Review of Literature

1.Abel etal. (1984) This study argues that the cognitive distortions of
sexual offenders stem from underlying implicit theories about their
victims. These theories, similar to scientific theories, are used to interpret
others' behavior and predict future events. They are coherent belief
systems composed of interconnected ideas and concepts. Drawing on
psychological research about implicit theories, the article explores how
this perspective can improve understanding of cognitive distortions in
sexual offenders. It also addresses the implications for research and
clinical practices, suggesting that treating cognitive distortions as implicit
theories could influence therapeutic approaches and interventions.

2.Bailey (2023) addresses these gaps by investigating changes in

cognitive and affective symptoms over the course of CBT in a naturalistic
outpatient setting. By using a robust sample size and advanced statistical
modeling, this research provides valuable insights into how changes in
cognitive distortions and affective symptoms interact during therapy.
Understanding this reciprocal relationship has important clinical
implications, as it may guide more targeted and effective interventions
that simultaneously address both symptom domains, ultimately enhancing
the therapeutic process and outcomes for individuals with depression.

3.Beck (2008) This comprehensive review explores the evolution of the

cognitive model of depression, integrating findings from behavioral
genetics, cognitive neuroscience, and clinical observations. The article
discusses how cognitive distortions, dysfunctional beliefs, and
information-processing biases contribute to depression. It also examines
the interaction of genetic, neurochemical, and cognitive factors in the
development of depression, highlighting the importance of early
psychological interventions.

4.Buga and Kaya (2022) did a study on The Role of Cognitive Distortions
related Academic Achievement in Predicting the Depression, Stress and
Anxiety Levels of Adolescents. It was seen that depression, anxiety and
stress scores differed significantly in terms of gender, class level and
receiving out-of-school academic support. Finally, it was observed that
cognitive distortions related to academic achievement are a statistically
significant predictor of depression, anxiety and stress.

5.Ciccarelli etal. (2021) This study examined the factors contributing to

adolescent gambling. It found that, in addition to gender, gambling-
related cognitive distortions, uncertainty about mental states, and
difficulties controlling emotions significantly predicted problematic
gambling. These findings suggest that interventions targeting these
factors could be effective in preventing and treating adolescent gambling.

6.Duman (2018) This study examines cognitive distortion levels in working

adults, relating to socio-demographic variables. 32 participants (18
females, 14 males) completed the Cognitive Distortion Scale-R (CDS-R)
and a Personal Information Form. Working individuals showed a "high"
level of cognitive distortion (mean score: 7.94). Significant difference
found between cognitive distortion levels and education level. Highest
cognitive distortion scores among low-educated (elementary degree)
individuals. Lowest cognitive distortion scores among high-educated
(associate/bachelor degree) individuals.

7.Gannon etal. (2006) This review examines theory, research, and clinical
practice relating to child molesters' cognitive distortions. First we review
development of cognitive distortion theory and examine its
epistemological usefulness. Then we critically evaluate available research
evidence for current conceptualizations of cognitive distortions. This
evaluation of the latest research suggests that clinical practice with child
molesters has run ahead of scientific knowledge. We conclude that there
is confusion about the exact nature of cognitive distortions, about the role
that they play in sexual offending, and about what constitutes evidence of
their existence. Although it seems likely that distorted cognition plays a
role in some child molesters' offenses, our concern is that from a scientific
standpoint, the majority of the research conducted cannot be used either
to support or refute this view.

8.Gupta and Jha (2023) did study to know the role of cognitive distortion
on impulsivity among adolescents. It was found that there is no significant
impact of cognitive distortion on impulsivity among students. They
concluded that cognitive distortion and impulsivity both are prone to
develop mental health issues. If this proneness will be identified during
the period of child and adolescence, and then only effective intervention
module can be developed for psychological well-being and good quality of
life of the adolescent.

9.Gupta and Ojha (2023) There are various factors contributing to the life
of adolescents. Cognitive distortion is analyzed with reference to
impulsivity in the present study to know the role of cognitive distortion on
impulsivity among adolescents. A sample of 300 students of higher
secondary school has been taken for the study. Cognitive Distortion Scale
and Impulsivity Scale have been administered to collect the data. Findings
show that there is found there is no significant impact of cognitive
distortion on impulsivity among students. In another finding, no significant
relationship is found between family environment and academic
performance. So, it can be said that family environment can have
significant relationships with mental health but not with academic
performance. On the other hand, cognitive distortion and impulsivity are
both prone to develop mental health issues.

10.Jha etal. (2022) Stress has been recognized as an important factor

affecting health, productivity, interpersonal relations, and accidents.
Mitigation of stress, therefore, has been a considerable research area
across the world. There are several factors that lead to stress and a major
one being the cognitive distortions. The cognitive model explains that we
as individuals are presented with negative, positive, and neutral events,
which are interpreted with a chain of thoughts, resulting in distinct
feelings and moods. This work is focused on exploring the relationship
between select cognitive distortions and stress in a college setting. Partly
modified scales of cognitive distortions (Roberts, M. B) and emotional
stress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS)) have been used for the
survey. Results indicate that there is a moderate correlation between the
cognitive distortions and emotional stress.

11.Kendall etal (1985) Three studies investigated cognitive disturbance

and depression in children. Study 1 involved 47 sixth-graders, including 17
diagnosed with depression, who were assessed using various inventories
and tests. Depression was linked to negative self-evaluative processing,
not cognitive deficits. Study 2 replicated these findings with a broader age
range of children (3rd to 6th grade) and found similar results. Study 3
examined whether depressed children’s negative self-perceptions were
accurate or distorted, confirming that their self-assessments were
negatively distorted. The findings have implications for understanding and
treating depression in children.

12.Lefebvre etal (1981) This study examined cognitive errors in 18

depressed psychiatric patients, 19 depressed low back pain (LBP)
patients, 29 nondepressed LBP patients, and 23 nondepressed individuals.
Participants completed questionnaires assessing general cognitive
distortions and LBP-related cognitive errors (catastrophizing,
overgeneralization, personalization, and selective abstraction).

13.LeMoult and Gotlib (2019) This comprehensive review explores the

cognitive model of depression, highlighting how negative biases in self-
referential processing, interpretation, attention, and memory contribute to
the onset and maintenance of depression. The article discusses the role of
maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination,
and their impact on depressive symptoms. It also examines the
importance of cognitive control over mood-congruent material and its
implications for treatment.

14.Maheshwari and Chadha (2021) Personality is the unique way in which

the individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life. In psychological
terms, personality refers to our characteristic way of responding to
individuals and situations. It is a general principle of psychology that
people operate in the world based on, to a large extent, assumptions
about themselves, others, the environment, and the future. When these
assumptions or attributions are inaccurate, unnecessarily negative, and
interfere with optimal functioning, they often are referred to as cognitive
distortion or dysfunctional thinking patterns. With the help of the present
study, the relationship between personality dimensions on NEO-FFI and
the dimensions on the Cognitive Distortion Scale (CDS) will be assessed in
undergraduate and postgraduate students, in the age group of 18-24
years, with 200 sample size, using purposive sampling.

15.Mercan etal (2021) This study explores the relationship between

cognitive distortions and emotional expression, anxiety, and depression.
Data was collected from 200 first and second-year university students
using face-to-face questionnaires. The results indicate that higher scores
on cognitive distortions scales correlate with increased levels of anxiety
and depression. The study highlights the importance of addressing
cognitive distortions in psychological interventions to improve mental
health outcomes.

16.Muhammet etal (2021) Loneliness and cognitive distortions have

serious negative effects on life satisfaction and are seen as related to
each other. However, what mediates in these relationships has not been
adequately analyzed. This study aims to analyze the effect between
cognitive distortions and life satisfaction by asserting the mediating role
of loneliness.

17.Rnic etal. (2016) Cognitive distortions, negative biases in thinking, are

linked to depression and dysphoria. A study found that cognitive
distortions reduce the use of adaptive humor styles, such as Affiliative and
Self-Enhancing, and increase maladaptive humor styles, such as
Aggressive and Self-Defeating. This suggests that distorted negative
thinking can hinder individuals' ability to regulate emotions and cope with
stress, leading to elevated depressive symptoms. Self-Defeating humor
may also be used as a coping strategy.

18.Guglielmo (2015) This article investigates the concept of cognitive

distortions, recognizing the need for conceptual clarity to advance
research in cognitive theory and therapy. The author begins with an
analysis of cognitive distortion samples from existing literature, extracting
24 propositions. These propositions are categorized thematically and then
expanded by including samples from nine additional articles. Using basic
set theory, the analysis calculates 567 possible semantic interpretations
("possible worlds") of cognitive distortions across the literature. Although
no final definition is provided, the author proposes a working hypothesis: a
cognitive distortion is a clinically relevant problematic cognition with
distinct operational parameters. The article calls for researchers and
practitioners to use a standardized vocabulary to clarify the concept and
improve communication in the field.

19.Stoeber and Rambow (2013) conducted a study to examine how self-

blame mediates the relationship between defense mechanisms and
depression. They found that individuals using maladaptive defense
mechanisms tend to engage in self-blame, which significantly exacerbates
depressive symptoms. The study concluded that self-blame is a critical
factor in understanding how defense mechanisms impact mental health.
Their findings suggest that addressing self-blame in therapeutic
interventions could lead to improved outcomes for individuals suffering
from depression.

20.Wang (2023) Nowadays, adolescents would like to share their daily

lives via social media platforms, which presents an excellent opportunity
for us to leverage these data to develop techniques to measure their
mental health status, such as depression. Previous researches focus on
the more accurate detection of depression through statistical learning and
ignore psychological understanding of depression. However, psychologists
have given lots of theoretical evidence for depression. Such as according
to cognitive psychology research, cognitive distortions will result in
depression. Thus, in this study, we propose a new task, explainable
depression detection, to not only automatically detect depression but also
try to give clues to depression based on cognitive distortion theory.