What is Osmosis?

Osmosis is a process by which the molecules of a solvent pass from

a solution of low concentration to a solution of high concentration
through a semi-permeable membrane.
Types of osmotic solutions
There are three different types of solutions:
1. Isotonic Solution
2. Hypertonic Solution
3. Hypotonic Solution
An isotonic solution is one that has the same concentration of solutes both inside and outside
the cell.
A hypertonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside.
A hypotonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration inside the cell than outside.

Types of Osmosis There are three types of osmotic solutions: Isotonic Solution H

Osmosis is of two types:

Endosmosis– When a substance is placed in a hypotonic solution, the solvent molecules move inside the cell and the cell becomes
turgid or undergoes deplasmolysis. This is known as endosmosis.
Exosmosis– When a substance is placed in a hypertonic solution, the solvent molecules move outside the cell and the cell becomes
flaccid or undergoes plasmolysis. This is known as exosmosis.
 CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

OSMOSIS,REVERSE OSMOSIS AND GROUND WATER

RECHARGE
Effect of Osmosis on Cells
Osmosis affects the cells differently. An animal cell will lyse when placed
in a hypotonic solution compared to a plant cell. The plant cell has thick
walls and requires more water. The cells will not burst when placed in a
hypotonic solution. In fact, a hypotonic solution is ideal for a plant cell.
An animal cell survives only in an isotonic solution. In an isotonic solution,
the plant cells are no longer turgid and the leaves of the plant droop.

Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop water from diffusing

through a membrane by osmosis. It is determined by the concentration of
the solute. Water diffuses into the area of higher concentration from the
area of lower concentration. When the concentration of the substances in
the two areas in contact is different, the substances will diffuse until the
concentration is uniform throughout.

Osmotic pressure can be calculated using the equation:

Π=MRT
where Π denotes the osmotic pressure,
M is the molar concentration of the solute,
R is the gas constant,
T is the temperature
Application of Osmosis
Water: Osmosis is used in desalination and wastewater treatment.

Energy: Osmosis is used for power generation.

Life science: Osmosis is used in food processing, medical product enrichment, and drug release.
Plants: Osmosis helps plants maintain their water content, absorb water from the soil, and control the opening and closing of

stomata.
Animals: Osmosis helps animals regulate the flow of dissolved solids, liquids, and gases across cells, and absorb water from the

intestines to the blood.

Human cells: Osmosis helps human cells maintain the balance of water and solutes, which is essential for optimal cellular

function.

Some common examples of osmosis in daily life

Swelling of raisins
When raisins are soaked in water, they swell due to osmosis.
Skin wrinkling
When your skin is submerged in water for a long time, it absorbs water and becomes wrinkly.
Plant growth
Osmosis allows plants to absorb water and minerals from the soil through their roots.
 Reverse Osmosis
1. Defination:The process of movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the solution to the pure solvent by applying excess pressure on
the solution side is called Reverse Osmosis.

Reverse Osmosis Principle:

Reverse osmosis works by reversing the principle of osmosis. The salt solution is subjected to
pressure and pressed against the semi-permeable membrane. Here, the applied pressure is
greater than the osmotic pressure. Thus, the molecules move from a highly concentrated
solution to a less concentrated solution.

Working of Reverse Osmosis:-

Diffusion is a process by which the molecules move from the region of higher concentration to lower concentration. There is a net movement
meaning more molecules moving in one direction than in the opposite direction.
In osmosis, the water molecules and the concentration gradient occurs over the semipermeable membrane which allows the entry of water and
blocks the passage of ions and other larger molecules including sodium, chlorine, bacteria, glucose, etc.
Reverse osmosis is the process or the technology which is used to remove ions, mineral chemicals, and other impurities from drinking water. In this
process, greater pressure is applied, forcing the water to travel through the semipermeable membrane in opposite to natural osmosis.
Reverse Osmosis works on the same principle as osmosis, but in the reverse direction. In this process direction of water flow is reversed by
applying greater pressure.
For instance, consider a semipermeable membrane placed between the freshwater and concentrated aqueous solution. In natural osmosis, the
freshwater will cross the semipermeable membrane and dilutes the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, the pressure is applied towards the
concentrated aqueous solution and the water molecules are forced to cross the membrane towards the freshwater.
Difference between Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis:-
Following are the major differences between osmosis and reverse osmosis:

Osmosis Reverse Osmosis

1. This is the process by which the molecules of a solvent 1. This is the process by which the molecules of a solvent
pass through the semi-permeable membrane from a pass through the semi-permeable from a region of higher
region of lower concentration to a higher concentration to lower concentration when pressure
concentration. greater than the osmotic pressure is applied.
2. It is a natural process.
2. It is an artificial process.
3. Occurs along the potential gradient.
3. Occurs against the potential gradient.
4. This is observed during the opening of stomata and
4. This is used in water purification systems.
absorption of water from the soil by the roots.
.
Application of Reverse Osmosis
Drinking Water Purification-
1. The most familiar application of reverse osmosis technology is the purification of drinking water. In both domestic and
municipal water systems, RO systems effectively remove salt, bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances from
water. In this way, RO systems not only increase the purity of the water, but also improve the taste and safety of the
water. This is essential to ensure public health and the provision of safe drinking water.

Desalination-
2. In many areas lacking fresh water resources, desalination has become an important means of solving the problem
of water shortage. Reverse osmosis technology filters seawater to remove salt and other dissolved substances,
turning seawater into drinkable fresh water. This technology is widely used around the world, especially in the Middle
East and arid island countries, RO system is an important tool to ensure the supply of water resources.

Industrial Water Treatment-

3. Industrial production processes require large quantities of pure water, especially in the pharmaceutical, electronics, food and beverage
industries. Reverse osmosis technology is able to provide high purity water to meet the stringent requirements of the production process.
For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, RO water is used to produce drugs and injections to ensure product quality and safety; in the
electronics industry, RO water is used to clean and cool equipment to prevent contaminants from affecting the production line.

Wastewater Treatment-
4. With the advancement of industrialization, wastewater treatment has become an important task for environmental protection.
Reverse osmosis (RO) technology is widely used in the field of wastewater treatment and reuse, by removing pollutants and
harmful substances from wastewater, recovering resources and reducing the impact on the environment. For example, RO
systems can treat industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater, making wastewater safe for reuse or discharge.
 Food and Beverage Industry-
5. In the food and beverage industry, reverse osmosis is used to concentrate fruit juices, produce purified water and improve product
quality. RO systems remove impurities from water, ensuring the taste and safety of beverages. For example, many bottled water
companies and soft drink manufacturers use reverse osmosis to produce consistent, high-quality products.

Aquariums and Marine Life-

6. Reverse osmosis also plays an important role in maintaining optimal water quality for aquariums and marine habitats. ro systems
remove harmful substances from the water, providing a stable environment that ensures the health and growth of marine life. This is
vital for aquariums and marine sanctuaries.

Medical Applications-
7. In the medical field, reverse osmosis technology is used to produce pure water for dialysis, sterilization and laboratory processes. ro
systems ensure that water quality in medical processes meets high standards, preventing infections and guaranteeing therapeutic
benefits.

Ultrapure Water Production-

8. Ultrapure water is water that has been filtered and deionized through multi-stage filtration and deionization techniques to achieve
extremely high purity. It is mainly used in the fields of electronics manufacturing, semiconductor production, pharmaceuticals, and
high-precision laboratory research, etc. RO is one of the key steps in the production of ultrapure water, which provides a source of pre-
treatment water for subsequent deionization by removing dissolved salts, particles, and organic substances from the water. Ultrapure
water has extremely low conductivity and very few contaminants, ensuring the precise requirements of high-tech production and
sensitive experiments.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to

everyone who has contributed to the completion of

this project: [Osmosis,Reverse Osmosis and ground

water discharge].

First and foremost, I want to thank my teacher, [Mr.Jiten

Bhatt], for their continuous guidance, encouragement, and

expertise. I am grateful for the knowledge and skills I have

gained under their mentorship.

I want to thank my school principal [Mrs.Shalini

Dhanwani] for giving me this golden opportunity to

working on this project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my

classmates who have been actively involved in this

project.

I am grateful to my parents for their unwavering

support and belief in my abilities.

I would also like to acknowledge the assistance

provided by the school administration and staff.

Their cooperation and provision of resources have

greatly contributed to the successful execution of

this project

THANKYOU