EXPANSION OF MUSLIM WORLD • Expanded the empire into Europe and Iraq.

His establishment of Shi’a Islam as

the Middle East. He was a skilled the state religion led to religious
military leader and captured Belgrade, conflicts with neighboring Sunni states,
Rhodes, and parts of Hungary and especially the Ottomans.
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Austria, solidifying the Ottoman
NOTABLE RULERS
FOUNDER: Osman (Othman) presence in Europe.
Shah Abbas (Abbas the Great)
• Established a small state in Anatolia • Suleyman is famous for his legal
between 1300 and 1326. reforms, which aimed to balance • Shah Abbas is credited with the golden
criminal and civil law. His governance age of the Safavid Empire. He reformed
• The state was built on military success improved taxation and bureaucracy, the military by adopting gunpowder
and alliances. earning him the title “Lawgiver.” technology, similar to the Ottomans,
and established alliances with
• His followers, called Ottomans, • Under his rule, arts and
European powers to counter the
expanded the empire further. culture flourished, and Ottoman
Ottoman threat.
architecture, especially in Istanbul,
• The Ottomans were among the first to
use gunpowder in warfare,
became renowned across the world. • Shah Abbas moved the capital to
Isfahan, turning it into one of the most
particularly in muskets and cannons, DECLINE
beautiful cities in the world, famous for
giving them an advantage over their
adversaries. • The empire began to decline due to its architecture, art, and gardens.
weak leadership following Suleyman’s
NOTABLE RULERS reign. Sultans became less effective,
• He revitalized the Persian economy by
promoting the silk trade and
and European powers grew stronger,
Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) welcoming European traders and
gradually weakening Ottoman control
merchants, leading to increased
over its territories. Despite its decline,
• Known for conquering prosperity.
the Ottoman Empire remained
Constantinople in 1453, transforming
influential until its dissolution after Decline
the city into Istanbul and making it the
World War I.
capital of the empire.
• After Shah Abbas, the Safavid Empire
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE
• This conquest ended the Byzantine slowly declined due to weak leadership,
Empire and established Ottoman FOUNDER: Isma’il internal strife, and external pressure
control over key trade routes. from the Ottomans and Afghans. The
• In 1501, Isma’il, a member of the Safavid Empire officially ended in 1736.
• He opened the city to people of diverse Safavid family, established the Safavid
religious and cultural backgrounds, Empire in Persia (modern-day Iran). He •
fostering a multicultural metropolis. declared Shi’a Islam as the state
MUGHAL EMPIRE
religion, setting the Safavids apart from
Suleyman the Magnificent (Suleyman the
their Sunni Ottoman rivals. FOUNDER: Babur
Lawgiver)
• Isma’il was a military leader who • Babur, a descendant of Timur and
captured most of what is today Iran and Genghis Khan, founded the Mughal
 Empire in 1526 after defeating the Delhi including other projects like the Red AGE OF EXPLORATION
Sultanate. Although initially exiled, Fort and the Jama Masjid in Delhi.
Babur’s superior military tactics, EUROPE
including the use of gunpowder, helped Aurangzeb
EUROPEAN EXPLORED THE EAST
him establish control over northern
India.
• Aurangzeb was an expansionist ruler GOD, GLORY, AND GOLD
who brought the empire to its greatest
New Trade Routes
• His conquest of Delhi and other regions territorial extent. However, his reign
was marked by religious intolerance as
laid the foundation for Mughal rule in • The desire for wealth and resources
India. he reimposed the jizya tax on non-
was the main reason for European
Muslims and destroyed Hindu temples,
exploration.
NOTABLE RULERS : causing significant unrest.
• During the Crusades, Europeans were
Akbar the Great • His policies alienated many of the
introduced to spices. After the crusades
empire’s Hindu subjects, contributing to
• Akbar was Babur’s grandson and one of rebellions and weakening the internal
they still demanded for it.
the greatest Mughal emperors. He
expanded the empire across much of
unity of the empire. • Italian and Muslims controlled the trade
route to the east. Europeans couldn’t
the Indian subcontinent through both Decline
get the resources from the trade at a
military conquests and diplomacy.
• After Aurangzeb’s death, the Mughal reasonable price so they devised a plan
• Akbar is famous for his policy of Empire gradually weakened due to to find a direct route to Asia.
religious tolerance. He abolished the internal strife, corruption, and constant
jizya (tax on non-Muslims) and allowed warfare. European powers, particularly
Hindus and Muslims to serve in his the British, took advantage of the Spread of Christianity
government. His support for cultural Mughal decline, eventually leading to
and religious diversity helped stabilize the British colonization of India. The desire to spread Christianity also
the empire. motivated Europeans to explore.
CONCLUSION
• Under Akbar, the Mughal Empire saw a • Europeans countries believed that they
flourishing of arts, literature, and • The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal had a sacred duty not only to continue
architecture, including the empires were powerful forces that fighting Muslims, but also to convert
development of the Mughal miniature shaped the political, cultural, and non-Christians throughout the world
painting tradition. religious landscapes of their regions.
Their leaders not only expanded their • Christians wanted to fight the Muslims
Shah Jahan territories through military conquest but and convert their religion to Christian
also promoted significant cultural and
• Shah Jahan, known for his love of art architectural achievements. However, • Bartolomeu Dias
and architecture, built the Taj Mahal, internal conflicts, weak leadership, and
one of the most famous architectural external pressures ultimately led to their • An early Portuguese explorer “ To serve
wonders of the world, in memory of his decline, leaving lasting legacies in the God and His Majesty, to give light to
wife Mumtaz Mahal. His reign marked a regions they once controlled. those who were in darkness and to
high point in Mughal architecture, grow rich as all men desire to do.”
 • A devoted catholic and was consumed SPAIN ALSO MAKES CLAIMS
by the quest to find new lands and to
Technology makes Exploration Christopher Columbus
spread Christianity.
Possible
• He used his own fortune to organize
• In 1492, Christopher Columbus,
• The main problem was the European
more than 14 voyages along the
convinced Spain to finance a bold plan:
ships could not sail against the wind. In finding the route to Asia by sailing west
Western coast of Africa, which was
the 1400s, shipbuilders designed a new across the Atlantic Ocean. In October of
previously unexplored by Europeans.
vessel, the caravel. that year, Columbus reached an island
As a result, he died in dept, which the
in the Caribbean. He was mistaken that
Portuguese crown spent more than 60
• Caravel - A long ship that had triangular he had reached the East Indies.
years paying off his dept.
sails adopted from Arabs allowed it to
sail effectively against the wind
• Henry’s ships established a series of
• Portuguese believed that Columbus
has indeed reached Asia and
trading posts along the west coasts of
• Europeans also improved their suspected that he had claimed for
Africa. From there, they plotted their
navigational techniques. To better Spain lands that the Portuguese sailor
next move, a sea route to Asia
determine their location at sea, sea might reached first
sailors used the Astrolabe, which the PORTUGUESE SAILORS REACH
Muslim has perfected. ASIA • The rivalry between Spain and Portugal
grew more tense. In 1493, Pope
• Astrolabe - Brass circle with carefully • The Portuguese believed that they have Alexander Vi stepped in to keep peace
adjusted rings marked off in degrees. to sail around the tip of Africa (The cape between two nations.
Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea of good hope) to reach Asia
captain could calculate latitude, or how TREATY OF TORDECILLAS
far North or South of the equator the • In 1488, Portuguese captain
ship was. Bartolomeu Dias ventured far down the
• In 1493, Pope Alexander VI, suggested
an imaginary dividing line, drawn north
coast of Africa until the tip.
• Magnetic Compass - Explorers were to south, through the Atlantic Ocean.
able to more accurately track direction • Due to a storm and low food supplies,
by using a magnetic compass, a they return home.
• All lands to the west of the line, known
Chinese invention. as the “LINE OF DEMARCATION”,
Vasco da Gama would be Spain’s. All lands to the east
PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY of the line would belong to Portugal
• In 1497, he began exploring the East
THE PORTUGUESE EXPLORE African coast. • In 1494, Portugal and Spain, signed the
AFRICA Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they
• In 1498, he reached the port of Calicut, agreed to honor the line.
Prince Henry (1394-1460)
on the southwestern coast of India.
CHINA
• Historians call Prince Henry “the
• In 1499, Portuguese sailors returned
Navigator”, although he never went on CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS
home with spices
voyages of discovery.
CHINA UNDER THE POWERFUL MING
DYNASTY
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) he ordered the building of a great countries sent tribute to the Ming
palace complex to symbolize his power Dynasty.
• China had become the dominant power and might. Construction took 14 years,
in Asia under the Ming Dynasty from from 1406 to 1420. The complex • After the 7 voyages, in 1433, China
1368-2644 became known as the Forbidden City withdraw into isolation.
because commoners and
• In recognition of China’s power, vassal foreigners were not allowed to enter.
MANCHUS FOUND THE QING DYNASTY
states from Korea to Southeast Asia
paid their Ming overlords regular tribute. • Taihe Hall (Hall of Supreme
• Ming had ruled for more than 200 years,
and the dynasty was weakening. Its
Harmony) - largest building in the
THE RISE OF MING problem:
compound. This hall was used for
important ceremonies, such as those
HONGWU • Manchus invaded China and the Ming
marking the emperor’s birthday or the
dynasty collapsed. The Manchus
• A peasant’s son, Hongwu, commanded day the crown took the throne.
seized Beijing, and their leader became
the rebel army that drove the Mongols China’s new emperor.
out of China in 1368. That year, he • Nine-Dragon Wall - From ancient
times, the dragon was the symbol of the
became the first Ming emperor. • Manchus took a Chinese name for their
imperial family.This is the largest of
dynasty, the Qing Dynasty that ruled for
• Hongwu continued to rule from the three famous nine-dragon screen or
more than 260 years and expanded
former Yuan capital of Nanjing in the glazed tiles that exist in China.
China’s borders.
south. He began reforms designed to
restore agricultural lands devastated by • Zhonge Hall (Hall of Central CHINA UNDER THE QING DYNASTY
war, erase all traces of the Mongol past, Harmony) - Private office where the
encourage fish farming, and promote emperor could stop to rest on his way to • Manchus made the country’s frontiers
China’s power and prosperity. ceremonies. safe and restored China’s prosperity.
Two powerful Manchus rulers
THE VOYAGE OF ZHENG HE
• However, when problems developed, contributed greatly to the acceptance of
he became a ruthless tyrant. the new dynasty.
• In 1405, Before Europeans began to
Suspecting plots against his rule, he
sail beyond their borders, Yonglo
conducted a purges of the government, • The first, Kangxi, became an emperor
launched the first of seven voyages of
killing thousand of official in 1661 and ruled for some 60 years. He
exploration.
reduced government expenses and
YONGLO lowered taxes.
ZHENG HE
• Hongwu’s death in 1398, his son
• Led all the 7 voyages. The voyages • Under Kangxi’s grandson Qian-long,
Yonglo continued many of his father’s who ruled from 1736 to 1795, China
ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern
policies. He moved the royal court to reach its greatest size and prosperity
Africa. From 40 to 300 ships sailed in
Beijing which led to China's capital
each expedition.
today. MANCHUS CONTINUE ISOLATION
• Everywhere Zheng He went, he
•
• The Forbidden City - When Yonglo
distributed gifts to show Chinese
If foreign states wished to trade with
moved the Chinese capital to Beijing, China, they would have to follow
prosperity. As a result, more than 16
 Chinese rules. These rules included • Warrior-chieftains, called Daimyo, Chinese allies. When Hideyoshi died in
trading only at special ports and paying become lords in a new kind of Japanese 1598, his troops withdrew from Korea.
tributes. feudalism. They were powerful samurai
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE UNITE
who seized old feudal estate, offered
• The Dutch were masters of the Indian peasants and others in return for their
JAPAN
Ocean trade and accepted China’s loyalty. Tokugawa Ieyasu
restriction. Their diplomat paid tribute
to the emperor through gifts and by • Daimyo meant “great name” • Ieyasu completed the unification of
performing the required “kowtow” ritual.
Japan and defeated his rivals at the
NEW LEADERS RESTORE ORDER
Battle of Sekigahara. His victory earned
• Kowtow Ritual - This ritual involved
A number of ambitious daimyo wanted to him the loyalty of Daimyo throughout
kneeling in front of the emperor and
control the country Japan.
touching one’s head to the ground nine
times. As a result, the Chinese
Oda Nobunaga • Three years later, Ieyasu became the
accepted the Dutch as trading partners.
sole ruler, or shogun. He then moved
• Brutal and ambitious leader, defeated Japan’s capital to his power based at
• Great Britain wanted to become trade
his rivals and seized the imperial Edo, a small fishing village that would
partners with China but they didn’t
capital Kyoto in 1568. later become the city of Tokyo.
agree with China’s trade policies. In
1793, Lord George Macartney • His motto “Rule the empire by force” • Japan was unified, but Daimyo still
delivered a letter from King George III to
governed at the local level. To keep
Qian-long, asking for a better trade • Nobunaga was not able to unify Japan them from rebelling, Ieyasu required
arrangement but China rejected the and committed Seppuku, the ritual that they spend every one year in the
king’s request. China stayed mostly suicide of a Samurai, in 1582, when one capital. Even when they returned to
isolated over the years not trading with of his general turned on him. their lands, they had to leave their
other countries.
families behind as a hostage in Edo.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
JAPAN
• Nobunaga’s best general, continued his
• Through this “alternate attendance
JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION policy” and other restrictions, Ieyasu
fallen leader’s mission, and set out to
tamed the daimyo.
destroy the daimyo that remained
A NEW FEUDALISM UNDER STRONG
hostile.
LEADERS • Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa
Shogunate also known as Edo
• In 1467, civil war shattered Japan’s old
• By 1590, by combining brute force with
Shogunate, notable for restoring order
shrewd political alliances, he controlled
Feudalism. The country collapsed and and unity to Japan led by Tokugawa
most of the country.
centralized rule ended. A violent era in Ieyasu, which held power until 1867.
Japanese History, which lasted from
• He did not stop with Japan. With the
FEUDAL SOCIETY OR EDO SOCIETY
from 1467 to 1568, is known as
idea of conquering China, he invaded
‘Sengoku’ or “Warring States” period.
Kora in 1592 and began a long • Emperor - Had the top rank but was
Daimyo campaign against Korea and their Ming just a figurehead.
• Shogun - The actual ruler who was the exaggerated postures and gestures. rebels, were Christian, the shogun
supreme military commander. Although Kakubi is created by women, decided that the root of rebellion was
all roles (male and female)are Christianity.
• Daimyo - Noble lords and vassals of performed by men.
the shogun. A powerful landowner • After that, Shogun ruthlessly
samurai. persecuted Christians. European
missionaries were killed or driven out of
CONTACT BETWEEN EUROPE AND
• Samurai - Japan’s warrior samurai. Japan.
JAPAN
• Peasants - Farmers, etc. who paid • All Japanese were forced to
taxes. The highest ranking of the lower
• Europeans began coming to Japan in
demonstrate faithfulness to some
the 16th century, during the Warring
class and the majority of Japanese branches of Buddhism. These policies
State period.
people made up 4/5 of the population. eventually led to the formation of an
exclusion policy.
• Artisan - Craftsmen who work with
• Japanese first encountered Europeans
in 1543, when shipwrecked Portuguese THE CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY
metal and wood- some were sword
sailors washed up on the shores of
makers.
Southern Japan. Portuguese merchant • The persecution of Christians was part
• Merchants - The lowest rank who sold soon followed of an attempt to control foreign ideas.
other people’s work.
• The Japanese purchased weapons • By 1639, they had sailed Japan’s
from the Portuguese and soon began borders and instituted a “Closed
their own production. Country Policy”.
CULTURE UNDER THE TOKUGAWA
SHOGUNATE JAPAN IN ISOLATION

• Samurai attended ceremonial “Noh CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN JAPAN • Most commercial contacts with
dramas”, which were based on tragic Europeans ended. One port, Nagasaki,
themes.
• In 1549, Christian missionaries began
remained open for foreign traders. But
arriving in Japan. Francis Xavier, a
only the Dutch and Chinese merchants
• Read tales of ancient warriors and their Jesuit, led the first mission in Japan.
were allowed into the port.
courage in battle. Hung painting that Francis and other European
showed scenes from classical missionaries converted about 30,000 • For more than 200 years, Japan
literature. Japanese to Christian that upset remained basically closed to
Tokugawa Ieyasu. Europeans. In addition, Japanese were
• People read Haiku, 5-7-5 syllables, 3 forbidden to leave, so as not to bring
lines verse poetry that present images • Ieyasu banned Christianity and focused
back foreign ideas.
rather than ideas. on ridding his country of all Christians.

• Townspeople also attended Kabuki • Ieyasu died in 1661, but the repression
theater, a traditional form of Japanese of Christianity continued. Because
theater . It makes use of extravagant some 300,000 peasants, led by
costumes, mask-like makeup, and dissatisfied samurai that became