Romanesque

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre- Greek Roman Early Romanesque

Historic Christian

PRE-HISTORIC Near East Islamic

history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN Indian Chinese Japanese
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
• The decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of
independent states and nations across Europe
• Most states still had ecclesiastical and political ties to
Rome
• This went on for three centuries, from 500 to 800 AD

• Charlemagne, a Frankish Carolingian king, was

barbarian Europe’s most effective ruler
PRE-HISTORIC
• In 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III -
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES • established the Holy Roman Empire, tried to be as grand
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
as the Roman and Byzantine emperors before him
ROMAN HISTORY • Built his palace in Aachen, based on Byzantine palace
INDIAN • The Roman Empire was halved into East and West and chapel in Constantinople
CHINESE • Those outside the Empire were called “barbarians” - • Conquered parts of Germany, Austria, Italy and Spain
JAPANESE German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals,
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns • Art and civilization was restored over Europe
BYZANTINE
• 4th century, Huns invaded Europe forcing the Goths and • There was a new religious enthusiasm:
ISLAMIC
Vandals to seek shelter inside the Roman Empire • The crusades were conducted against Muslims
ROMANESQUE
• Rome agreed to let them stay in exchange for help • Papacy rose to great power
GOTHIC
against the Huns • Great monastic foundations
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
• Christianity was source of education, culture, and
ROCOCO • In 410 AD, Alaric the Goth seized Rome, settled in Spain economy
NEO-CLASSICAL • Ostrogoths held much of Italy, Vandals moved across
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Europe into Africa • In 814 AD, Charlemagne’s empire began to break up
20TH C MODERN • 486 – 507, Clovis, King of the Franks, conquered Gaul, splitting into 3 kingdoms
but was overthrown by the Carolingians in 751 AD • Vikings from Norway, Denmark and Sweden began
• Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians ruled Gaul attacking Britain, France, Ireland, Russia and North
• Angles, Saxons and Jutes occupied Britain America, only stopping by 1000 AD
 Romanesque
RELIGION BAPTISTERIES
• Rise of the religious orders • Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and
• Science, letters, art and culture were the monopoly of connected to the cathedral by the atrium
orders • Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany
• Gave impulse to architecture; fostered art and learning
CAMPANILES
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER • Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone
• Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch
DESCRIPTION towers
• Religious fervor expressed in:
• Art, cathedrals and monastic buildings

• Architecture spread throughout Europe but governed by

classical traditions – “Romanesque”

• Ruins of classical buildings - classical precedent was

used only to suit the fragments of old ornaments used in
new buildings

EXAMPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL TYPES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
CATHEDRALS
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
• Mostly Basilican in plan
ROMAN • Rib and Panel vaulting - framework of ribs support thin
INDIAN stone panels
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

• CASTLE-LIKE SOLIDITY (style of Christian

warrior-kings)
• FORMS OF ANCIENT ROME
• INFLUENCED BY ISLAMIC & CHRISTIAN
ARCHITECTURAL TRADITIONS

• CONTINUAL ARCADING
• BLIND ARCADING (to decorate otherwise plain
walls)
• NATURALISTIC CARVING (column capitals
loosely based on classical Corinthian design
enlivened with carved figures)
• CARVED COLUMNS
• STRAPWORK (interlacing decoration that
resembles straps)
• SCULPTED TYMPANUM (like the Roman
temple pediment, the area above door/window &
below the arch was filled with relief sculpture)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
NORTHERN ITALY
• Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa - cities
competed to construct glorious buildings
• Links to Northern Europe (through alpine passes) and
Constantinople (through Venice and Ravenna)

• Ornamental arcades all over façade

• Wheel window
• Central projecting porch, with columns on roughly-carved
grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows Northern
European influence)

S. Ambrogio, Milan
S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
S. Fedele, Como
S. Michele, Pavia

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
SOUTHERN ITALY Monreale Cathedral
• Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim and • Most splendid under Norman rule in Sicily
Norman rule • Basilican and Byzantine planning

• Richer in design and color

• Elaborate wheel windows – made of sheets of pierced
marble
• Greater variety in columns and capitals
• Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters

• Byzantine influence: mosaic decorations, no vaults, used

domes
• Muslim influence: use of striped marbles, stilted pointed
arches, colorful, geometric designs as predominant interior
decoration

Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily

• Most distinct Romanesque church in Sicily

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
CENTRAL ITALY Baptistery
• Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa – cities rich in pagan • 39.3 m circular plan by Dioti Salvi
influence
• Pisa had commercial links with the Holy Land; fought
with Muslims
• Great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant atmosphere

Pisa Cathedral
• Forms one of most famous building groups in the world -
Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile, and Campo Santo
• Resembles other early Basilican churches in plan
• Exterior of red and white marble bands

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
Campanile
ROMAN • aka The “Leaning Tower of Pisa”
INDIAN • 8 storeys, 16 m in diameter
CHINESE • Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2 m
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
FRANCE Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris
• Remains of old buildings were less abundant – they had • Among the first instances of using the pointed arch
greater freedom of developing new style • Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses
• Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the successfully combined
nave and aisles
• Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to
throw off snow

S. Madeleine, Vezelay
• Earliest pointed cross-vault in France

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
CENTRAL EUROPE SPAIN
• Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms
Worms Cathedral • Use of horseshoe arch
• Eastern and western apses and octagons
• 2 circular towers flank each Santiago de Compostela
• Octagon at crossing, with pointed roof • Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
ENGLAND Durham Cathedral
• Rib and panel vaulting with pointed arches
3 foundations:
• Old foundation - served by secular clergy
• Monastic foundation - served by regular clergy or monks
• New foundation - to which bishops had been appointed

Peterborough Cathedral
• Fine Norman interior
• Original timber ceiling over nave

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire

FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS

• All over Europe - 1500 castles in England in 11th and
12th centuries

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
• Began as motte and bailey earthworks
ROCOCO • Later became citadels with stone curtain walls
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Romanesque
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre- Greek Roman Early Romanesque Gothic

Historic Christian

PRE-HISTORIC Near East Islamic

history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN Indian Chinese Japanese
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
NORWAY
SCOTLAND
SWEDEN
DENMARK ESTONIA
RUSSIA
ENGLAND
IRELAND LIVONIA
POLAND
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE
HUNGARY

CASTILE PAPAL
STATES OTTOMAN EMPIRE • Some 4000 new towns were built to accommodate the
rising population
• Towns became centers of trade – Paris, Milan, Florence,
AFRICA Venice, Naples

• Mixture of lands ruled by nobles

• Feudal system - landlords ruled with tyranny

• There was restlessness among the people

• Towns became crowded and dirty - disease was rife
• Black Death struck Europe from 1347 to 1351 and killed
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

half the population - spread by rats and fleas, could kill a

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES person within 3 days
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN HISTORY
INDIAN • 12th – 13th centuries: Holy Roman Empire was reduced
CHINESE to the area of Germany
JAPANESE • Only 3 great kingdoms were left: France, England and
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Castile in Spain
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
• Prosperous years in terms of agriculture - warm weather
GOTHIC
and invention of the windmill and water-mill increased the
RENAISSANCE amount of food produced
BAROQUE
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
ROCOCO • Most Europeans were Catholics
NEO-CLASSICAL • Church under the Pope brought Christians together DESCRIPTION
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Entire Christianity was united against Muslims • "Gothic" is a term used in reproach to this style
20TH C MODERN • The rulers, the church and townspeople spent wealth on • a departure from classic lines
building more castles, cathedrals and monasteries • Can be identified by the general use of pointed arch
• Towns competed with each other to produce the best • Also called “Medieval Architecture”
architecture
 Gothic
EXAMPLES

FRANCE
• In French, "L'architecture Ogivale“

Primaire (12th Century AD)

• Also called "a lancettes"
• Distinguished by pointed arches and
geometric traceried windows

Secondaire (13th Century AD)

• Also called "Rayonnant"
• Characterized by circular windows
with wheel tracery

Tertiare (14th to 16th Century AD)

• Also called "Flamboyant"
• Flame-like window tracery or free-
flowing tracery
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

Features:
NEAR EAST
• Use of pointed arch to cover
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
rectangular bays
ROMAN • Use of flying buttresses weighted by
INDIAN pinnacles
CHINESE • Tall, thin columns – “stretching up as
JAPANESE if to heaven”
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Walls released from load-bearing
BYZANTINE function
ISLAMIC • Invention of colored, stained glass
ROMANESQUE
windows to adorn window-walls
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
• Tracery windows provided a
ROCOCO framework for Bible stories to be told
NEO-CLASSICAL in pictures
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Cathedrals as a library for illiterate
20TH C MODERN townspeople - Biblical stories were
told with stained-glass and statuary
 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS Gothic
• HEIGHT (made possible by pointed • POINTED GOTHIC ARCHES •FAN VAULTING (stone vaults fan out
arches, high vaults & flying buttresses) • PINNACLES (towers) like the tops of palm trees)
• ROSE WINDOWS • GROINED VAULTING (formed • INTERLACED STONE TRACERY
• FLYING BUTTRESSES (supporting where 2 barrel vaults meet) (vaulting • GARGOYLES (grotesque roof
masonry arches) grew lighter, higher & slimmer) figurines)

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
Amiens Cathedral Reims Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
Chartres Cathedral

Notre Dame, Paris

• One of the oldest French cathedrals
• Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully

• Façade features successive tiers of niches with statues:

Christ and French kings
• Central wheel window
• Two western towers with high pointed louvred openings
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Other cathedrals:
Beauvais Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
 Gothic
CASTLES
• Built on mounds above rivers
• Thick walls and small windows to resist attack

• Many were adapted to make convenient residences in

later periods

Carcassone
• built in 13th Century AD
• double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
• 50 towers and moat
• two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge
and portcullis

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
ENGLAND STYLES CATHEDRALS
• May have been attached to monasteries or to collegiate
NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD) institutions
• Includes the raising of most of major Romanesque • Found in precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest
churches and castles houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings

TRANSITIONAL (1154 to 1189 AD) Salisbury Cathedral

• Pointed arches in Romanesque structures

EARLY ENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD)

• Equivalent to High Gothic in France
• Also called "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, from long
narrow pointed windows

DECORATED (1307 to 1377 AD)

• Window tracery is "Geometrical" in form, and later,
flowing tracery patterns and curvilinear surface pattern
• Also called "Second Pointed", equivalent to French
"Flamboyant" style
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

PERPENDICULAR (1377 to 1485 AD)

NEAR EAST
• Also called "Rectilinear“ or "Third Pointed"
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN TUDOR (1495 to 1558 AD)
INDIAN • Increasing application of Renaissance detail
CHINESE
JAPANESE ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Renaissance ideas take strong hold
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
Westminster Abbey
• Complex of church, royal palace and burial grounds
• Most important medieval building in Britain
• widest (32 m) and highest vault in England (102 ft)

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO Other examples:
NEO-CLASSICAL
Wells Cathedral
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
York Cathedral - largest medieval cathedral in England
20TH C MODERN
and in Northern Europe
Winchester Cathedral - longest medieval cathedral in
England
 Gothic
MANOR HOUSES
• Erected by new and wealthy trading families

Parts:
• great hall, room with solar room, chapel, latrine chamber,
service rooms, kitchens, central hearth

Later, in Tudor Manor Houses

• increased rooms, quadrangular court, battlement
parapets, and gateways, chimneys, buttery (butler’s
pantry), oven, pantry, serving area and storage, larder
(food storage), wardrobe, oratory-study, private chapel
with altar and crucifix, scullery, brew house

Penhurst Place, Kent, England

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS
• In Germany, the chief influence came from France, not
from German Romanesque
• In Belgium and The Netherlands, it was based on French
Gothic, developing the Brabantine style

HALL CHURCHES
• Had a different look:
• Nave and aisle of same height
• One or two immense and ornate western towers or apse,
in place of sculptured doorway
• Brick-work and simplified ornamentation

Ulm Cathedral, Germany

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
St. Elizabeth, Marburg, Germany
• Typical hall church

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
SPAIN
• Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches
and rich surface decoration of intricate geometrical and
flowing patterns
• Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels
inserted between buttresses
• Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive
character

Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)

• Irregular in plan
• Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
SPAIN
Seville Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD)
• Largest Medieval church in Europe
• Second largest church in the world, next to St. Peter's,
Rome

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
SPAIN Granada Cathedral
Gerona Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
SPAIN Salamanca Cathedral
Toledo Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Other cathedrals:
• Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedral, Barcelona Cathedral
 Gothic
ITALY
• Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
commerce

• Cultural revival was taking place in Italy in advance of

northern Europe

• Roman tradition remained strong

• This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in

Italy
• Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal
cornices and string courses
• Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses
• Small windows without tracery
• Projecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like
beasts

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore
20TH C MODERN • Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio
• Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical
features of Gothic
• Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
 Gothic
ITALY
Siena Cathedral
• One of most stupendous undertakings since the building
of the Pisa cathedral
• Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
their works to its building and adornment
• Cruciform plan
• Zebra marble striping on wall and pier

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
ITALY
Milan Cathedral
• Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
• 3rd largest cathedral in Europe

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
 Gothic
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INDIAN
CHINESE
JAPANESE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ISLAMIC
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
NEO-CLASSICAL
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN