1.

These days more fathers stay at home and take care of their
children while mothers go out to work. What could be the reason
for this? Is it a positive or negative development?
 Fathers/ mothers: men / women / their spouses / their partners /
male parents
 take care of children: (full-time) childcare / raise children / fulfill
the caregiving role / the envolvement in childcare / take on domestic
responsibilities (bạn lưu ý cụm này nghĩa rộng hơn nhé)
 Xu hướng được nhắc đến trong đề bài có thể được thay thế bằng:
the shift in parental roles / this arrangement / this family dynamic
 parental roles: vai trò của cha mẹ
 (intellectual and professional) competence: năng lực (về trí tuệ và
chuyên môn)
 primary household earners: người có thu nhập chính trong gia
đình
 economic instability: sự bất ổn về kinh tế
 well-rounded development: sự phát triển toàn diện
 role model: hình mẫu/ "tấm gương" (để mình noi theo, chứ mình
không dịch từ tiếng Việt ra thành "mirror" bạn nhé)

Nowadays, there is a growing trend of men staying at home to take on

childcare responsibilities while their spouses pursue career
development. This phenomenon arises from various factors, and I believe
it is a positive development, despite certain challenges.

(Topic sentence)The shift in parental roles can be attributed to the

growing presence of women in the workforce and a more competitive
labor market. (Lý do 1) Regarding the former, with fair consideration to
their intellectual and professional competence, many women now hold
high-paying leadership positions, even becoming the primary household
earners. (Tác động) Therefore, men stepping up to take on domestic
responsibilities show their support for their partners' professional
growth, allowing women to fully focus on their career aspirations without
the added pressure of balancing work with full-time childcare.( Lý do
2) In addition, recent economic instability has led to downturns and
layoffs in male-dominated sectors like construction and technology. (tác
động) Consequently, some fathers choose to pause their careers and stay
home to raise their children rather than seek new employment.
(Topic sentence)Despite some short-term challenges that can be
addressed, I believe the associated advantages of this change are
important. (disadvantage) Undeniably, the absence of a second
income from fathers can initially cause financial strain, creating insecurity
and stress for some families. (Phản đề) However, this problem can be
mitigated by the growing availability of work-from-home opportunities,
which allows men to earn supplementary income while fulfilling their
caregiving role. (Tác động tích cực 1) In fact, this arrangement
reduces the high costs of external childcare, enabling families to save
money amid rising living expenses. (Tác động tích cực 2) More
importantly, the active involvement of the male parent in child care
provides a different kind of environment for children in their early years
than the typical overworked father. This not only strengthens emotional
bonds within the family, but also fosters children's well-rounded
development through greater exposure to their primary male role
model.
In conclusion, the rise of stay-at-home fathers reflects changes in gender
roles and economic conditions. While it might present some challenges,
this family dynamic offers significant benefits to both families and
children, making it a positive shift overall.

2. Some people say that individuals who make a lot of money are
the most successful. Others think that those who contribute to
society, like scientists and teachers, are more successful. Discuss
both views and give your opinion.
individuals who make a lot of money:
- financial wealth, material gains
- well-off individuals
- individuals who achieve significant wealth and financial security
- those who earn high incomes, own considerable assets, or live a
luxurious lifestyle
those who contribute to society:
- societal contributions
- those who contribute meaningfully to society
- individuals who make lasting contributions to their society's
development
- those who dedicate their lives to advancing society
 fierce business competition: cạnh tranh kinh doanh khốc liệt
 humble beginnings: xuất phát điểm "khiêm tốn"
  imparting knowledge: truyền đạt kiến thức
 ethical principles: nguyên tắc đạo đức

Opinions are divided on whether well-off individuals or those who

contribute meaningfully to society are more deserving of recognition
as being truly successful. Although financial prosperity is undoubtedly a
common way to define success, I believe that societal contributions are
a more profound and valuable measure.

(Topic sentence)Proponents of financial wealth as an indicator of

success present some valid points. (Lý do 1) They argue that making
money these days has become more challenging due to labor market
instability and fierce business competition. (Hệ
quả) Therefore, individuals who achieve significant wealth and
financial security, especially those from humble beginnings, deserve
to be considered as the most successful, as this reflects their clear
thinking, strategic vision, and excellent adaptability in an unpredictable
world.(Lý do 2) Additionally, in many countries, wealth has historically
been regarded as the most reliable way to quantify success. (example) In
Vietnam, for instance, those who earn high
incomes, own considerable assets, or live a luxurious lifestyle are
often respected as successful, high-status individuals in society.
However, I am convinced that a greater emphasis should be placed
on individuals who make lasting contributions to their society's
development. (Lý do 1) Regarding education, for example, teachers are
responsible for imparting knowledge and instilling in their students the
values that shape appropriate behaviors and mindsets. (Hệ quả) As a
result of their guidance, the young generations can develop the skills
and ethical principles needed to become useful members of society. (Lý
do 2) In addition, the work of scientists, whose objectives are to research
and innovate, can give rise to innovations that both help address existing
problems and improve people's living standards.(VD) For instance, during
the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists helped slow down the spread of the
virus through their timely release of vaccines after rapid development and
testing, thereby saving countless lives globally.
In conclusion, while some people argue that material gains are the key
marker of a person's success, I strongly believe that those who dedicate
their lives to advancing society, particularly through education and
science, deserve to be recognized as truly successful.
3. The best way to solve the world’s environmental problems is to
increase the cost of fuel. Do you agree or disagree with this
view?
 raising fuel prices
 this measure (chỉ dùng khi trong câu trước có nhắc đến "tăng giá
nhiên liệu")
 a higher cost of petrol
 rise in related expenditures
 increasing consumer fuel costs
 alternative way to commute or travel: lựa chọn đi lại thay thế
 a vital input: yếu tố đầu vào, nguồn lực || Trong bối cảnh này, nhiên
liệu là một yếu tố đầu vào quan trọng trong quy trình sản xuất và
vận tải
 disposal of industrial waste: việc thải bỏ chất thải công nghiệp
 subsidy programs: chương trình trợ cấp
 widespread adoption: việc sử dụng rộng rãi

Opinions are divided on whether raising fuel prices is the most

effective method to tackle environmental issues. From my perspective,
even though this measure could bring about certain advantages, it is by
no means the most effective regulation (kp là phương án hiệu quả nhất) to
solve problems related to the environment.

On the one hand, a higher cost of petrol could theoretically lower the
demand for private means of transportation, and boost the use of public
transport as an alternative way to commute or travel. This could
reduce exhaust gas emissions, which are the primary cause of the
greenhouse effect. In addition, as fuel is a vital input for various
products across multiple industries, not just for moving from place to
place, any rise in related expenditures would exert multiple impacts
on the cost of goods sold to the public. More expensive consumer
products could lessen both consumption and production activities,
resulting in less natural resource exploitation and reduced disposal of
industrial waste into the environment.

On the other hand, I believe the government, through financial subsidies,

could effectively address environmental problems with minimal negative
adverse effects on society. For example, in Nordic countries, electric cars
have been adopted as the favoured vehicles by the residents there. This is
in no small part due to generous subsidy programs from their
governments, and has greatly contributed to eliminating air pollution in
the urban areas of these nations. Another method would be greater
investments into publicly funded research with the objective of lessening
the financial burden of switching to alternative energy. The high costs of
 solar and wind power prevent customers from fully utilizing these types of
clean energy, so making them more affordable is key to their widespread
adoption.

In conclusion, while there could be some positive impacts

from increasing consumer fuel costs, the subsidization of clean energy
would be a much more effective and sustainable way to solve
environmental problems.

4. People who decide on a career path early in their lives and

keep to it are more likely to have a satisfying working life than
those who change jobs frequently.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Opinions are divided on whether early commitment to a career

path helps people attain job satisfaction more easily than those who do not
stick with the field they have initially chosen. I disagree with this view,
as limiting oneself to a single career is not beneficial to workers' mental
health in the modern age.

Committing to a career can certainly be disadvantageous in a number of

ways, such as the fact that workers currently face a significant risk of
being displaced due to the rapid changes brought about by technological
advances, including artificial intelligence and automation. Apart from certain
fields such as medicine or engineering, those who dedicate themselves to
a specific field might find it challenging to keep up with the times, and
consequently, are more likely to become unemployed if they are
made redundant. The resulting constant stress and fear of being out of
work could contribute to job dissatisfaction. Furthermore, complete
dedication to one’s career could mean that, while their work may be
exciting initially, their skill development could be hindered in the future.
Beyond the issue of career experience, a lack of diverse, new challenges
often leads to frustration, and eventual dissatisfaction with the chosen path.

On the other hand, exploring a new career direction is a much more

effective way of achieving a satisfying work life, thanks to the various
benefits of doing so. One advantage is the opportunity to explore one's true
passions beyond one's current career. People who seek out different
roles are more easily exposed to diverse fields and industries, allowing
them to identify their unrealized career goals and even newfound interests.
This self-discovery process often deepens one’s appreciation
for one's profession, contributing to greater satisfaction. Additionally,
those who are willing to make a career shift are more likely to
be resilient against the aforementioned technological and economic
changes. Such adaptability gives workers a greater sense of control and
prepares them for unexpected circumstances, such as company
restructuring, ultimately improving the fulfilment found in their work.

In conclusion, I maintain that it is not ideal to remain on the same career

path indefinitely. Instead, by embracing change, satisfaction can be
achieved through exploring one's own passions and growing resilient to
change.

5. Cycling is more environmentally friendly than other forms of

transport. Why is it not popular in many places? And how to
increase its popularity?

It is true that riding bicycles has been falling out of favor recently,
despite having more environmental benefits than other modes of
transport. While there are many possible reasons for this trend, several
viable solutions could be proposed to address the issue.
There are two main factors contributing to the decline in bicycle use the
inconvenience of bicycles and cyclists' safety concerns. Regarding the
former, commuting by bike can be troublesome for many people,
as moving around with a bike requires extensive physical effort and
often involves challenges such as unpredictable weather conditions or
geographical constraints. As a result, people who value convenience will
opt for a less physically demanding and time-consuming alternative, such
as a car or a motorbike. Furthermore, in many countries, there is a lack of
dedicated bicycle lanes due to the government not taking cyclists into
account in the road planning process. This limitation poses a higher
risk for cyclists while sharing the road with other vehicles, effectively
discouraging them from using bicycles.
Despite the aforementioned reasons, boosting the popularity of bicycles
can be achieved by leveraging the influence of public figures and
ensuring travel safety for cyclists. With regard to the former, organizing
community cycling events featuring high-profile celebrities could
encourage their fans to follow suit. These events can promote eco-
friendly habits, eventually making cycling more appealing to the public.
Regarding safety, governments should promote more safety initiatives,
specifically by adding physical barriers, such as fences, and clearer
signage, or by imposing speed limits for large vehicles in areas
where bicycle-users are frequently present. These measures would
ultimately create a sense of security among the public, encouraging them
to adopt cycling as a more viable option.
In conclusion, safety concerns and the prioritization of convenience are
the two main reasons behind the decrease in bicycle use, despite being an
eco-friendly means of transport. However, these issues can be mitigated
by encouraging a cycling culture and introducing effective measures to
enhance cyclists' safety.

6. Most countries aim to improve their standard of living through

economic development, but many important social values can be
lost as a result. Do the advantages of economic development
outweigh the disadvantages?

In many parts of the world, economic development is pursued to improve

living standards, despite some associated social risks. However, I believe
that the benefits, particularly in terms of enhancing economic stability and
cultural preservation, far outweigh the disadvantages.
Admittedly, the relentless pursuit of economic growth can pose
challenges to maintaining the integrity of a country's social fabric. This
takes the form of longer working hours and migration from rural areas to
urban centers, driving working individuals away from their families and
encouraging individualism. A case in point is found in Japan, where
the rigorous work culture has steered society away from
traditional collectivism, as individuals of all ages increasingly live in
isolation as a consequence. Furthermore, economic development often
necessitates openness to global markets, which includes international
tourism and cultural exchange. While financially beneficial, these activities
can undermine the authenticity of local cultures. Traditional crafts, cuisine,
and fashion may be tailored to appeal to international tastes, potentially
altering the perception of these cultural elements among both visitors and
locals.
Nevertheless, I believe that the long-term advantages of economic
development outweigh the aforementioned problems. One of them is the
growth in lucrative employment opportunities for citizens, which raises
household incomes. This improvement allows significant investments in
children's education and healthcare, improving the quality of the future
labor force, which is crucial for sustainable economic growth.
Additionally, robust economies can generate more than enough wealth
to allocate sufficient resources for the preservation of a country’s cultural
values, rather than necessarily diluting them. South Korea effectively
illustrates this by using economic gains to restore historic sites and
promote its culture globally through K-pop and cinema, all of which attract
tourists and further feed the economy, allowing cultural and economic
growth to work in tandem.
In conclusion, while there are potential societal drawbacks associated with
economic development, its long-term benefits in terms of sustaining
economic growth and preservation of a country's cultural heritage are
significantly greater.

7. Nowadays, not enough students choose science subjects in

university in many countries. What are the reasons for this
problem? What are the effects on society?
These days, it is increasingly common for students to choose non-
scientific fields when entering university. This tendency stems from
many factors, and could lead to several social implications.
The increasing number of students avoiding science majors stems from
the subject's complexity and lengthy duration of such degrees.
Many scientific disciplines, particularly involving mathematics or
physics, are often considered overly challenging due to abstract
concepts and complex formulas. This has driven a large number of
learners to enroll in other less demanding courses instead, such as
business or the arts. Furthermore, science-based fields such as
medicine or engineering often require significantly more years of study
before students are allowed to graduate, which can delay their entry into
the workforce compared to their peers. This has prompted many
individuals to pursue careers in fields like law to start earning sooner.
Fewer STEM majors can hinder scientific progress and impact the job
market. In the event that there are insufficient science graduates, the
world could very well have fewer scientific breakthroughs as the problem
worsens. This may hinder development in various sectors, including
healthcare and technology, ultimately slowing down global innovation and
economic growth. Another concerning impact would be the rise
in unneeded or redundant personnel across other majors, and a
shortage of top talents in science. In other words, graduates in popular
fields such as business, marketing or social sciences would have to face
even fiercer competition to secure a job, while scientific institutions
and tech companies may struggle to employ enough qualified recruits.
In conclusion, the inherent difficulty of science and long study periods
have deterred students from pursuing this subject in higher education,
and this trend could impede scientific innovation and cause unequal
labor distribution.

8. International travel is becoming cheaper, and countries are

opening their doors to more and more tourists. Do the
advantages of increased tourism outweigh the disadvantages?
 Sự quá tải du lịch: overtourism
 Những du khách chịu chi tiền: big spenders from abroad
 Lượng khách du lịch lớn: an influx of tourists
  Lợi nhuận cực lớn: substantial revenue
 Xóa bỏ định kiến: alleviate any existing prejudice

Going on foreign holidays has become increasingly affordable these days,

prompting some countries to seize the opportunity and embrace the rise
of tourism. Although this trend may present certain challenges, I believe
the benefits far outweigh them.

Admittedly, overtourism may disrupt the lives of locals, due to increased

traffic and overcrowded venues prioritizing big spenders from abroad. A
sudden or prolonged influx of foreign tourists can result in traffic
congestion and a rise in the cost of living, as has been observed in certain
famed cities like Paris or Venice. In addition, increased demand can stress
transportation systems and waste management facilities, causing their
eventual deterioration. However, such complications can be mitigated
by substantial revenues gained from tourism-adjacent sectors.
Development in this industry creates job opportunities and higher
incomes, helping locals afford their living expenses. The additional
government tax revenue can also be spent on improving public facilities
and enhancing residents’ quality of life.
Beyond that, the merits of welcoming international tourists can also be
observed from a cultural standpoint. One of them is that direct
contact between people from various cultures can foster mutual
understanding and appreciation for different ways of life. Deeper insight
into the history and traditions of their destinations improves tourists’
social awareness and potentially alleviates any existing prejudices.
Tourism can also contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage thanks
to earnings from entrance fees and related services. One prime example
is Hoi An Ancient Town in Vietnam, where restoration projects have been
directly funded by tourism, maintaining the authenticity and architectural
integrity of the centuries-old buildings within.
In conclusion, I contend that the potential adverse implications of
increased international visitors can be compensated for by the additional
income they bring. Moreover, international tourism is advantageous
overall because it facilitates cultural exchange and the conservation of
historical sites. (302 words)

9. Experts say if the elderly spend time and get along with others
and exercise every day, they will be healthier and happier.
However, many elderly people are suffering from loneliness and
lack of fitness. Discuss the causes and solutions?
Despite the majority of experts advising that regular physical activity and
social interactions are beneficial to the elderly, many senior
citizens experience a lack of both fitness and social engagement. This
essay will examine the causes and propose solutions for this phenomenon.
There are several factors contributing to the issues of loneliness and
insufficient physical activity among the elderly community. First, the
former issue could result from the modern lifestyle, where young adults
tend to move away and leave their retired parents to fend for
themselves. Living apart from their loved ones can strain the relationship
between family members, resulting in parents feeling marginalized.
Regarding physical fitness, there could be problems stemming from
insufficient sporting facilities appropriate for older age groups. In the
absence of facilities catering specifically to their needs, older adults face a
higher risk of getting injured when trying to keep up with younger people,
which can discourage them from being active in the first place.
However, some measures can be taken to tackle these challenges
facing the elderly. The most obvious solution would be for the
government to subsidize community centers and nursing homes. More
of these institutions, with better designed programs, could be more
attractive to seniors and motivate them to engage in meaningful charity
work or age-appropriate games, giving them a sense of purpose and a
more enjoyable life. Moreover, to promote physical activity among older
adults, the government should allocate financial resources to fitness
programs and spaces tailored to the elderly. These efforts could involve
partnerships with the private sector and local authorities to make such
services more accessible and affordable, encouraging seniors to stay
active in comfortable and age-appropriate environments.
In conclusion, despite the aforementioned societal and personal factors,
these problems troubling older generations can be addressed by
developing advanced and personalized caregiving systems. With quality
services and personnel, which demand a collective effort from both the
government and community resources, there is a clear path forward.

10. Some people think paying taxes is a big enough contribution

to their society, while others think people have more
responsibilities as members of society than only paying taxes.
Some individuals argue that fulfilling tax obligations is sufficient for their
societal responsibilities, while others believe that citizens should
contribute beyond just paying taxes. In my opinion, although paying taxes
is an important duty, it is not the only responsibility of citizens, as a well-
functioning society depends on various forms of community engagement
and support.
On the one hand, paying taxes is a fundamental way in which citizens
support their society. Taxes are essential for funding public services such
as healthcare, education, and infrastructure, which in turn benefit
everyone. By paying taxes, individuals contribute to the economy and
enable the government to improve the quality of life for its citizens. For
some people, especially those who are busy or financially constrained,
fulfilling this financial obligation might seem like a sufficient contribution
to society. They may feel that their tax payments already support
essential services, thus fulfilling their civic duty.
On the other hand, there are additional ways that people can contribute to
their communities beyond tax payments. Volunteering, for example,
allows individuals to offer their time and skills to causes that improve local
communities, such as helping the elderly, supporting youth programs, or
working with environmental groups. Such activities strengthen social
bonds and provide support that cannot be achieved through funding
alone. Furthermore, showing respect to fellow citizens, obeying the law,
and participating in democratic processes, like voting, are other forms of
social responsibility. These contributions promote social cohesion, ensure
that community needs are met, and help build a safe and supportive
environment for everyone.
In my view, while taxes are essential, they cannot cover all societal needs.
Communities rely not only on financial support but also on active,
engaged citizens. A well-rounded society is one where people participate
in local activities, take responsibility for the well-being of others, and
contribute to a positive social environment. For example, during crises like
natural disasters or public health emergencies, community volunteers are
often critical for providing immediate aid and support, which government
funds alone may not be able to address quickly or effectively.
In conclusion, while paying taxes is a significant responsibility, it is not
enough to fully contribute to society. Citizens have broader responsibilities
that include actively engaging in community life, supporting social causes,
and promoting a positive, cooperative society. These additional efforts
help create a society that is both economically and socially
strong.

11. Tours to remote areas are becoming more popular. Is this a

positive or negative development?
In recent years, there has been a growing trend of tourists visiting remote
and isolated regions. While this development can bring certain economic
and cultural benefits to these areas, I believe it also carries significant
environmental and social risks that may outweigh the positives.
On the positive side, tourism in remote areas can stimulate local
economies. Many of these regions have limited sources of income, and the
influx of tourists can create job opportunities for residents in sectors such
as hospitality, guiding services, and transportation. such development in
employment rates could be equal to the increase in income tax
contributions to the budget of local governments. As a result, local
authorities can help raise the living standardsof people, starting by having
important infrastructure established like the installation of water pipes or
construction of hospitals.
On the other hand, the development of package tours to remote areas
may act as a detriment to the local environment as well as public security.
Firstly, the construction of tourism facilities like hotels can drastically
change the landscape of one area, meaning the loss of habitat for local
species. Also, massive hordes of tourists scramming to these remote
communities may lead to a serious risk of security as the tourists can
have disrespectful behavior toward the customs of local people or involve
themselves in criminal acts like illegal trafficking.
Moreover, tourism in isolated regions can have a negative social impact
on local communities. The sudden influx of outsiders can disrupt
traditional ways of life and lead to cultural commodification, where local
customs are performed solely for tourist entertainment rather than
authentic cultural expression. This shift can diminish the value of these
traditions for the local people, leading to a loss of cultural identity over
time. Furthermore, as tourism becomes a dominant source of income,
residents may become economically dependent on a volatile industry that
is easily affected by factors such as political instability or global
pandemics.
In conclusion, while tourism in remote areas can bring economic benefits
and cultural exchange opportunities, the environmental degradation and
potential cultural harm that accompany it are significant concerns. I
believe that the negative effects of increased tourism in remote regions
outweigh the positives, and it is crucial to approach this trend with
caution. Sustainable tourism practices and stricter regulations are
essential to minimize the adverse impact on these delicate regions.

12. Some people think that people should be given the right to
use fresh water as they like. Others believe governments should
strictly control the use of fresh water. Discuss both views and
give your own opinion.
fWhether citizens should be allowed to use fresh water freely or
governments should put restrictions on the amount of fresh water citizens
can have access to has gained traction. In my opinion, while each view
has its merits, I agree that water usage should be regulated.

On the one hand, being able to use fresh, clean water is a human's basic
necessity. First, besides food, water is another fundamental contributing to
human’s well-being. Therefore, if people were not to get an adequate
amount of water to sustain basic activities such as hydrating themselves,
cooking, and cleaning, their human rights would have been violated.
Secondly, people have varying needs for water so restricting the amount
of water used to an average number would be disadvantageous to those
whose businesses involve heavy water usage, for example, people
involved in farming activities.

On the other hand, introducing regulations on fresh water usage can have
undeniable positive effects. Water is a scarce resource, so making it freely
available can lead to depletion of fresh water and unequal distribution of
water. As a matter of fact, water sources have been depleting in recent
years due to global warming, droughts, and pollution. Consequently, if
individuals are free to use water at their own discretion, it will lead to
faster exhaustion of this rare resource. Another grave effect is that people
in some countries who have difficult access to fresh water will have to
receive less as people in other countries have used it extravagantly.

By and large, I opine that despite water being a common property, people
should not be given unlimited usage of that resource, but should rather
follow the government’s regulations and distribution.

13
The issue of whether CEOs and top executives in large companies should
receive substantially higher salaries than regular employees has sparked
considerable debate. While some believe that senior executives deserve
higher pay due to their critical responsibilities and contributions, others
argue that such disparities are unjust. I largely agree that higher
compensation for executives is justifiable, but I also believe that the gap
between their pay and that of regular employees should be reasonable.
One primary reason for paying CEOs and executives significantly more is
the immense responsibility they carry. Executives make high-
stakes decisions that can greatly impact a company's success or failure.
For instance, CEOs are accountable for setting strategic directions,
managing crises, and making complex decisions that can affect thousands
of employees and shareholders. Given the unique skills, experience, and
stress associated with these roles, it is fair that executives receive
compensation that reflects the level of their responsibility and the
potential impact of their decisions. Moreover, high salaries for top
executives can serve as an incentive to attract and retain the best
talent in the industry. Large companies often compete to hire skilled and
experienced leaders, and offering attractive compensation packages helps
to secure individuals who can drive the company’s growth. Without
competitive pay, companies risk losing top talent to rival firms, which
could weaken their competitive position.
However, excessive pay gaps between executives and regular employees
can lead to several negative consequences. Firstly, besides the sole
purpose of making profits, corporations must care about social equality
and responsibility. The fact that giant conglomerates like Amazon or Apple
can spend millions of dollars on their directors, while many of their
employees only have a bare minimum salary, is an injustice that needs to
be addressed right away. Furthermore, this helps create a comfortable and
fulfilling workplace that encourages employees to devote themselves to
their work. A good income frees workers from their daily struggles to make
ends meet, which means they will have more time to improve their
performance and be more satisfied with the working environment., as a
satisfied workforce is essential to any organization’s success.
In conclusion, while I agree that CEOs and executives should receive
higher salaries than regular employees due to their responsibilities and
skills, I believe that the pay gap should not be excessive. A balanced
approach that rewards both top executives and ordinary employees fairly
can promote a healthier work environment and reduce the risks
associated with income inequality.

14.Employers should give their staff at least 4-week holiday a

year to help employees perform better in their jobs. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
Answer:
There is a growing belief that offering employees a minimum of four
weeks of holiday per year can enhance their performance in the
workplace. I fully agree with this view, as extended time off not only helps
reduce stress but also boosts productivity and fosters creativity.
Firstly, having a substantial holiday allows employees to rest and
recuperate (hồi phục), which is essential for reducing stress. In many
workplaces, long hours and constant deadlines contribute to high stress
levels, leading to burnout if adequate breaks are not provided. Studies
have shown that employees who take regular vacations report lower
stress and higher job satisfaction. By having a four-week holiday, workers
can take the time to fully relax and disconnect from work pressures, which
in turn helps them return to their roles with a refreshed mindset. For
instance, countries such as France and Sweden, where extended holidays
are the norm, consistently rank high in employee well-being and work-life
balance.
Furthermore, a well-rested employee is often a more productive one. Time
away from work allows individuals to recharge, which can lead to
increased efficiency and focus when they return. As a result, companies
that support generous leave policies often benefit from more engaged and
productive staff. In addition to productivity, extended holidays can also
stimulate creativity. Many roles, particularly in fields such as marketing,
design, and technology, require innovative thinking. When employees are
given the chance to travel, explore new places, and experience different
cultures, they can bring fresh perspectives and ideas back to their work.
In conclusion, I strongly agree that providing employees with at least a
four-week holiday each year can significantly improve their job
performance. By reducing stress, enhancing productivity, and fostering
creativity, extended time off not only benefits the employees but also
contributes to a healthier, more dynamic workplace. Employers who
recognize the value of a well-rested workforce are likely to enjoy both
higher employee satisfaction and better business outcomes.

1. The diagram shows the design of a modern landfill for

household waste. Summarize the information by selecting and
reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.

The diagram illustrates how a modern landfill for household waste is

made and used.
Overall, there are three main stages involved in the process, starting with
digging the hole, then using it and and when it is full, it is closed by
means of a clay sheet.
The construction begins with a hole being dug in the ground, which is just
above the natural rock layer. Then, protective linings, consisting of an
outer clay layer and an inner one made of artificial materials,
are applied to the bottom and the sides of the hole to prevent waste
leakage into the environment. At the same time, a drainage
system is installed, including a drainage tank and pipes, to allow waste
water to exit the site.
Once the installation is complete, the landfill is ready for use,
as household waste is dumped into the hole over time. During this
stage, waste-liquid from the refuse sinks to the bottom, where it builds
up in the tank and is rerouted via drainage pipes to avoid
the accumulation of toxic liquids. After reaching its full capacity, the
hole is covered by clay, then the trash is left to decompose,
producing waste gases, which are finally collected through a gas-
collecting system

2. The diagram below shows a small local museum and

its surroundings in 1957 and 2007.

The maps illustrate the layout of a museum and its grounds in 1957 and
the changes that had occurred by 2007.
Overall, the museum building was extended, serving more purposes with
additional rooms for exhibitions and education, and a parking area
replaced part of the garden. This extension, however, resulted in a
reduction of the green space in the museum’s grounds.
Looking first at the interior of the building in 1957, upon entering the
entrance hall, visitors would have seen a local history room on their left
and a museum storeroom on the right, while beyond the entrance hall was
a space for the largest room, the national history exhibition. Fifty years
later, the entrance had been relocated to a new extension left of the
original, where visitors first encountered a shop. To its right were the
reception area and an adjacent coffee shop. The local history room was
moved to the center of the building, and beyond it were two brand new
sections for special exhibitions and an education center.
Outside the grounds of the museum, a road ran along the southern side of
the map, which remained unchanged in 2007. However, the road
that branched off from it, leading to the entrance hall had been removed
by 2007, and a new car park was developed southeast of the museum.
Finally, there used to be many green spaces in the layout, most of which
had disappeared by the latter year, except for the garden in the northwest
corner.
3.

The maps give information about a bookstore as it was in 2000 and how it
looks now.
Overall, there have been many changes made to the layout of the
bookstore, with the most notable being the replacement of
the bookshelves in the middle section of the bookstore with facilities
catering to sit-down customers.
Upon entering the bookstore, visitors were immediately greeted with a
table for new books and a service desk to their right, both of which still
remain there. However, the bookcase on their left, which was and still is
used to store travel books, has been slightly expanded.
Further into the bookstore, in 2000, there were three bookcases for
titles related to cookery, hobbies, and art from left to right. These
bookcases have been replaced by three tables, with four chairs each, and
visitors can now find books of the aforementioned genres in the same
order on a shelf on the left side of the bookstore, which used to be
dedicated to fiction books exclusively.
Regarding the remaining sections of the bookstore, there used to be
a shelf for non-fiction titles on the right side of the bookstore, which has
been replaced by a cafe. Visitors can now find such books on the far-left
shelf of the bookstore, which used to house works of fiction.

4. The line graph shows the percentages of Australian

exports with four countries.

The line graph illustrates how Australia exported its products to four
countries, including Japan, the US, China, and India, between 1990 and
2012.
Overall, there was an increase in the proportion of Australian exports to
India and China, with the most dramatic rise being seen in the latter,
making it the largest export destination for Australia by the end of the
period. In contrast, exports to the US and Japan experienced a decrease
over the given timeframe.
Looking at the chart in more detail, in 1990, among the four destinations,
India and China were the smallest export partners for Australia,
with negligible figures of 1% and 2%, respectively. Thereafter, China's
importance significantly increased over the period, as the percentage of
exports to this country steadily rose to 5% by 2000, before surging more
than fivefold to 27% in the final year. Likewise, India maintained a
marginal presence in Australia's export market, at just 1% for the
first decade, after which its share slightly increased, reaching a peak of
7% in 2010, before falling back to 5% two years later.
With regard to the remaining countries, in the first year, Japan was the
leading destination shown for Australian goods, with more than a
quarter of total exports going there, twice the figure for the US, at 11%. In
the following years, the figures for Japan fell to 17%, and stayed
unchanged in the two final years. Similarly, the share of Australian exports
to the US underwent a downward fluctuation throughout the
period, bottoming out at 5% in 2010 before a modest recovery to 7% by
the end of the period.

5.
As can be seen, the United States was awarded the most total medals
across all categories, and France had the lowest number of gold medals.
First, the American and Chinese Olympic teams tied for the number of
gold medals won, at 40 each. However, the US ranked first overall with
126 medals of all kinds, due their number of silver and bronze medalists
being nearly double those of China.
In third place was Japan, with 20 gold medals, edging in just over
Australia by only two. With the fewest silvers and bronzes, Japan ended
up with the lowest number of total prizes. Finally, Australia and
France trailed behind with 18 and 16 golds, respectively. Among the two,
France collected more silver and bronze medals than Australia did, and
thus ended up with a higher total, with 64 medals, in comparison to
Australia’s 53.

6. The bar chart below shows the percentage of Australian men

and women in different age groups who did no physical exercise
in 2005.
The graph gives information about the percentages of Australian men
and women who did not engage in physical exercise in 2005, divided
into seven age groups.
Overall, men generally exercised more than women in Australia among
the surveyed age groups, and people from both genders tended
to participate in physical activities less as they aged.
Regarding the two youngest groups, 19% of men in the 15-24 group
did no physical exercise, compared to 28% of women with the same
tendency, marking a 9% difference between the two genders. A similar
trend, but to a smaller extent, was seen in the 25-34 group, with the
respective figures for men and women being 24% and 29%
Turning to the two oldest groups, the proportion of men aged over 75
doing no physical exercise was 50%, lower than the figure for women in
the same age group (59%), displaying the same disparity as the 15-24
group. Meanwhile, the difference between the two genders was less
significant in the 65-74 group, where the figures for men and women
who did not engage in physical activities were 40% and 45%, respectively.
As for the remaining groups, the percentages of women doing no
physical exercise in the 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64 age groups were similar,
at around 34%. While the proportion of 35-44-year-old men with the same
habit was equal to that of women in the same age group, the figures for
men in the 45-54 and 55-64 groups were slightly higher than those for
their female counterparts, at 35% and 37%, respectively.

7.
The table illustrates the average number of minutes British men and
women spent on various leisure activities, while the bar graph compares
the time devoted to household chores daily in 2008.
Overall, for both genders, enjoying TV, video and radio was the most
preferred recreational activity, while cooking and washing were the most
time-consuming tasks. Additionally, women generally devoted more time
to housework, while men had more leisure time.
Regarding leisure activities, British males spent 137 minutes per day
watching TV and videos or listening to radio, which was 20 minutes more
than their female counterparts. For both genders, around 18 to 19
minutes were devoted to reading. Conversely, playing sports was the least
popular, with men dedicating 15 minutes daily to this activity, compared
to women's 11 minutes.
Household chores were divided unequally, as women cooked and did the
dishes for 75 minutes per day, which was more than double the average
of 30 minutes among males. Similarly, shopping and doing the laundry
were also more common among women, with more than half an hour put
into each activity, while for men, only 25 minutes were spent on the
former, and a negligible 10 minutes on the latter. Finally, in contrast with
the other chores, men set aside just under 20 minutes for repairs, double
women's 9 minutes.

8. The graphs show the total percentage of films released and the
total percentage of ticket sales in 1996 and 2006 in a country.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant.
  Films released: total number of films || most produced genre || film
production
 Ticket sales: box office performance || most viewed genres
The charts illustrate the percentage of film releases by genre and their
corresponding proportion of ticket sales in a specific country in 1996 and
2000.
Overall, there was an increase in the total number of films and ticket
sales in all genres, with the exception of romance, whose share of film
production witnessed no change but ticket sales declined. In addition,
both drama and comedy were dominant in terms of film releases and
popularity.
Taking a closer look at film releases, in 1996, 26% of all films made were
dramas, higher than the figure for comedies, at 20%. In 2000, the former
genre held its position as the most produced genre, with its figure
increasing to 35%, while comedy followed closely with 25% of releases.
Regarding the two remaining genres, the proportion of fantasies was
initially double that of romances, at 12% and 6% respectively. In 2000,
while the former experienced a moderate rise to 16% of all releases, that
of the latter remained unchanged.
In terms of box office performance, in 1996, audiences went to see
comedies and dramas the most, with these genres accounting for 20%
and 16% of ticket sales respectively. As for the two less popular genres,
only 5% of total ticket sales were for romance films, slightly higher than
fantasy's 3%. Four years later, comedy and drama still maintained their
positions as the two most viewed genres, with their ticket sales
increasing to 23% and 17% respectively. Meanwhile, a significant growth
to 7% was witnessed in fantasy's ticket sales, eventually outpacing
romances, whose sales saw a decline to 2%.

9. The charts below show the class size of four states of Australia.

The pie charts provide information about the average numbers of

students per class in different Australian states.
Overall, in all the examined areas, the majority of classes are
comprised of fewer than 30 students each, with the class size of 21 to
25 students being the most common, except in South Australia.
Meanwhile, the Australia Capital Territory has the smallest average class
size compared to the other regions.
Starting with smaller class sizes, Australia Capital Territory takes the
lead for classes with 20 students or fewer, at 38%, followed by South
Australia, which is 3% lower. The corresponding percentages for New
South Wales and Western Australia are smaller, both at 26%. Classes of
21-25 students constitute more than half (51%) of the total in the
Australia Capital Territory, which is nearly 10% higher than in Western
Australia, where it stands at 42%. This category makes up around one-
third of all classes in the other two regions.
In contrast, the larger class size of 26 to 30 students is less prevalent,
with the highest percentage observed in New South Wales at 33%, 5-6%
higher than in both South Australia and Western Australia. The Australia
Capital Territory only has 10% of its classes in this size bracket, and only
1% of their classes exceed 30 students, while the figures for the
remaining three states vary from 4% to 5%. (227 words)

10. The charts below give information about the people who use
public libraries and the main reasons to visit in Britain in 1991
and 2000.

cThe pie charts provide information about the primary reasons why people
visited public libraries in the UK in 1991 and 2000.
Overall, libraries received the same number of visitors in both years, with
borrowing and returning books being by far the most common purpose.
However, a shift was observed in the way users utilized these facilities, as
borrowing or returning videos, which was not listed as a reason in 1991,
along with seeking information, emerged as significant reasons by the end
of the period shown.
In 1991, nearly two-thirds of visits to British public libraries were to borrow
or return books, which was considerably higher than the next most
popular, reading newspapers or magazines, at only 15% of visits. Both of
these categories witnessed a 10% drop by 2000, standing at 55% and 5%
respectively. A similar downward trend was recorded in studying, as it
accounted for 10% of all visits in 1991, but declined significantly to a mere
2% in 2000.
On the other hand, there was a corresponding rise in the popularity of
obtaining information, with its share doubling from 10% to 20% in the
latter year. Meanwhile, while no users borrowed videos from libraries in
1991, nearly one-fifth did so in 2000, making it the third most
prevalent reason. Finally, in both years public libraries in the UK served
the same number of 290 million visits. (229 words)
10. The graph shows the percentage of visiting the cinema once a
month or more between 1984 and 2003 (4 age groups)

The line graph gives information about the proportion of people of

different age groups going to the movies at least one time per month from
1984 to 2003.
Overall, it is clear that the popularity of going to the cinema went up
during the period shown among all four age brackets, with the 15-24
group loving doing so the most, while those above 35 years old had the
least interest.
Looking at younger individuals, in 1984, around one-fifth of those
from 15 to 24 had the habit of visiting the cinema, far higher than the
youngest group, 7-14, at about 12%. An upward trend was recorded
for the former group, with its figures rising to around 30% in 1993,
before fluctuating in the next 9 years then increasing again to
approximately 55% in 2005. A similar increasing tendency was seen in
7-14 age bracket, as the numbers also rose to around 30% in 1993, but
declined after that to only 25% in the final year.
Regarding the other groups, there were around 5% of 25-to-35-year-
olds and 2% of people older than that went to the cinema at least once a
month in 1984. The younger bracket's numbers increased significantly, to
nearly a quarter of respondents in 2005, despite some
fluctuations from 1996 to 2003, while those for the older group did so
far less significantly, rising to only about 17% in the last year.
11.

The table gives information about the ratio of males per 100 females in six
regions in 1955 and 2005.
Overall, in Africa and Europe, an upward trend was witnessed in the male
population relative to females, while declines were seen in the
remaining regions. In addition, the highest figures were consistently
recorded in Asia in both years, whereas the opposite was the case in
Europe.
Concerning areas with high male-to-female ratios, in 1955, there were
105.3 males per 100 females in Asia, followed by Oceania with the figure
of 103.9. Meanwhile, the gender ratios in North America and South and
Central America were nearly identical, at a virtually 1-to-1 ratio of males
to females. In the latter year, Asia's ratio experienced a marginal decline,
dropping by 0.4. However, Oceania's sex distribution became more
balanced, with a ratio of 99.8. Similarly, in North America as well as South
and Central America, the male-to-female ratio decreased by the end of
the 50-year period, to 96.9 and 97.5, respectively.
Regarding the two remaining regions, in 1955, in both Europe and
Africa, males were outnumbered by females, with 89.4 males per 100
females in the former region, compared to the latter's 97.8 males. By
2005, there were still significantly fewer males than females in European
countries, whereas Africa ended up third highest in terms of male-to-
female gender balance, with their ratios rising to 92.8 and 99.2, in that
order.
12.
The table illustrates the percentage of women who participate in the
workforce and those who are female managers across five different
nations.
Overall, while Japan has the highest rate of working women, Australia
and the United States lead in the proportion of women in management
positions. In addition, Sri Lanka and Japan maintain the largest gap
between women's labor force participation and their representation
in management roles.
Regarding the three developed countries, women in the United States
account for 46% of the workforce, which is 3% higher than the figure for
those in managerial positions, at 43%. Female Australians constitute
similar proportions in both categories, standing at around 43%. In
contrast, 48% of the workforce in Japan are women, nearly triple the rate
of those in managerial roles, at only 17%.
Turning to the remaining nations, although 42% of workers in Sri Lanka are
female, they constitute only 9% of management positions in that country,
which is the lowest of the five listed. Similarly, a relatively large disparity
is also seen in Egypt, as 20% of their labor force is comprised of women,
nearly double the percentage of female managers, at only 12%.
13.

The pie chart illustrates a demographic breakdown of the Australian

population by nationality, and the table shows the proportions of these
nationalities living in urban and rural areas.
Overall, Australian are the predominant group in the entire country. In
addition, the vast majority of the population city life regardless of their
nationalities, with nearly the entire doing so. nationals Chinese immigrant
community gravitates towards
Looking first at the different nationalities, nearly three quarters (73%) of
the population are Australian, which is more than ten times higher than
the figure for British people, at 7%. Meanwhile, New Zealanders, Chinese,
and Dutch are also smaller , with their respective figures being 3%,2% and
1%, and all other unnamed nationalities account for 14%. nationals
minorities
Regarding the locations of these , almost all Chinese people reside in
cities, specifically 99%. Similarly, the majority of people from the UK and
New Zealand live in urban areas, at 89% and 90% respectively. Finally,
83% the Netherlands have settled and remained in cities, which is only 3%
more than that of Australians.

14. The graphs show the changes in the UK industry steel

between 1970 and 2000. (million tonnes vs thousand)
The charts detail value changes in the steel industry and the number of
workers employed in the UK between 1970 and 2000.
A glance at two graphs shows that with the exception of steel import,
total demand, production and demand for employment all underwent a
drastic downturn. Another interesting highlight is that the UK only started
to import steel after 1970.
At the beginning of the period, the production of steel in the UK was the
highest at around 165,000 tonnes; however, this number was nowhere to
meet the total demand for this product at 200,000 tonnes. Steel import, at
this time, was nearly zero. Over a 30-year period, both total steel demand
and production halved year-on-year, finishing at 100,000 tonnes for the
former and approximately 80,000 tonnes for the latter. Meanwhile, the
year of 2000 recorded a steady rise of 75,000 tonnes in the import values,
slightly lower than the production of steel.
With respect to the workforce, there were 50,000 employees in this
industry in 1970, and there seemed to be a corresponding decline in this
figure as the total demand dropped over the years. With a steep dip from
40,000 to just above 20,000 between 1980 and 1990, the number of the
labour force hit its trough of roughly 170,000 in 2000.