Canonical Authors and Works of the Philippine Artists in Literature

1. Carlos P. Romulo (January 14, 1899 – December 15, 1985)

• Multifaceted career spanned 50 years. He is a Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier, journalist,

and author.

• First Asian who served as the President of the United Nations General Assembly.

Literary Works:

• Blood on the Rising Sun

• I Saw the Fall of Philippines

• I See the Philippines Rise

• My Brother Americans

2. Jose Garcia Villa (August 5, 1908 – February 7, 1997)

• Doveglion- pen name

• He is a poet, literary critic, short story writer, and also a painter.

• He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1973.

• He introduced the "reverse consonance rhyme scheme" in poetry.

Villa's Literary Works:

• Footnote to Youth (1933)

• The Emperor's New Sonnet (1958)

• The Anchored Angel (1999)

3. Francisco Arcellana (September 6, 1916 – August 1, 2002)

• He is a writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, and teacher.

• He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1990.

• He is considered the important progenitor of the modern Filipino short story in English.

Literary Works:
• The Mats (1938)
• Through a Glass, Darkly (2017)
4. Nick Joaquin (May 4, 1917 – April 29, 2004)

• Quijano de Manila- pen name

• A Filipino writer, journalist, and he is best known for his short stories and novels in English.

• He was described as having a "rabid and insane love for books."

Literary Works:

• The woman who had two navels (1961)

• A question of heroes (1977)

5. Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales (September 8, 1915 – November 28, 1999)

• Better known a N.V.M Gonzales.

•He is a novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet.

• He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997.

Literary Works:

• The Winds of April

• The Bamboo Dancers

• Children of the Ash-Covered Loam

6. Cirilo F. Bautista ( July 9, 1941 – May 6, 2018)

• He is a poet, fictionist, literary critic, and a writer of nonfiction.

• He was awarded as a National Artist for Literature in 1998.

Literary Works:

• Summer Suns

• Words and Battlefields

• The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus

• Galaw ng Asoge
7. Edith L. Tiempo (April 22, 1919 – August 21, 2011)

• She is a poet, teacher, and literary critic.

• Tiempo's literary journey began with her education at Silliman University in Dumaguete City,
where she earned a Bachelor of Science in Education, majoring in English.

• Tiempo was honored as a National Artist for Literature in 1999 and acknowledged by some as
the Mother of Philippine Literature.

Tiempo's literary works:

• Bonsai

• Lament for the Littlest Fellow

• A Blade of Fern (1978)

• His Native Coast (1979)

8. Amado V. Hernandez (September 13, 1903 – May 24, 1970)

• He is a poet, playwright, and novelist.

• Known for his criticism of social injustices in the Philippines and was later imprisoned for his
involvement in the communist movement.

• He was arrested on January 26 on the suspicion that he was among the leaders of the rebellion.
• His novel "Mga Ibong Mandaragit," first written by Hernandez while in prison, is the first socio-
political novel that exposes the ills of society as evidenced by the agrarian problems in the 50s.

• He was honored as the National Artist for Literature in 1973, together with José García Villa.

Literary Works:
• Mga Ibong Mandaragit

• Luha ng Buwaya

• Isang Dipang Langit

9. Virgilio S. Almario (March 9, 1944)

• Rio Alma- pen name

•A Filipino author, poet, critic, translator, editor, teacher, and cultural manager.
• He is recognized for reviving and reinventing Filipino poetic forms.

• He was awarded as the National Artist of the Philippine Literature in 2003.

Literary Works:

• Ibong Adarna

• Mga Retrato at Rekwerdo

• Palipad-Hangin

10. Lazaro Francisco (February 22, 1898 – June 17, 1980)

• He is also known as the "Master of the Tagalog Novel"

• He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1973.

• His novels focus on social issues like colonialism and poverty.

Literary Works:

• Ama (1929)

• Sa Paanan ng Krus (1934)

• Daluyong (1961)

11. Bienvenido Lumbera (April 11, 1932 – September 28, 2021)

• A Filipino poet, critic and dramatist.

• As a poet, he introduced to Tagalog Literature what is now known as Bagay poetry, a landmark
aesthetic tendency that has helped to change the vernacular poetic tradition.

• He was honored as the National Artist for Literature in 2006.

Literary Works:
• Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (1993)

• Balaybay, Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang (2002)

 Basic Textual and Contextual Reading Approach in the Study of Literature

When studying the application of literature, a basic approach involves both textual and contextual
analysis. This means examining the text itself and considering the broader historical, cultural, and
social context in which it was created.

Textual Analysis

- Close Reading: Carefully examine the text, paying attention to word choice, imagery, symbolism,
and narrative structure.

- Theme Identification: Determine the central ideas or messages conveyed in the text.

- Character Analysis: Explore the motivations, actions, and development of the characters.

- Plot Analysis: Understand the sequence of events, conflicts, and resolutions.

- Literary Devices: Identify and analyze literary techniques used by the author, such as metaphors,
similes, and irony.

Contextual Analysis

- Historical Context: Consider the time period in which the text was written, including political,
social, and economic factors.

- Cultural Context: Examine the cultural beliefs, values, and traditions reflected in the text.

- Authorial Context: Learn about the author's life, experiences, and influences.

- Genre and Tradition: Understand the literary genre and any specific traditions or conventions
associated with it.
Example: When studying Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," you might analyze the text's themes
of love, hate, and fate. You could also consider the historical context of the Renaissance, the cultural
context of Elizabethan England, and Shakespeare's own life and experiences as a playwright. By
combining textual and contextual analysis, you can gain a deeper understanding of the literary work
and its significance within its historical and cultural context.

REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS AND AUTHORS FROM LATIN AMERICA AND AFRICA

REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORS FROM LATIN AMERICA

ANA MARIA SHUA (April 22, 1951)

Ana Maria Shua (born in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine writer who has published over eighty books
in numerous genres including: novels, short stories, micro fiction, poetry, drama, children's literature,
books of humor and Jewish folklore, anthologies, film scripts, journalistic articles, and essays. Her
writing has been translated into many languages, including English, French, German, Italian,
Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, Korean, Japanese, Bulgarian, and Serbian. Stories appear in
anthologies throughout the world. She has received numerous national and international awards,
including a Guggenheim Fellowship, and is one of Argentina's premier living writer. She is
particularly known in the Spanish-speaking world on both sides the Atlantic as "The Queen of the
Micro story.

ANTONIO UNGAR (1974)

Antonio Ungar (born in Bogotá, Colombia) a globetrotter, he has lived in Mexico, Spain, and the
United Kingdom, and is currently based in Palestine-Israel. He devotes part of his time to writing
non-fiction about his home country, Colombia, as well as the Middle East, and was granted the
Colombian National Journalism Award in 2005. He has published two short story collections, Trece
circos comunes (Thirteen Ordinary Circuses, 1999) and De ciertos animals tristes (Of Certain Sad
Animals, 2000), as well as other stories which have appeared in international literary magazines
and more than twenty-five anthologies. Ungar has also tried his hand at longer narrative forms: his
novel Zanahorias voladoras (Flying Carrots) was published in 2004, followed by Tres ataúdes
blancos (Three White Coffins), which won the Herralde Prize in 2010 and was shortlisted for the
Rómulo Gallegos Award in 2011.

JORGE LUIS ARZOLA (1966)

Jorge Luis Arzola was born in Jatibonico, Cuba. Unlike those authors who have up to now shaped
the image of Cuban literature, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Miguel Barnet, Jesús Diaz and Reinaldo
Arenas, Arzola belongs to a new generation of writers, the so-called "novísimos". This generation is
on the one hand influenced more than the preceding one by the new awareness of national identity
which has resulted following the Cuban revolution, and on the other hand, following the political and
economic crisis facing the country after the fall of the Iron Curtain, It questions these ideals.

RAÚL ZURITA (January 10, 1950)

Raúl Zurita Canessa is a Chilean poet. He won the Chilean National Prize for Literature in 2000.
Zurita spent four years earning his living as a computer salesman during a period of financial
hardship. At the same time he was a guest reader at the Faculty of Philosophy at the Universidad
de Chile in Santiago, where he met writers and intellectuals such as Nicanor Parra, Ronald Kay,
Christian Hunneus and Enrique Lihn. The first of his poems to be published appeared in 1975 in
"Manuscritos", the Philosophy Faculty's publication. Four years later "Purgatorio" was published, the
first part of a poetic trilogy which Zurita would not conclude for another fourteen years. The book
became a huge success

FRANCISCO XAVIER ALARCÓN (February 21, 1954 - January 15, 2016)

Francisco Xavier Alarcón was a Chicano poet and educator. He was one of the few Chicano poets
to have "gained recognition while writing mostly in Spanish" within the United States. His poems
have been also translated into Irish and Swedish. He made many guest appearances at public
schools so that he could help inspire and influence young people to write their own poetry especially
because he felt that children are "natural poet." Alarcón wrote poetry in English, Spanish and
Nahuatl, often presented to the reader in a bilingual format. His poetry is considered minimalist in
style.

REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS FROM LATIN AMERICA

 LIKE HERCULES – (microstory) by Ana Maria Shua (Argentina) translated by Steven J.

Stewart

 HONEY – (flash fiction) by Antonio Ungar (Columbia) translated by Katherine Silver

 ESSENTIAL THINGS – (sudden fiction) by Jorge Luis Arzola (Cuba)

 THE DESERT OF ATACAMA V – (poem) by Raúl Zurita (Chile) translated by Anna Deeny

 TO THOSE WHO HAVE LOST EVERYTHING – (poem) by Francisco X. Alarcon (Mexico)

REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORS FROM AFRICA

J. M. COETZEE (February 9, 1940)

John Maxwell Coetzee is a South African-born novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient
of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He has also won the Booker Prize twice, the Jerusalem Prize,
CNA Prize (thrice), the Prix Femina étranger, The Irish Times International Fiction Prize as well as
other awards and honors, holds a number of honorary doctorates and is one of the most acclaimed
and decorated authors in the English language. He relocated to Australia in 2002 and Iives in
Adelaide. He became an Australian citizen in 2006.
HENRIETTA ROSE-INNES (September 14, 1971)

Henrietta Rose-Innes is a South African novelist and short-story writer. She was the 2008 winner of
the Caine Prize for African Writing for her speculative-fiction story "Poison". Her novel Nineveh was
shortlisted for the 2012 Sunday Times Prize for Fiction and the M-Net Literary Awards. In September
of that year her story "Sanctuary was awarded second place in the 2012 BBC International Short
Story Award”.

PETINA GAPPAH (1971)

Petina Gappah is a Zimbabwean lawyer and writer. She writes in English, though she also draws on
Shona, her first language. She is currently based in Berlin, where she has a DAAD Artist-in-
Residence fellowship. In 2016, she was named African Literary Person of the Year by Brittle Paper.
Gappah's first book, An Elegy for Easterly, a story collection that she says is "about what it has
meant to be a Zimbabwean in recent times", was published by Faber and Faber in April 2009 in the
United Kingdom and in June 2009 in the United States.

KOFI AWOONOR (1935 - September 21, 2013)

Kofi Awoonor was a Ghanaian poet and author whose work combined the poetic traditions of his
native Ewe people and contemporary and religious symbolism to depict Africa during decolonization.
He started writing under the name George Awoonor-Williams, and was also published as Kofi
Nyidevu Awoonor. He taught African literature at the University of Ghana. Professor Awoonor was
among those who were killed in the September 2013 attack at Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi,
Kenya, where he was a participant at the Storymoja Hay Festival.

LADAN OSMAN

Ladan Osman is a Somali-American poet and teacher. Her poetry is centered on her Somali and
Muslim heritage, and has been published in a number of prominent literary magazines. In February
2014, Osman was named the winner of the annual Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets for
her collection The Kitchen Dweller's Testimony. The $1000 award was accompanied by the
publication of her poetry anthology by the University of Nebraska Press in conjunction with Amalion
Press.
REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS FROM AFRICA

 AS A WOMAN GROWS OLDER – (short story) by J.M. Coetzee (South Africa)

 POISON – (science fiction) by Henrietta Rose-Innes (South Africa)

 HYDE PARK – (creative non-fiction) by Petina Gappah (Zimbabwe)

 THE FIRST CIRCLE – (poem) by Kofi Awoonor (Ghana)

 TONIGHT – (poem) by Ladan Osman (Somalia)

 CREATIVE REPRESENTATION OF A LITERARY TEXT BY APPLYING MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia

Is the integration of multiple forms of content such as text, audio, images, video, and
interactive elements into a digital platform or application. This integration allows for a more
immersive and engaging experience compared to traditional single-medium content.
Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily transferred from one
location to another.

MULTIMEDIA AND ITS FORM

 Blog or Weblog- is a website containing informational articles about a person’s own

opinions, interests and experiences. These are usually changed regularly.
 Slide show presentation-presentation of a series of still images (slides) on a projection
screen or electronic display device, typically in a prearranged sequence. The changes may
be automatic and at regular intervals or they may be manually controlled by a presenter or
the viewer. Slide shows originally consisted of a series of individual photographic slides
projected onto a screen with a slide projector.
 Tag cloud- is a visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as
websites, articles, speeches and databases.

 Video- a program, movie, or other visual media product featuring moving images, with or
without audio, that is recorded and saved digitally or on videocassette
 Animation- a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In
traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to
be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer-
generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D
computer animation (which may have the look of traditional animation) can be used for
stylistic reasons, low bandwidth, or faster real-time renderings.

 Mind Mapping- a technique of visually depicting relationships between ideas. The main
features of this simple method include a key visual or concept placed at the center of the
page, and branches that originate from that central figure and spread out into smaller
branches, each representing a distinct piece of the core concept
 Mobile phone textula- type of Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with seven syllables
each with the same rhyme at the end of each line.
 Literary adaptation is the adaptation of a literary source (e.g. novel, short story, poem) to
another genre or medium, such as film, stage play, or video game. It can also involve adapting
the same literary work in the same genre or medium just for different processes, e.g. to work
with a smaller cast, in a smaller venue (or on the road), or for a different demographic group
(such as adapting a story for children).

Examples of literary adaptation

1. The film "Bakit Hindi Ka Crush Ng Crush Mo?" (2013)

The film is an adaptation of Ramon Bautista's self- help book of the same name. Movie
making or video making is an ICT skill where a more advance skill and knowledge have been
developed. Its application from the original form which was a "novel" made into a new form
that is a "movie" will deepen your knowledge of technology and how it works. These include
practical skills like programming and coding.

2. The film "Diary ng Panget" is a 2014 Philippine Romantic comedy film based on the best-
selling novel of the same name written and published on Wattpad by Denny R. The film was
directed by Andoy Ranay and stars Nadine Lustre, James Reid, Yassi Pressman, and Andre
Paras. It was distributed by VIVA films and released on april 2 2014.