Report: UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE IN RICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E DUJA…

UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AS ELECTRICITY

SOURCE IN RICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E
DUJALI DAVAO DEL NORTE (1)
by Chelsea Manalo

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UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AS ELECTRICITY

SOURCE IN RICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E
DUJALI DAVAO DEL NORTE (1)

UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEM AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE

IN RICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E. DUJALI,
DAVAO DEL NORTE

BALTAZAR, ANGEL FERRO D.

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GIANGAN, CESAR LOUIS S.

MARTINEZ, JAMES ANGELO L.
PRADO, MELVIN S.
REYES, ERSIND YOUIE V.

June 2024

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering
Obrero, Davao City

Declaration of Originality

We, ANGEL FERRO D. BALTAZAR, CESAR LOUIS S. GIANGAN, JAMES ANGELO L.

MARTINEZ, MELVIN S. PRADO, and ERSIND YOUIE V. REYES, declare that this
capstone project entitled "UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEM AS ELECTRICITY

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1
SOURCE IN RICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E. DUJALI, DAVAO DEL NORTE", is
original to the best of our knowledge. We declare further that this activity was
undertaken by the undersigned.

BALTAZAR, ANGEL FERRO D.

GIANGAN, CESAR LOUIS S.

MARTINEZ, JAMES ANGELO L.

PRADO, MELVIN S.

REYES, ERSIND YOUIE V.

Researchers

June 2024
ABSTRACT

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Report: UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE IN RICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E DUJA…

ANGEL FERRO D. BALTAZAR, CESAR LOUIS S. GIANGAN, JAMES ANGELO L.

MARTINEZ, MELVIN S. PRADO, ERSIND YOUIE V. REYES, College of Engineering,
University of Southeastern Philippines, Obrero, Davao City, June 2024, Utilizing
Irrigation System as Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali,
Davao Del Norte

Adviser: Nikka Samantha A. Basan, REE, RME

The rising global demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has
motivated the development of inventive strategies to harness the previously
unexplored potential of natural resources. Within the agricultural industry,
2
there exists a significant potential to harness energy from water bodies utilized
for irrigation, namely in rice fields. The researchers have devised the title
"Utilizing Irrigation System as Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses in
3
Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte" to develop a prototype that enables farmers
to transport electricity through water. The objective of this study's prototype
4
was to harness transformed energy for the purpose of providing electrical
access. Additionally, it sought to evaluate the efficiency and sustainability of
the device in supplying power. The researchers employed the same principle of
5 6
a bladeless turbine particularly the SETUR (or Sedlacek's Vortex Turbine) in the
context of hydropower. The researchers obtained the required data for analysis
7 8 9
through conducting 3 trials, which was determined using the arithmetic mean.
The system produced an average of 8.86 watts and determined the maximum
output voltage to be 191 volts to power lights and radios in 5 rice field homes.
10
The researchers deemed the overall research endeavor to be successful and
have put up proposals for enhancing the prototype in the future.

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Keywords: Renewable energy, irrigation system, hydroelectric power, bladeless

turbine, vortex.

UTILIZING IRRIGATION SYSTEM AS ELECTRICITY SOURCE

11
INRICE FIELD HOUSES IN BRAULIO E. DUJALI,
DAVAO DEL NORTE

A Capstone Project
Presented to
12
The Faculty of College of Engineering
University of Southeastern Philippines
Obrero, Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

BALTAZAR, ANGEL FERRO D.

GIANGAN, CESAR LOUIS S.
MARTINEZ, JAMES ANGELO L.
PRADO, MELVIN S.
REYES, ERSIND YOUIE V.

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June 2024
2

APPROVAL SHEET

The thesis entitled "Utilizing Irrigation System as Electricity Source in Rice

Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte" prepared and submitted by
Angel Ferro D. Baltazar, Cesar Louis S. Giangan, James Angelo L. Martinez,
Melvin S. Prado, and Ersind Youie V. Reyes, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, is
13
hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

NIKKA SAMANTHA A. BASAN

Adviser

Approved by the Thesis Advisory Committee:

RICARDO F. ABEAR
Chairperson

CHARITO O. CLARO RANDY M. TONGSON

Member Member

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Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Bachelor of

Science in Electrical Engineering

DALIA M. RECONALLA
Dean

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend sincere thanks and gratitude to the
following persons who have contributed and supported in the fulfillment of this
study.

15
To their study's adviser, Nikka Samantha A. Basan, REE for her support and
priceless advice, patience, and recommendations, all of which were crucial to
the study's successful completion. The panelists, led by Ricardo F. Abear, REE

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16 17
who challenged and contributed ideas to their study, along with Charito O.
18
Claro, PEE, and Randy M. Tongson, MEE were equally significant.

They would also like to thank Dean, Dalia M. Reconalla, Ph.D., for imparting
support in their study.

They would also like to thank, Jose Russel D. Lapore for giving his potential in
fabricating their prototype, his contributions made the biggest impact to the
success of their study.

They also want to sincerely thank their families for their unwavering support—
financially, morally, spiritually, and emotionally. Throughout their journey to
finish this study, their families' steadfast support and understanding have been
21
vital. They are incredibly appreciative of their families' attendance and efforts,
as they have found strength and inspiration in their support. They also want to
24 24
thank their love one's for their unwavering support and patient throughout this
journey. Their love and encouragement have been the source of inspiration and
motivation.

And most of all, they would like to extend wholehearted gratitude and praise to
ever loving and merciful God for touching and bringing together those people
who literally shared their abundant resources, skills, time, and effort for the
completion of the study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Page
Title Page i
Declaration Of Originality ii
ABSTRACT iii
APPROVAL SHEET v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x

Chapter 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Objectives of the Study 3
Significance of the Study 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study 4
Definition of Terms 8

Chapter 2 10

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 10

Related Literature and Studies 10
Theoretical Framework 15

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Conceptual Framework 16

Chapter 3 18

METHODOLOGY 18
Research Design 18
Research Environment 19
Sources of Data 19
Data Gathering Instruments 19
Sampling Technique 21
Materials 21
Operational Diagram 23
Procedure of the Study 23
Statistical Treatment 24

Chapter 4 25

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 25

Presentation of Gathered Data 25
Analysis of Measures Output 27

Chapter 5 35

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35

Summary 35
Conclusions 36
Recommendations 37

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REFERENCES 38
APPENDICES 41
CURRICULUM VITAE 66

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Budgetary Requirement 22

Table 2. Measured Output 27
Table 3. Battery Rating Calculation 28
26
Table 4. Rice Field Houses Loads 29
27
Table 5. Monthly Electric Bill of each Rice Field Houses 32

LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Braulio E. Dujali Map 5
Figure 2. Site Location 5
Figure 3. Designed Location 6
Figure 4. Site Location with Houses Location 6
Figure 5. Libuganon River, Aerial View 7
Figure 6. Libuganon River, Actual View 7
Figure 7. Conical Basin 14
Figure 8. Conical Basin Front View 14

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Figure 9. Right Side View Design 15

Figure 10. Conceptual Framework of the Study 16
Figure 11. Prototype Mount Location 18
Figure 12. Operational Diagram 23
Figure 13. Process Flow Diagram 23
Figure 14. Design Criteria, 3D View 26
Figure 15. Design Criteria, Front View 26
Figure 16. Design Criteria, Side View 26
Figure 17. Design Criteria, Top View 26

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The innovative solutions to tap into the untapped potential of natural resources
have been driven by the increasing global demand for sustainable and
28
renewable energy sources. In the agricultural sector, there is a valuable
opportunity to extract energy from water bodies used for irrigation, particularly
in rice fields. Rice cultivation plays a crucial role in numerous economies,
providing sustenance for millions of people across the globe. By integrating
renewable energy technologies into traditional agricultural practices, we can
29
achieve dual benefits of meeting energy needs and promoting environmental
sustainability.
30
In the Philippines, farmers belong to one of the two most impoverished labor
31
groups. Climate disturbances like El Niño, which can last for a year, result in
erratic weather patterns, tropical storms, and droughts. These adverse
32
conditions directly impact their crop yield and subsequently, their income. The
33
provision of irrigation systems proves to be highly beneficial for farmers as it
alleviates their water scarcity concerns, eliminating the need to depend solely
on rainfall. However, effective water management is crucial in irrigation to
34
ensure optimal water usage efficiency while simultaneously conserving
resources and minimizing water loss.
35
Irrigation plays a crucial role for farmers as it allows them to water their crops
without relying solely on rainwater. While hotter temperatures may indicate the
possibility of rain, it is not always a reliable source due to unpredictable
weather patterns and insufficient rainfall caused by drought. Traditionally,

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37
farmers used to require 4,000 liters of water to yield a kilo of rice, but with
proper management, this amount has been reduced to approximately 2,600
liters, resulting in a water saving of up to 35%. Among the various irrigation
methods, drip irrigation stands out for its efficient water usage and flexibility,
although the installation and maintenance costs are equally high.
Water runoff, a form of wasted potable water resulting from inefficient
irrigation practices, has the potential to be utilized more effectively. By
harnessing the water runoff that flows through channels, there is an
38
opportunity to implement hydroelectric power generation, with the welfare of
farmers in mind. The concept involves using an integrated bladeless turbine,
39 39
coupled with a generator, to harvest hydroelectric power. This off-grid source of
40 41
energy can greatly benefit farmers by reducing their expenses on electricity,
41
which is currently distributed by privately-owned utilities such as Davao Light
or Davao del Norte Electric Cooperative Inc.
The proposed bladeless turbine is designed to generate electricity regardless
of the flow rate of the water. This innovative approach makes bladeless hydro
42 42
turbines an ideal solution for rice irrigation systems. Compared to traditional
hydroelectric systems, bladeless hydro turbines offer several advantages (Bao
& Wang, 2021). They are simpler, more cost-effective, and environmentally
friendly. Unlike complex infrastructures like dams and extensive piping, which
are often impractical for small-scale applications like rice fields, bladeless
hydro turbines provide a streamlined and efficient method for capturing the
kinetic energy of water flow. To further optimize the benefits of this system, an
installed battery energy storage system on the farm can store the harvested
44 45 45
hydroelectric energy. This not only reduces dependence on the grid but also
leads to long-term savings on electric bills.

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The researchers have formulated the title "Utilizing Irrigation System as

46
Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte" in
47
relation to the presented ideas. The rise in rice inflation and increasing
expenses in rice field farming cannot be denied, largely due to drought and the
48 50
use of electricity and water. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and
effectiveness of incorporating bladeless hydro turbines into rice irrigation
51
systems. Through a thorough examination of the technical, economic, and
environmental aspects, the researchers aim to provide valuable insights into
the potential advantages of this innovative approach. The goal is to contribute
to the sustainable development of rural areas by empowering farmers with
52 53
clean and affordable energy solutions, while also promoting environmental
stewardship.

Statement of the Problem

Rice growing relies on irrigation infrastructure to provide water throughout its
development. The type of irrigation system used in a rice crop depends on
geography, water availability, and labor. Farmers rely on pumps to transfer
54
water throughout the land due to the irrigation system's current flow rate. Most
rice growers live near their farms and are off the grid. Rice field farmers, the
backbone of agricultural production, face disproportionately high electricity
prices compared to urban farmers, stressing their already thin margins. Braulio
E. Dujali also has several rice fields connection to irrigation systems. This
project aims to create a prototype that helps farmers carry energy via water.
The study seeks answers to:
56
What are the design criteria of the prototype to work properly?
What is the average power generated?
What is the maximum voltage output that can be generated with the prototype?

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Objectives of the Study

This research aims to supply electricity using a bladeless hydro-generator. The
57
prototype of this study aimed to utilize the converted energy to supply
59
electricity access and determine the efficiency, as well as the sustainability of
58
the device in supplying power. Hydro energy will be collected in an irrigation
60
canal from the main irrigation dam.
To identify and analyze the essential design criteria required for the prototype
to function optimally/efficiently.
To determine the average power generated.
To measure and record the output voltage generated by the prototype under
various operating conditions.
Significance of the Study
This research study entitled "Utilizing Irrigation System as Electricity Sources
in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte" is a huge help to the
agricultural sector in the country. This study is noteworthy. It also follows the
global trend towards green and cleaner energy. Below are the benefits of the
study:

Community: In rural areas such as Braulio E. Dujali, an area where agriculture is

the main primary industry, this study can lessen expenses in electricity, which
can improve their economic well-being and environmental sustainability.
Local Government of Braulio E. Dujali: This study could be a good project for the
Local Government of Braulio E. Dujali as a more productive agricultural sector
can generate additional revenue for the local government.
The National Irrigation Administration: The integrated rice field irrigation
63
system can serve as a successful model for future projects, demonstrating the
benefits of integrating hydroelectric energy and efficient water management

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practices. The administration can also utilize the project's experience and
lessons learned to develop training programs and resources for farmers and
irrigation personnel on implementing and managing integrated rice field
irrigation systems.
Department of Energy: The study can provide valuable insights into
technological advancements which can highlight the potential of hydroelectric
energy in powering irrigation systems, encouraging the development and
adoption of renewable energy solutions in the agricultural sector.
65 66
Future Researchers and Innovators: Given the lack of study pertaining to
bladeless hydroelectric generators, the data and insights gained from the study
can serve as a basis for future researchers and innovators. The project's
success encourages further research and development in related areas, such
as irrigation systems, precision agriculture technologies, and renewable energy
solutions for rural communities.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study mainly focuses on the effectiveness of the prototype in harnessing
hydro energy from the agricultural irrigation system in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao
del Norte. In line with the objectives that the researcher would like to
accomplish by the end of the study, the research topic would involve
conducting a comprehensive literature review, developing a theoretical model,
67 68
utilizing and evaluating the performance of the prototype. This study is limited
69 70
only to harness energy using bladeless hydro generator and supply electricity
to rice field houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte.

Facility Description

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The municipality has a land area of 99.76 square kilometers or 38.52 square
73 74 7
miles which constitutes 2.91% of Davao del Norte's total area. Its population as
76 77
determined by the 2020 Census was 35,729. This represented 3.18% of the
78
total population of Davao del Norte province, or 0.68% of the overall population
of the Davao Region. Based on figure 1, the population density is computed at
358 inhabitants per square kilometer or 928 inhabitants per square mile.

Map Location

Figure 1: Braulio E. Dujali Map

Source: https://www.google.com/maps/@7.4577687
,125.6951219,10202m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu

Figure 2 shows the site location of the irrigation system in Braulio E. Dujali. This
is the site location of the irrigation where the prototype was mounted and
tested.

Figure 2: Site Location

Source: https://maps.app.goo.gl/w58MTKL2Vqam1bZD9

Figure 3 shows the exact location where the researchers mounted the
prototype.

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Figure 3: Designed Location

Source: https://maps.app.goo.gl/w58MTKL2Vqam1bZD9

Figure 4 shows the site location of the rice field houses that the researchers
aimed to supply with electricity.

81
Figure 4: Site Location with houses location
82
Source: https://www.google.com/maps/@7.4263566,
125.6901171,80m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu

Figure 5 illustrates the site location of Libuganon River which is the source of
water of the irrigation system in Davao Del Norte.

Figure 5: Libuganon River, Aerial View

Source: https://maps.app.goo.gl/o1grAGDdLWctM3k58

Figure 6 shows the actual view of the Libuganon River

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Figure 6: Libuganon River, Actual View

Source: https://x.com/bayanmo/status/834971578941255681

Definition of Terms
85
Bladeless Hydro-Generator is a hydro-generator that utilizes a turbine without
blades to harness the energy from flowing water.
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is a subfield of fluid mechanics that
examines and resolves fluid flow problems using data structures and numerical
analysis
86
Efficiency is the act of maximizing the utilization of a given resource while
minimizing any wastage.
Electrification is the process of powering various systems and devices by
utilizing electricity.
87
Energy Storage is the act of capturing and storing energy in batteries for future
usage.
88
Flow Rate is the measurement of the amount of mass or volume that passes
89
through a specific channel within a given time period. Common units used are
90
liters per second (l/s) for volumetric flow rate and kilograms per second (kg/s)
91
for mass flow rate.
92
Generator is a mechanical device that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Hydroelectric is the production of electricity by harnessing the energy from
flowing water.

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93
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land in order to assist in the
growth of crops.
94
Irrigation System is a collection of devices and equipment designed to deliver
water to soil in a controlled manner.
Maximum Voltage is the highest rated voltage at which a device can safely
operate.
95
Potential Energy is the stored energy possessed by an object at rest or not in
motion.
Rural Area is an expanse of land with minimal residential or commercial
buildings and a sparse population.
96
Turbine is a rotating machine that generates mechanical power through the
flow of water, steam, gas, or air. It is sometimes referred to as the "prime
mover."
97
Vortex is a region in space where a fluid's flow rotates around an axis, creating
a funnel-like or visible depression in the water.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Related Literature and Studies
National
Hydropower is a renewable energy source that stands out for its exceptional
ecological efficiency, thanks to its ability to convert a large amount of energy
98
and produce very low levels of emissions. There are three primary categories of
hydropower plants: reservoir hydropower plants, which function as electricity
storage systems by holding a significant amount of water behind a dam;
pumped storage hydropower plants, which use surplus electricity during low-
demand periods to pump water from a reservoir; and run-of-river hydropower
plants, which rely on the timing and volume of river flows for generation and
have limited or no storage capacity behind the dam. Several studies have
examined the techno-economic analysis of producing hydrogen from excess
hydroelectric energy in various countries. Due to the ample water resources in
the country, any surplus water is channeled towards the spillway, which can
potentially result in erosion, landslides, and flooding, particularly during
periods of heavy rainfall (Agaton et al, 2022).
Irrigation is a well-known water management method. It increases agricultural
productivity by allowing for more intense cultivation on the same piece of land
and therefore boosting yield. Irrigation development in the Philippines is mostly
influenced by public sector investment. Irrigation service delivery is mandated
under essential agricultural laws, including the Magna Carta of Small Farmers

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(Republic Act [RA] 7607) and the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act
105
(RA 8435) (Briones et al, 2021).
The Philippines' National Irrigation Administration (NIA) said that it has
increased irrigation development in the nation by 311,265 hectares to 2.042
million hectares by the end of 2022. The country's irrigation development
status by the end of 2021 is presently 65.27 percent of the expected total
irrigable land of 3.128 million hectares. According to NIA statistics, private
107
irrigation systems service a total of 180,501.21 hectares as of end-2021, which
will hopefully be turned into acceptable irrigation systems for farmers. The
country now has 10,401 irrigation systems in place. Pursuing the development
of these areas would meet the requirements of Filipino households while also
108
providing jobs for farmers. "NIA pursued to optimize dams not only for irrigation
purposes but also for agro-tourism, aquaculture, and hydroelectric generation,"
said NIA administrator Ricardo R. Visaya. NIA has 333 solar-powered irrigation
110 110 110
projects nationwide with a total cost of Php. 1.517 billion under the Solar-
Powered Irrigation Project. These projects have the potential to generate
4,214.33 horsepower and irrigate 6,428.62 hectares of agricultural land,
benefiting 8,467 farmers and their families." The NIA plans to create 24,462
111
hectares of new irrigation areas by 2022, while restoring irrigation to another
112
12,356 hectares. The NIA has budgeted Php. 32.468 billion, of which Php.
22.646 billion is for irrigation system construction and repair activities (DA
Press Office, 2022).
International
113
One of the most significant achievements that has resulted in the development
113
and advancement of people's lives is electrification. Electricity is used in a
114
variety of everyday activities, including communications, business,
transportation, education, and household life. Electrification is considered as

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115 116 116

alleviating poverty, increasing access to basic amenities, and advancing social
116
systems in distant locations where most people are impoverished (Cecelski,
2019). The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the
necessity of electrification, with universal access to electricity and greater
renewable energy use envisioned by 2030 (Martin, 2023).
117 117
As of 2023, there are still 1.65 % of the total population in the Philippines that
118
has no access to electricity. The bulk of people who lack access to electricity
reside in remote, rural locations with limited economic opportunities and
subpar living circumstances (World Bank, 2019). Because of these limits, most
of these people' electrification relies on off-grid or decentralized systems,
usually with renewable energy deployments (World Bank, 2018).
Global efforts have been made at energy access in underserved areas, and
international agencies have reported a minor rise in rural power availability in
120
recent years (Kougias et al, 2019; REN21, 2018; Saim & Khan, 2021). However,
the practical impact of these electricity systems on sustainable development
remains a challenge. (Cozzi et al, 2018; Eras-Almeida et al, 2019). Some
121
systems have limited capacity and are unable to fulfill household demand
122
(Eras-Almeida et al, 2020; World Bank, 2018). In this study, sustainable
development (SD) is defined as the notion by which electrification systems
promote end-user socioeconomic progress and growth by providing appropriate
power consumption, cheap energy prices, safe electricity use, and greener
electricity sources (Saim & Khan, 2021; Martin, 2023).
Rural areas have been key battlegrounds for the implementation of energy
transitions in recent years. They are crucial not only for the location of
124 126
Renewable Energy (RE) facilities, but also for the formation of major synergies
for sustainable Rural Development (RD). As a result, at the policy level, the
development of RE has been explicitly recognized as a potential way of

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furthering RD and supporting rural economies (Clausen & Rudolph, 2020). While
policy plan documents claim and envisage good consequences of RE-based
128
rural development, it is unclear how they are justified and implemented, and
how they connect to the current political-economic conditions of the energy
131
transition. According to the findings of international studies, most nations have
131 131
not devised policies for connecting RD and RE (Clausen & Rudolph, 2020).
Even though several international investigations have found flaws, a
comprehensive assessment and theoretical reflection on this larger realization
has thus far been missed. Furthermore, these analyses have overlooked one of
133 132
the most important socio-material factors that contribute to RE-RD synergies:
133 133
the financing of the renewable energy industry. In this case, renewable energy
135
may provide long-term electrical availability to a wide range of consumers and
purposes, including houses, food preservation, agricultural cooling systems,
academic institutions, companies, and irrigation systems.
136
In the last 60 years, remarkable progress has been made in the utilization of
water resources for agriculture to meet population increase and growing food
demand. While the world's population has increased from 2.5 billion in 1950 to
7 billion now, the irrigated area has quadrupled, and water extraction has
tripled. Irrigation is the world's greatest water consumer, accounting for around
138
70% of total water use. Irrigated land accounts for approximately 20% of total
agricultural surface area yet generates 40% of overall food output. However,
the water efficiency of the majority of irrigation systems remains poor. With
increased competition from other sectors for water usage, such as industry and
urban purposes, irrigation is under pressure to lower its proportion of water
consumption (FAO, 2024).
Hydropower plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing
water, which is a renewable source of energy. In the case of most hydropower

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facilities, greenhouse gas emissions per kWh of generated energy are

substantially lower than emissions caused by fossil fuel-based electricity
production, owing mostly to methane releases from reservoirs behind
hydroelectric dams (FAO, 2024.). Hydroelectric Production (HP) rose steadily
from 1,296 TWh in 1973 to 4,170 TWh in 2016. In 2016, HP accounted for 16.3%
of global gross power generation and 67.1% of all renewable energy production,
with growth predicted to average 2.5% per year until 2030 (Wan, 2021).
142
Emerging developments in the field of hydropower technology involve the
143
modernization of hydraulic turbines. To accommodate the fluctuating electrical
144
energy output of renewable sources, hydraulic turbines must function under a
143
broad spectrum of conditions. Hence, contemporary hydraulic turbines face
novel obstacles linked to the fluctuating demand in the energy market and the
constrained energy storage capacity, necessitating significant adaptability in
145
operation over a wide variety of conditions that deviate from the turbines'
optimal efficiency point (Kougias et al, 2019).

Design of Conical Basin

Past research ''CFD evaluation of performance of Gravitational Water Vortex
Turbine at different runner position'' based on basin selection had concluded
that conical basin was more efficient over cylindrical basin (Kayastha et al,
154 155
2019). Water channel was designed for a flow rate of 6.2 l/s and the inlet
156 156
velocity of 0.27 m/s. By continuity equation the area was calculated as 0.022
157
cubic meters. The width of the channel was taken 12 cm, and we get the
158
channel height of 30 cm. So, a rectangular channel was fabricated with 25 cm
height for compensating the overflow problem if encountered and width of 10
cm. Following figure 7,8 and 9 are the design with parameters

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Figure 7: Conical Basin

Figure 8: Conical Basin Front View

Parameters:
• Cone Angle =9.89
• Cone Height =860 mm
• Height of Cylindrical Basin = 440 mm
• Total height =1300 mm
• Inlet Diameter = 400 mm
• Outlet Diameter = 100 mm

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Figure 9: Right Side View Design

Parameters:
• Channel length = 1000 mm
• Channel width = 100 mm
• Channel height = 250 mm
Theoretical Framework
In this experiment, the turbine to be used is the bladeless turbine. The greatest
advantage of this turbine is the capability of operating on low head and high
range discharge with high and stable efficiency. Throughout its wide
applications and operations, the main function of the turbine is to convert
hydraulic power into rotary motion. It can be used to generate electricity or
directly induce motion in other hydraulic machines.
The rolling fluid turbine converts hydraulic power into rotary motion. It can
164
produce electricity or directly cause motion in other hydraulic machines, such
165
as cleaning brushes. Sedlacek's Turbine, or "SETUR", consists of a conical
channel and a rotor with a shaft connected to the stator, for example, by a ball
joint. Water flows through the channel during operation, and fluid forces cause
the rotor to roll along the inner stator wall. The rotor thus performs both rotary
and precession movement (much like an inclined spinning top) — the latter
motion is employed as a source of mechanical power and can be converted to
electricity by a suitable generator. Interestingly, the rotor has a perfectly
smooth rotationally symmetric shape (cones and hemispheres are usually
utilized) and no blades or buckets. The incoming flow may have no prior angular
momentum, in which case the direction of motion can be considered random,
or, more exactly, as relying solely on minor symmetry faults or early
disturbances.

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Conceptual Framework
168
This study would determine the maximum amount of voltage generated by the
hydro-bladeless generator device utilizing the irrigation system.

Figure 10: Conceptual Framework of the Study

The independent variables consist of the elevation of the irrigation channel and
the flow rate of water within it. The elevation of the irrigation channel, which
refers to the vertical height and slope of the channel from its origin to its
downstream, plays a crucial role in the production of electricity. This is because
a higher elevation results in a greater amount of potential energy in the water,
leading to increased pressure and flow velocity. The height of the irrigation
174
channel has a direct impact on the flow rate of water. This is due to the volume
of water passing through the bladeless turbine. More water flowing past the
turbine translates to more rotations, which in turn determines the power
production, proportional to the flow rate. The size of the hydro bladeless
turbine and the type of generator are controlled variables. Efficiency in the
177
implementation of turbine systems in rice field houses relies on the sizing of
the turbines. The choice of generator will depend on whether an AC or a DC
generator is more suitable for harnessing hydropower. The dependent variable
178
is the quantity of electricity produced by the hydro bladeless turbine. After
thoroughly evaluating each independent variable, the amount of electricity
generated by the turbine will be crucial in determining the solutions for the
output and maximum voltage that the prototype can create for the rice field
houses.

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Chapter 3

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METHODOLOGY

Research Design
The researchers used applied research design to develop and test a system or
device that harnesses energy from irrigation systems on agricultural land which
converts energies into electrical energy making it a source of electricity to rice
field houses. This determines the most appropriate renewable energy sources
for specific rural areas while considering factors like Hydro potential. The
development for the prototype consists of several steps which will guide the
researchers in achieving a valid and reliable result for the project.

Step 1. Data Gathering, Planning, and Preparation

This step includes the gathering of data and framing the research problem and
the main goal of the study. After gathering, the researchers will then analyze
the data recovered from surveying, questionnaires, and interviews from the
research participants.

Step 2. Construction
This step includes the gathering of all the components and materials needed
for the device and the construction of it. All the equipment will be subject for
fitting and testing to avoid the use of defective equipment. The constructed
prototype will be subject to testing and troubleshooting according to the set
standards of the researchers and check the readiness of the device for the final
190 190 190
assembly and evaluation. After that, the assembly of the device will now
190
proceed.

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Figure 11: Prototype Mount Location

Step 3. Testing and Evaluation

Testing and troubleshooting will give the researcher insights for the
improvement of the device. In this stage, the device will be set for final
assembly for the researcher to evaluate the device and give pre-assessment if
the device meets the following research objectives.

Research Environment
The study took place in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte. Braulio E. Dujali has a
vast agricultural land comprising meters of irrigated areas that is suitable for
the study. With around 80% of its total land area intended for agriculture,
Braulio E. Dujali, a town in Davao del Norte, takes the lead in producing
organically grown black rice. With a total of 9,100-hectare agricultural land
area, around 2,000 hectares are devoted to rice production.

Sources of Data
195 196
The study had two sources of data; primary and secondary sources, the primary
197
sources of the data were surveys, questionnaires, and interviews to the
selected farmers of the agricultural irrigation system in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao
198
del Norte. Secondary sources of data were the books, journals, periodicals,
thesis, and internet deemed necessary to gather the needed information for the
study and the data collected from the proposed bladeless turbine design.

Data Gathering Instrument

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In our research endeavor focused on developing a bladeless turbine system for

energy harvesting in rice fields irrigation, the incorporation of surveys,
questionnaires, and interviews serves as a strategic and comprehensive
approach to data collection. The survey instrument will be tailored to assess
the effectiveness of the bladeless turbine system in generating electricity
during the irrigation process. Specific survey questions will delve into the
quantity and consistency of electricity harnessed, farmers' experiences with
the technology, and the perceived impact on reducing electricity costs. This
survey-based data gathering approach will provide a quantitative foundation,
allowing us to analyze and quantify the tangible benefits and challenges
associated with the bladeless turbine system in contributing to sustainable
energy solutions for farmers.
Additionally, the use of questionnaires will offer a structured yet detailed
avenue for participants to provide both quantitative and qualitative responses,
allowing for a deeper exploration of specific aspects related to their
experiences, preferences, and concerns. Lastly, interviews will be employed to
engage directly with a subset of participants, facilitating a more in-depth
understanding of individual perspectives and nuanced insights. The qualitative
richness obtained through interviews will complement the quantitative data,
providing valuable context and depth to our analysis. This multi-method
approach is designed to yield a comprehensive and holistic understanding of
the challenges and opportunities associated with the proposed bladeless
turbine system, ensuring that our research findings are both robust and
nuanced. Throughout the process, ethical considerations will be paramount to
uphold the integrity and respect the rights of the participating farmers.
The researchers will be using data gathering instruments related to their
objective of utilizing irrigation systems as sources of electricity. These

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instruments will include the use of a multimeter and for measuring the flow
rate, we will be doing it manually.
A multimeter will help in measuring the necessary electrical properties, like
voltage, current, and resistance, involved in the study. But since there is no
available flowmeter, we manually measure the water flow rate of the site.

Measures
Identification of Design Parameters
Outlet Diameter is 30 percent of Inlet Diameter
Cone angle: 21.3886 degrees

Power Output
P=VI Eq. (1)
Battery Rating Calculations
The battery rating calculations will include the battery or storage specification,
charging voltage, maximum charging current, maximum charging power, battery
capacity, battery actual capacity, charging time, and battery discharge time.

Battery Capacity watt-hr=Rated Capacity x Nominal Voltage (Eq.2)

Battery Actual Capacity watt-hr=Battery Capacity x 0.8 (Eq.3)
Charging Timehr=Actual Battery CapacityRated Charging Power (Eq.4)
Discharge Timehr= Battery CapacityTotal Load Current (Eq. 5)
Load CurrentA= Luminaire Wattage RatingInverter Output Voltage (Eq.6)
Total Load CurrentA= n(Load Current) (Eq.7)
Voltage Drop= (KIRcos θ+XsinθL)n(305) (Eq.8)

Sampling Technique

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Purposive sampling is the chosen approach for participant selection in this

research project due to its alignment with the specific objectives and nature of
the study. By deliberately selecting participants based on predefined criteria,
such as field size, irrigation practices, and electricity consumption patterns,
the research aims to obtain a sample that is directly relevant to the
investigation of a bladeless turbine system for energy harvesting in rice fields.
This method allows for the inclusion of farmers with diverse experiences and
contextual characteristics, enhancing the study's capacity to capture a
comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated
with electricity costs in rice farming.

Materials
The following is Table 1, which lists the materials used in the construction of
the prototype. The development of this prototype necessitates an investment of
4,820.00 pesos for fabrication. With this allocation, the farmers don't have to
spend much money on paying their monthly electricity bill as this prototype can
cover their expense.

Table 1. Budgetary Requirement

Quantity

Unit

Description
Unit Price
(in pesos)

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Total Price
(in pesos)
2
pcs
Aluminum Pipe
100.00
200.00
2
pcs
Angle Bar
425.00
850.00
1
pc
Battery (12V 20AH)
200.00
200.00
20
pcs
Bolts and Nuts
5.00
100.00
1
pc
Charge Controller
250.00
250.00

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1
pc
DC Generator
700.00
700.00
1
pc
DC to DC Boost Controller
74.00
74.00
2
pcs
Flat Bar
230.00
460.00
1
pc
Plain Sheet
780.00
780.00
1
pc
Hollow Transparent Ball
121.00
121.00
3
pcs

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Light Bulb
70.00
210.00
3
pcs
Male Plug
20.00
60.00
1
pair
Marine Epoxy
165.00
165.00
3
pcs
Receptacle
15.00
45.00
100
pcs
Rivets
00.75
75
2
pack
Washer
30.00

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210.00
1
pack
Welding Rod
180.00
180.00
8
meter
Wire 2.0 mm2 THHN
17.50
140.00
TOTAL
4,820.00

Operational Diagram

Figure 12: Operational Diagram

The operation of the prototype begins at the bladeless hydro turbine with all
appropriate parameters been carefully considered, to supply the load of a rice
field house close to an irrigation canal system. The operational flow diagram

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shows the necessary materials in blocks detailing the step-by-step process of

the study.
The complete design of the bladeless hydro turbine with the fabricated runner
position and conical basin will be placed in a canal with the ideal flow rate that
have been tested in five separate trials. Water will enter the channel and create
213
a vortex that will allow the bladeless turbine to be rotated with mechanical
energy.
214 215
The DC generator coupled with the bladeless hydro turbine will utilize the
energy created by the latter to produce electrical energy. The DC-DC converter,
216,217
specifically a boost converter, will step the voltage up to have produced enough
218
power for the load. The charge controller and the battery will respectively act as
an automatic voltage regulator and a storage system.
The load of a household will solely focus on being able to trigger lightbulbs in a
rice field house. The charge controller will ensure there is consistent delivery of
power to the load by taking any stored energy from the battery as backup.
220
Procedure of the Study

Figure 13: Process Flow Diagram

The objective of this research project is to create a turbine system without
blades that can help farmers generate electricity from irrigation systems in rice
fields. The process flow diagram illustrated in Figure 8 outlines the steps that
the researchers will undertake to ensure the feasibility of the prototype.
The researchers will administer an extensive interview and survey to farmers in
several rice field regions in Braulio E. Dujali to ascertain the obstacles
associated with energy expenses in the context of irrigation. A survey will be
created to gather information about farmer's experiences, interests, and

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concerns regarding alternative energy solutions. The collected data will

subsequently guide the choice of a suitable research title, considering the
recurring themes and issues highlighted in the survey.
The design and application necessitate careful planning and preparation for
the construction and operation of the prototype to be implemented in irrigation
systems for rice fields. The testing of hypothesis focuses on the stated
assumptions made by the researchers, whether the design criteria of the device
are unsuitable, and whether it failed to operate correctly based on its working
principle, and whether the device can generate sufficient power for residential
houses owned by farmers. Monitoring and adjustments will be implemented
accordingly to modify the factors if the data obtained from the bladeless
turbine indicates unsatisfactory electricity generation.

Statistical Treatment
The researchers will employ the statistical treatment of arithmetic mean to
ascertain the average energy output of the bladeless hydro turbine, aiming to
compare it, if it is efficient for rice field house uses. The arithmetic mean is a
valuable statistical treatment for finding the average power generated, its
simplicity, robustness, versatility, comprehensiveness, and stability make it an
ideal measure for this purpose.
Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Presentation of the Gathered Data

The researchers made several alterations to the prototype's final design during
the construction phase. The stability of the prototype's entrance channel was

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improved by incorporating sandbags into the canal's elevation. Additionally,

they aid in obstructing the top section of the canal, thereby directing most of
the flow onto the entry channel of the prototype. Although the sandbags are in
place to secure the entrance channel of the prototype, there are some minor
leaks that have little impact on the formation of vortices in the prototype. The
turbine has components such as the end and the shaft. The structure was built
utilizing aluminum bars, commonly used as antennae, as the shaft. A plastic
ball was attached to the turbine's end, and epoxy paste adhesives were used to
assure its durability in the face of the high flow rate of the irrigation canal. The
marine epoxy's stickiness is well-suited for fixing cracks on the plastic ball and
creating a robust bond with the aluminum pipe. The plastic ball's spherical
shape makes it perfect for being set in motion by the vortices. The circuit
utilized an XL6019 DC-DC boost converter to amplify the voltage output of the
motor from a low level to a more advantageous one.
A Permanent Magnet DC Generator with a voltage rating of 12 volts, power
rating of 30 watts, and rotational speed of 3,500 rpm was used to generate the
required voltage from the flow of the irrigation canal. Multiple trials were
undertaken using the DC generator, which is connected to the boost converter,
to see if the power supplied by the prototype is adequate to supply electricity
to a series of lightbulbs in the rice field house.

237
Design Citeria
The researchers used the following materials and criteria for the prototype to
function effectively.

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Figure 14: Design Criteria, 3D View

In figure 14, gray color is the prototype basin which uses steel plate, flat bar
242 2
connected using rivets and epoxy. Red color is the prototype braces which uses
angle bars connected by welding. Cyan color is the electronic housing which
uses plain sheet steel connected with rivets, bolts, and nuts. Yellow color is the
shaft with ball attached in it which uses aluminum for shaft and hollow plastic
249
for ball. Magenta color is the Permanent Magnet DC Generator. Orange color is
the power inverter, while blue color is the boost converter and green color is the
charge controller.

Figure 15: Design Criteria, Front View Figure 16: Design Criteria, side View

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Figure 17: Design Criteria, Top View

256 257 258

Figure 15,16,17 shows prototype's different perspectives.

Analysis of Measured Output

The study determined the amount of voltage generated by the prototype at a
certain rpm in the irrigation system. As a result, the researchers obtained the
following results.

Table 2. Measured Output

Energy Source
Measured Output Values
Data Results

Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3

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DC Generator
Turbine speed
(rpm)
700-900
1400-1700
1700-1900

Voltage
(volts)
4.47
6.123
7.198

Current
(amperes)
0.9161
1.59
1.77

Power
(watts)
4.094967
9.73557
12.74046
Boost Converter
Voltage
(volts)

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27.875
31.2
33.478

Current
(amperes)
0.14690465
0.31193752
0.38056216

Power
(watts)
4.094967
9.73557
12.74046

259 259 259

In table 2, the results shown here are the power generated in each trial. For the
260 261
DC motor, on trial 1, 700-900 rpm was reached which resulted in 4.094967
watts with a voltage of 4.47V and a current of 0.9161A. During the second trial,
262
1400-1700 rpm was reached resulting in 9.73557 watts with a voltage of 6.123V
263
and a current of 1.59A. Lastly, on trial 3, 12.74046 watts was generated with a
264
voltage of 7.198V and a current of 1.77A with the speed of 1700-1900 rpm. For
265
the Boost Converter, 4.094967 watts was generated with a voltage of 27.875V
and a current of 0.14690465A. On trial 2, the power generated was 9.73557
266
watts with a voltage of 31.21V and a current of 0.31193752A. On the last trial,
266 266
12.74046 watts was generated with a voltage of 33.478V with a current of

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0.38056216A. The charge controller then utilizes the supplied power and uses it
268
to regularly charge the battery.

Average Power Output Calculation

Average Power Output= Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial no. of Trials
Average Power Output= 4.094967+9.73557+12.74046 3=8.856999W

Battery Rating Calculation

The battery rating calculation is shown in the table below, including storage
specifications, charging voltage, rated charging current and power, capacity,
269,270
nominal voltage, and actual capacity. The Equation 2, 3, and 4 were used for the
calculations of the battery rating for Table 3.

Table 3. Battery Rating Calculation

Storage Specifications
Sealed Lead-Acid Battery
Charging Voltage (Volts)
13.7
Rated Charging Current (Ampere)
0.65
Rated Charging Power (Watts)
8.91
Capacity (Ampere-hour)
2
Nominal Voltage (Volts)
12.3
Capacity (Watt-hour)

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24.6
Actual Capacity (Watt-hour)
19.68
Battery Capacity (A-hr) = 2 A-hr
Battery Capacity (W-hr) = 24.6 W-hr
Battery Actual Capacity (W-hr) =24.6 W-hr (0.8) = 19.68 W-hr
Charging Time hr= 19.68 W-hr 8.91 W=2.2088 Hours

The rated charging power of the charge controller is 8.91 watts, sufficiently
given by the energy source. The charging time for the battery is calculated by
271 272
dividing actual capacity over the rated charging power. Hence, 8.91 watts is
used to calculate charging time. The charging time would be 2.2088 hours.

Rice Field Houses Loads

The rice field houses loads is shown in the table below, this shows the loads of
each house as observed during the visit and the load current incorporated in
each house.

Table 4: Rice Field House Loads

Rice Field House
Load
Load Current (A)
House 1
Lighting (5Wx3)

0.078534031
House 2

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Radio (14.5W), lighting (5Wx3)

0.154450262
House 3
Lighting (5Wx2)
0.052356021
House 4
Radio (14.5W), Lighting (5Wx2)
0.128272251
House 5
Radio (14.5W), Lighting (5Wx2)
0.128272251

Load Current A= 5W191V=0.02617801047 A

Radio Load Current (A) = 14.5 W / 191 V = 0.07591623037 A
Total Lighting Load Current (A) = Total Luminaire × Load Current
Total Lighting Load Current (A)= 13 × 0.02617801047 = 0.3403141361 A
Total Radio Load Current (A) = Total Radio × Load Current
Total Radio Load Current (A) = 3 × 0.07591623037
Total Radio Load Current (A) = 0.2277485911 A
Discharge Time (hr)= Actual Battery CapacityTotal Load Usage
Discharge Time hr= 2 A-hr0.541884816=3.69 hours

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The efficiency extends to the discharging phase, as the prototype exhibits an

impressive discharging time of approximately 3.69 hours, simultaneously
switching all light bulbs and radios on. This calculation, achieved by dividing
the actual capacity of the battery by the current usage of the loads, further
highlights the practical efficacy of the system.
Voltage Drop Calculation
House 1
Voltage Drop= (KIRcos θ+XsinθL)n(305)
Voltage Drop= (2(0.00785340314)(0.20x0.8+0.057x0.6)(20))1(305)
Voltage Drop = 0.002 V
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.002 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00104712 % < 2% passed

House 2
Voltage Drop= (2(0.154450262)(0.20x0.8+0.057x0.6)(25))1(305)
Voltage Drop = 0.004917 V
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.004917 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00257435 % < 2% passed

House 3
Voltage Drop= (2(0.052356021)(0.20x0.8+0.057x0.6)(30))1(305)
Voltage Drop = 0.002 V
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.002 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00104712 % < 2% passed

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House 4
Voltage Drop= (2(0.128272251)(0.20x0.8+0.057x0.6)(40))1(305)
Voltage Drop = 0.006534 V
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.006534 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00342094 % < 2% passed

House 5
Voltage Drop= (2(0.128272251)(0.20x0.8+0.057x0.6)(60))1(305)
Voltage Drop = 0.0098 V
%VD = (VD / V) X 100%
%VD = (0.002 / 191) X 100%
%VD = 0.00104712 % < 2% passed

This denotes the computed voltage drop across the wire extending from the
prototype design to the rice field houses, with the calculated voltage drop, that
is deemed suitable for accommodating the intended load.
276
Return of Investment (ROI)
The table below shows the monthly electricity bill of five (5) rice field houses in
Braulio E. Dujali. Data are gathered during our visit and interview in the
location.

Table 5: Monthly Electricity Bill

Rice Field House
Monthly Electricity cost (Php)

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278
Monthly Investment for 1 year (Php)
Monthly Savings (Php)
House 1
500
80.33
419.67
House 2
1100
80.33
1019.67
House 3
666
80.33
585.67
House 4
833
80.33
752.67
House 5
916
80.33
835.67
TOTAL
4015
401.67
3613.33

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Return of Investment Calculation

279
Monthly Investment for 1 year= Prototype Cost12 monthsno. of houses
280
Monthly Investment for 1 year= 4820125
281
Monthly Investment for 1 year = 80.34

ROI monthly= Monthly Electricity CostMonthly Investment

House 1
ROI monthly= 50080.33=419.67
House 2
ROI monthly= 110080.33=1019.67

House 3
ROI monthly= 66680.33=585.67

House 4
ROI monthly= 83380.33=752.67

House 5
ROI monthly= 91680.33=835.67
The table 5 shows the monthly electricity bill of five (5) rice field houses in
Braulio E Dujali. Data is gathered during our visit and interview in the location.
In the preceding chapter, it was demonstrated that the prototype's
283
construction cost is nearly Php. 4,820 and dividing it with five (5) houses makes
284
them pay Php 80.33 per month for 1 year. As this prototype can provide for the
five rice field houses, instead of paying their monthly electricity bills, they can
286 285 287
just pay Php 80.33 every month for a year. By doing this, house 1 can save Php

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288 289 290

419.67 while house 2 can save Php 1019.67, house 3 by 585.67, house 4 by Php
752.67 and house 5 can save Php 835.67.
In a span of a year, the investment will be recouped, and the farmers don't have
to pay for their monthly electricity bills and as well as for the investment for the
prototype. This can save them with the total of Php 4015 per month after a year
of using the prototype.

Chapter 5

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the conclusion and recommendation of the study in line
with the data and analysis gathered by the researchers.

Summary
The researchers have conducted the study "Utilizing Irrigation System as
Electricity Sources in Rice Field Houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte"
295
with the aim of supporting the sustainable development of rural areas by
296
offering farmers clean and cost-efficient energy solutions, while also
promoting environmental stewardship. The prototype was tested in the active
297
agricultural irrigation system situated in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte. This
study aimed to determine the practicality of using a turbine without blades in
298,299
the development of a hydropower generator for the purpose of producing
300
electricity. During a span of 3 consecutive weeks, the researchers conducted
tests and measurements to evaluate the voltage output produced by the
bladeless hydro-generator at various flow rates in an irrigation canal.
The researchers found inspiration from past experiments, specifically the
301
SETUR (or Sedlacek's Vortex Turbine), which utilizes the similar principle of a
turbine without blades in the field of hydropower. The idea employed a
302
Permanent Magnet DC Generator coupled with an improvised turbine
composed of an aluminum shaft and a plastic ball to generate the necessary
power. A DC-DC boost converter was utilized to amplify the generated voltage,
303 304
thereby producing an appropriate amount of power for the test load comprising
many lightbulbs. The charge controller operated as an automated voltage
305
regulator, while the battery functioned as a storage device.

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306
The researchers faced several challenges that impact the efficiency of the
307
design, such as diverse weather conditions including sunny days, which lead to
a decrease in the water level in the irrigation canal, and rainy days, which
308
produce an elevation in the flow rate of the canal. Following the completion of 3
trials, the researchers acquired the necessary data for analysis, which was
determined using the arithmetic mean. The results were later presented as a
309
bar graph to visually illustrate the average power generated by the prototype.
The researchers presented their findings on the suitability of the design
requirements and the measured metrics such as voltages, currents, speed, and
power. For the prototype to maintain its performance, the overall design must
consider the body, housing, components, and shaft. The voltage losses in the
wires connecting the prototype to the rice field huts were also computed and
determined to be within acceptable limits. The analysis of the investment's
return revealed that the prototype's initial investment would be recouped
310
within a period of 2 months.

Conclusions
The researchers obtained results on performance by solving the specified
challenge. The researchers conducted thorough experimentation and data
311
collection to determine the design requirements and characteristics of their
311
bladeless hydro-generator prototype. The impact of the boost converter, charge
controller, aluminum rods, and the permanent magnet DC generator with the
specifications of 12 volts, 30 watts, and 3,500 rpm on the performance of the
312
working model was assessed. The researchers have conducted that having
313
additional electronic component would improve the performance and efficiency
of the prototype.

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Based on the data gathered, the researchers calculated the mean power output
of the designed prototype. When exclusively utilizing a DC Generator, the three
314
studies resulted in an average power output of 8.856999 Watts. Nevertheless,
when the DC Generator was linked to a boost converter, the power output
remained constant at 8.856999 W.
315
As the third element in their issue statement, the researchers precisely
determined the maximum output voltage to be 191 volts. Based on this
assessment, the researchers concluded that the voltage drop in the five rice
field homes was within acceptable limits and capable of managing the
expected electrical load. Overall, the researchers concluded that the research
project was effective and have made recommendations for improving the
316
prototype in the future.
After analyzing the data on the prototype's output voltages and generated
power, the researchers concluded that all five rice field cottages consistently
317
received electricity. The activation of all radios and lightbulbs in the rice field
dwellings took approximately 3.69 hours. The calculations were conducted by
dividing the battery's real capacity by the present consumption of the loads.

Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the following
recommendations are offered:
The Department of Energy, through its officials and workers, may design a
system powered by bladeless-hydro energy utilizing the irrigation of rice fields
318
for all the consumers and for the benefit of the environment which could save
the use of non-renewable energy making and create a big impact in energy
saving in the future.

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Redesign the turbine and precisely calculate the length of the shaft and the
319
size of the ball depending on the level of water that enters the inlet of the
prototype.
Research for possible improvements of the design that can withstand any high-
water level pressure in the agricultural irrigation system and use of gears for
higher efficiency of transferring rotational energy.
Recommending the use of bearings for a smooth rotation of the turbine.
In choosing the mounting location, researchers must consider the elevation of
the irrigation so that it will be easy to mount the prototype without digging.
For installation, we recommend using the same lighting rating that was stated
in this study for a higher chance of success.
323
Recommending the addition of battery by connecting in parallel to increase the
capacity or using a higher battery capacity.

References
Agaton, C. B., Batac, K. I. T., & Reyes, E. M. (2022, May 1). Prospects and
challenges for green hydrogen production and utilization in the Philippines.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.101
Bao, B., & Wang, Q. (2021, January 1). Bladeless rotational piezoelectric energy
324 32
harvester for hydroelectric applications of ultra-low and wide-range flow rates.

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Energy Conversion and Management.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113619
Briones, R. M., Clemente, R. S., Inocencio, A. B., Luyun, R. A., & Rola, A. C. (2021).
Revitalizing Philippine irrigation: A systems and governance assessment for the
21st century. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. 2021.
https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsbk2021-
irrigation_book.pdf
Cecelski, E. (2019, January 2). Enabling Equitable Access to Rural
Electrification: Current Thinking on Energy, Poverty, and Gender.
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0Equitable0electrification0access.pdf
Clausen, L. T., & Rudolph, D. P. (2020, March 1). Renewable energy for
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Cozzi, L.; Chen, O.; Daly, H.; Koh, A. (2018). Commentary: Population without
Access to Electricity Falls Below 1 Billion.
https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2018/october/population-without-
access-to-electricity-falls-below-1-billion.html
DA Press Office. (2022, June 2). From Business Mirror: NIA: Projects expanded
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irrigated-areas/
Eras-Almeida, A. A., & Egido-Aguilera, M. A. (2020, September 2). What Is Still
Necessary for Supporting the SDG7 in the Most Vulnerable Contexts?
Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177184
Eras-Almeida, A. A., Fernández, M., Eisman, J., Martín, J. M. G., Caamaño, E., &
Egido-Aguilera, M. A. (2019, December 13). Lessons Learned from Rural

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Electrification Experiences with Third Generation Solar Home Systems in Latin

America: Case Studies in Peru, Mexico, and Bolivia. Sustainability.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024.).
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management/en/
Kayastha, M., Raut, P., Kumar, N., & Dhakal, R. (2019). CFD evaluation of
performance of Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine at different runner positions.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335229725
Kougias, J. et. al. (2019, October). Analysis of emerging technologies in the
hydropower sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 113.
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Martin. (2023d, October 19). Energy - United Nations Sustainable Development.
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Moner‐Girona, M., Bódis, K., Morrissey, J., Kougias, I., Hankins, M., Huld, T., &
Szabó, S. (2019, October 1). Decentralized rural electrification in Kenya:
Speeding up universal energy access. Energy for Sustainable Development.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.07.009
REN21. (2018). Renewables 2018: Global Status Report
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Report_English.pdf
Saim, M. A., & Khan, I. (2021, April 1). Problematizing solar energy in
Bangladesh: Benefits, burdens, and electricity access through solar home
systems in remote islands. Energy Research & Social Science.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.101969

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W. Wan, J. Zhao, E. Popat, C. Herbert, and P. Döll, (2021, April 4). Analyzing the
Impact of Streamflow Drought on Hydroelectricity Production: A Global‐Scale
Study. Water Resources Research, vol. 57, no. 4. doi: 10.1029/2020wr028087.
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energy-progress-report-2019

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1. ", → ," Misuse of semicolons, Correctness

quotation marks, etc.

2. Within the agricultural industry, there Unclear sentences Clarity

exists a significant potential to harness
energy from water bodies utilized for
irrigation, namely in rice fields.

3. Norte, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

4. to provide Wordy sentences Clarity

5. , particularly Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

6. , in Punctuation in Correctness
compound/complex sentences

7. through → by Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

8. 3 → three Improper formatting Correctness

9. was → were Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

10. to be Wordy sentences Clarity

11. INRICE → IN RICE Misspelled words Correctness

12. the College Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

13. hereby → Outdated language Clarity

at this moment, now,
as a result of this, with this

14. The researchers would like to extend Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
sincere thanks and gratitude to the
following persons who have contributed
and supported in the fulfillment of this
study.

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15. , for Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

16. , who Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

17. study → research Word choice Engagement

18. MEE, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

19. They would also like to thank Dean, Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
Dalia M. Reconalla, Ph.D., for imparting
support in their study.

20. They would also like to thank, Jose Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
Russel D. Lapore for giving his potential
in fabricating their prototype, his
contributions made the biggest impact
to the success of their study.

21. appreciate Wordy sentences Clarity

22. love → loved Confused words Correctness

23. patient → patience Confused words Correctness

24. They also want to thank their love one's Unclear sentences Clarity
for their unwavering support and
patient throughout this journey.

25. And most of all, they would like to Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
extend wholehearted gratitude and
praise to ever loving and merciful God
for touching and bringing together
those people who literally shared their
abundant resources, skills, time, and
effort for the completion of the study.

26. Loads → Load Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

27. Houses → House Incorrect noun number Correctness

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28. The innovative solutions to tap into the Unclear sentences Clarity
untapped potential of natural resources
have been driven by the increasing
global demand for sustainable and
renewable energy sources.

29. the dual Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

30. In the Philippines, farmers belong to Unclear sentences Clarity

one of the two most impoverished labor
groups.

31. for Wordy sentences Clarity

32. , subsequently Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

33. The provision of → Providing Wordy sentences Clarity

34. simultaneously Wordy sentences Clarity

35. plays a crucial role → Wordy sentences Clarity

is crucial

36. Tone suggestions Delivery

37. , but with → . Still, with Hard-to-read text Clarity

38. generation, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

39. The concept involves using an Unclear sentences Clarity

integrated bladeless turbine, coupled
with a generator, to harvest
hydroelectric power.

40. source of energy → energy source Wordy sentences Clarity

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41. This off-grid source of energy can Incorrect phrasing Correctness

greatly benefit farmers by reducing
their expenses on electricity, which is
currently distributed by privately-
owned utilities such as Davao Light or
Davao del Norte Electric Cooperative
Inc.

42. This innovative approach makes Unclear sentences Clarity

bladeless hydro turbines an ideal
solution for rice irrigation systems.

43. Tone suggestions Delivery

44. This Intricate text Clarity

45. This not only reduces dependence on Unclear sentences Clarity

the grid but also leads to long-term
savings on electric bills.

46. Norte, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

47. in relation to → Wordy sentences Clarity

about, to, with, concerning

48. The rise in rice inflation and increasing Unclear sentences Clarity
expenses in rice field farming cannot be
denied, largely due to drought and the
use of electricity and water.

49. Tone suggestions Delivery

50. investigates Wordy sentences Clarity

51. thoroughly examining Wordy sentences Clarity

52. solutions, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

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53. The goal is to contribute to the Unclear sentences Clarity

sustainable development of rural areas
by empowering farmers with clean and
affordable energy solutions, while also
promoting environmental stewardship.

54. Farmers rely on pumps to transfer Unclear sentences Clarity

water throughout the land due to the
irrigation system's current flow rate.

55. connection → connected Confused words Correctness

56. of → for Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

57. supply → provide Word choice Engagement

58. supplying → providing Word choice Engagement

59. The prototype of this study aimed to Unclear sentences Clarity

utilize the converted energy to supply
electricity access and determine the
efficiency, as well as the sustainability
of the device in supplying power.

60. Hydro energy will be collected in an Unclear sentences Clarity

irrigation canal from the main irrigation
dam.

61. Community: In rural areas such as Paragraph can be perfected Clarity

Braulio E. Dujali, an area where
agriculture is the main primary industry,
this study can lessen expenses in
electricity, which can improve their
economic well-being and environmental
sustainability.

62. Local Government of Braulio E. Dujali: Paragraph can be perfected Clarity

This study could be a good project for
the Local Government of Braulio E.
Dujali as a more productive agricultural
sector can generate additional revenue
for the local government.

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63. serve as → be Wordy sentences Clarity

64. Department of Energy: The study can Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
provide valuable insights into
technological advancements which can
highlight the potential of hydroelectric
energy in powering irrigation systems,
encouraging the development and
adoption of renewable energy solutions
in the agricultural sector.

65. study → studies Incorrect noun number Correctness

66. pertaining to → about, of, on Wordy sentences Clarity

67. and utilizing Conjunction use Correctness

68. prototype's performance Wordy sentences Clarity

69. harness → harnessing Incorrect verb forms Correctness

70. a bladeless Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

71. supply → supplying Incorrect verb forms Correctness

72. This study is limited only to harness Unclear sentences Clarity

energy using bladeless hydro generator
and supply electricity to rice field
houses in Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del
Norte.

73. , which Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

74. The municipality has a land area of Unclear sentences Clarity

99.76 square kilometers or 38.52
square miles which constitutes 2.91%
of Davao del Norte's total area.

75. , as Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

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76. Census, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

77. This Intricate text Clarity

78. province, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

79. figure → Figure Confused words Correctness

80. Figure 2 shows the site location of the Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
irrigation system in Braulio E. Dujali.
This is the site location of the irrigation
where the prototype was mounted and
tested.

81. houses → house Incorrect noun number Correctness

82. https Unknown words Correctness

83. Figure 5 illustrates the site location of Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
Libuganon River which is the source of
water of the irrigation system in Davao
Del Norte.

84. River. Closing punctuation Correctness

85. A Bladeless Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

86. the act of Wordy sentences Clarity

87. the act of Wordy sentences Clarity

88. is the measurement of → Wordy sentences Clarity

measures

89. time period → period, time Wordy sentences Clarity

90. the volumetric Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

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91. the mass Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

92. The generator, or A generator Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

93. in order to → to Wordy sentences Clarity

94. An Irrigation Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

95. an object possesses Wordy sentences Clarity

96. A turbine Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

97. A vortex Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

98. levels of Wordy sentences Clarity

99. towards → toward Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

100. potentially resulting Wordy sentences Clarity

101. et al → et al. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

102. , therefore Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

103. , boosting Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

104. It increases agricultural productivity by Unclear sentences Clarity

allowing for more intense cultivation on
the same piece of land and therefore
boosting yield.

105. et al → et al. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

106. presently Wordy sentences Clarity

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107. a total of Wordy sentences Clarity

108. Pursuing the development of these Unclear sentences Clarity

areas would meet the requirements of
Filipino households while also providing
jobs for farmers.

109. administrator → Administrator Confused words Correctness

110. NIA has 333 solar-powered irrigation Incorrect phrasing Correctness

projects nationwide with a total cost of
Php.

111. 2022, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

112. of which Wordy sentences Clarity

113. One of the most significant Unclear sentences Clarity

achievements that has resulted in the
development and advancement of
people's lives is electrification.

114. a variety of → various Wordy sentences Clarity

115. as alleviating → to alleviate Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

116. Electrification is considered as Unclear sentences Clarity

alleviating poverty, increasing access to
basic amenities, and advancing social
systems in distant locations where
most people are impoverished
(Cecelski, 2019).

117. As of 2023, there are still 1.65 % of the Incorrect phrasing Correctness
total population in the Philippines that
has no access to electricity.

118. The bulk of → Most Wordy sentences Clarity

119. people' → people's Incorrect noun number Correctness

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120. et al → et al. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

121. are unable to → cannot Wordy sentences Clarity

122. et al → et al. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

123. implementing Wordy sentences Clarity

124. facilities, Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

125. the formation of → forming Wordy sentences Clarity

126. synergies Custom suggestions without Style guide

replacements

127. sustainable → Sustainable Confused words Correctness

128. implemented, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

129. Tone suggestions Delivery

130. Tone suggestions Delivery

131. According to the findings of Incorrect phrasing Correctness

international studies, most nations
have not devised policies for connecting
RD and RE (Clausen & Rudolph, 2020).

132. synergies Custom suggestions without Style guide

replacements

133. Furthermore, these analyses have Unclear sentences Clarity

overlooked one of the most important
socio-material factors that contribute
to RE-RD synergies: the financing of the
renewable energy industry.

134. Tone suggestions Delivery

135. a wide range of → various Wordy sentences Clarity

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136. the utilization of → using Wordy sentences Clarity

137. now Wordy sentences Clarity

138. the total Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

139. Tone suggestions Delivery

140. Hydropower plants generate electricity Unclear sentences Clarity

by harnessing the energy of flowing
water, which is a renewable source of
energy.

141. per year → annually Wordy sentences Clarity

142. the field of Wordy sentences Clarity

143. To accommodate the fluctuating Unclear sentences Clarity

electrical energy output of renewable
sources, hydraulic turbines must
function under a broad spectrum of
conditions.

144. To accommodate the fluctuating Misplaced words or phrases Correctness

electrical energy output of renewable
sources

145. a wide variety of → various Wordy sentences Clarity

146. et al → et al. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

147. the performance Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

148. position → positions Incorrect noun number Correctness

149. a conical Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

150. over → than Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

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151. a cylindrical Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

152. et al → et al. Comma misuse within clauses Correctness

153. Past research ''CFD evaluation of Unclear sentences Clarity

performance of Gravitational Water
Vortex Turbine at different runner
position'' based on basin selection had
concluded that conical basin was more
efficient over cylindrical basin
(Kayastha et al, 2019).

154. The water Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

155. the inlet → an inlet Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

156. By continuity equation the area was Incorrect phrasing Correctness

calculated as 0.022 cubic meters.

157. to 12 Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

158. a 25 Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

159. a width Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

160. So, a rectangular channel was Unclear sentences Clarity

fabricated with 25 cm height for
compensating the overflow problem if
encountered and width of 10 cm.

161. parameters. Closing punctuation Correctness

162. The greatest advantage of this turbine Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
is the capability of operating on low
head and high range discharge with
high and stable efficiency.

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163. be used to Wordy sentences Clarity

164. directly Wordy sentences Clarity

165. ", → ," Misuse of semicolons, Correctness

quotation marks, etc.

166. and can → . It can Hard-to-read text Clarity

167. random, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

168. amount of Wordy sentences Clarity

169. The independent variables consist of Unclear sentences Clarity

the elevation of the irrigation channel
and the flow rate of water within it.

170. electricity production Wordy sentences Clarity

171. This Intricate text Clarity

172. This is because a higher elevation Unclear sentences Clarity

results in a greater amount of potential
energy in the water, leading to
increased pressure and flow velocity.

173. The height of the irrigation channel has Unclear sentences Clarity
a direct impact on the flow rate of
water.

174. This Intricate text Clarity

175. in turn Wordy sentences Clarity

176. hydro bladeless → hydrobladeless Misspelled words Correctness

177. implementing Wordy sentences Clarity

178. hydro bladeless → hydrobladeless Misspelled words Correctness

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179. the turbine generates Wordy sentences Clarity

180. , which Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

181. , making Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

182. This Intricate text Clarity

183. for → of Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

184. This step includes the gathering of data Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
and framing the research problem and
the main goal of the study. After
gathering, the researchers will then
analyze the data recovered from
surveying, questionnaires, and
interviews from the research
participants.

185. This step includes the gathering of all Unclear sentences Clarity
the components and materials needed
for the device and the construction of it.

186. for → to Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

187. All the equipment will be subject for Unclear sentences Clarity
fitting and testing to avoid the use of
defective equipment.

188. device's readiness Wordy sentences Clarity

189. The constructed prototype will be Incorrect phrasing Correctness

subject to testing and troubleshooting
according to the set standards of the
researchers and check the readiness of
the device for the final assembly and
evaluation.

190. After that, the assembly of the device Incorrect phrasing Correctness
will now proceed.

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191. for → into Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

192. the improvement of → Wordy sentences Clarity

improving

193. a pre-assessment Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

194. Braulio E. Dujali has a vast agricultural Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
land comprising meters of irrigated
areas that is suitable for the study. With
around 80% of its total land area
intended for agriculture, Braulio E.
Dujali, a town in Davao del Norte, takes
the lead in producing organically grown
black rice. With a total o…

195. data; → data: Incorrect punctuation Correctness

196. , the → . The Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

197. to → with Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

198. sources of data → data sources Wordy sentences Clarity

199. fields → field Incorrect noun number Correctness

200. incorporating Wordy sentences Clarity

201. delve into → explore Wordy sentences Clarity

202. data gathering → data-gathering Misspelled words Correctness

203. the use of Wordy sentences Clarity

204. both Wordy sentences Clarity

205. of the Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

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206. The researchers will be using data Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
gathering instruments related to their
objective of utilizing irrigation systems
as sources of electricity. These
instruments will include the use of a
multimeter and for measuring the flow
rate, we will be doing it manually.

207. A multimeter will help in measuring the Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
necessary electrical properties, like
voltage, current, and resistance,
involved in the study. But since there is
no available flowmeter, we manually
measure the water flow rate of the site.

208. investigating Wordy sentences Clarity

209. the inclusion of → including Wordy sentences Clarity

210. The following is Table 1, which lists the Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
materials used in the construction of
the prototype. The development of this
prototype necessitates an investment
of 4,820.00 pesos for fabrication. With
this allocation, the farmers don't have
to spend much money on paying their
monthly electricity bill as…

211. The operation of the prototype begins Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
at the bladeless hydro turbine with all
appropriate parameters been carefully
considered, to supply the load of a rice
field house close to an irrigation canal
system. The operational flow diagram
shows the necessary materials in
blocks detailing the step-by-st…

212. The complete design of the bladeless Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
hydro turbine with the fabricated
runner position and conical basin will
be placed in a canal with the ideal flow
rate that have been tested in five
separate trials.

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213. that will allow → allowing Wordy sentences Clarity

214. generator, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

215. turbine, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

216. have produced → produce Incorrect verb forms Correctness

217. The DC-DC converter, specifically a Unclear sentences Clarity

boost converter, will step the voltage up
to have produced enough power for the
load.

218. respectively Wordy sentences Clarity

219. there is Wordy sentences Clarity

220. The procedure Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

221. The objective of this research project is Unclear sentences Clarity

to create a turbine system without
blades that can help farmers generate
electricity from irrigation systems in
rice fields.

222. The process flow diagram illustrated in Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
Figure 8 outlines the steps that the
researchers will undertake to ensure
the feasibility of the prototype.

223. the context of Wordy sentences Clarity

224. A survey will be created to gather Unclear sentences Clarity

information about farmer's
experiences, interests, and concerns
regarding alternative energy solutions.

225. the hypothesis Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

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226. and Conjunction use Correctness

227. The testing of hypothesis focuses on Unclear sentences Clarity

the stated assumptions made by the
researchers, whether the design
criteria of the device are unsuitable,
and whether it failed to operate
correctly based on its working principle,
and whether the device can generate
sufficient power for residential houses
owned…

228. accordingly Wordy sentences Clarity

229. The researchers will employ the Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
statistical treatment of arithmetic
mean to ascertain the average energy
output of the bladeless hydro turbine,
aiming to compare it, if it is efficient for
rice field house uses. The arithmetic
mean is a valuable statistical
treatment for finding the average power
g…

230. The researchers made several Unclear sentences Clarity

alterations to the prototype's final
design during the construction phase.

231. some minor leaks have Wordy sentences Clarity

232. Although the sandbags are in place to Unclear sentences Clarity

secure the entrance channel of the
prototype, there are some minor leaks
that have little impact on the formation
of vortices in the prototype.

233. The structure was built utilizing Incorrect phrasing Correctness

aluminum bars, commonly used as
antennae, as the shaft.

234. assure → ensure Incorrect verb forms Correctness

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235. The circuit utilized an XL6019 DC-DC Unclear sentences Clarity

boost converter to amplify the voltage
output of the motor from a low level to a
more advantageous one.

236. A Permanent Magnet DC Generator with Paragraph can be perfected Clarity

a voltage rating of 12 volts, power rating
of 30 watts, and rotational speed of
3,500 rpm was used to generate the
required voltage from the flow of the
irrigation canal.

237. Citeria → Criteria Misspelled words Correctness

238. figure → Figure Confused words Correctness

239. the gray Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

240. , which Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

241. In figure 14, gray color is the prototype Unclear sentences Clarity
basin which uses steel plate, flat bar
connected using rivets and epoxy.

242. Red color is the prototype braces which Incorrect phrasing Correctness
uses angle bars connected by welding.

243. which uses → that uses Pronoun use Correctness

244. a ball, or the ball Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

245. in → to Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

246. , which Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

247. the shaft Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

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248. the ball, or a ball Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

249. The Magenta Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

250. The orange Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

251. while Conjunction use Correctness

252. , and Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

253. the green Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

254. Orange color is the power inverter, while Unclear sentences Clarity
blue color is the boost converter and
green color is the charge controller.

255. side → Side Confused words Correctness

256. Figure → Figures Incorrect noun number Correctness

257. shows → show Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

258. the prototype's Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

259. In table 2, the results shown here are Incorrect phrasing Correctness
the power generated in each trial.

260. , which Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

261. For the DC motor, on trial 1, 700-900 Unclear sentences Clarity

rpm was reached which resulted in
4.094967 watts with a voltage of 4.47V
and a current of 0.9161A.

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262. , resulting Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

263. was → were Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

264. the speed → a speed Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

265. was → were Faulty subject-verb agreement Correctness

266. On the last trial, 12.74046 watts was Incorrect phrasing Correctness
generated with a voltage of 33.478V
with a current of 0.38056216A.

267. and uses it Wordy sentences Clarity

268. to charge the battery regularly Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

269. The Equation Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

270. Equation → Equations Incorrect noun number Correctness

271. the actual Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

272. over → by Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

273. The rice field houses loads is shown in Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
the table below, this shows the loads of
each house as observed during the visit
and the load current incorporated in
each house.

274. This Intricate text Clarity

275. , that is Incorrect phrasing Correctness

276. of → on Wrong or missing prepositions Correctness

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277. Data are gathered during our visit and Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
interview in the location.

278. 1 → one Improper formatting Correctness

279. monthsno → months, months no Misspelled words Correctness

280. 1 → one Improper formatting Correctness

281. 1 → one Improper formatting Correctness

282. The table 5 shows the monthly Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
electricity bill of five (5) rice field
houses in Braulio E Dujali. Data is
gathered during our visit and interview
in the location.

283. , and Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

284. 1 → one Improper formatting Correctness

285. every month → monthly Wordy sentences Clarity

286. Tone suggestions Delivery

287. 1 → one Improper formatting Correctness

288. 2 → two Improper formatting Correctness

289. 3 → three Improper formatting Correctness

290. 4 → four Improper formatting Correctness

291. , and Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

292. 5 → five Improper formatting Correctness

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293. In a span of a year, the investment will Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
be recouped, and the farmers don't
have to pay for their monthly electricity
bills and as well as for the investment
for the prototype. This can save them
with the total of Php 4015 per month
after a year of using the prototype.

294. This chapter contains the conclusion Paragraph can be perfected Clarity
and recommendation of the study in
line with the data and analysis
gathered by the researchers.

295. to support, intending to support Wordy sentences Clarity

296. solutions, Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

297. situated Wordy sentences Clarity

298. to produce Wordy sentences Clarity

299. This study aimed to determine the Unclear sentences Clarity

practicality of using a turbine without
blades in the development of a
hydropower generator for the purpose
of producing electricity.

300. a span of Wordy sentences Clarity

301. The researchers found inspiration from Incorrect phrasing Correctness

past experiments, specifically the
SETUR (or Sedlacek's Vortex Turbine),
which utilizes the similar principle of a
turbine without blades in the field of
hydropower.

302. coupled with → and Wordy sentences Clarity

303. thereby Wordy sentences Clarity

304. power → energy Word choice Engagement

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305. functioned as → was Wordy sentences Clarity

306. impact → impacted Incorrect verb forms Correctness

307. , including Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

308. After completing Wordy sentences Clarity

309. to illustrate the average power Inappropriate colloquialisms Delivery

generated by the prototype visually

310. a period of Wordy sentences Clarity

311. The researchers conducted thorough Unclear sentences Clarity

experimentation and data collection to
determine the design requirements and
characteristics of their bladeless
hydro-generator prototype.

312. conducted → concluded Incorrect verb forms Correctness

313. component → components Incorrect noun number Correctness

314. resulted in → yielded Wordy sentences Clarity

315. precisely Wordy sentences Clarity

316. Overall, the researchers concluded that Unclear sentences Clarity

the research project was effective and
have made recommendations for
improving the prototype in the future.

317. The activation of → Activating Wordy sentences Clarity

318. , which Punctuation in Correctness

compound/complex sentences

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319. Redesign the turbine and precisely Unclear sentences Clarity

calculate the length of the shaft and
the size of the ball depending on the
level of water that enters the inlet of
the prototype.

320. Research for possible improvements of Paragraph can be perfected Clarity

the design that can withstand any high-
water level pressure in the agricultural
irrigation system and use of gears for
higher efficiency of transferring
rotational energy.

321. In choosing the mounting location, Paragraph can be perfected Clarity

researchers must consider the
elevation of the irrigation so that it will
be easy to mount the prototype without
digging.

322. For installation, we recommend using Paragraph can be perfected Clarity

the same lighting rating that was stated
in this study for a higher chance of
success.

323. a battery Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

324. Bladeless rotational piezoelectric Unclear sentences Clarity

energy harvester for hydroelectric
applications of ultra-low and wide-
range flow rates.

325. The population Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

326. the performance Determiner use (a/an/the/this, Correctness

etc.)

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