I.

Identify the sentence patterns of the superordinate clauses of the following

sentences and state the name and function of each finite subordinating clause.
E.g. The fishermen / think/ that the company polluted the bay.
S V O (noun clause – object of “think”)
1/Although French, German, America and British pioneers have all been credited
with the invention of cinema/
Adverbial clause of concession
, the British and the Germans/ played/ a small role in its world-wide exploitation.
S V O

2. The rest of the world survived partly because audiences continued to exist for a
product /which corresponded to needs /which Hollywood could not supply
S V A (adjective clause – modifyng of “product”, modifyng of “needs”)

3. Another hypothesis /suggests/ that decreased processing of glucose could

indicate to cells that food is scarce and induce them to shift into an anti-aging
mode.
S V O (Noun clause - Object of "suggests")
 that food is scarce: noun clause

4. There is scientific evidence/ that eating fewer calories may extend human life.

5. In experiments, rats [who ate what they wanted] led shorter lives than rats on a
low-calorie diet.
 S V O [relative clause - modifies "rats"( noun clause-object of "ate")]

6. However difficult you find it to arrange your time,/ it /will/ pay off in the long
run if you set aside a certain part of the day for studying and stick to it
 Adverbial clause of concession S V Adverbial clause of condition

7. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else,/ they/ knew/ what
other places looked like
 Adverbial clause of time S V O(Noun clause - Object of "knew")

8 . It /may /help to discuss a topic with other people, especially if you feel that you
have insufficient ideas or too many disorganized ideas.
 S V A(Adverbial clause of condition)
9. Researchers/ fired/ rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy
discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate.
 S V O (adj clause-modifies "charges")

10. As long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself/ it/ could actually
become/ older without ageing.
 A (adverbial clause of condition) S V Cs

11. No one/ can predict /where the process will end.

 S V O

12. The day which followed the fire /was filled /with discoveries.
 S V C

13. For children, sport/ remains /a special kind of discovery and learning,/ no
matter how much adults limit and control the practice of early intensive training.
 S V C A (adverbial clause of concession)

14. This second step in the development of a full sense of self/ is /what James
called the ‘self-as-object’.
 S V Cs

II. Analyse the following sentences by Descriptive Linguistic

E.g. I’m glad that my mother made me take piano lessons when I was a child.
M 1 : I’m glad
S 1 : that my mother made me take piano lessons: noun clause, complement of
“glad”
S.1.1 : when I was a child: adverbial clause, Adjunct.
1. Don’t hesitate to bring your topic up in a conversation with other students and
see what they say, though you don’t want to copy their ideas, listening to what they
think may well help you develop or refine your own thoughts.
M 1: Don’t hesitate to bring your topic up in a conversation with other
students and see what they say.
S 1: "what they say": noun clause, object of "see."
M 2: Though you don’t want to copy their ideas, listening to what they think
may well help you develop or refine your own thoughts.
S 2: "Though you don’t want to copy their ideas": adverbial clause of
concessive.
S 2.1: "what they think": noun clause, object of "listening."
S 2.2: "to develop or refine your own thoughts": adverbial
2. Von Frisch knew from experiments by an early researcher that if he put out a
bowl of sweet sugar syrup, bees might at first take some time to find it but, once
they had done so, within the hour, hundreds of other bees would be eagerly taking
the syrup.
M 1: Von Frisch knew from experiments by an early researcher.
S 1: "that if he put out a bowl of sweet sugar syrup, bees might at first take
some time to find it but, once they had done so, within the hour, hundreds of
other bees would be eagerly taking the syrup": noun clause, object of "knew."
S 1.1: "if he put out a bowl of sweet sugar syrup": adverbial clause of
conditional.

3. The truth is that the human race has improved crop plants through selective
breeding for many thousands of years, but genetic engineering allows that time-
consuming process to be accelerated and genes from unrelated species to be
introduced.
M 1: The truth is.
S 1: "that the human race has improved crop plants through selective
breeding for many thousands of years": noun clause, complement of "is."
S 1.2: "that time-consuming process to be accelerated and genes from
unrelated species to be introduced": noun clause, object of "allows."

4. Scientists are trying to find out what’s going on because they consider the Artic
the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming- a warning of what’s in store for the
rest of the world.
M 1: Scientists are trying to find out.
S 1: "what’s going on": noun clause, object of "find out."
M 2: Because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global
warming.
S 2: "Because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global
warming": adverbial clause of causal.
S 2.1.1: "what’s in store for the rest of the world": noun clause, complement
of "warning."

5./Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years after he
had been inspired by what twin studies had taught us and he also credits Thomas
Bouchard's work for today's surge in twin studies which have allowed us to be
more reflective about what people are actually born with and what's caused by
experience.
M 1: Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years.
S 1: "after he had been inspired by what twin studies had taught us":
adverbial clause
S 1.1: "what twin studies had taught us": noun clause, object of "inspired."
M 2: He also credits Thomas Bouchard's work for today's surge in twin
studies.
S 2: "which have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are
actually born with and what's caused by experience": adjective clause,
modifies "twin studies."
S 2.1: "what people are actually born with": noun clause, object of "reflective
about."

6.Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress
during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral
problems as the rodent grows up.
M 1: Studies of animals, for example, have shown.
S 1: "that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause
epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent
grows up": noun clause, object of "have shown."
S 1.1: "when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy": adverbial clause
S 1.2: "that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up": adjective
clause, modifies "changes."
S 1.3: "as the rodent grows up": adverbial clause

7.Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new
conclusion that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work and
that there is a third factor also in play which in some cases serves as a bridge
between the environment and our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape
who we are.
M 1: Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new
conclusion.
S 1: "that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work and
that there is a third factor also in play": noun clause, object of "conclusion."
S 1.1: "which in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and
our genes, and in others operates on its own to shape who we are": adjective
clause, modifies "factor."
S 1.1.1: "who we are": noun clause, object of "shape."

III. Combine the set of simple sentences into complex/compound complex

sentence
1/You are doing a long essay or research paper. It involves the use of library books
or other articles. Keeping details of the tittles and authors on small cards in a card
box may help.
 When you are doing a long essay or research paper that involves the use of
library books or other articles, keeping details of the titles and authors on
small cards in a card box may help.

2/Nearly everyone goes to see the original. They will be more familiar with the
original than the reproduction. They accept the fact. The fact is that fine art is more
rewardingly viewed in its original form.
 Nearly everyone goes to see the original and becomes more familiar with it
than with reproductions, accepting the fact that fine art is more rewardingly
viewed in its original form.

IV. The following sentence is structurally ambiguous; analyze the two

different sentence structures (SVOCA) to show both possible meanings.
1. John /saw /the man on the mountain/ with a telescope.
 S V O A
2. John /saw /the man /on the mountain with a telescope.
 S V O Co

VI. Write sentences as guided.

1. [V-ing] can help you learn English better.
 Practicing regularly can help you learn English better.
2. [non-finite clause] is my hobby.
 To wood sculpture is my hobby.
3. [finite clause] surprised all of us.
 That she finished the project early surprised all of us
4. We are all glad that [ finite clause]
 We are all glad that the weather improved for the picnic.