Journal of Nutrition Explorations

Vol. xx, No. x, May 2023, pp. xx~xx

e-ISSN: 2987-761X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36568/jone.xxx
Copyright © 2023 by the authors. This work is an open-access article and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Description of Junk Food Consumption Patterns and Duration of Gadget Use

among Obese Adolescents at SMPN 1 Jiwan, Madiun Regency

Aurina Anindya 1,Dian Shofiya *2, Riezky Faisal Nugroho 3 Nuning Marina Pengge 4
1.2.3.4
Department of Nutrition, Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
Email: dian_gizi01@poltekkesdepkes-sby.ac.id

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Obesity is the accumulation of excessive fat which can endanger health. A study
Article History:
Received at SMP Negeri 1 Jiwan found 5 obese students. The aim of the research is to
Accepted identify "Description of Junk Food Consumption Patterns and Duration of Gadget
Published online Use among Obese Adolescents at SMPN 1 Jiwan, Madiun Regency". The
research method used is descriptive observational research using survey and
interview methods with questionnaires using a cross sectional approach. The
Keywords:
Junk food consumption patterns; sampling technique used a simple random sampling method with a sample size of
Duration of Gadget Use; 86 respondents. The results of the study showed that there were fewer students
Obesity; with obese nutritional status (38.4%), most of the respondents were female (57%),
Teenager; most of the respondents had poor consumption habits (55.8%) and most of them
had a long lifespan. lifespan. duration of use. High category gadgets (52.3%). The
conclusion of this study is that the consumption patterns of respondents who are
not good and who have a high duration of Gadget use have the highest nutritional
status of obesity with the highest number of respondents. It is hoped that the
students will be able to maintain their diet regarding consuming junk food and
understand the importance of limiting eating junk food so that it can be
implemented.
INTRODUCTION
In this day and age, along with rapid advances in technology, there are various kinds of food
consumed by people every day, including the ones we most often encounter in the environment,
namely " junk food " which is usually known as food that is not good for health. Junk food is a type of
food that is low in nutrition and food that is rich in energy or has high energy. Junk food has become
a widespread lifestyle problem in both developed and developing countries, contributing to increasing
obesity rates. During adolescence, changes in environmental conditions occur which trigger
behavioral problems such as unhealthy eating patterns without paying attention to the nutrition
consumed1. Teenagers love junk food because of its accessibility and taste 2 . Junk food consumption
in adolescence can have an impact on reducing nutritional quality. In general, fast food is high in
calories, fat, sugar and sodium, but low in fiber, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, calcium and folate 3.
Obesity is a condition where there is excessive accumulation of fat in the body which causes
a person's body weight to be above the normal limit. Obesity is caused by an imbalance what is
consumed and what is excreted. Obesity is a serious problem that has the potential to endanger
teenagers4.

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 Journal of Nutrition Explorations
Volume x Number x, May 2023
e-ISSN: 2987-761X
Although obesity is a multifactorial disease, dietary intake and physical activity patterns play an
important role in the development of this condition in children and adolescents. Evidence suggests
that overweight and obese adolescents often have low and excessive levels of physical activity or
excessive consumption of certain food groups. inadequate 5. According to the Indonesiaministry of
Health 2018, the prevalence of obesity in the world among adults (18 years and over) has more than
doubled since 1980. Unhealthy food is a problem that occurs in developed and developing countries,
so obesity rates are increasing. The prevalence is highest in WHO America and lowest in East Asia,
with Indonesia having 28.7% of obese adults according to WHO and 15.4% according to RPJMN
2015-2019. 10.8% of children aged 5-12 years are obese.
The prevalence of adolescent obesity in East Java is <21.8%, indicating a high level. A total of
1,163,118 adult residents in East Java suffer from obesity, such as in Madiun Regency with a
percentage of 16.71%6. Adolescents are vulnerable to obesity due to consumption patterns and
minimal activity, such as fast food and lack of physical activity. This bad habit endangers health with
the risk of obesity7.
Physical activity includes all forms of body movement that require energy to carry out various
activities, from the moment we wake up until we return to bed. The strength and characteristics of the
muscles used to perform these activities vary 8.The activities that many teenagers do nowadays are
just playing gadgets , watching TV so they don't do physical activity that is balanced with the intake
they consume. 82.5% said they were at risk of obesity because 70% of teenagers like to play with
gadgets and use vehicles when going to school9.
According to research that has been carried out regarding balanced nutrition education and
physical activity in efforts to prevent obesity in the city of Jakarta, the results showed that 50 students
(24.6%) with obesity nutritional status in junior high school students with a total of 208 students 10.
Based on the results of other research conducted, the majority of the subjects of this research were
women, with a proportion reaching 47%. Among them, 77.1% had the nutritional status of obesity 11.
Other research shows a tendency that students who consume junk food more than three times a week
(often) have a higher risk of becoming obese. In this study, as many as 26 students, or 83% of
respondents at SMP Muhammadiyah 10 Yogyakarta, fell into this category. A preliminary study on 35
class VII students at SMPN 1 Jiwan, Madiun showed that 5 students were obese, 28 students were
well-nourished, and 2 students were malnourished. This school has a total of 644 students with junk
food consumption patterns in urban areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research method used is descriptive observational research using survey and interview
methods with questionnaires using a x cross sectional approach . The population in this study were

Journal homepage: https://jone.poltekkesdepkes-sby.ac.id

 Journal of Nutrition Explorations
Volume x Number x, May 2023
e-ISSN: 2987-761X
students at SMPN 1 Jiwan, Madiun Regency. The sampling technique used a simple random
sampling method with a sample size of 86 respondents. Data was taken by measuring anthropometry,
a gadget usage frequency questionnaire, and an FFQ questionnaire to determine Junk food
consumption of students at SMPN 1 Jiwan. Analysis uses univariate analysis.

RESULTS
Respondent Characteristics

Respondent characteristics were reviewed from the results of the questionnaire using the direct
interview method which included age and gender. The sample in this study included students in
grades VII and VIII at SMPN 1 Jiwan. The number of samples obtained was 86 students.

Table 1. Frequency Distribution of Respondents According to Characteristics at SMPN 1 Jiwan,

Madiun Regency
Variables n %
Age
13 years old 44 51.2
14 years 26 30.2
15 years 16 18.6
Total 86 100
Gender
Woman 47 54.7
Man 39 45.3
Total 86 100
Source: Primary Data, 2024.

Based on Table 1, the majority of respondents were teenagers aged 13 years as many as 44
students (51.2%). Meanwhile, there were only 16 students aged 15 years (18.6%). The number of
female students is greater than the number of students, with 47 female students (54.7%) and 39
students (45.3%).

Junk food consumption patterns

The frequency distribution of respondents based on the type of junk food among students at
SMPN 1 Jiwan is classified as follows:

Table 2. Frequency Distribution of Junk Food Consumption Patterns at SMPN 1 Jiwan, Madiun
Regency
Variables n %
Junk food type
A little 38 44.2
Lots 48 55.8
Total 86 100
Junk food frequency
Seldom 38 44.2
Often 48 55.8
Total 86 100
Consumption Pattern

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 Journal of Nutrition Explorations
Volume x Number x, May 2023
e-ISSN: 2987-761X
Good 38 44.2
Not good 48 55.8
Total 86 100
Source: Primary Data, 2024.

Table 2 shows that 48 respondents (55.8%) consume a lot of junk food, while 38 people (44.2%)
consume a little. A total of 48 students (55.8%) often consume it, while 38 students (44%) rarely
consume it. 48 (55.8%) respondents had poor consumption patterns and 38 (44.2%) had good
consumption patterns.
Duration of Gadget Use
The frequency distribution of respondents based on the duration of gadget use by students at
SMPN 1 Jiwan is classified as follows:

Table 3. Frequency Distribution of Duration of Gadget Use for Students of SMPN 1 Jiwan, Madiun
Regency
No Duration of Gadget Use n %
1. Low 18 20.9
2. Enough 23 26.7
3. Tall 45 52.3
Total 86 100
Source : Primary Data, 2024 .

According to the results of table 3, it can be seen that the frequency distribution of the 86
respondents. The low gadget use category was 18 students (20.9%), the sufficient category was 23
students (26.7%) and the high category was 45 students (52.3%).

Nutritional status
The frequency distribution of respondents based on the nutritional status of students at SMPN
1 Jiwan is classified as follows:

Table 4. Frequency Distribution of Obesity Status of Students at SMPN 1 Jiwan, Madiun Regency
No Nutritional status n %
1. Obesity 33 38.4
2. Not Obese 53 61.6
Total 86 100
Source : Primary Data, 2024 .

According to the results of table 4 above, it shows that the frequency distribution of respondents
based on nutritional status results in a higher frequency of respondents who have a non-obese
nutritional status of 53 students (61.6%) while students with an obese nutritional status are 33
students (38 .4%).

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 Journal of Nutrition Explorations
Volume x Number x, May 2023
e-ISSN: 2987-761X
Junk food consumption patterns with obesity
Junk food consumption patterns which contain 2 categories of Junk food types and Junk food
frequency . Based on the research results, the following results were obtained:

Table 5. Cross tabulation of Junk food Consumption Patterns with Obesity among students at SMPN 1
Jiwan, Madiun Regency
Obesity Status
Total
Junk food consumption patterns Not Obese Obesity
n % n % n %
Good 30 78.9 8 21.2 38 100
Not good 23 47.9 25 52.1 48 100
Total 53 61.6 33 38.4 86 100
Source : Primary Data, 2024 .

According to the results of table 5 above, it shows that the results from 86 respondents were 48
people (52.1%) who had poor consumption patterns and were obese and 8 other people (21.2%) who
had good consumption patterns also had obese nutritional status . Meanwhile, 23 respondents
(47.9%) with poor consumption patterns did not have obese nutritional status and 30 other people
(78.9%) with good consumption patterns did not have obese nutritional status.

Gadgets Use with Obesity

The results of the cross tabulation analysis between obesity nutritional status and duration of
gadget use contain 3 categories, namely low, sufficient and high. Based on the research results, the
following results were obtained:

Table 6. Cross tabulation of duration of gadget use and obesity among students at SMPN 1 Jiwan,
Madiun Regency
Obesity Status
Total
Duration of Gadget Use Not Obese Obesity
n % n % n %
Low 17 94.4 1 5,6 18 100
Enough 17 73.9 6 26.1 23 100
Tall 19 42.2 26 57.8 45 100
Total 53 61.6 33 38.4 86 100
Source: Primary Data, 2024.

According to the results of table 6 above, it can be seen that the duration of gadget use is
related to the level of obesity of students. Respondents with high duration had an obesity rate of
57.8%, while those with low duration were only 5.6% obese. Duration is sufficient to have 26.1%
obesity.

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 Journal of Nutrition Explorations
Volume x Number x, May 2023
e-ISSN: 2987-761X
DISCUSSION
Respondent Characteristics
1. Age
Most students aged 13 years have the nutritional status of obesity, followed by students
aged 14 years and the least are students aged 15 years. The surrounding environment and habits
of using gadgets play a role in the risk of obesity. Research shows a relationship between
adolescent age (13-15 years) and the risk of obesity, with the highest risk at age 13 years 12.
According to research, teenagers under 14 years old in DKI Jakarta Province in 2015 had a
higher risk of obesity. This age is vulnerable to a lack of awareness in maintaining ideal body
posture, which affects self-confidence in appearance in front of other people 12.
2. Gender
Based on the results of the research conducted, there were 86 respondents divided into
male and female gender categories. The results of this study show that the number of female
respondents is greater than male respondents. Of the total 86 respondents, 47 students (54.7%)
were female while 39 students were male. Women tend to have a higher risk of obesity than men.
This is caused by hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle, which can affect their
eating patterns, often increasing the desire to consume certain foods.
According to research conducted, female students are 7.50 times more likely to have the
nutritional status of obesity. The high prevalence of obesity in women compared to men is caused
by an imbalance in the level of physical activity and food intake between the two 13.
Women are at risk of obesity due to hormonal factors. Hormones influence more than just
the menstrual cycle; experts point out that hormonal influences on women also increase the risk
of obesity.
Junk Food Consumption Patterns
1. Types of Junk Food
The research found that 44.2% of 86 students had a little habit of eating junk food, while
55.8% had a habit of eating a lot of junk food. Adolescents aged 13-15 years tend to have a high
interest in trying various types of food, including junk food which is currently trendy. On average
they consume junk food up to 6 times a week or every day because it tastes good and is served
quickly, choosing it over processed vegetable foods 14.
Nowadays, many people prefer to eat junk food . This cause is strengthened by research
which states that the type of fast food most liked by teenagers is fried chicken with flour and
packaged milk. A total of 64 respondents stated that they had consumed fried chicken with flour
in the last three months15.

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 Journal of Nutrition Explorations
Volume x Number x, May 2023
e-ISSN: 2987-761X
Junk food is high in sugar, fat, salt and calories but low in nutrition. Teenagers like fried
chicken the most with an average of 303 kcal per serving, followed by instant noodles (420 kcal),
ice cream (267 kcal) and snacks (110 kcal). A total of 86 respondents consumed the food
according to the questionnaire.
2. Junk Food Consumption Frequency
Based on research, 38 students (44.2%) have the habit of rarely consuming junk food, while
48 other students (55.8%) often consume junk food and have an obese nutritional status. The
highest consumption frequency is every day (77.5 points) and the lowest is once a week. The
habit of consuming junk food, which is often associated with obesity, is caused by the
accumulation of fat resulting from excessive consumption of these high-calorie foods and lack of
physical activity.
According to research conducted, it was found that among 20 respondents who consumed
junk food more than 4 times a month, 14 (70%) of them were obese. In contrast, of those who
consumed junk food 4 times or less per month, 5 people (11.4%) were obese. This shows that
there is a relationship between the frequency of consumption of junk food and obesity 2.
Eating frequency refers to the number of times a person eats in a day, including breakfast,
lunch and dinner. People with obese nutritional status tend to have a higher frequency of eating
than people in general, and often consume unhealthy foods with high fat, sugar and calorie
content.
Duration of Gadget Use
The results of research with 86 respondents showed that the duration of gadget use for
teenagers was divided into low, moderate and high. The majority of respondents (52.3%) were in the
high category, while the fewest (20.9%) were in the low category. Using gadgets for a long period of
time will cause low physical activity and the potential for obesity.
According to research conducted, there are various durations spent by someone using their
gadgets16. A study involving 5 subjects showed that all of them had gadgets since they were
teenagers, especially smartphones. They spend 5-7 hours every day using the device. Based on the
results, it was stated that respondents spent more time playing gadgets than the recommended
duration and most had low levels of physical activity. Some respondents also had eating patterns that
did not match recommendations. These findings indicate that the duration of gadget use influences
obesity rates among teenagers17.

Junk Food Consumption Patterns with Obesity

Factors that influence the choice of consumption patterns are type of food, food frequency,
quantity, taboos, socio-economics and religious beliefs18. Junk food consumption patterns based on
obesity nutritional status of 86 respondents. From the survey results, 78.9% of students with good
consumption patterns were not obese, while 21.2% were obese. Bad eating habits of junk food can

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 Journal of Nutrition Explorations
Volume x Number x, May 2023
e-ISSN: 2987-761X
increase the risk of obesity due to excess fat. Research shows that obese individuals tend to consume
high energy consumption from Junk food 19. Obese children consume more than 6 types of junk food
on average, while non-obese children consume less. Teenagers tend to like junk food because of its
practicality and suitability for modern lifestyles, without paying attention to the nutritional value needed
by the body 20. Junk food regularly causes health risks such as obesity for teenagers because it tastes
good and is fast 21. Junk food clearly has unhealthy content and is associated with unhealthy behavior
such as snacks, energy-dense fast food which have a higher energy intake than regular food. A good
22
diet should include fruit and vegetables .

Overview of Duration of Gadget Use with Obesity

Gadgets are practical tools from high-tech technology such as smartphones, tablets, computers,
23
cameras and laptops which are popular in Indonesia and have become a lifestyle . Technology
24
continues to develop creating a variety of new gadgets . Prolonged use of gadgets is linked to
obesity. Of the 86 respondents, 94.4% with low use were not obese and 5.6% were obese. High use,
42.2% were not obese, and 57.8% were obese. Data shows that obese respondents tend to use
gadgets longer. This is due to lack of physical activity due to excessive use of gadgets, causing energy
imbalance. Eating while using a smartphone can lead to excessive food consumption, increasing the
risk of obesity 25.

CONCLUSION
According to the results and discussion regarding consumption of junk food and use of gadgets
among obese teenagers at SMPN 1 Jiwan, Madiun Regency, it was found that the majority of obese
teenagers were women and men. The majority have the habit of eating junk food and the majority
also spend a long time using gadgets. Poor junk food consumption patterns tend to be associated
with obesity. Likewise, obese teenagers tend to have a high duration of gadget use.

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