Learner Guide

Revision Checklists
1. Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
1. How successful • How important were • The religious reforms of Shah Waliullah and his role in the
were the religious the religious reforms political and religious context of the time
thinkers in of Shah Waliullah?
spreading Islam • What influence did • Syed Ahmad Barelvi and the revival of Islam in the sub-
in the sub- Syed Ahmad Barelvi continent
continent during exert in the revival of
the 18th and 19th Islam? • The Jihad movement and the Mujahideen
centuries? • How influential was
Haji Shariatullah • Haji Shariatullah and the Faraizi Movement
and the Faraizi
Movement?
2. What were • How far was Internal Indian reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire:
the causes and Aurangzeb
consequences of responsible for the • The impact of Aurangzeb’s policies on the stability of the
the decline of the decline of the Mughal Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire? Empire?
• How far did Mughal • The effectiveness of his successors as rulers
weaknesses from
1707 make decline • Problems of controlling the Empire
inevitable?
• What role did the • The rise of the Maratha and Sikh empires
East India Company
play in the decline of
the Empire?
• How successful was
British expansion in
the sub-continent to
1857?

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
2. What were External reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire:
the causes and -- Foreign invasions from Persia and Afghanistan
consequences of
the decline of the -- The East India Company’s involvement in the sub-
Mughal Empire? continent

-- British relations with the later Mughal rulers of Delhi

-- British expansion from the 1750s to the 1850s in the

sub-continent

-- A general overview of the course of, and reasons

for, British annexation of the territories which now
encompass Pakistan (including the Anglo-Sikh wars and
the annexations of Lahore, the Punjab and Peshawar)

-- The British search for a ‘natural’ and ‘scientific’ NW

frontier

-- British policy towards Tribal Territory

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
3. What were • What were the long- • The immediate and underlying causes of the War
the causes and term causes of the
consequences War? • The attitude of Bahadur Shah Zafar
of the War of • What were the
Independence immediate causes of • The course of the War, with particular reference to the
1857–1958? the War? roles played by the Muslim rulers and populations of what
• Why was is now Pakistan
independence not
achieved? • Reasons for failure
• What were
the immediate • An assessment of the short-term impact of the War on
consequences of the Muslims in the sub-continent
War?
• British reaction during and immediately after the War
(including the major constitutional, educational and
administrative reforms which followed).

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
4. How • What was his • His contribution to the education of Muslims and the
important was contribution to revitalisation of their national consciousness: an overview of
the work of Sir education, politics his main educational works and their importance
Syed Ahmad and religion?
Khan to the • How important was • An understanding of his social and political theory, and of its
development his “Two Nation origins
of the Theory”?
Pakistan • What was the Hindu- • The impact of his work on Muslims and the western world
Movement Urdu Controversy?
during the • How successful • His relations with the British and the ulama
19th Century? was the Aligarh
Movement? • His reasons for the foundation of the Aligarh College

• His role in the Indian National Congress and the Muslim

League

• The meaning and origin of his “Two Nation Theory” and the
Hindi-Urdu controversy

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
5. To what • Why did Urdu • The importance of Urdu and the reasons for its choice as the
extent have become the national national language of Pakistan
Urdu and language?
the regional • How successful has • The advantages and disadvantages of Urdu as the national
languages the promotion of language
contributed regional languages
to the cultural been since 1947? • The promotion of provisional languages (Balochi, Punjabi,
development Pushto, Sindhi)
of Pakistan
since 1947?

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Learner Guide

2. The emergence of Pakistan 1906–47

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
6. How far did • What were the aims The main features of:
the Pakistan and origins of the • the Partition of Bengal controversy, 1905-1911
Movement Muslim League?
develop • How successful • the Simla Deputation, 1906
during the was British rule
early 20th and attempts at • reasons for the establishment of the Muslim League: its
century? constitutional reform creation in 1906 and its aims
during the years
1909–1919? • co-operation of the Muslim League with Congress and reasons
• How and why for its breakdown
did relationships
between Muslims • the Morley-Minto reforms, 1909
and Hindus change
between 1916 and
• the impact of the First World War on the sub-continent
1927?
• congress and the Lucknow Pact, 1916

• the Rowlatt Act, 1918, and the Amritsar Massacre, 1919

• the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (The Government of India

Act), 1919

• the Non-Co-operation Movement

• the growth of Communalism

• growing divisions in the Congress Party

• the Delhi Proposals, 1927

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
7. How • What were the • Reasons for the rise of the Movement
successful was origins, aims and
the Khilafat main features of the • The objectives of the Khilafat Conference, 1918
Movement Khilafat Movement?
in advancing • Why did the Khilafat • The Khilafat Conferences and delegations to England, 1919-
the cause of Movement fail? 1921, and reasons for failure
the Pakistan
Movement? • The causes, course and reasons for failure of the Hijrat
Movement

• Gandhi and the Non-Co-operation Movement

• Reasons for the failure of the Khilafat Movement

• The impact of the Khilafat and Hijrat Movements on Muslims

in the sub-continent

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
8. How • Why did Jinnah • The Simon Commission, 1927–1939
successful was produce his 14 Points
the Pakistan of 1929? • The Nehru Report, 1928
Movement in • How successful were
the years 1927 the three Round • Jinnah’s 14 Points, 1929
–1939? Table Conferences of
1930-32? • Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad address, 1930
• How important was
the Government of • The Round Table Conferences, 1930-1932
India Act, 1935?
• Why was Congress
• The Communal Award, 1932
Rule (1937–1939)
unpopular with many
• Rahmat Ali and the Pakistan National Movement, 1933
Muslims?

• The Government of India Act, 1935

• The 1937 Elections and their significance to the Muslim

League and Congress

• Congress rule, 1937–39, its significance to the Pakistan

Movement and the ‘Day of Deliverance’, 1939

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
9. How • How successful were • The Second World War (1939–1945) in relation to India and
successful the meetings held the ‘Quit India’ Movement
were attempts during World War II
to find to agree the future of • The Pakistan Resolution, 1940
solutions to the sub-continent?
the problems • How did the success • The Cripps Mission, 1940
facing the of the Muslim League
sub-continent in the 1945–1946 • The Ghandi-Jinnah talks, 1944
in the years elections lead to
1940–1947? changes in British • Lord Wavell and the Simla Conference, 1945
attempts to solve the
problems of the sub-
• The elections of 1945–1946 in India, reasons for Muslim
continent?
League success and the consequences thereof

• The Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946

• Direct Action Day, 1946

• The June 3 Plan, 1947

• The Radcliffe Commission and Award, 1947

• The Indian Independence Act, 1947

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
10. How important • How important were Jinnah as an advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity:
were the Jinnah, Allama Iqbal • his role in the Muslim League, the Pakistan Movement and
contributions of and Rahmat Ali to the as negotiator with the British
Jinnah, Allama Pakistan Movement?
Iqbal and Rahmat • his relations with Ghandi, Nehru and the All-India
Ali to the success Congress
of the Pakistan
Movement to
1947? Allama Iqbal:
• views on Hindu-Muslim future as separate nations and the
Allahabad address, 1930

Rahmat Ali:
• views on a separate Muslim homeland, his pamphlet ‘Now
or Never’, 1933, and the name ‘Pakistan’

• differences between his views and those of Allama Iqbal

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Learner Guide

3. Nationhood 1947-99

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
11. How successful • What immediate • Outcome of the Radcliffe Award and reactions of the
was the problems faced Pakistan and Indian governments to it; impact on Muslims,
establishment of Pakistan in the Hindus and Sikhs
an independent establishment of an
nation between independent nation? • The Canal Water Dispute, its course and resolution
1947 and 1948? • How successful
were their attempts • The role of UN mediation
to solve these
problems? • The division of assets between Pakistan and India
• How important was
the role of Jinnah • An overview of problems with the Princely States
in solving these (especially Jammu and Kashmir)
problems?
• The refugee and accommodation crisis

• Economic, social and administrative problems

• The issue of national language

• India’s reactions to these problems and their on-going

significance in later tensions/wars with India

• An assessment of Jinnah’s role and achievements as

Governor-General

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
12. How far did • What were the main • Khwaja Nazimuddin
Pakistan achievements of the
achieve various ministries • Liagquat Ali Khan
stability in the years 1948–
following 1958? • Ghulam Muhammad
the death of • What were the
Jinnah? achievements of the • Iskander Mirza
‘Decade of Progress’,
1958–1969? • Muhammad Ayub Khan and the ‘Decade of Progress’
• What attempts were
made to establish a
• Yahya Khan
new constitution in
the years1949–1973?
• The origin, reasons and principles of the 1949 Objectives
Resolution, reasons for its adoption by the Constituent
Assembly and details of its Islamic provisions

• Later constitutional changes (including the reasons for and

the principles on which they were based), with particular
reference to Islamic provisions in the 1956, 1962 and 1973
Constitutions

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
13. Why did East • Why did East • Tensions between East and West Pakistan from 1947
Pakistan seek Pakistan seek (including earlier problems over the Partition of Bengal)
and then independence from
form the West Pakistan? • The rise of the Awami League
independent • What roles did
state of Sheikh Mujib-ur- • Sheikh Mujib and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Bangladesh? Rahman and the
Awami League play • The main features of Sheikh Mujib’s Six Points, reasons for
in the independence their rejection
movement?
• How did • Outline of the subsequent war, including the role of India
Bangladesh achieve
independence in
1971?

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
14. How • How successful Zulfikar Ali Bhutto:
successful were the policies of
was Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, • controlling the army
in the 1971–1977?
twenty years • Why was Bhutto • the Simla Agreement, 1972
following the executed in 1978?
‘Decade of • How successful were • a new constitution. 1973
Progress’? the policies of Zia-ul-
Haq, 1977–1988? • industrial, agricultural, education, health, social and
• Why was he administrative reforms
assassinated?
• his overthrow and execution.

Zia-ul-Haq:

• the Islamisation programme

• overview of the constitutional and Islamic legal position of

women and ethnic and religious minorities

• law and government, elections and issues of martial law and

the Eighth Amendment

• problems facing Zia, his assassination

• the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
15. How effective • How successful were Bhutto, 1988-90:
were the policies of Benazir • conflict with Nawaz Sharif and growth of separatist
Pakistan’s Bhutto, 1988-90, movements
government 1993–96?
in the final • How successful were • difference with President Ishaq over judicial appointment
decade of the policies of Nawaz
the 20th Sharif, 1990–1993, • opposition ‘no confidence’ motion – failure, but damaging
century? 1997–1999? effects
• Why did General
Musharraf take power
• inflation and unemployment
in 1999?
• drug trafficking

• use of family members in government

• problems in Kashmir

• her dismissal

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
15. How effective Bhutto, 1993–1996:
were • Kashmir tensions
Pakistan’s
government • opposition demonstrations and prosecution of opposition
in the final members
decade of the
20th century? • terrorism/bombings

• banking scandal

• unemployment/inflation

• IMF concerns following devaluation of the Pakistan rupee

• balance of payments problems

• unrest in the army

• dismissal of the Chief Minister of Punjab

• Bhutto’s dismissal

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
15. How effective Sharif:
were • growth of crime and use of drugs
Pakistan’s
government • privatisation policy encouraged profiteering
in the final
decade of the • BCCI criticised for corruption
20th century?
• failure of Co-operative Societies in Punjab

• loss of US aid following Pakistan’s criticisms during the Gulf

War

• clashes in Kashmir

• overthrow of Sharif and imposition of military rule.

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Learner Guide

Key Question Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
16. How • How has Pakistan Pakistan – a nuclear power:
important developed as a • nuclear weapons programme, established 1972
has Pakistan’s nuclear power?
role been in • How successful has • Indian nuclear test, 1974
world affairs Pakistan been in
since 1947? its relations with • nuclear testing race with India
Bangladesh, India,
Afghanistan, Iran,
• Pakistan nuclear tests, 1987
China, the USSR/
Russia, USA, UK and
• US concerns
the Commonwealth
and the United
Nations? • Pakistan nuclear tests, 1998

• refusals to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Relations with Bangladesh:

• relations from 1971, residual problems from secession, e.g.
repatriation and indemnity

Relations with India:

• problems and tensions from 1947 (including Jammu and
Kashmir, the creation of Bangladesh, nuclear weapons, issues
of trade)

• attempts to develop more friendly relations

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Learner Guide

Key Question 16 Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
16. How Relations with Afghanistan:
important • issues related to Pakhtoonistan and Tribal Territory
has Pakistan’s
role been in • Daud Khan, the Pakhtoonistan issue and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
world affairs
since 1947? • the Soviet invasion and its impact on Pakistan’s foreign policy
in respect of the Soviet Union, the USA and Afghanistan

• the post-Soviet legacy affecting Pakistan (especially refugees,

drugs, arms, smuggling, terrorism)

Relations with Iran:

• relations prior to and after Iran’s Islamic Revolution, 1979

• trade, political and religious links

• impact of the Islamic Revolution on Pakistan’s bilateral

relations

• Iran’s role in the Regional Cooperation for Development

(RCD)

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Learner Guide

Key Question 16 Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
16. How Relations with China:
important • trade and bilateral relations
has Pakistan’s
role been in • China’s relations with India as compared to those with
world affairs Pakistan
since 1947?
• the Karakoram Highway project

• Pakistan’s policy towards Muslim minorities in China and its

impact on relations with Beijing

Relations with USSR/Russia:

• relations with the USSR and its Central Asian republics

• impact of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on Pakistan’s

policy in respect of Afghanistan and the USA

• the development of closer ties with Russia post-1991

• Nawaz Sharif’s visit to Moscow, 1999

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Learner Guide

Key Question 16 Focus points What key knowledge you need to know R A G Comments/key dates, events and characters
16. How Relations with USA, the UK and the Commonwealth:
important • relations with the USA and the UK from 1947 in relation to
has Pakistan’s the Central Eastern Treaty Organisation (CENTO)/Southeast
role been in Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and reasons why Pakistan
world affairs left/later rejoined these organisations
since 1947?
• the issue of non-alignment in relation to the West and the
Muslim world, particularly Organisation of Islamic Conference
(OIC)

• Pakistan’s relationship with the Commonwealth

• the impact of the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on relations with the USA, the
UK and the Commonwealth

Relations with the United Nations (UN):

• Pakistan’s place in the UN

• UN involvement with, and declarations on, Jammu and

Kashmir, the Canal Water Dispute, the Indo–Pakistan Wars,
war with Bangladesh

• evaluation of the UN’s role as a peace-maker and mediator in

these issues

• overview of the function of United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF), United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO), World Health Organisation (WHO),
World Food Programme (WFP) and the part these agencies
have played in the development of Pakistan.

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