, int b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
cout << "Inside swapByValue function: a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
}
void swapByReference(int &a, int &b) {
int temp = a;

a = b;
b = temp;
cout << "Inside swapByReference function: a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
}
int main() {
int x = 5, y = 10;
cout << "Before swap (Call by Value): x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
swapByValue(x, y);
cout << "After swap (Call by Value): x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
cout << "Before swap (Call by Reference): x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
swapByReference(x, y);
 cout << "After swap (Call by Reference): x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2.Write a program to calculate square and cube of a number using inline function.
 #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int square(int num) {
return num * num;
}
int cube(int num) {
return num * num * num;
}
int main() {
int number;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
cout << "Square of " << number << " is: " << square(number) << endl;
cout << "Cube of " << number << " is: " << cube(number) << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q3.Write a program to find area of rectangle, area of triangle and surface area of sphere
using function overloading.
 #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
double area(double length, double width) {
return length * width;
}
double area(double base, double height, int triangle) {
return 0.5 * base * height;
}
double area(double radius) {
return 4 * 3.1416 * radius * radius;
}
int main() {
double length, width, base, height, radius;
cout << "Enter length and width of the rectangle: ";
cin >> length >> width;
cout << "Area of Rectangle: " << area(length, width) << endl;
cout << "Enter base and height of the triangle: ";
cin >> base >> height;
cout << "Area of Triangle: " << area(base, height, 1) << endl;
cout << "Enter radius of the sphere: ";

cin >> radius;

cout << "Surface Area of Sphere: " << area(radius) << endl;
 return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.4
Q1.Write a program to implement student class having data members as name, roll number
and PRN number, implement methods to enter details of a single student(data members
must be private)

#include <iostream>

#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Student {
private:
string name;
string roll_number;
string PRN_number;
public:
void enterDetails() {
cout << "Enter student's name: ";
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter student's roll number: ";
getline(cin, roll_number);
cout << "Enter student's PRN number: ";
getline(cin, PRN_number);
}
void displayDetails() const {
cout << "Student's Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Roll Number: " << roll_number << endl;
cout << "PRN Number: " << PRN_number << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Student student;
student.enterDetails();
student.displayDetails();
return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2.Write a program to calculate gross salary of an employee using class. Few member
functions must be defined outside the class using scope resolution operator. (Gross
salary=basic+TA+DA, TA=15% of the basic salary, DA=30% of basic salary)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee{
private:
float basicSalary;
float grossSalary;
public:
void setBasicSalary(float basic);
void calculateGrossSalary();
void displayGrossSalary();
};
void Employee::setBasicSalary(float basic){
basicSalary = basic;
}
void Employee::calculateGrossSalary(){
float TA = 0.15 * basicSalary;
float DA = 0.30 * basicSalary;
grossSalary = basicSalary + TA + DA;
}
void Employee::displayGrossSalary(){
cout << "Gross Salary: " << grossSalary << endl;
}
int main(){
float basic;
cout << "Enter Basic Salary: ";
cin >> basic;
Employee emp;
emp.setBasicSalary(basic);
emp.calculateGrossSalary();
emp.displayGrossSalary();
return 0;
}
Output.
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q3. WAP to find the number and sum of all integers between 100 and 200 which are divisible
by 9 using friend function.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class DivisibleByNine {
private:
int sum;
int count;
public:
DivisibleByNine() : sum(0), count(0) {}
friend void findDivisible(DivisibleByNine& obj);
void display() const {
cout << "Number of integers divisible by 9 between 100 and 200: " <<
count << endl;
cout << "Sum of integers divisible by 9 between 100 and 200: " << sum <<
endl;
}
};
void findDivisible(DivisibleByNine& obj) {
for (int i = 100; i <= 200; i++) {
if (i % 9 == 0) {
obj.count++;
obj.sum += i;
}
}
}
int main() {
DivisibleByNine obj;
findDivisible(obj);
obj.display();
return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.5
Q1.Write a Program to display square and cube of a number using default constructor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number {
private:
int num;
public:
Number() {
num = 0;
}
void setNumber(int n) {
num = n;
}
void displaySquareAndCube() {
cout << "Square of " << num << " is: " << num * num << endl;
cout << "Cube of " << num << " is: " << num * num * num << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Number n;
int value;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> value;
n.setNumber(value);
n.displaySquareAndCube();
return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2. Write a program to implement details of student having data members as roll no. , name,
PRN, and total marks using parameterized constructor. Implement methods to calculate
result/percentage.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Student {
private:
int rollNo;
string name;
string PRN;
float totalMarks;
float percentage;
public:
Student(int r, string n, string p, float marks) {
rollNo = r;
name = n;
PRN = p;
totalMarks = marks;
percentage = 0.0;
}
void calculatePercentage() {
percentage = (totalMarks / 500) * 100;
}
void displayDetails() {
cout << "Student Details:" << endl;
cout << "Roll No.: " << rollNo << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "PRN: " << PRN << endl;
cout << "Total Marks: " << totalMarks << endl;
cout << "Percentage: " << percentage << "%" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
int roll;
string name, prn;
float marks;
 cout << "Enter Roll No.: ";
cin >> roll;
cout << "Enter Name: ";
cin.ignore();
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter PRN: ";
cin >> prn;
cout << "Enter Total Marks (out of 500): ";
cin >> marks;
Student student(roll, name, prn, marks);
student.calculatePercentage();
student.displayDetails();
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q3. Write a program to create Book class having data members as Book name, author name,
price and ISBN. Implement details of a book. Use copy constructor to copy the details of book
from one object to other.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Book {
private:
string bookName;
string authorName;
float price;
string ISBN;
public:
Book(string bName, string aName, float p, string isbn) {
bookName = bName;
authorName = aName;
price = p;
ISBN = isbn;
}
Book(const Book &obj) {
bookName = obj.bookName;
authorName = obj.authorName;
price = obj.price;
ISBN = obj.ISBN;
}
void displayDetails() {
cout << "Book Name: " << bookName << endl;
cout << "Author Name: " << authorName << endl;
cout << "Price: $" << price << endl;
cout << "ISBN: " << ISBN << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Book book1("The C++ Programming Language", "Bjarne Stroustrup", 45.99, "978-
0321563842");
cout << "Details of Book 1:" << endl;
book1.displayDetails();
 Book book2 = book1;
cout << "\nDetails of Book 2 (Copied from Book 1):" << endl;
book2.displayDetails();
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.6
Q1.write a program to implement constructor overloading for employee class having data
members emp_id, name, designation and salary release the object using destructor.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
private:
int emp_id;
string name;
string designation;
float salary;
public:
Employee() {
emp_id = 0;
name = "Not assigned";
designation = "Not assigned";
salary = 0.0;
cout << "Default constructor called!" << endl;
}
Employee(int id, string empName) {
emp_id = id;
name = empName;
designation = "Not assigned";
salary = 0.0;
cout << "Constructor with emp_id and name called!" << endl;
}
Employee(int id, string empName, string empDesignation, float empSalary) {
emp_id = id;
name = empName;
designation = empDesignation;
salary = empSalary;
cout << "Constructor with all details called!" << endl;
}
void displayDetails() {
cout << "Employee ID: " << emp_id << endl;
 cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Designation: " << designation << endl;
cout << "Salary: $" << salary << endl;
}
~Employee() {
cout << "Destructor called for Employee ID: " << emp_id << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Employee emp1; // Using default constructor
cout << "\nDetails of Employee 1:" << endl;
emp1.displayDetails();
Employee emp2(101, "John Doe");
cout << "\nDetails of Employee 2:" << endl;
emp2.displayDetails();
Employee emp3(102, "Alice Smith", "Software Engineer", 75000);
cout << "\nDetails of Employee 3:" << endl;
emp3.displayDetails();
return 0;
}

Output
Q2.Write a program to overload unary and binary operator.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class OperatorOverload {
private:
int value;
public:
OperatorOverload(int v = 0) {
value = v;
}
OperatorOverload operator-() {
return OperatorOverload(-value);
}
OperatorOverload operator+(const OperatorOverload &obj) {
return OperatorOverload(value + obj.value);
}
void display() const {
cout << "Value: " << value << endl;
}
};
int main() {
OperatorOverload obj1(10);
OperatorOverload obj2(20);
cout << "Initial values:" << endl;
obj1.display();
obj2.display();
OperatorOverload negObj = -obj1;
cout << "\nAfter unary '-' operator on obj1:" << endl;
negObj.display();
OperatorOverload sumObj = obj1 + obj2;
cout << "\nAfter binary '+' operator on obj1 and obj2:" << endl;
sumObj.display();
return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.7
Q1.write a program to read and print student information using two classes and simple
inheritance.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;
public:
void getPersonalDetails() {
cout << "Enter name: ";
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter age: ";
cin >> age;
cin.ignore();
}
void displayPersonalDetails() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
class Student : public Person {
private:
int rollNo;
string course;
public:
void getStudentDetails() {
getPersonalDetails();
cout << "Enter Roll No.: ";
cin >> rollNo;
cin.ignore();
cout << "Enter Course: ";
getline(cin, course);
}
 void displayStudentDetails() {
displayPersonalDetails();
cout << "Roll No.: " << rollNo << endl;
cout << "Course: " << course << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Student student;
cout << "Enter student information:" << endl;
student.getStudentDetails();
cout << "\nStudent Information:" << endl;
student.displayStudentDetails();
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2. Write a program to read and print employee information using multiple inheritance and
multilevel inheritance
1) Multiple Inheritance

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;
public:
void getPersonalDetails() {
cout << "Enter Name: ";
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter Age: ";
cin >> age;
cin.ignore();
}
void displayPersonalDetails() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
class JobDetails {
protected:
string jobTitle;
float salary;
public:
void getJobDetails() {
cout << "Enter Job Title: ";
getline(cin, jobTitle);
cout << "Enter Salary: ";
cin >> salary;
cin.ignore();
}
void displayJobDetails() {
cout << "Job Title: " << jobTitle << endl;
cout << "Salary: $" << salary << endl;
 }
};
class Employee : public Person, public JobDetails {
private:
int empID;
public:
void getEmployeeDetails() {
getPersonalDetails();
getJobDetails();
cout << "Enter Employee ID: ";
cin >> empID;
cin.ignore();
}
void displayEmployeeDetails() {
displayPersonalDetails();
displayJobDetails();
cout << "Employee ID: " << empID << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Employee emp;
cout << "Enter Employee Information:" << endl;
emp.getEmployeeDetails();
cout << "\nEmployee Information:" << endl;
emp.displayEmployeeDetails();
return 0;
}

Output
2) Multilevel Inheritance

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Person {
protected:
string name;
int age;
public:
void getPersonalDetails() {
cout << "Enter Name: ";
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter Age: ";
cin >> age;
cin.ignore();
}
void displayPersonalDetails() {
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};
class EmployeeBase : public Person {
protected:
int empID;
public:
void getEmployeeID() {
cout << "Enter Employee ID: ";
cin >> empID;
cin.ignore();
}
void displayEmployeeID() {
cout << "Employee ID: " << empID << endl;
}
};
class Employee : public EmployeeBase {
private:
string jobTitle;
float salary;
public:
void getJobDetails() {
getPersonalDetails();
getEmployeeID();
cout << "Enter Job Title: ";
 getline(cin, jobTitle);
cout << "Enter Salary: ";
cin >> salary;
cin.ignore();
}
void displayJobDetails() {
displayPersonalDetails();
displayEmployeeID();
cout << "Job Title: " << jobTitle << endl;
cout << "Salary: $" << salary << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Employee emp;
cout << "Enter Employee Information:" << endl;
emp.getJobDetails();
cout << "\nEmployee Information:" << endl;
emp.displayJobDetails();
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q3 Write a program to implement hybrid and hierarchical implementation.
1) Hybrid Inheritance

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
void showA() {
cout << "This is class A" << endl;
}
};
class B {
public:
void showB() {
cout << "This is class B" << endl;
}
};
class C : public A, public B {
public:
void showC() {
cout << "This is class C" << endl;
}
};
class D : public C {
public:
void showD() {
cout << "This is class D" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
D obj;
obj.showA();
obj.showB();
obj.showC();
obj.showD();
return 0;
}
 Output

2) Hierarchical Inheritance
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
void showA() {
cout << "This is class A" << endl;
}
};
class B : public A {
public:
void showB() {
cout << "This is class B" << endl;
}
};
class C : public A {
public:
void showC() {
cout << "This is class C" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
B objB;
C objC;
objB.showA();
objB.showB();
objC.showA();
objC.showC();
return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.8
Q1. Write a program to display reverse of number using virtual base class.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number {
protected:
int num;
public:
Number(int n) : num(n) {}
virtual void reverseNumber() = 0;
};
class Reverse : public virtual Number {
public:
Reverse(int n) : Number(n) {}
void reverseNumber() override {
int rev = 0, remainder;
int temp = num;
while (temp != 0) {
remainder = temp % 10;
rev = rev * 10 + remainder;
temp /= 10;
}
cout << "Reversed Number: " << rev << endl;
}
};
int main() {
int n;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> n;
Reverse obj(n);
obj.reverseNumber();

return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2.Write a program to implement concept of function overriding.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Animal {
public:
virtual void sound() {
cout << "Animals make sound" << endl;
}
};
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
void sound() override {
cout << "Dog barks" << endl;
}
};
class Cat : public Animal {
public:
void sound() override {
cout << "Cat meows" << endl;
}
};
class Cow : public Animal {
public:
void sound() override {
cout << "Cow moos" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Animal *animal;
Dog dog;
Cat cat;
Cow cow;
animal = &dog;
animal->sound();
animal = &cat;
 animal->sound();
animal = &cow;
animal->sound();
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q3.Write a program to implement virtual function.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public:
virtual void display() {
cout << "This is a generic shape." << endl;
}
};

class Circle : public Shape {

public:
void display() override {
cout << "This is a circle." << endl;
}
};
class Square : public Shape {
public:
void display() override {
cout << "This is a square." << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Shape* shapePtr;
Circle circle;
Square square;
shapePtr = &circle;
shapePtr->display();
shapePtr = &square;
shapePtr->display();
return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.9
Q1. Write a program to open a file for writing and reading purpose use open function () in c++

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
fstream file;
string content;
file.open("example.txt", ios::out | ios::in | ios::trunc);
if (!file) {
cout << "Error: File could not be opened!" << endl;
return 1;
}
file << "Hello, this is a test file." << endl;
file.seekg(0);
getline(file, content);
cout << "Content of the file: " << content << endl;
file.close();
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2. Write a program to write text in a file, read the text from file from EOF(). Display the
content in reverse order.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Write text to a file
ofstream outfile("example.txt");
outfile << "This is an example of reversing text from a file.";
outfile.close();
ifstream infile("example.txt");
string content, line;
while (getline(infile, line)) {
content += line;
}
infile.close();
for (int i = 0, j = content.length() - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
swap(content[i], content[j]);
}
cout << "Reversed Content: " << content << endl;
return 0;
}

Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63

Experiment No.10
Q1. Write a program to demonstrate that the data is read from file using ASCII format

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <bitset>
using namespace std;
int main() {
ofstream outfile("example.txt");
outfile << "Hello, ASCII!";
outfile.close();
ifstream infile("example.txt");
char ch;
cout << "Character - ASCII Code - Binary Representation" << endl;
while (infile.get(ch)) {
int asciiValue = static_cast<int>(ch);
cout << ch << " - " << asciiValue << " - " <<
bitset<8>(asciiValue) << endl;
}
infile.close();
return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q2. Write a program to find the factorial of a number throw multiple exception and define
multiple catch statement to handle exception.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
long factorial(int n) {
if (n < 0) {
throw invalid_argument("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.");
}
if (n > 20) {
throw overflow_error("Input is too large; may cause overflow.");
}
long long result = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
result *= i;
}
return result;
}
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter a number to find its factorial: ";
cin >> num;
try {
long long result = factorial(num);
cout << "Factorial of " << num << " is: " << result << endl;
}
catch (const invalid_argument& e) {
cout << "Error: " << e.what() << endl;
}
catch (const overflow_error& e) {
cout << "Error: " << e.what() << endl;
}
catch (...) {
cout << "An unknown error occurred." << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Output
Name: Manur Sami Mujeeb
Class: SY (CSE) C
Roll: 63
Q3. Write a program to illustrate template class.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T>
class Calculator {
T num1, num2;
public:
Calculator(T n1, T n2) : num1(n1), num2(n2) {}
T add() {
return num1 + num2;
}
T subtract() {
return num1 - num2;
}
T multiply() {
return num1 * num2;
}
T divide() {
if (num2 != 0)
return num1 / num2;
else {
cout << "Error: Division by zero!" << endl;
return 0;
}
}
};
int main() {
Calculator<int> intCalc(10, 5);
cout << "Integer Calculations:" << endl;
cout << "10 + 5 = " << intCalc.add() << endl;
cout << "10 - 5 = " << intCalc.subtract() << endl;
cout << "10 * 5 = " << intCalc.multiply() << endl;
cout << "10 / 5 = " << intCalc.divide() << endl;
Calculator<double> doubleCalc(5.5, 2.2);
cout << "\nDouble Calculations:" << endl;
cout << "5.5 + 2.2 = " << doubleCalc.add() << endl;
cout << "5.5 - 2.2 = " << doubleCalc.subtract() << endl;
 cout << "5.5 * 2.2 = " << doubleCalc.multiply() << endl;
cout << "5.5 / 2.2 = " << doubleCalc.divide() << endl;
return 0;
}

Output