MICROBIOLOGY
* - university exam
# - preliminary exam
1.GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
• Draw and describe bacterial flagella**#
• Principle of fluorescent microscope and its use***
• Principle of phase contrast microscope and its use*
• Principle of dark ground microscope and its use #
• Multi drug resistance*
• Define various types of mutants*
• Bacterial growth curve**#
• Method of transmission of genetic material*#
• Draw and describe bacterial cell wall**#
o Gram positive and gram negative cell wall*
• Bacterial spore**
• Koch’s postulates*
• Bacterial plasmids*##
• Antimicrobial drug sensitivity test*
• Enumerate bacteria producing exotoxins**
• Enrich and enrichment media*##
• Methods of anaerobiosis*#
• Bacterial capsule ##
• Transport media and its use #
• Mention four methods of culture used in laboratory #
• Transduction #
• Selective media #
• Recombinant DNA technology*
• Hot air oven*.
• Define sterilization, disinfection and antiseptics discuss in detail various
disinfection techniques used in hospital*##
• Steam sterilization*
• Principle and use of autoclave*#
• Sterilization by radiation*
• Fractional sterilization*##
• Sterilization by moist heat*
• Cold sterilization #
2.IMMUNOLOGY
• Allograft rejection*
• Characteristic features of antigen antibody reaction*
• Factors influencing antibody production**##
• Theories of antibody production #
• Super antigen*##
• Enumerate determinants of antigenicity*
• Mechanism of autoimmune disease***
• Primary vs secondary immune response**
• Immunology of malignancy*
• Draw and label classical complement pathway*
• Disorder of complements*
• Alternate pathway of complement ##
• Enzyme immunoassay*
• Enumerate various serological reactions
• Precipitation reaction**
• Principle and applications of agglutination reaction ##
o Agglutination vs precipitation*
• HLA typing**
• Graft versus host reaction*
• T and B lymphocyte*
o T lymphocyte vs B lymphocyte*
• Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction*#
o Primary and secondary mediators of anaphylaxis*
• Type 4 hypersensitivity ####
• ELISA**##
• Classify immunoglobulins
o write about IgM**
o IgM vs IgA *
o IgG ##
o IgA #
• Classify transplant according to genetic basis*
• Major histocompatibility complex**
• Interleukins*
• Elek’s gel precipitation test*#
• Define immunity and mention types#
• Graft rejection#
• Immunofluorescence test #
• Coombs test #
• Active vs passive immunity ##
• Define infection. Describe in detail about modes of transmission of
infection being give suitable examples #
• Reservoirs of infection #
• Coagulase test #
• Heard immunity #
• Monoclonal antibody*
3.CVS and BLOOD
• Lab diagnosis of enteric fever *****
• Lab diagnosis of rickettsial infection**#
• Pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever#
• Typhoid carriers##
• Undulant fever*
• Dengue
o Clinical presentation, complication and lab diagnosis****###
o Pathogenesis, properties of arbo virus#
• Enumerate virus causing hemorrhagic fever**
• HIV
o Opportunistic infections in AIDS patients*
o Lab diagnosis of HIV infection*#
o Enumerate major antigens of HIV*
o What is window period? And how HIV is diagnosed during this
period ##
o Routes of transmission of HIV#
o AIDS #
• Candidiasis*#
• Predisposing factors for candidiasis**###
• Histoplasmosis*##
• Blastomycosis*
• Lab diagnosis of malaria*#
• Pernicious malaria*
• Lab diagnosis of kala azar*
• Sleeping sickness*
• Life cycle of malaria parasite #
• Black water fever#
• Pathogenicity of plasmodium ##
• Various stage of plasmodium falciparum in peripheral blood film*
• Classical vs occult filariasis*
• Lab diagnosis of filariasis**
4.GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
• Lab diagnosis of Cholera****
• Classical vs el tor cholera*
• Lab diagnosis of bacillary dysentery*
• Botulism*#
• Rota virus*
• Amoebic dysentery vs bacillary dysentery**
• Lab diagnosis, life cycle and pathogenicity of entamoeba histolytica*##
• Lab diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis*##
• Extra intestinal amoebiasis*#
• Draw and label trophozoite of giardia lamblia*
• Causes of dysentery and lab diagnosis of amoebic dysentery#
• Hook worm pathogenicity*
• Lab diagnosis of hookworm**
• Pathogenicity and life cycle of ancyclostoma duodenale*###
• Draw and label life cycle of schistosoma*
• Life cycle of taenia saginata*
• Life cycle of taenia solium#
• T.solium vs T.saginata*
• Lab diagnosis of round worm infection*
• Pathogenicity of ascaris lumbricoides#
• Life cycle of ascaris lumbricoides#
5.HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
• Enumerate serological markers of hepatitis B viral infection**###
• Prophylaxis of hepatitis B ##
• Hepatitis B virus*
• Hydatid cyst*#
• Pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of echinococcus granulosus*
• Life cycle, clinical features and lab diagnosis of E.granulosus**
6.SKIN, SOFT TISSUE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Streptococcal toxins*
• Anthrax*
• What is toxic shock syndrome? Mention its etiological agent #
• Virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus*#
• Describe lepromin test #
• Herpes simplex virus*
• Classification of human herpes virus and pathogenicity of HSV1 and
HSV2**#
• Lab diagnosis of herpes simplex virus*#
• Measles virus*
• Superficial mycoses*###
• Tinea versicolor*#
• Dermatophytosis****
• Hair perforation test*
• Mycetoma****###
• Sporotrichosis*
• Rhinosporidiosis*
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis #
• Parasites causing cutaneous larva migrans*#
• Loa loa*
7.RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
• Tuberculoid vs lepromatous leprosy**
• Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridians*
• Non suppurative complications of s.pyogenes*
• Tuberculin test*#
• M. Tuberculosis vs atypical mycobacteria*
• Tuberculosis*
• Classify mycobacteria, morphology, pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of
tuberculosis #
• Suppurative and non-suppurative complications of streptococci #
• Pathogenicity of streptococci #
• Pathogenicity of streptococcus pneumoniae #
• Describe organism causing sore throat. Describe pathogenicity and lab
diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae #
• Respiratory syncytial virus #
• Orthomyxovirus vs paramyxovirus #
• Influenza virus*
• Epstein Barr virus*
• Pathogenicity of aspergillus fumigatus*
• Aspergillosis*#
• COVID-19
8.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Lab diagnosis of tetanus*
• Describe organism causing meningitis and write diagnosis of any one
organism #
• Virulence factor and pathogenicity of tetanus #
• Rabies virus***#
• Pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of rabies #
• Immunoprophylaxis of rabies*
• Lab diagnosis of polio virus*
• Immunoprophylaxis of polio virus*
• Japanese encephalitis*
• Enumerate virus causing encephalitis*
• Human prion disease**##
• Slow virus infection*#
• Cryptococcus neoformans-pathogenicity and lab diagnosis*
• Cryptococcosis***
• Lab diagnosis of toxoplasma gonodii*
• Toxoplasmosis*
• Primary amoebic encephalitis**#
• Neurocysticercosis*
9.UROGENITAL TRACT INFECTION
• Lab diagnosis of syphilis***#
• Lab diagnosis of gonorrhea*#
• Enumerate agents causing non gonococcal urethritis*#
10. MISCELLANEOUS INFECTIVE SYNDROME
• Virulence factors of yersinia pestis #
• Define zoonoses. Enumerate bacterial zoonotic disease and discuss in
detail lab diagnosis of of leptospirosis #
• Oncogenic virus***#
• Mycotic keratitis*#
