ASEAN police model

The Philippines is one of the founding members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Likewise, it has active diplomatic relations with these neighboring countries. The countries in the ASEAN
region are beset by transnational organized crimes. Thus promotion of regional cooperation among their
police forces is a necessity. This chapter presents the basic features of police system among ASEAN
member-states. Due to very limited information Timor Leste is not included in this book.

1. BRUNEI

Brunei is located in Southeastern Asia, on the northwest corner of the Island of Borneo in the South
China Sea bordering Malaysia. It covers 5,770 square kilometers and have an estimated population of
500,000. About 40% of its workforce is foreign workers; crude oil and natural gas account for nearly half
of its gross domestic product.

Brunei is a Constitutional Sultanate and the same family has ruled it for over six centuries. It has been a
British Protectorate in 1888 and full independence was achieved on January 1, 1984.

Its legal system is based on English Common Law; for Muslims, Sharia Law supersedes civil law in a
number of areas. The Sultan is both the head of State and head of the Government. Cabinet, appointed
and presided over by the Monarch, deals with executive matters. There is also a Religious Council,
whose members are appointed by the Monarch, passes laws.

The Royal Brunei Police (RBP), founded in 1906, is one of the oldest institutions in the country. It was
Officially established in 1921 and was renamed Royal Brunei Police in 1965.

Since independence in 1984, the RBP has been headed by the Monarch, who is the General Inspector of
Police.

Directly subordinate to the Monarch is the Commissioner of Police, who manages the RPB headquarters,
assisted by a Deputy Commissioner of Police and Secretariat. The office includes five (5) main
departments: Administration and Finance, Operations, Criminal Investigation and Intelligence, Logistics,
and Traffic Control. Directly subordinate to the Commissioner are Commanders of six (6) Regional Police
Districts.

BRP's Official Mission is, "To maintain law and order in accordance with powers conferred by any written
law of the land in most professional manner".

Entrance age in BRP is 18 years old and retirement age is 60 years old. The minimum physical
requirements is not less than 5'6" in height for male, and not less than 5'4" for female. Moreover, male
should weigh not exceeding 60kgs, and for the female, not exceeding 55kgs. Academic requirement
should be at least Brunei Junior Certificate of Education (BJCE).
Training period is nine (9) months, involving the study of Brunei law, physical fitness, and arms and feet
drills.

The posting is after gaining three (3) year-probation, with 12-16 weeks of refresher course thereafter.

Ranking System

Inspector General of Police

Deputy Inspector General of Police

Commissioner

Deputy Commissioner

Senior Assistant Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner

Senior Superintendent

Deputy Superintendent

Chief Inspector

Senior Inspector

Inspector

Probationary Inspector

Cadet Inspector

Sergeant Major

Staff Sergeant

Sergeant

Corporal

Lance Corporal

2. CAMBODIA
Cambodia, in Southeast Asia, is bordered by Thailand plaos, and Vietnam. It has an area of 181,040 and
have an estimated population of 15 million. It was a French protectorate from the mid-19th century on
and struggled against colonial powers from the time of the Second World War until 1953, when France
granted it independence. Although Cambodia was independent, Vietnamese forces used the eastern
part of the country as a base for operations in the 1960s, result in air attacks from U.S. forces.

Cambodia is a monarchy until it was deposed in mid-1970 leading to a 5-year Khmer republic. A major
tragedy in Cambodia's history was Pol Pot's 3-year totalitarian reign of terror, form 1975-1978, during
which more than 1.7 million Cambodians were killed.

When Pol Pot's regime was displaced by invading Vietnamese forces, over half million people fled
toward Thailand, creating a humanitarian disaster. However, upon the Vietnamese's withdrawal and
commencement of negotiations, the United Nations assisted Cambodia in holding elections, and it
became a multiparty liberal democracy in the framework of a Constitutional Monarchy.

The police force in Cambodia was created in 1980, naming it People's Police of Cambodia with a
mandate of securing cities and towns, keeping the peace, and pursuing justice for citizens. Its main
priority however, is to secure urban areas and tracking down enemies within its territories. Like the
military, they are heavily armed and battle ready.

On July 14, 1994, the military created a gendarmerie, the military Police (MP). In addition to policing the
military, the MP's duties included enforcing law and order for civilians. This new force was well trained
and disciplined, and its organization was rigidly structured. The MP gained popularity, and people
started to turn to the MP for assistance and to report crime. Due to the division of policing authority,
competition ensued between the agencies over who should have responsibility for a civilian
enforcement. In 2002, the government ended the PM's law enforcement role over civilians.

At present, the National Police of Cambodia under the Ministry of Internal Affairs is the sole policing
authority in Cambodia. It is organized into six (6) central departments and four (4) autonomous units.

The central departments are: security, transport, public order. border, administrative and judicial. And
the autonomous units are: Interpol Unit, headquarters Unit, Intervention Unit, and Drug Enforcement
Unit. Its mission is to work together to serve and protect the people.

The National Police of Cambodia is headed by a Commissioner General who holds a rank of General.
Entrance age is 23 to 36 years old. high school graduate, 5'5" in height for male and 5'3" for female.
They are retired at the age of 65 years old. Moreover, their mode of selection is family based which
means that priority is given to applicants with parents of either father or mother is serving in the
Cambodian police force. Recruits undergo rigorous combat training in Cambodian police camps.

Ranking System

General

Lieutenant General
Major General

Brigadier General

Colonel

Lieutenant Colonel

Major

Captain

1 Lieutenant

2nd Lieutenant

Chief Warrant Officer

Warrant Officer

Sergeant Major

First Sergeant

Staff Sergeant

3. INDONESIA

Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago, 17.000 to lands over 1,919,440 kilometers between the
Indian and North Pacific Oceans. Its population is estimated at 240 million, Dutch colony that was
occupied by the Japanese during World War Duter the war, a strong independence movement finally
succeeded in gaining independence from the Netherlands in 1949. composing It was
The Indonesian National Police (Polisi Republik Indonesia as POLRI) from the 1960s until 1998 was a
branch of the Armed Forces, reporting to the Ministry of Defense until it was separated from the
military in 1999.

Presently, the POLRI is a centralized national bureaucracy directly under the office of the President. It is
headed by the Chief of Indonesian National Police with the Rank of General, who is assisted by
subordinate commanders deployed in formulations and throughout the country.

Geographically, it is divided into Regional Commands called Polda, which reported to territorial
headquarters. The Poldas are further subdivided into Districts called Polres, Subdistricts called Polsek,
Community Police Office called Polmas in the village levels. The capital Jakarta however, has its own
districts with subdivisions into precincts, sections and police posts.

Operationally, it is divided into departments for intelligence and security (INTEL-PAM), criminal
investigation (RESERSE), patrol SAMAPTA), traffic LANTAS), and community guidance (BIMMAS). These
units are reinforced by air, marine, a paramilitary unit (BRIMOB) and technical services

One of the biggest subdivisions is Brimob (Indonesian Police Mobil Brigade, or Brigade Mobil), a
paramilitary unit that acts as an elite emergency squad for situations requiring large numbers under a
cohesive command such as crowd and riot control.

Entry age with the POLRI is 18 years old and retirement is 45, which may be extended up to 58. They are
required to be at least high school graduate or college graduate, and must undergo 11 months of police
training.

Police volunteer (which is part of Indonesian policing system) applicants are required to have at least
sixth-grade education and to pass a competitive examination. After three years of service, personnel
with junior secondary-school diplomas could enter training as non commissioned officers.

One aspect of policing that has taken into account the decentralization of the force is the recruitment of
police to serve in their home areas, although the officers above the rank of lieutenant may not have the
choice over where they are deployed.

POLRI has a police-to- population ratio of around 1 police officer to 526 civilians, and adopted a Dutch
style Ranking System, to wit:
Ranks

Equivalent to Army

High-Ranking officers

1. Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.)

Police General

General

2. Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.)

Police Commissioner General

Lieutenant General

3. Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.)

Police Inspector General

Major General

4. Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol)

Police Brigadier General

Brigadier General

5. Komisari Besar Polisi (Kombespol)

Police Grand Commissioner

Colonel

6. Ajun Komisari Besar Polisi (AKBP)

Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant

Lieutenant Colonel

7. Kamisari Polisi Low Ranks Officers

Police Commissioner

Major
8. Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP)

Police Commissioner Adjutant

Captain

9. Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu)

First Police Inspector

First Lieutenant

10. Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda)

Second Police Inspector

Second Lieutenant

Warrant Officers

11. Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu)

First Police Inspector Adjutant

Chief Warrant

12. Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda)

Second Police Inspector Adjutant

Warrant Officer

Non Commissioned Officer

13. Brigada Polisi Kepala Bripkal

Chief Police Brigadier

Sergeant Major

14. Brigadir Polisi Brigedir)

Police Brigadier

Chief Sergeant

15. Brigadir Polisi Sara (Briphal

First Police Brigadier

First Sergeant

16. Brigadir Polisi Dua (Brodal

Second Police Brigadier

Second Sergeant

Enlisted

17. Ajun Brigadir Palisi (Abrip)

Police Brigadier Adjutant

Chief Corporal

18. Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu)

First Police Brigadier Adjutant

First Corporal

19. Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda)

Second Police Brigadier Adjutant

Second Corporal

20. Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka)

Chief Bhayangkara

Chief Private

21. Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu)

First Bhayangkara

Private First Class

22. Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada)

Second Bhayangkara

Private

4. LAOS

Laos is located in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia, bordered by China, Myanmar
(formerly Burma), Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. The country covers a total of 236,800 square
kilometers, 75% of which is mountains and plateaus. The capital and largest city is Vientiane. The
country is divided into 16 provinces. It remains extremely poor; with 85% of the population sedying
upon subsistence agriculture.

Lacs remains governed by one-party communist rule. Although in 1986 the government began to adopt
market-based economic policies. Where is general reluctance to embrace far-reaching reforms.

Royal Lao Police is divided into several branches plainclothes of service which constabnilary, regional
gendarmerie and criminal investigation department, urban comprise a a counter-insurgency armed
support unit. All these formations are answerable to the Laotian Ministry of public Security (formerly the
Ministry of Interior) who shares responsibility for internal security with the Ministry of Defense's
security forces and with movements organized and controlled by the Laotian People's Republic Party.

The mission of the Royal Lao Police is to ensure nationwide security social order and prevention,
detection and investigation of crime. There are not formal educational requirements for entry to the
police service but it is open graduates. Recruitment and selection procedures are managed by police
forces at a local level, although a nationally agreed competency-based framework is applied. Training is
12 weeks or 3 months.

Ranking System

Major General (Director of the Royal Lao Police)

Brigadier General

Colonel

Lieutenant-Colonel

Major

Captain
1 Lieutenant

2nd Lieutenant

Sergeant Major

Master Sergeant

Sergeant 1ª Class

Staff Sergeant

Sergeant

Corporal

Patrolman 1ª Class

Patrolman

5 MALAYSIA

Malaysia is located on the southern part of the South Asian peninsula (between Thailand and
Singapore), as well as on northem peninsula (beand of Borneo (bordering Indonesia of abones total area
of 329,750 square kilometers and a population of about 25 million, of whom two thirds live in the
lowlands of Peninsular Malaysia

Malays, who are Muslim by constitutional definition, are politically dominant. The second ethnic group is
Chinese, who make up approximately 25% of the population. Finally, 7% of the population are Indians.
The population on North Borneo consists of more than 50% indigenous ethnic groups.

European forays into southeast Asia began with the Portuguese conquest of Malacca, and the region
traded hand back and forth between the Dutch and British before being united as the Colony of the
Straits Settlements in 1824 (comprising Malacca, Penang and Singapore) Territories in the South Asian
Peninsula negotiated independence from the British in 1948 as the Federation of Malaysia; they were
joined by the former colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah (North Borneo) in 1963. Singapore
withdraw from the Federation in 1965 and became independent.

At present, Malaysia is a federation of 13 States and 3 Federal Territories; the federal government
remains responsible for internal security. It is a constitutional Monarchy, with Islam as the state religion,
but Kings are elected to 5-year terms from the sultans of the peninsular States. Prime Ministreas are
chosen from and by the majority party in the lower house of Malaysia's bicameral legislature. Much of
the administration, including the legal system, was inherited from British Common Law.

ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP) POLIS DIRAJA MALAYSIA

In British colonial times, each State had its own police force. As the impetus for independence grew, the
different forces united, and the first federal police force in Malaysia was created in 1946. The Royal
Malaysian Police was officially established at the time of independence in 1963.

Police Structure and Organization

The RMP is subordinate to the Ministry of Home Affairs and is headed by an Inspector General who
reports to the Minister. Work of the police is also supervised by the Royal Malaysian Police force
Commission (RMPFC), chaired by the Home Minister but with the participation of other relevant
officials, including the Inspector General.

The RMP is highly centralized; each of Malaysia's 13 States has a force that is subordinate to the federal-
level RMP. At the federal level, four directors who have the rank of Commissioner of Police control the
Management, Criminal Investigation, internal Security and Public Order, and the Special Branch
Departments who are task to collect, process and disseminate intelligence information.

Organization

Department Involved in Administration:

1. Management Department tasked with routine management and administration affairs of RMP. The
nerve center of the RMP and act as support service platform for the rest of the force.

2. Logistics Department - Provide several equipment needed by the RMP.

Department Involved in Crime Prevention and Suppression:

1. Criminal Investigation Division

2. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division

3. Internal Security and Public Order Department- Maintains public security and order. Also responsible
for traffic control and search and rescue operations.

4. Special Branch- collects intelligence for national security that are related to domestic and external
threats, and intercept activities by extremist group.

5. Commercial Crime Investigation Department-investigates, arrests, and prosecutes offenders

committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cybercrimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc.

Units Under the Internal Security and Public Order Department: a. General Operation Force - The
paramilitary of RMP which provides VIP security.

b. Police Counter Terrorist Unit:

b.1. Pasukan Gerukan Khas major elite force of RMP under the command of senior assistant
commissioner II.

b.2. Unit Gempur Marine (UNGERIN) threats and attacks in national waters.

C. Federal Reserve Unit (Pasukan Sumpanan Persekutuan) suppresses and dismisses riots and illegal
assemblies. Also task with Public Control; Response with pre and post chemical, biological, radiological,
and nuclear threats; Disaster Rescue Assistance; Crime Prevention; and Massive Operation.

d. Implementation System-assigned to patrol, and equipped with CCTV system.

e. Mounted Police Unit

f. Traffic Branch

g. Marine Operation Force tasked with maintaining law and order and coordinating search and rescue
operation in Penang and Johor.

h. Malaysian Control Center

i. Royal Malaysian Police Air Unit look after national security through surveillance and patrol from the
air.

Recruitment and Training

Applicants can enter the police force at three levels: as Constable, Probationary Inspector, or assistant
superintendent. Constable are required to be Malaysian citizens between the ages of 18 and 28 years,
they must have secondary education. And they must be in good physical shape. Candidate recruits
attend 6 months of training at the Police Training Center in Kuala Lumpur. Those who otherwise meet
the requirements who have a diploma or high school education certificate can be candidates for
probationary inspectors. A Bachelor's Degree is required to enter as an Assistant Superintendent.
Candidates for these positions also attend the 6 months of training at the Police Training Center, but are
given an additional 3 months of advanced training at the royal Malaysian Police College.
Ranking System

1. Inspector General of Police (IGP)

2. Deputy Inspector - General of Police (DIGP)

3. Commissioner of Police (CP)

4. Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)

5. Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)

6. Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)

7. Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)

8. Superintendent of Police (SP)

9. Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)

10. Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)

11. Chief Inspector (C/Insp)

12. Sub Inspector (SI)

13. Sergeant Major (SM)

14. Sergeant (Sgt)

15. Corporal (Cpl)

16. Lance Corporal (L/Cpl)

17. Constable (PC)

6. MYANMAR

Myanmar is squeezed between India and Bangladesh to its west, and China, Laos, and Thailand to its
east. Myanmar, formerly Burma, occupies 678,500 square kilometers along the Bay Bengal, and has an
approximate population of 45 million people. As part of India until 1937, it was British Colony until 1948.
Thus, created modeled on British precedent. Burma's military rulers changed the country's name to
Myanmar in 1989; this name change was not recognized by the democratically elected parliament and
has not been universally recognized by other countries.

Formally known as the People's Police Force in 1995, Myanmar Police Force was established in 1964 as
an independent department under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
It is commanded by a Director General, whose rank is major general. His deputy, who holds the rank of
Brigadier General, is responsible for command, control, and supervision of the police throughout the
country.

Administrative Structures

Headquarters

State and Division Police Forces

Special Forces consisting of Special Branch and Criminal Investigation

Department, Railways Police Department, and the City Development Department

Training Centers

Reserve Units

Police Battalions

There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police Forces which
are commanded by Police Colonels. Divisional Police Forces are then divided into District Police Force
which may be Class A, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel and Class B, commanded by Police Majors,
Township Police Force is commanded by Police Captains, and Police Stations commanded by Police
Lieutenants.

Police Battalions are specialized units offering security in urban areas whereeneres threatens public
buildings. They county report to the Police General Director

Entrance age is 1.8; 5'6" in height for male and 5'4" for female; 65 kilograms for male and 56 kilograms
for female. Recruits shall undergo trainings on the following training centers with their corresponding
duration period

Training Centers

1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force

2. No.1 Police Training Depot which undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years;
Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for
6 Months.

3. No. 2 Police Training Depot which conducts only Basic Training Course for Constables, completed
within around 6 months..

MPF Ranking System

Police Major General

Police Brigadier General

Police Colonel

Police Lieutenant Colonel

Police Major (Township Police Commander)

Police Captain (Deputy Township Police Commander)

Police Lieutenant (Station Commander)

Police Second Lieutenant

Police Warrant Officer

Police Sergeant

Police Corporal

Police Lance Corporal

7 PHILIPPINES

The Philippines is an archipelago east of Vietnam and north of Malaysia and Indonesia in the Philippine
Sea. The islands of the Philippines cover an area of 298,170 square kilometers and have a population of
120,000,000 people. It was a Spanish colony until 1898, then ceded to the United States, and became
independent in 1946. It is a democratic and republican State, which administratively divided into
provinces, cities and municipalities. Some provinces are organized into geographical regions.

The history of the police forces of the Philippines can be traced during the reigns of the Pre-Hispanic
Lakans, Datus and Sultans in the Islands, which it was divided into political units called the Barangay.
Each barangay was headed or ruled by a Datu whose responsibility, aside from exercising all the powers
- executive, legislative and judicial was to maintain peace and order within his jurisdiction. The Datu
designated from among his warriors a chief warrior who, together with some subordinates were
charged with the duty to enforce the decrees, customs and traditions as well as practices and usages.
The chief warrior was then in effect the chief of police. When the Spaniards came, personnel of the
Spanish Army and local militias were tasked with policing duties in local communities. Also local branch
of the Civil Guard was officially established. Starting from a single division, during the Revolutionary
period it grew into a corps of military police with detachments in Luzon and the Visayas.

With the beginning of American rule and the Philippine-American War, the Philippine Constabulary was
established in 1901 as the national gendarmerie force for law enforcement, directly reporting to the
American government. At the same time, what is now the Manila Police District came into existence as
the nation's first city police force.

By virtue of Republic Act 6975, the Philippine National Police (PNP) came into existence under the
National Police Commission. The PNP is national in scope and civilian in character, being a community
and service oriented agency responsible for the maintenance of peace and order and public safety. It
was organized to ensure accountability and uprightness in police exercise of discretion as well as to
achieve efficiency and effectiveness of its members and units in the performance of their functions.

Organization and Key Positions

1. National Offices

Designation

Chief

Deputy Chief, Administration

Deputy Chief, Operation

Chief Directorial Staff

Rank

Police General

Police Lieutenant General

Police Lieutenant General

Police Lieutenant General

They are assisted by (12) Staff Directorates, namely:

Designation
Director, DPRM

Director, HRDD

Director, Logistics

Director, Research and Development

Director, Comptrollership

Director, Intelligence

Director, Operation

Director, Plans

Director, PCR

Director, Investigation & Detective Management

Director, Integrated Police Operation

Director, Info. & Communication Technology Management

Rank

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

Director with the rank of Police Major General or Police Brigadier General
Administrative Support Units:

1. Logistics Support Service

2. Information Technology Management Service

3. Finance Service

4. Health Service

5. Communication and Electronic Service

6. Chaplain Service

7. Legal Service

8. Headquarters Support Service

9. Engineering Service

10. Training Service

Operation Support Groups:

1. Maritime Group

2. Intelligence Group

3. Police Security and Protection Group

4. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group

5. Special Action Force

6. Aviation Security Group

7. Highway Patrol Group

8. Police Community Relation Group

9. Civil Security Group

10. Crime Laboratory

Other:
Designation

Inspector-General

Rank

Police Major General or Police Brigadier General

2. Regional Offices

Designation

NCR Director

NCR District Director (5Districts)

Regional Directors, all Regions

Rank

Regional Director with the rank of Police Major General

District Director with the rank of Police Brigadier General

Regional Director with the rank of Police Brigadier General

3. Provincial Offices

Designation

Provincial Directors, all provinces

Rank

Police Colonel

4. City and Municipal Stations

Designation

Chief of Police, City/ Municipal Police Office

Rank

Police Major or Police Captain or Police Lieutenant

Recruitment and Training

Candidates for the PNP must be Philippine citizens of good moral conduct, sound mind and body, and
must be a baccalaureate degree holder, possess eligibility recognized by the National Police
Commission. They must meet height and weight requirements, and must be between the ages of 21 to
30 years old.

On April 12, 2019, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed into law Republic Act 11279 that transferred
the control of the Philippine National Police Academy as well as the National Police Training Institute
(NPTI) from the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) to the Philippine National Police.

NEW PNP RANKING SYSTEM

Commissioned Officers

Police General (PGEN)

Police Lieutenant General (PLTGEN)

Police Major General (PMGEN)

Police Brigadier General (PBGEN)

Police Colonel (PCOL)

Police Lieutenant Colonel (PLTCOL)

Police Major (PMAJ)

Police Captain (PCPT)

Police Lieutenant (PLT)

Non-Commissioned Officers

Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS)

Police Chief Master Sergeant (PCMS)

Police Senior Master Sergeant (PSMS)

Police Master Sergeant (PMSg)

Police Staff Sergeant (PSSg)

Police Corporal (PCpl)

Patrolman / Patrolwoman (Pat)

8. SINGAPORE
Singapore is a small island city-state, occupying 693 square kilometers on islands between Malaysia and
Indonesia. Its population is approximately 5 million people. It was a British colony that briefly joined
with Malaysia and then became independent in 1965. Singapore is one of the most prosperous
countries in Asia, with a gross domestic product that rival many Western European countries. Foreign
investment is aided by its largely corruption-free government, skilled work force, and highly developed
infrastructure. Manufacturing (mostly electronics, biomedical and chemical industries) and financial
services drive the economy. Singapore also boasts a low crime rate.

The SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

The Singapore Police Force which is under the Ministry of Internal Affairs is headed by a Police
commissioner who has a Deputy and a Director for Special Duties. Six (6) Regional Police Divisions report
directly to the Police Commissioner, as do specialized Units. The Staff Department coordinates
administrative functions such as manpower, planning, public Affairs, organizing Technology, as well as
encompassing the Criminal Investigation Department, the Police national Service Department, the
Operations Department, and the VIP protection Services.

In Singapore, able bodied male citizens must serve 12 months of national service. Some of them are
deployed in the police where they will be assigned into five functional groups, namely:

1. Key installation

2. Patrol and Neighborhood Post

3. Light Strike force

4. Headquarters Staff

5. Service and support Reinforcement Troops.

Police national servicemen can also be deployed into leadership position.

Singapore's police is strongly oriented toward community service. More than 50% of resolved crimes
were solved with the assistance of the public. Part of this was achieved by introducing a system of
neighborhood police centers, centralized stations where citizens are able to have their needs addressed
under a single roof.

One of the strategic initiative to enhance the police's partnership with the community is the Community
Safety nd Security Program (CSSP). Projects that are part of this program include care and support
programs for crime victims, youth at risk, and foreign domestic workers, as well as initiatives such as
safe drive zones and neighborhood watch zones.
In 2002, a museum of the police, the Police Heritage Center, was opened in Singapore to create an
awareness of the genesis, development and milestones of the police and foster a sense of awareness
between the police and the community. It also maintains archives and records of the police.

Recruitment, Selection and Training

Police Officers enter the force at the rank of corporal or sergeant, depending on educational
qualifications, which must include passing at least five secondary school exams. A senior police officer's
initial rank also depends on education, which must consist of a college degree. Likewise, candidates for
the force must meet requirements for height, weight, eyesight, and education. Singapore citizens or
permanent residents at least 18 years old.

New recruits are trained in a 6-month Police Officer basic course at a residential academy. Recruits
undergo physical training, as well as training in weapons used, unarmed combat fighting and basic foot
drill. They are also taught police procedures and regulations,, criminal law, and the basics of
investigation

Upon completing the academy, depending on their qualifications, as well as vacancies, officers are
assigned to posts in a Land Division headquarters, neighborhood Police Center, or a Specialized Police
Unit.

A continuing education program allows police officers to take course part-time to improve their skills
and eligibility for promotion. Eligible officers can be sponsored, and their registration fees, course fees,
and examination fees are paid subject to a service bond upon the completion of their sponsored
courses.

Ranking System

Senior Police Officer Ranks

Commissioner of Police

Deputy Commissioner of Police

Senior Assistant Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner

Deputy Assistant Commissioner

Superintendent of Police

Deputy Superintendent of Police

Assistant Superintendent of Police

Inspector of Police
Police Officer Ranks

Senior Inspector 2 of Police

Senior Station Inspector of Police

Station Inspector of Police

Senior Staff Sergeant

Staff Sergeant

Sergeant

Corporal

Lance Corporal

Special Constable

Police Constable

Accountability

Police review is conducted through the police Service Inspectorate Division, which investigates offenses
and recommends corrective action. External review is also available to address complaints through the
Corrupt practices Investigation Bureau. This body, which is part of the prime Minister's Office,
investigates corruption in both public and private sector.

Best Known Practices

Community Approach

Since 1981, the Singapore Police Force has carefully shifted from a reactive, incident driven mode of
operation to full scale Community Oriented Police Policing System (COPPS). It has de-emphasized
motorized patrolling and emergency response in favor of intensive community involvement in the
establishment of Neighborhood Police Post (NPP).

COPPS Approach represents a theoretical and philosophical perspective which maintains that for the
police to be effective in today's society, they must enlist the support of the communities they are sworn
to protect.

Singapore's COPPS has led to the following changes

1. Development of community-based crime prevention

2. De-emphasis on motorized patrolling in favor of foot patrols.

3. Creation of more decentralized area commands within the precincts.

The Work and Arrangement of Neighborhood Police Post (NPP)

1. NPP are essential bases of operations for patrol, develops community-based crime prevention, and
provides non- emergency services. As well as liaison with communities.

2. NPPs are easy to locate because of their foot-high blue-on- white signs mounted over the front
entrance and direction signs scattered throughout the housing estates.

3. NPP is staffed with about 20 officers: 4 teams having 4 constable and corporals, 4 sergeants, and 1
half-time inspector (officer-in-charge). Teams work 7 consecutive days before receiving time off, rotating
through all 3 shifts. New officers are mixed training course in NPP work.

4. Community Police Strategy is not created as a separate command or division of the police force. NPPs
report to the patrol commanders, and NPP officers focus exclusively on patrolling and community
involvement.

5. The prevailing view is that NPP officers must present a friendly image; making arrest from criminal
investigation and the possible use of force should be left to detectives who are not based in local
government.

• THAILAND

Thailand was established in the mid-14th century, the Kingdom of Thailand is the only country in
Southeast Asia that has never been taken over by the European power. It has a total area of 514,000.
square kilometers, with a population of 65,0000,000 people. Thailand is composed 76 provinces and has
a bicameral National assembly that consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

THE ROYAL THAI POLICE (SAMNAK NGAN TAMRUAT HAENG CHAT)

A centralized police system, the RTP is the primary law enforcement agency in the country, with a long
history going back to the time this country was established. The main revolution of the RTP was in 1932,
which formed the current structure of the organization.

The RTP is a militaristic style, service oriented police organization with a ratio of 1 police officer for every
260 citizens. All of the personnel in the RTP are uniformed police officers. The agency is headed by the
Director General, the highest position in the department answerable to the Prime Minister.

Major Operational Units:

1. Provincial Police largest operational component, it provides police services to every town and village

2 Border Patrol Police paramilitary force

3. Metropolitan Police responsible for providing all law enforcement services for the capital city of
Bangkok and it suburbs. Consist of three urban areas: Northern Bangkok Southern Bangkok, Thon Buri.
4. Central Investigation Bureau national coordinating headquarters which assist provincial and
metropolitan.

Other Operational Units:

1. Office of Immigration Bureau

2. Narcotics Suppression Bureau

3. Office of Logistics

4. Office of the Royal Court

5. Police Education Bureau - train police personnel in the latest method of law enforcement and use of
modern weapon.

6. Tourist Police

7. Marine Police Division

Recruiting, Training and Promotion (RTP)

There are two (2) levels of entry to the police service; a rank and file level and sub inspector level. The
sub inspector applicants with a high school education receive training provided by the Police Education
Bureau and become rank-and-file police officers, whereas those with a college degree receive training
provided by the Police Cadet Academy and become sub inspectors. The cadet in the Police Academy are
students who finished grade 10and studied in the Pre-Cadet school for 2 years with the army, Navy and
Air force Cadets, followed by a 4-year course in the academy. After graduation, the cadets receive a
bachelor's degree and start their career at the sub inspector level.

No entry is allowed beyond sub inspector ranks outside of the agency; thus promotions to the inspector
rank and higher come from within the agency.The requirements of candidates for police service are Thai
citizenship, a male 14 to 18 years of age for a high school applicant, a male or female 18 to 35 years of
age for a college graduate applicant. being of good moral character, achieving the required educational
level, and passing various aptitude tests and a medical examination.

Basic training in the Police Cadet Academy and police school provided by the Police Education Bureau
emphasizes both physical and academic programs. The police schools are located in nine regions
correspondents to the provincial Police Regions 1 to 9.

Ranking System

The RTP uses a militaristic style with operational rank including:

Police General

Police Lieutenant General

Police Major General

Police Senior Colonel

Police Colonel

Police Lieutenant Colonel

Police Major

Police Captain

Police Lieutenant

Police Sub-Lieutenant

Police Senior Sergeant Major

Police Sergeant Major

Police Sergeant

Police Corporal

Police Lance Corporal

Policeman/Constable

10. VIETNAM

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of
Tokin, and the South china Sea, alongside china Laos, and Cambodia. It has an area of 329,560 square
kilometers. The capital of this communist State is Hanoi.

The legal system is based on communist legal theory and French civil law. The government consists of
executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The executive is headed by the president, who is elected by the National Assembly from among its
members for a 5-year term. The prime minister is appointed by the president from among the members
of the National assembly; deputy prime minister is appointed by the prime minister.

The legislative branch consists of a Unicameral National Assembly, with 498 seats. The members are
elected by a popular vote to serve 5-year terms.

The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme People's Court, whose Chief justice is elected for a 5-year
term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president.

Law Enforcement
Vietnamese legal thought with regard to the treatment of criminals is the result of three major
influences: Classic Confucianism, the Napoleonic Code and Marxism-Leninism.

Confucian concepts postulate that society is to be governed not by law but by moral men and that crime
is a symptomatic of an absence of virtue that engenders conflict and disharmony. Most importantly it
provides no principle of judicial administration. In Imperial China, justice was an interpretation of the
moment by the emperor and his mandarins, meaning that in every instance imperial will was superior to
the law.

The spirit of the law the French brought to Vietnam was that guilt should be determined by fair and
impartial means and should be assigned appropriate punishment.

Marxism-Leninism added to this attitude the perspective that crime is a reflection of environmental
factors that victimize the individual by turning him into criminal. The proper remedy for this condition is
to eliminate the causal factors while rehabilitating the criminal.The combination of the three legacies
has produced Vietnamese society a legal philosophy that is inquisitorial rather than adversarial, seeking
reform rather than punishment. The system imposes on the individual and the State the responsibility of
bringing all members of society to a condition of self-imposed moral rectitude in which behavior is
defined in terms of collective, rather than individual good.

The People's Public Security of Vietnam

The PPSV is the main police and security force of Vietnam. It is a part of Vietnam People's Armed Forces.
It is under the control of Communist Party of Vietnam.

The PPSV has two branches: The Vietnam People's Security whose mandates are to prevent, investigate,
and defeat potential against enemies of the Vietnamese nation and that can endanger national security;
intelligence work, joining forces in internal political security, economic security, ideology-cultural
security; network security; and information security with other uniformed bodies as established by law;
manage entrance or exit visas; helping to build personal security in every kind of life, at every area in the
country, and perform other duties, missions and responsibilities in keeping with the law. Vietnam
People's National Police Force, whose duties are to prevent, investigate and solve environmental,
political, traffic, functional and corruption- related criminal activities in keeping with the laws of the
Socialist Republic; working with the general public on crime prevention and in participations in its
actions; perform responsibilities and duties pertaining to identification security, public security,
transport security, road and highway safety, civil defense, and disaster preparedness and response; and
execute other duties and mission in accordance with the constitution and the laws of the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam. These two forces are trained mainly at two institutions. That is, the People's Police
Academy and the People's Security Institute of Vietnam.

Organizational System

Ministry of Public Security

Public Security Departments of provinces and municipalities

Public Security Offices of rural districts, urban districts, towns and provincial Cities

Public Security Posts of communes, wards and townships

Ranking System

Higher Ranks

General-Held by Minister of Public Security

Colonel General-Held by Deputy Ministers of Public Security

Lieutenant General-Held by Director Generals of General Department, Director

General of Ho Chi Minh City Police Department, Director General of Hanoi

Police Department Major General-Held by Vice Director

Generals of General Department and Directors of Department

Middle-Ranks

Senior Colonel-Held by Chiefs of Provincial Police and Directors of Department

Colonel-Held by chiefs of District Police and Chiefs of Division

Lieutenant Colonel - held by Chiefs of Ward Police and Chief of Police Team

Major

Captain

First Lieutenant

Lieutenant

Second Lieutenant

Non-Commissioned Officers

Sergeant Major

Sergeant
Corporal

Enlisted Personnel

Private First Class - Senior Constable

Private-Constable

CHAPTER 5

AMERICAN AND BRITISH POLICE MODELS

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The current system of law enforcement in the United States is as complex as it is varied. In many ways
reflecting the tensions between the crime control and due process models, as well as an overriding fear
of too much power being placed in the hands of a centralized, federal law enforcement entity.
Representing the largest segment of the criminal justice system, it has over 1 million employees.
Contemporary law enforcement agencies operate in a variety of levels within local, state, and federal
jurisdictions, or areas of responsibility. Although the boundaries across levels would appear to be
straightforward, since each enforces the laws of its respective level, in practice the boundaries often are
more of a gray tint than a black-and-white tone. There is no direct order of authority with respect to
these jurisdictions. For example, in most cases federal law enforcement cannot exert authority over
local matters unless requested to do so by local authorities. Each level of law enforcement has its own
jurisdiction. These difficulties are further fueled by the territorial nature of many law enforcement
agencies.

Types of US Police System

1. Municipal Police. These include village, township, city and county police departments, sheriff
departments, and a variety of special purpose agencies like transit authority and housing authority
police. Typically, it has general policing duties for their respective jurisdiction.

There are two subtypes of local police, namely:

a. County Sheriff Office has jurisdiction over large areas and in charged with the operation of a county
jail, civil functions such as service of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.

b. City Police - most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction over matters that occur in an
incorporated municipality.

And the varieties of local policing, to wit:

a. Legislative Style rely upon the formal criminal law as a definition of not only what situations merit
their attention but in what manner they should intervene. It is characterized by offices who issue many
citations and make asserts.

b. Service Style treat every citizen complaint as requiring police response. It is characterized by many
police-citizen contacts but relatively few citations and arrest.

c. Watchman Style exercise considerable discretion in defining whether a situation requires police
response and what that response should be. It is characterized by fewer officer-initiated contacts with
citizens. It emphasizes the peacekeeping function of policing.

2. State Police. Highway patrol who are typically given the task of regulating traffic and maintaining
order and safety on state federal highways. In many States, part of its broader mandate is providing
general police service to people living in unincorporated areas. Special investigative agencies that
concentrate on statewide law enforcement is also one of the State Police's functions.

3. Federal Police. Police agencies supervised by the federal government at the national level, which most
of these have limited responsibilities and do not provided general police service to citizens

Some Federal Agencies having certain Police Functions:

a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes

(1) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI Department of Justice) - it investigates all violations of
Federal Law except those where enforcement authority has been specifically assigned to some other
Federal Agency; also investigates all cases of espionage, sabotage, treason and other matters pertaining
to internal security.

(2) United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) chiefly concerned with investigating the
counterfeiting, forging, or altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S.A.; also charged
with the protection of the President and his family; and of the Executive Mansion Grounds.

(3) Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) - investigates all violations of Federal laws relating to
narcotic drugs and marijuana.

Two Basic Forms in which Private Policing is provided: a. Proprietary Security - the principal or persons

wishing to receive service, hires security personnel directly.

b. Contract Security - the principal sent services from an independent security company.

Minimum educational qualification for a police officer in various cities, county and state agencies is High
school Diploma, or at least some college credits, or if necessary. College degree. Be at least 21 years of
age, have a driver's license, or be eligible for one, have no prior felony convictions, and pass a written
exam, medical exam, and interview, physical agility test and psychological screening

Ranking System Common to Various States:

Chief of Police/ Police Commissioner/ Superintendent/ Sheriff

Assistant Chief of Police/ Assistant Commissioner/

Deputy Superintendent/ Chief

Deputy/ Undersheriff

Inspector/Commander

Colonel

Major/Deputy Inspector

Captain

Lieutenant

Sergeant

Detective/ Inspector/ Investigator

Officer/ Deputy/ Corporal

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) consists of a group of islands situated off
the western coast of Europe. The UK is the union of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, with
English being the official language.

As earlier stated, only the policing of England will be discussed because of the legacy it left to the
modern policing system. Likewise, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland's have different policing
considering the uniqueness of their legal system and history of freedom fighting respectively.

The population of the UK is in excess of 60 million people, and the capital city is London in the south.
More than 90% of the inhabitants are of European ethnic origin, with the other main minority ethnic
groups being Afro-Caribbean, African, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Chinese. In religious terms, the
UK is predominantly Christian, but there are also large communities of Muslims, Hindus, Jews, and Sikhs.

Legal System of the United Kingdom

Unlike many other countries, the UK has no written constitution. From the 10th century onward England
has had a single crown, with her majesty Queen Elizabeth II as current head of State. Parliament has
been in existence since the 13th Century, and since the 18th century legal power has rested with
parliament rather than the Monarchy. Parliament today consists of: House of Lords - the upper chamber
with both hereditary and life peers; and the House of Commons - the lower chamber with elected
members.
The executive is led by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, with Parliamentary elections being held at least
every 5 years.

The derivation of English law is a combination of common law and statute. Whereas the former has
developed over time from the decisions made by judges, the latter is where Parliament passes
legislation.

Policing in the United Kingdom

Early forms of policing in England were localized and unsystematic rather than centralized or systematic.
In Saxon England, for instance, family groups belonged to tithing, who policed their local kinships. The
Norman invasion of 1066 led to a little central control. The offices of Constables were established and
these were seen as local representatives of central government. In contrast to modern times, these
early constables were part-time and often unpaid.

In 1285, the Statute of Winchester rationalized the system of "Watch and Ward" in towns. The Justices
of the Peace Act of 1361 made new magistrates responsible to the crown for local law enforcement. This
localized and unsystematic policing was seen to be inadequate, however, in dealing with new problems,
such as rioting - and indirect consequence of a more industrial and urbanized 17th century society.
During this period, self-policing was common in the local people tended to hire their own street patrols
and prosecuted those who had offended against them. In addition to this, private policing was common,
in the sense that large companies had their own police.

The Fielding brothers (Henry and John) were key advocates of reform in terms of their establishment of
an early police force, the Bow Street runners. In 1829, home Secretary Robert Peel introduced the
Metropolitan Police Act. The force was uniformed and emphasized on patrol.

Several reforms were made resulting to the creation of three types of police forces, viz: the
Metropolitan Police in London, County Forces, and Smaller Borough Forces. In modern times, Borough
Forces ceased to exist.

Police Accountability

Metropolitan Police follows what they referred to as the Tripartite structure of policing. As a mode of
governance, this structure consists of power sharing arrangement between the Home Secretary of the
Central Government, Chief Constables of Individual Forces and Police Authorities.

The Home Secretary could make regulations governing pay and conditions of service, could approve
certain equipment for police use, and could approve the appointment of Chief Officers selected by
police authorities. The Chief Constables are made responsible for the "direction and control" of forces in
terms of operational matters; and

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Police Authorities are duty-bound to appoint senior officers and w receive annual report in writing from
the Chief Constables.

Policing is funded by both central and local governmen constituting 51% from the central government
and 49% from the boca government.

The Metropolitan Police

The Metropolitan Police is acknowledged to be founded by S Robert Peel. It was affectionally called
"Bobbies" and the integration of River Thames Marine Police Force formed in 1798 and Bow Street
Horse Patrol which was organized in 1805. It is a decentralized police organization under the Ministry of
Defense.

Recruitment Standards

The minimum age for a constable is 18% years. There is no upper age limit for applying to the police
service; normal retirement age is 55 years, however. There are at present, no minimum or maximum
height requirements to join the police force. While there are no formal educational requirements for
recruitment to the police, applicants have to pass two written test, which are designed to ensure that
they have a good standard of English. In addition to this, there is a requirement to pass a math test.
These math and literacy tests, plus observation tests, form what is known as the Police Initial
Recruitment Test. After passing this phase of the selection process, candidates have to pass a physical
fitness test, involving both strength and stamina. The third phase ordinarily involves an assessment
where candidates are tested by means of a series of role-playing scenarios. The final stage is a panel
interview with more senior officers and civilian personnel officers, after which the candidate must have
criminal conviction checks and receive security clearance.

Probationer Training

Following the phases of recruitment, a period of extensive training as a probationer constable

commences. This ordinarily includes a residential phase at a regional training center where core policing
skills are learned. In addition to this, time is spent with a tutor constable with the intention that the
probationer will gain valuable practical operational experience. Tis phase is designed to empower the
probationary constable to gradually gain enough confidence to be able to patrol independently. After
further training and assessment of performance, confirmation of appointment to the office of Constable
is conformed after a 2-year period.

Ranking System
Chief Constable

Deputy Chief Constable

Assistant Chief Constable

Chief Superintendent

Superintendent

Chief Inspector

Inspector

Sergeant

Police Constable