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Table of Contents

Chapter 1.................................................................................................................... 2

Background of the study......................................................................................... 2

Statement of the Problem....................................................................................... 3

Definition of terms................................................................................................... 4

Delimitation of the Study........................................................................................ 6

Significance of the Study......................................................................................... 7

References.............................................................................................................. 9

Documentation...................................................................................................... 11
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Chapter 1

Background of the study

Corrosion is a dangerous and extremely costly problem (The Electrochemical

Society, n.d.). It is a natural process that deteriorates metals, leading to significant

economic and environmental consequences. Many suffer from this, the industries of

manufacture, chemical plants, oil industry and many more metal-using industries

(Fayomi et. Al, 2019). There are several ways of corrosion protection, such as the

use of synthetic inhibitors, coatings, and cathodic protection (Kadhim et al., 2021).

They have limitations in terms of cost, toxicity, and effectiveness, while these are

great but have limitations in terms of cost, toxicity, and effectiveness (Bijapur et al.,

2023).

Over the recent years, there has been a growing interest of utilizing natural

compounds as corrosion inhibitors for it being natural and its potential effectiveness

(Zakeri et al., 2022) Solanum tuberosum, commonly known as potato, is a

vegetable widely consumed known for its antioxidant properties (Adeyanju et al.,

2021). Potato peel, a byproduct of potato processing, contains high levels of

phenolic compounds, which have been reported to possess corrosion inhibitive

properties (Domínguez et al., 2018).

There have been various studies that have investigated the use of plant

extracts, including potato peel extract, as corrosion inhibitors for metals. For

example, Yusuf et al. (2015) found that plant extracts are rich in phenolic
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compounds that exhibited significant corrosion inhibition efficiency for mild steel in

acidic media. Similarly, Kumar et al. (2018) investigated the corrosion inhibition of

aluminum in acidic medium using potato peel extract. Their results showed that the

extract acted as an effective inhibitor, with inhibition efficiency increasing with

higher concentrations of the extract.

In another study, Umoren et al. (2017) reported that natural products such as

plant extracts could effectively inhibit the corrosion of metals in aggressive

environments. The application of peel extract from Solanum tuberosum as a natural

corrosion inhibitor for metals is still largely unexplored, despite these encouraging

results. The purpose of this study is to examine the ability of Solanum tuberosum

peel extract to inhibit corrosion in corrosive environments for common metals like

aluminum and mild steel. The study will examine the extract's potential to lower

corrosion rates, compare its efficacy to conventional inhibitors, and examine its

mode of action. This study aims to investigate the potential of peel extract

from Solanum tuberosum as a natural corrosion inhibitor. The findings of this

research could lead to the creation of sustainable and environmentally

friendly corrosion protection solutions for a range

of industries. Furthermore, the results of this study may open the door to additional

investigation into the application of natural substances as corrosion

inhibitors, supporting a more environmentally friendly method of corrosion control.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the potential of Solanum tuberosum peel

extract as a natural corrosion inhibitor for metals.

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the effectiveness of Solanum tuberosum peel extract in inhibiting the

corrosion of metals?

2. How does the concentration of Solanum tuberosum peel extract affect its

corrosion inhibition properties?

3. How does Solanum turbersum peel extract compare to commercially

available corrosion inhibitors?

4. How effective is Solanum tuberosum peel extract compared to traditional

corrosion inhibitors?

5. Does the Solanum tuberosum peel extract cost less than commonly

used corrosion inhibitor?

Definition of terms

For clarity and better understanding of the concepts used in the study, the

following terms were given conceptual and operational definition:

Potato. The starchy, brown-skinned or red-skinned tuber of a widely

cultivated plant, (Solanum tuberosum) of the nightshade family, eaten as a cooked

vegetable (Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4 th Edition, 2010).

In this study, the potato refers to the Solanum tuberosum vegetable.

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Extract. A substance that has been obtained from something else, for

example by means of a chemical or industrial process (Collins COBUILD Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary, n.d.).

In this study, the extract refers to the liquid or solid substance extracted from

the potato's (Solanum tuberosum) outer skin after the peels have been

processed.

Corrosion. It occurs whenever a gas or liquid chemically attacks an

exposed surface, often a metal, and is accelerated by warm temperatures and

by acids and salts (Britannica).

In this study, corrosion is operationally defined as the measurable loss of

material from the surface of reactive metals, such as iron, steel, aluminum, or their

alloys, when exposed to corrosive agents, such as acids, salts, or moisture, over a

specific period of time.

Chemical Corrosion. The gradual destruction of a metal's surface due to the

reaction of the surface with substances in its external environment. It is often

characterized by the oxidation of a metal with an acid to form oxides

(Corrosionpedia, 2019).

In this study, chemical corrosion refers to the corrosion of metals in acidic

medium, which can be inhibited by the potato peel extract.

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Corrosion Inhibitor. Chemicals that, when added in small amounts to a hostile

environment, reduce the rate of attack on a material such as a metal. It slows down

the rate at which a metal in that environment corrodes (Umoren et al., 2022).

In this study, the corrosion inhibitor is the Solanum tuberosum (potato) peel

extract. It is evaluated for its ability to inhibit the corrosion of metals, in acidic

medium.

Reactive Metals. Group of metal elements that can form a reaction with acids,

water, mineral acids and powerful oxidizing acids (Corrosionpedia, 2020).

In this study, the reactive metals include iron, aluminium, zinc, and

magnesium. In the experiment these are treated with the potato peel extract.

Acid. A chemical substance, usually a liquid, which contains hydrogen and

can react with other substances to form salts. Some acids burn or dissolve other

substances that they come into contact with (Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, n.d.).

In the study, the acid refers to a corrosive substance that can donate protons

or accept electrons to form a solution with a pH less than 7.

Oxidation. Process in which oxygen combines with an element or substance,

either slowly, as in the rusting of iron, or rapidly, as in the burning of wood

(Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 2010).

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In this study, oxidation refers to the process by which reactive metals, such

as iron, steel, aluminum, or their alloys, lose electrons when exposed to corrosive

agents, such as acids, salts, or moisture.

Delimitation of the Study

The study delimits its scope to examining the possibility of using potato peel

extract (Solanum tuberosum) as a natural corrosion inhibitor, particularly to

metals. It limits the scope of its investigation to a controlled laboratory setting,

which might not accurately capture the complexities of outdoor

or industrial settings in the real world. The investigation is carried out

in a specific time frame, which restricts the evaluation of the corrosion inhibition's

durability and long-term efficacy. Furthermore, the study does not include all of the

corrosive conditions that are present in different industries, such

as high temperatures or particular chemical exposures. While offering insights

into possible industrial uses, the research does not address the scalability or

feasibility of producing potato peel extract on a large scale for use as a corrosion

inhibitor in industry, nor does it involve direct testing or validation in

industrial settings. Additionally, the study may not fully take into account all

external factors that could affect the effectiveness of potato peel extract as a

corrosion inhibitor, such as variations in environmental conditions or metal

composition. It also does not investigate potential alternative uses or applications of

potato peel extract in other industries or fields.

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Significance of the Study

This study hopes to be a great contribution to people in relation to

their accessibility to use a potato peel (Solanum tubersum) as a natural rust

remover. Furthermore, this study will be beneficial to the following:

Oil and Gas Industries. These industries use a significant amount of metal

infrastructure that is prone to corrosion. The use of natural inhibitors from potato

peel extract can be a cost-effective alternative to synthetic inhibitors, reducing

maintenance costs. Potato peel extract is non-toxic, making it safer for workers

and reducing health risks associated with traditional inhibitors.

Marine Industries. Ships and marine structures are exposed to corrosive marine

environments. Natural inhibitors can provide effective corrosion protection,

extending the lifespan of marine assets.

Manufacturing Industries. Corrosion can lead to product failure and defects. By

using potato (Solanum tubersum) peel corrosion inhibitor, manufacturers can

improve product quality and durability.

Metal Fabrication and Processing Industries. These industries can benefit from

the development of cost-effective and environmentally friendly corrosion

inhibitors, which can improve the longevity and durability of metal products.
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Chemical Industries. Companies involved in producing corrosion inhibitors can

benefit from the study's findings by potentially incorporating natural extracts

into their product lines, meeting the growing demand for eco-friendly solutions.

Department of Science and Technology. The DOST can benefit from the study by

incorporating the findings into their research and development programs,

promoting sustainable and eco-friendly technologies.

Community. The community can benefit from the study's findings through the

development of safer and more environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors,

which can lead to reduced environmental impact and health risks associated

with traditional inhibitors.

Future researchers. The findings of this study will serve as basis for further study

in order to elucidate reliable information related to this study.

References
The Electrochemical Society. (n.d.). Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention.
https://www.electrochem.org/corrosion-science/

Fayomi O.S, Akande G., Odigie S. (2019). Economic Impact of Corrosion in

Oil Sectors and Prevention: An Overview. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022037

Kadhim A., Al-Amiery A.A., Alazawi R., Al-Ghezi M.K.S., Abass R.H. (2021).
Corrosion inhibitors. A review. International Journal of Corrosion and Scale Inhibition.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355981308_Corrosion_inhibitors_A_review
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Bijapur K., Molahalli V., Shetty A., Toghan A., De Padova P., Hegde G. (2023).
Recent Trends and Progress in Corrosion Inhibitors and Electrochemical Evaluation.
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10107

Zakeri A., Bahmani E., Aghdam A.S.R. (2022). Plant extracts as sustainable
and green corrosion inhibitors for protection of ferrous metals in corrosive media: A
mini review. Corrosion Communications.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667266922000159

Adeyanju A.A., Oyenihi O.R., Oguntibeju O.O (2021). Antioxidant-Rich Vegetables:

Impact on Human Health. Vegetable Crops - Health Benefits and Cultivation.
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/79511

Domínguez, J. C., Gutiérrez, S. B., Silva, M. C., Pérez, P., Rodríguez, M. S., &
Vázquez, J. A. (2018). Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of edible coatings
enriched with natural plant extracts: A review. Coatings.
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/8

Yusuf, M., Kabir, A., & Adamu, U. (2015). Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in
acidic medium using aqueous extract of Piper guineense. Leonardo Electronic
Journal of Practices and Technologies. http://lejpt.academicdirect.org/

Kumar, A., Singh, R., and Sharma, S. (2018). Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminum
in Acidic Medium Using Potato Peel Extract. Journal of Corrosion Science.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/corrosion-science

Umoren, S. A., Eduok, U. M., & Solomon, M. M. (2017). Corrosion inhibition by

naturally occurring substances: green approach. Green Chemistry Letters and
Reviews. https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tgcl20/10/4?nav=tocList

Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4 th Edition. (2010).

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/potato

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (n.d.).

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/extract#:~:text=An%20extract
%20is%20a%20substance,a%20chemical%20or%20industrial%20process

Britannica. (n.d.). corrosion. https://www.britannica.com/science/corrosion

Corrosionpedia. (2019).
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/6394/chemical-corrosion#:~:text=What
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%20Does%20Chemical%20Corrosion%20Mean,an%20acid%20to%20form
%20oxides

Umoren S.A., Solomon M.M., Saji V.S. (2022) Polymeric Materials in Corrosion
Inhibition. Fundamentals of corrosion inhibition.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/corrosioninhibitor#:~:text=
Corrosion%20inhibitors%20are%20chemicals%20that,metal%20in%20that
%20environment%20corrodes

Corrosionpedia. (2020).
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/961/reactive-metal

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. (n.d.).

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acid

Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4 TH Edition. (2010).

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/oxidation