TOPRANK REVIEW CENTER

Professor: Atty. Arlene Capili

November 2024

OUTLINE

I. Scientific Method
II. Research
a. Nursing Research
b. Research in Nursing
c. Evidence Based Practice
d. Importance of Research in Nursing
e. Ultimate Goal of Nursing Research
III. 5 Major Steps of the Research Process
a. Phase I: The Conceptual Phase
b. Phase 2: The Design and Planning
c. Phase 3: Empirical Phase
d. Phase 4:The Analytic Phase
e. Phase 5:The Disseminating Phase

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SITUATION
a. Staffing
A professional nurse is assumed to update herself b. Directing
about the profession to maintain competence in c. Planning
practice. The nursing management process is a topic for d. Controlling
both staff and head nurses.
5. The purpose of organizational structure is to:
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Planning
• Knowing where you are and where you want to be; allow • Purpose of organization structure is in the Organizing
what you want to happen; assess situation Phase
• This is the time where you conduct your SWOT analysis, • Purpose of organization structure; For work distribution
tools in planning (hierarchy of planning: mission, vision, • Management - focus is Goal Accomplishment
philosophy, objectives, etc.)
• Where you set your budget
Organizing a. Have a written plan of organizational structure of her
• You establish a formal structure of the organization and governing bodies - Organizational Structure is not a Plan
create the job qualification and job description; b. Explain to each member the line of authority -Scalar chain
• Includes staffing c. Inform all her staff members of the philosophy and goals
• Where you create the structure (ilang department, unit) of the institution - Planning
• Alam mo kung kanino mo bibigay yung trabaho d. Provide mechanism through which tasks are
• Utilize different nursing care system (case method, functional distributed among members for goal realization
method, team nursing, etc.)
Directing Jun is the new supervisor of the medical-surgical unit with 40
• The issuance of orders, assignments, and instructions; bed capacity.
naguutos kana, giving instructions, delegations
• Includes Delegation, Problem solving and Decision SITUATION
making
Controlling 6. A critical component of the supervisory process is
• Seeing to it that what is planned is done; Kung ano yung delegation. Which of the following is the most
plinano mo, yun yung mangyayari empowering to the staff?
• Evaluation; other term: reviewing, checking, determining and
comparing
DELEGATION
1. This major function of the management process • Immediate superior - pwede lang ang mag-utos sayo
establishes formal authority. It defines qualifications • Delegation and Evaluation complement each other
and also includes staffing:

a. Planning
a. Delegation starts at top management
b. Organizing
b. Delegation frees the manager to do other task
c. Directing
c. Effective delegation requires the nurse manager to
d. Controlling
determine the abilities of the staff - Evaluation (strength lang,
walang weakness); formal authority staffing
2. On the other hand, this major function of the
d. Delegation enables the staff to improve competence
management process actuates efforts towards the
and confidence
accomplishment of goals. It includes updating policies
and procedures:
7. Which task can be delegated to the nursing aid when
the patient is stable?
• You are already implementing the plan
• SKIP THE WARD SINCE UNLICENSED, SIMPLE TASK,
a. Planning
STABLE PATIENT
b. Organizing
c. Directing
4 POINTERS OF DELEGATION
d. Controlling
Position of the Staff:
3. She noticed that policies and standard operating • Licensed - isa-isahin mo yung mga ward na
procedures (SOP’s) are strictly implemented in the pinaggalingan niya kasi yun lang ang kaya niyang gawin
hospital. What management function is this? or alagaan tsaka mo i- compare sa ward na pupuntahan
niya
a. Planning • Unlicensed - Simple Tasks (DO NOT CONSIDER OR
b. Organizing SKIP THE WARD
c. Controlling Ward
d. Directing • Kung saan galing at saan pupunta
• There will be times the nurse will float to another unit
4. The management function that involves determining Capabilities of the Staff
the objectives of an organization and tasks needed to • Capabilities will depend on the position in the ward
complete objectives is Condition of the Patient
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• Stable or Unstable
• Nurse which is a professional in OB unit; they tend to do
a. Administering tap water enema - LABATIBA; simple CS for labor which is more on abdominal so they could
task handle type of cases like abdominal procedures.
b. Incorporating potassium chloride intravenously -
medication; performed by licensed only 11. As the supervisor, you plan to implement change in
c. Teaching patient to administer insulin - health teaching; the nursing unit from team nursing to primary nursing.
one of the scope of nursing practice (under RA 9173) You anticipate that there will be resistance to change. In
d. Taking CVP / Central Venous Patient - complicated order to avoid such, which of the following should be
procedure done?

STEPS IN CHANGE PROCESS

UNLICENSED DELEGATION TIP Perceive the Need to Change
• Identify the problem, determine the issue, accept the fact
• Unlicensed - we give dirty task to them to change
Initiate a Group Interaction***
• Bring the group together, meeting with the group (we
8. A nurse manager assigned a registered nurse from usually do is planning, try to find the best solution here)
telemetry unit to the pediatrics unit. There were three • This step is the key to problem solving
patients assigned to the RN. Which of the following • Best thing that you are going to do
patients should not be assigned to the floated nurse? • Who is the key? - The Group
• If the problem concerns the group = consult the Whole
• Licensed; Telemetry To Pedia Ward Group
• Telemetry Nurse - read cardiac monitors, easily read • If the problem is just one staff/ one individual = consult
ECGs (TELE: MONITOR; METRY: MEASURE)
the individual (privately and confidentiality, not in front of
a. A 9-year-old child diagnosed with rheumatic fever - others (violation of code of ethics)
possible complication is rheumatic heart disease Implement the Plan
b. A young infant after pyloromyotomy - opening of the • One step at a time
pylorus; done with infants with pyloric stenosis (GI disorder) • Implement the change gradually to prevent resistance
c. A 4-year-old with VSD following cardiac catheterization - • Status quo - present situation; nakasanayan
cardiac problem Evaluate the Overall Results
d. A 5-month-old with Kawasaki disease - autoimmune
disease; inflammation of the blood vessels/vasculitis 2 Aspects of Delegation:

9. The registered nurse is planning to delegate tasks to 1.) Technical Aspect - includes tasks, procedures,
unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Which of the materials, and equipments
following task could the registered nurse safely
assigned to a UAP? • The problem will fall in the technical aspect

• Unlicensed; Simple Task; Stable Pt. If technical is the problem; this are the answers:
• Show
a. Monitor the I&O of a comatose toddler client with • Teach
salicylate poisoning - Complicated Task • Demonstrate
b. Perform a complete bed bath on a 2-year-old with multiple • Supervise
injuries from a serious fall - Dirty Task but Complicated • Do or Perform it with the nurse
c. Check the IV of a preschooler with Kawasaki disease -
Complicated Task 2.) Interpersonal - includes attitudes, behaviors, and
d. Give an oatmeal bath to an infant with eczema - skin styles of direction giving
disorder and simple task (hindi nakakahawa); oatmeal has
the properties that relieve itching; not complicated task If attitude and Behavior is the Problem; this are the
answers:
10. A nurse in charge in the pediatric unit is absent. The • Verbalization of the feelings - know the cause of the
nurse manager decided to assign the nurse in the problem
obstetrics unit to the pediatrics unit. Which of the • Talk with them
following patients could the nurse manager safely
assign to the float nurse? If Styles of Direction Giving:
• Assertiveness - sending direct messages, standing up for
• Licensed; OB Unit To Pedia Unit; Pregnant, Postpartum, your own rights without stepping the rights of others
and Gyne Pt’s (ABDOMINAL SURGERY PATIENTS D/T - Therapeutic
CS); Unstable Pt’s. • X Aggressiveness - not concerned with the feelings of
others
a. A child who had multiple injuries from a serious vehicle
accident - Ortho Case
b. A child diagnosed with Kawasaki disease and with cardiac
a. Determine the need for change - there is already the
complications - Cardiac Case
problem
c. A child who has had a nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor
b. Confront the staff individually - Group
- Removal of the Kidney’s; Abdominal Surgery
c. Develop the change one step at a time
d. A child receiving an IV chelating therapy for lead
d. Use coercion to implement change
poisoning
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(ex. patient has fever, you provide TSB and you check the
12. The supervisor has implemented to change. A nurse temperature of the patient)
aide seems to be resistant to the change. Which of the ◦ Retrospective - past; discharged patient - tapos na ang
following should be done? - interpersonal problem ginawa sa kaniya (ex. bumalik siya sa hospital, iccheck
(attitude and behavior) yung patient chart niya)
◦ Source of Evaluation in Retrospective: Patient Chart
a. Ignore the resistance
b. Utilize coercion • 2. Performance Appraisal - staff focused
c. Give reward to the nursing assistant ◦ Informal appraisal - incidental; walang balak mag-
d. Talk to the nurse assistant and encourage evaluate
verbalization of feelings ◦ Formal appraisal - systematically done; scheduled for the
evaluation (ex. Evaluation of CIs)
13. As a medication nurse, you are tasked to give • Review session - irereveal yung result ng evaluation
digoxin to a patient with arrhythmia. You noticed that
the heart rate is 40 beats per minute and the potassium 3. Identify Strength and Weaknesses
level is below normal. The physician orders digoxin
STAT. An assertive response of the nurse should be: • You concentrate on both (strength and weakness), not
only on one
4. Act to Reinforce the Strengths and Take Corrective
Measure to Weakness
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION EXAM TIP
• Support the strengths
• Basahin mo with Feelings Para Alam mo yung Dating Sayo • Go back to your 2 aspects in correcting your weaknesses

a. Be contented on the result of the evaluation

a. “I think we have first to monitor the patient’s cardiac b. Do something to improve the standard
rate before giving the drug.” c. Help maintain the standard of the institution
b. “I don’t want to carry out your order” d. Publish the result to the publication
c. “Don’t you know the precaution for giving this drug?”
d. “Yes doctor. I will give it right now.” 15. When conducting nursing audit, the following must
be considered EXCEPT:
14. Determining the standard of the institution is one of
the concerns in controlling. When the institution has a. Outcome
reached the minimum level of excellence, it should: b. Quality
c. Process
d. Structure
CONTROLLING (OTHER TERMS)
16. The most effective way in conducting the nursing
• Evaluating audit is to:
• Reviewing
• Checking a. Evaluate the records of the patient
• Determining b. Determine the job description of the staff - staff focused
• Comparing c. Evaluate staffing patterns - staff focused
d. Determine job performance - staff focused

4 BASIC STEPS OF CONTROLLING As a nurse in charge, you noted that a lot of confusion
occurs in your unit due to some disorganization. You
1. Develop Standards and Criteria decided to improve work performance.
• Standard - pre-determined level of care
• Criteria - characteristics used to meet the level of care SITUATION
17. When resistance threatens needed change, what
Note: the basis of evaluation is standards and criteria important measure would you use to overcome the
Example: OR Scrubbing resistance?
3 Types of Standard (SPO): a. Send a memorandum of change - memorandum is a letter
• Structure - includes facilities, equipments, materials, and that circulates within the organization; this is ABRUPT
management system; si Manager ang gumagawa CHANGE not gradual
• Process - includes plans and procedures; si Nurse ang b. Use a problem-solving strategy - general answer
gumagawa c. Gain early support from staff
• Outcome - pertains to results; First thing to look into d. Conduct staff re-education - will not solve resistance to
2. Determine Compliance change

• Determine compliance - you evaluate 18. This is a factor influencing acceptance of staff for
change:
2 Types of Evaluation:
a. Externally imposed
• 1. Nursing Audit - patient focused b. Share its benefits - not all about the benefit
◦ Concurrent - present; you evaluate as the care is given c. Staff participants

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d. Planned ahead - initiate a group interaction - meet with b. Capital expenditure budget
the group - plan with them c. Cash budget
d. Flexible budget - general type
19. These are important qualities of a change agent
except: 23. Which of the following is NOT included in the
Operational budget?
a. Leadership skills
b. Sociability a. Repairs and maintenance - operational
c. Credibility b. Medical/surgical supplies - operational
d. Management skills c. Purchase of a major equipment - capital
d. Purchase of consumable materials - operational
20. Having to deal with a lot of people, the nurse
manager’s most important communication skill is which 24. An operational budget is a financial tool that outlines
of the following? anticipated revenue and expenses over a specified
period. Which of the following are incorrect regarding
a. Questioning budget?
b. Assertiveness - a style; if you are able to talk with your
staff; this is a communication style not a communication skill
c. Affirmation IF YOU SEE THE ALL OF THE ABOVE CHOICE IN THE
d. Listening EXAM (EXAM TIP)

BUDGET • 80% correct answer

• 20% incorrect
1. Develop Standards and Criteria

• Focus is revenues and expenses

a. The budget translates operational plans into financial and
• Income and Cost statistical terms so that income can be projected with
associated costs
4 Common Types of Budget: b. Budget serve as standards to plan, monitor, and
evaluate the performance of a health care system -
1.) Capital Budget money is not the standard
• Expensive c. Budget account for the relationship of income to the
• For long-term use expenses needed to deliver the services
d. All of the above
2.) Operational Budget 25. Which among the following is the purpose of
• Day-to-day expense monitoring a budget?
• Part-time employees salary
• Salary of both part time and full-time employees • Both Income and expense should be in the choices to be
correct
3.) Personnel Budget
• Salary for full-time employees a. Keep expenses above budget
• Full-time employee - working 8 hours a day, 5 days a b. Maintain revenue above the previous year’s budget
week c. Ensure revenue is generated monthly
• Prepared ahead of time, will be prepared in the time of d. Generate revenue and control expenses within a
Salary projected framework

4.) Cash Budget 26. Mr. Cabrido gives strong orders, makes decisions
• Available all the time for emergency purpose and thinks less of his subordinates. He is a leader who
• Cash on hand, petty cash, emergency funds is:

21. An old ventilator often malfunctions and has a. Autocratic

inefficiencies resulting from the speed of the equipment b. Laissez-faire - member focused; when the members are
or downtime (amount of time it is out of service for matured
repairs). The organization decided to purchase new c. Democratic - compliance
technology because the old one is too expensive to d. Bureaucratic
maintain. What type of budget is allotted for the
equipment? 27. When the situation calls for compliance of the
followers to ensure the success of the activity, the best
a. Operational budget leadership style that Nurse Beng will use is:
b. Capital Budget - long term
c. Construction budget - also taken from the capital budget a. Laissez-faire
b. Autocratic
d. Any of the above c. Democratic
d. Authoritative
22. Nurse Laila is the project head for a feeding
program; she requested extra funds in anticipation for 28. A leader who defers decision making to his or her
fluctuations in resource needs or meet contingency followers is called what type of leader?
expenses. This type of budget is called:
a. Operational budget a. Laissez-faire
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b. Democratic SITUATION
c. Autocratic 33. When conflicts arise in the unit, the best
d. Employee-centered thing that the unit manager should do is:

29. What kind of communication style should a nurse a. Discuss the situation with the group and make a move
manager should possess? to resolve it.
b. Ignore the situation
a. Passive c. Give warning to staff
b. Assertive - communication style d. Recommend shifting of the staff
c. Aggressive
d. Sarcastic 34. Desirable goals for a nurse manager include all of
the following Except:
30. The morning supervisor was visiting the ward when
the doctor of a patient complained to her about the staff a. Select a style of leadership that works best for the
nurse who failed to give the “stat” medication. Applying individual and to practice it exclusively
the principle of “line of authority”, you expected the b. Use a style of leadership that promotes high – level work
supervisor to first: - COMPLAINT performance - Contingency
c. Use a style of leadership that creates the least amount of
SCALAR CHAIN disruption - Contingency
• Follow the chain of command, hierarchical order d. Adopt a leadership style that best suits the task to be
Reporting accomplished – Contingency
• Only to immediate superior; don’t bypass the superior
• Nurse - Head Nurse - Supervisor - Chief Nurse 35. Katherine tells one of the staff, “I don’t have time to
Complaint discuss the matter with you now. See me in my office
• Address the complaint to the immediate superior that you later” when the latter asks if they can talk about an
are complaining issue. Which of the following conflict resolution
strategies did she use?
a. Reassure the patient that next time the nurse will not miss
the medication - lose the trust of the patient to the nurse a. Smoothing - unacceptable appears to be acceptable
b. Report the incident to the chief nurse b. Compromise - meeting halfway
c. Ask the staff nurse to explain the incident c. Avoidance
d. Talk to you as the head nurse about the doctor’s d. Restriction – power
complaint
36. She notes that there is an increasing unrest of the
31. You delegate to the nursing assistant the task of staff due to fatigue brought about by shortage of staff.
taking the client’s vital signs every 2 hours and Which action is a priority? - Problem Solving
recording the vital signs in the patient’s chart. Later you
check the client’s chart and discover that the vital signs a. Evaluate the overall result of the unrest
have not been recorded. What is your BEST action? b. Initiate a group interaction
c. Develop a plan and implement it
a. Take the vital signs because it is not the nursing d. Identify external and internal forces.
assistant’s scope of practice
b. Speak to the nursing assistant privately to determine 37. Kathleen knows that one of her staff is experiencing
why the vital signs were not recorded burnout. Which of the following is the best thing for her
c. Notify the head nurse to do? - Interpersonal Problem
d. Call the nursing assistant to the nurses’ station to
reprimand a. Advise her staff to go on vacation.
b. Ignore her observations; it will be resolved even without
32. Several nurses complain to the nurse manager that intervention
one of the nursing aides constantly takes extensive c. Remind her to show loyalty to the institution.
lunch breaks. The nurse manager should: - Interpersonal d. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how she
Problem can be of help.

a. Convene a group meeting of all nursing aides to review 38. St. Raphael Medical Center just opened its new
their responsibilities related to time management. Performance Improvement Department. Ms. Valencia is
b. Talk with nursing aide to explore the reasons for the appointed as the Quality Control Officer. She commits
behavior and review expectations herself to her new role and plans her strategies to
c. Arrange a meeting with the nurse so they can confront the realize the goals and objectives of the department.
nursing aide as a group Which of the following is a primary task that they should
d. Document the nursing aide’s behavior and place it in the perform to have an effective control system? -
aide’s personnel file Controlling

a. Make an interpretation about strengths and weaknesses

b. Identify the values of the department
As a supervisor you are confronted with several c. Identify structure, process, outcome standards &
problems arising from various causes or reasons. It criteria
ranks from Administration - clinical - personnel, which d. Measure actual performances
later resulted to conflict. You tried to find means to
resolve it.

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39. Ms. Valencia develops the standards to be followed.

Among the following standards, which is considered as
a structure standard?

a. The patients verbalized satisfaction of the nursing care

received - Outcome
b. Rotation of duty will be done every four weeks for all
- Structure
c. All patients shall have their weights taken recorded
- Process
d. Patients shall answer the evaluation form before
discharge – Outcome

40. She knows that performance appraisal consists of all

the following activities EXCEPT:

a. Setting specific standards and activities for individual

performance.
b. Using agency standards as a guide.
c. Determine areas of strength and weaknesses
d. Focusing activity on the correction of identified
behavior. - Weakness only

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• Graphical representation of concepts and relationship

between concepts
5 MAJOR STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
◦ Concepts came from the RRL
◦
PHASE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE
No findings on framework
• more formal, intensive, and comprehensive method for the • Focus
discovering of new knowledge ◦ Conceptual framework - topic (relate concept to topic)
• can finish in months or years ◦ Theoretical framework - theory
Nursing Research DEFINITION OF TERMS
• deals with clinical problems encountered in the clinical • We define the variables
duty • We utilize
• Operational
Research in Nursing Definition
• broader study of nursing and the profession, focuses more ◦ Define the variable on how they were used in the study
on issues that can affect the nursing profession • Conceptual Definition
◦ Utilized for highly technical terms
Evidenced Based Practice ◦ Definition found in the book, resource material
• the use of current best evidence
• “latest findings” • Q: Which phase in research the researcher spend most
of the time?
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN NURSING • A: Phase 2: The Design and Planning
• Professionalism - enhance the profession
• Accountability - increase accountability (how far it can go)
• Social Relevance - contribute to society
• Research and Decision Making - new discovery for best
decisions 6. Selecting a research design
7. Developing protocols for the intervention
PHASE 5: THE DISSEMINATING PHASE ◦ Optional, used experimental (with manipulation)
◦ Protocol - susundin ng lahat ng researcher before, during
*ULTIMATE GOAL OF NURSING RESEARCH
and after giving the intervention to all the subjects to prevent
• to improve the practice of; nursing (the profession)
bias
◦ client care
8. Identifying the population to be studied
◦ patient care
9. Designing the sampling plan
◦ healthcare
• Probability and Non-Probability sampling
THE PROBLEM 10. Specifying the methods to measure the research
variables
◦ nursing care • Methods - tools and instruments on data collection
11. Developing methods for safeguarding human/animal
1. Formulating and delimiting the problem rights
2. Reviewing the related literature (RL) - synthesis 12. Finalizing and reviewing the research plan
of previous studies related to the problem of interest • Phase of research - the researchers spends most of
• Purpose: to get an idea and background of the study his/her time
• How to create the RRL?
◦ Have a topic 13. Collecting data
◦ Identify the variables - focus of research 14. Preparing the data for analysis
◦ Conduct a computer search/ library search • Longest phase of research
◦ Remove irrelevant resources
◦ Print it out for easy retrieval 15. Analyzing the data
◦ Organize - most important to least important 16. Interpreting the results
◦ Retrieving
◦ Copy the article 17. Communicating the findings
◦ Conduct a preliminary reading 18. Utilizing the findings in practice
◦ Critically read the sources
◦ Summarize the resources PHASE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE
◦ Recognized the author - to prevent plagiarism
◦ Copyright infringement - intellectual property • Sources of research problems: "NITESS"
◦ Plagiarism - stealing an idea on an author. Even ◦ Nursing literature
if translated to another language ◦ Ideas from external sources
3. Undertaking a clinical fieldwork ◦ Theory
• Same purpose on RRL ◦ Experience and clinical fieldwork*
• RL and clinical fieldwork complement each ither - one that is rich in information
4. Defining the framework and develop conceptual ◦ Social issues - found in the society
definitions ◦ Scientific research
5. Formulating the hypothesis - previous researches
- least that is being used because of the criteria of novelty
FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
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PHASE 2: THE DESIGN AND PLANNING • Verbal communication

◦ Manner on how a person answer a question
- ginagawa lang siya if may need for modification and • Non - verbal communication
innovation 4. Biophysiologic measures - use of equipments or
gadgets
CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEMS (SALT LIN) 1. In Vivo - measurement is performed directly on the
• S ignificance of the study sublect
◦ To people (sila ang target) • Habang nakakablt sa kanya yung equipment or gadgets
◦ To society - at large (not target but can influence) you do the measurement
• Research done on a living organism
HYPOTHESIS
• Bp taking, 02 pulse oximeter
◦ To profession - improve the practice of nursing 2. In Vitro - measurement is performed outside
• A vailability of the subject ◦ Kuha muna ng specimen tapos dadalhin sa lab so gagawin
• L imitations of the subjects sa laboratory
• T ime allotment and Research ability • done in a laboratory dish or test tube.
• L imitations of tools ◦ Urinalysis, fecalysis, ABG analysis
• I nterest or the researcher
• N ovelty / newness / freshness of data/idea CRITERIA USED TO KNOWN EFFECTIVITY
• Validity - measure what is supposed to be measured
Major Types of Data Collection Method ◦ Kung ano mang ang gagamitin mo, or yung tool is
1. Use of existing data - it is already available masasagot or iaaddress yung research problem mo
◦ example: during case presentation we used the ◦ refers to whether a measure accurately measures what it
patient's chart for research purposes intends to measure.
◦ Any form of reports, documents and records
2. Self reports - Interview, questionnaire PHENOMENA AMENABLE TO OBSERVATIONS
◦ Most widely used form of data collection • Reliability - consistency or the repeatability of the tool
◦ Researcher mismo kumukuha - DIRECT ◦ Kahit llang beses binigay yung tool, same results / same
◦ Flexible response pa rin dapat = Reliable
◦ we usually gather OPINIONS ◦ refers to the consistency of a measure in producing the
◦ Gather data that cannot gather in other methods same results over time
◦ We cannot gather opinion using gadgets and equipments • Sensitivity - able to detect small variations or find
Crucial disadvantages: Validity & Accuracy differences
3. Observation
◦ Participant - you are going to give an intervention • Tentative prediction or explanation of the relation between
and you are going to observe two or more variables
◦ Non-participant - wala kang gagawin but just to
observe PARTS OF HYPOTHESIS (ICD EFFECT)
◦ Phenomena - amenable to observation
- characteristics and condition of the subjects • Independent Variables - CAUSE
- activities and behavior ◦ Fixed = set (by the researcher)
- skill attainment and performance • Dependent Variables - EFFECT
- environmental characteristics ◦ vary - kung ano ang nagvavary sa population, pwede
- verbal communication mabago
- non-verbal communication
• Characteristics and condition of the individual • Population - the research population, also known as the
◦ example: target population, refers to the entire group or set of
◦ Problem sa RH incompatibility -› presence of individuals, objects, or events that possess specific
rhogam nagpoproduce ng antibody characteristics and are of interest to the researcher. It
◦ Problem sa ABO incompatibility - Jaundice represents the larger population from which a sample is
(you can observe the characteristics of the skin) drawn.
◦ Condition: Comatose - you can observe and use
GCS RELATIONSHIP
• Activities and behavior
◦ BEHAVIOR EXAMPLE: POPULATION TO WHICH IT APPLIES
◦ Autism - temper tantrums (ignore but give ◦ Most neglected part
ensure and give safety helmet - you can observe the ◦ First thing is to IDENTIFY in the population
behavior tantrums
◦ ACTIVITIES EXAMPLE: 1. All of the CHARACTERISTICS
◦ DAT (Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type) ◦ *box or encircle the population including all its
- Remember A - Alzheimer’s - walang characteristics
Acetylcholine - Amnesia - Aphasia and so on 2. SETS
- Apraxia - hindi na alam gamitin yung mga bagay na alam a. If you have 2 or more sets of the population
niya before, unable to perform you concentrate on their characteristics that
- First initial sign of Alzheimer's - Forgetfulness differentiate them ano man ang characteristics nila
• Skill attainment and performance that is automatically the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS b. If vou have 1 set of population ang characteristic ay wala
na silbi, It will form part of the population, hindi na gagamitin
◦ example: Return demonstration and characteristics = ELIMINATE IT
• Environmental characteristics
◦ example: PAGASA Example: for 2 or more Sets of Population
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1. Older patient are more risk for fall than younger

patients
◦ population - older and young patient
◦ characteristics that differentiates the population - age -
independent variable
◦ nagbabago - bago; risk for fall - dependent variable

2. Girls are less sexually active than boys

◦ population - girls and boys
◦ characteristics that differentiates the population -
gender - independent variable
◦ nagbabago - bago; sexually active - dependent variable

3. Full term infants who are breastfeeding weight more

than preterm infants who are mixed fed
◦ population - full term infants breast fed/ preterm infants
mixed bred
◦ characteristics that differentiates the population - term
and type of feeding - independent variable
◦ nagbabago - bago; weight - dependent variable
4. Depressed patients who are living with significant SITUATION
others have lesser chances of committing suicide than
those depressed patients who are living alone. A professional nurse is assumed to update herself
◦ population - Depressed patients who are living with about the profession to maintain competence in
significant others and Depressed patients who are living practice. The nursing management process is a topic for
alone both staff and head nurses.
◦ characteristics that differentiates the population - living
condition - independent variable
◦ nagbabago - bago; chance of committing suicide - NOTES: FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
dependent variable
PLANNING
Example: for 1 Set of Population • Knowing where you are and where you want to be; allow
what you want to happen; assess situation
1. Education attainment is not related to the compliance
of PTB patients • This is the time where you conduct your SWOT analysis,
◦ population - PTB patients - wala na kwenta so better tools in planning (hierarchy of planning: mission, vision,
eliminate it in the options because it is just a part of philosophy, objectives, etc.)
population • Where you set your budget

Go back to hypothesis then ask: ORGANIZING

◦ what is being studied kay population and then used fixed • You establish a formal structure of the organization and
and vary create the job qualification and job description;
◦ educational attainment - which is fixed - independent
variable • Includes staffing
◦ compliance - which is vary - dependent variable • Where you create the structure (ilang department, unit)
• Alam mo kung kanino mo bibigay yung trabaho
EXPERIMENTAL • Utilize different nursing care system (case method,
• there is always a manipulation - anything that is given functional method, team nursing, etc.)
◦ ang ibibigay sa subject - fixed/set
• all manipulation is automatically independent variable DIRECTING
• The issuance of orders, assignments, and instructions;
Example: naguutos kana, giving instructions, delegations
• Includes Delegation, Problem solving and decision
1. Music therapy decreases the levels of anxiety among making
Cancer patients
◦ population - cancer patients CONTROLLING
◦ 1 set only so eliminate population and go back to what is • Seeing to it that what is planned is done; Kung ano yung
being studied plinano mo, yun yung mangyayari
◦ music therapy - given to the patient - independent variable; • Evaluation
fixed/set by the researcher
◦ nagbabago - bago; vary; levels of anxiety - dependent Reviewing, checking, determine, comparing,
variable
1. This major function of the management process
2. The effect of Toprank Nursing Review to the passing establishes formal authority. It defines qualifications
rate of nursing students at the licensure exam. and also includes staffing: W
◦ population - nursing students
A. Planning
B. Organizing
C. Directing
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D. Controlling
• Capabilities will depend on the position in the ward
2. actuates efforts; C. Directing C
--
3.strictly implemented; C. Controlling C
4. determine objectives ; C. Planning C CONDITION OF THE PATIENT

5. The purpose of organizational structure is to: D. C Stable or unstable

NOTES: PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE a. Administering tap water enema – LABATIBA; simple
task
Purpose of organization structure is in the ORGANIZING b. Incorporating potassium chloride intravenously –
PHASE medication; performed by licensed only
c. Teaching patient to administer insulin – health teaching;
Purpose of organization structure : For work distribution one of the scope of nursing practice (under RA 9173);
Registered Nurse; licensed only
Management – focus is GOAL ACCOMPLISHMENT d. Taking CVP / Central Venous Patient – a complicated
procedure

NOTES: UNLICENSED DELEGATION TIP

SITUATION
Unlicensed - we give dirty task to them;
Jun is the new supervisor of the medical-surgical unit with 40
bed capacity. 8. A nurse manager assigned a registered nurse from
telemetry unit to the pediatrics unit. There were three
6. A critical component of the supervisory process is patients assigned to the RN. Which of the following
delegation. Which of the following is the most patients should not be assigned to the floated nurse?
empowering to the staff? C
- LICENSED; TELEMETRY TO PEDIA WARD; TELEMETRY
NOTES: DELEGATION NURSE - read cardiac monitors, easily read ECGs (TELE:
• Immediate superior – pwede lang ang mag-utos sayo MONITOR; METRY: MEASURE)
• Delegation and Evaluation complement each other
a. A 9-year-old child diagnosed with rheumatic fever -
a. Delegation starts at top management possible complication is rheumatic heart disease
b. Delegation frees the manager to do other task b. A young infant after pyloromyotomy - opening of the
c. Effective delegation requires the nurse manager to pylorus; done with infants with pyloric stenosis (GI
determine the abilities of the staff – EVALUATION (strength disorder)
lang, walang weakness); should be both strength and c. A 4-year-old with VSD following cardiac catheterization -
weakness cardiac problem
d. Delegation enables the staff to improve competence d. A 5-month-old with Kawasaki disease - autoimmune
and confidence; disease; inflammation of the blood vessels/vasculitis

7. Which task can be delegated to the nursing aid when 9. The registered nurse is planning to delegate tasks to
the patient is stable? – SKIP THE WARD SINCE unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Which of the
UNLICENSED, SIMPLE TASK, STABLE PATIENT C following task could the registered nurse safely
assigned to a UAP? UNLICENSED; SIMPLE TASK;
STABLE PATIENT
NOTES: 4 POINTERS OF DELEGATION
a. Monitor the I&O of a comatose toddler client with
Consider the POSITION OF THE STAFF; if licensed or salicylate poisoning - COMPLICATED TASK
unlicensed b. Perform a complete bed bath on a 2-year-old with multiple
injuries from a serious fall - DIRTY TASK BUT
Licensed – isa-isahin mo yung mga ward na pinaggalingan COMPLICATED
niya kasi yun lang ang kaya niyang gawin or alagaan tsaka c. Check the IV of a preschooler with Kawasaki disease -
mo i-compare sa ward na pupuntahan niya COMPLICATED TASK
d. Give an oatmeal bath to an infant with eczema - skin
• Unlicensed – SIMPLE TASKS (DO NOT CONSIDER OR disorder and simple task (hindi nakakahawa); oatmeal
SKIP THE WARD) has the properties that relieves itching; simple; it is a
skin disease
--
10. A nurse in charge in the pediatric unit is absent. The
Second to consider; WARD nurse manager decided to assign the nurse in the
obstetrics unit to the pediatrics unit. Which of the
Alamin Kung saan galing at saan pupunta following patients could the nurse manager safely
assign to the float nurse?
• There will be times the nurse will float to another unit
- LICENSED; OB UNIT TO PEDIA UNIT; PREGNANT,
-- POSTPARTUM, AND GYNE PATIENTS (ABDOMINAL
SURGERY PATIENTS D/T CS); UNSTABLE PATIENTS
CAPABILITIES OF THE STAFF
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a. A child who had multiple injuries from a serious vehicle • Talk with them
accident - ORTHO CASE
b. A child diagnosed with Kawasaki disease and with cardiac
complications - CARDIAC CASE
c. A child who has had a nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor
- REMOVAL OF THE KIDNEYS; ABDOMINAL SURGERY; BASTA STYLES OF DIRECTION GIVING: ETO ANG
from OB nurse so she knows abdominal surgery that’s SAGOT
why eto
d. A child receiving an IV chelating therapy for lead • Assertiveness - sending direct messages, standing up for
poisoning your own rights without stepping the rights of others;
THERAPEUTIC
11. As the supervisor, you plan to implement change in • X Aggressiveness - not concerned with the feelings of
the nursing unit from team nursing to primary nursing. others
You anticipate that there will be resistance to change. In
order to avoid such, which of the following should be a. Determine the need for change - there is already the
done? problem
b. Confront the staff individually - GROUP
Change Management: Any alteration in the status quo; c. Develop the change one step at a time
status quo is the present situation d. Use coercion to implement change; force, violence - error

KAPANGYARIHAN: STEPS IN CHANGE PROCESS 12. The supervisor has implemented to change. A nurse
aide seems to be resistant to the change. Which of the
PERCEIVE THE NEED TO CHANGE following should be done? - interpersonal problem
Identify the problem, determine the issue, accept the fact to (attitude and behavior)
change
a. Ignore the resistance - automatically wrong
INITIATE A GROUP INTERACTION*** b. Utilize coercion
• Bring the group together, meeting with the group (we c. Give reward to the nursing assistant
usually do is planning, try to find the best solution here) d. Talk to the nurse assistant and encourage
• This step is the key to problem solving verbalization of feelings
• Best thing that you are going to do? A: initiate a group
interaction 13. As a medication nurse, you are tasked to give
• Who is the key? A: THE GROUP digoxin to a patient with arrhythmia. You noticed that
• If the problem concerns the group - consult the WHOLE the heart rate is 40 beats per minute and the potassium
GROUP level is below normal. The physician orders digoxin
• Except if the problem is just one staff - consult the STAT. An assertive response of the nurse should be:
individual PRIVATELY and CONFIDENTIALY, never
confront in the front of others (this is violation of code of NOTES: THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION EXAM TIP
ethics) • BASAHIN MO WITH FEELINGS PARA ALAM MO YUNG
DATING SAYO
IMPLEMENT THE PLAN
• One step at a time a. “I think we have first to monitor the patient’s cardiac
• Implement the change gradually to prevent resistance; rate before giving the drug.”
• Status quo - present situation; nakasanayan; hindi madali b. “I don’t want to carry out your order”
bitawan kasi nakasanayan c. “Don’t you know the precaution for giving this drug?”
d. “Yes doctor. I will give it right now.”
--
14. Determining the standard of the institution is one of
EVALUATE THE OVERALL RESULTS the concerns in controlling. When the institution has
reached the minimum level of excellence, it should:
2 aspects of delegation:
NOTES: CONTROLLING (OTHER TERMS)
1. Technical aspect - includes tasks, procedures, materials,
and equipment • Evaluating
• Reviewing
NOTE: the PROBLEM will fall in the technical aspect • Checking
BASTA TECHINICAL ANG PROBLEMA: ETO ANG SAGOT • Determining
• Show • Comparing
• Teach
• Demonstrate TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT:
• Supervise
• Do or perform it with the nurse KAPANGYARIHAN: 4 BASIC STEPS OF CONTROLLING

2. Interpersonal - includes attitudes, behaviors, and styles 1. DEVELOP STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
of direction giving
• Standard - pre-determined level of care
BASTA ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR AND PROBLEM: • Criteria - characteristics used to meet the level of care
ETO ANG SAGOT
• Verbalization of the feelings - know the cause of the NOTE: the basis of evaluation - is standards and criteria
problem EXAMPLE: OR Scrubbing
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d. Structure
3 TYPES OF STANDARDS (SPO)
16. The most effective way in conducting the
• Structure - includes facilities, equipments, materials, and nursing audit is to:
management system; si MANAGER ang gumagawa a. Evaluate the records of the patient
• Process - includes plans and procedures; si NURSE ang
b. Determine the job description of the staff – staff
gumagawa
• Outcome - pertains to results; FIRST THING TO LOOK focused
INTO c. Evaluate staffing patterns – staff focused
d. Determine job performance – staff focused
2. DETERMINE COMPLIANCE

• Determine compliance = you evaluate SITUATION

2 TYPES OF EVALUATION As a nurse in charge, you noted that a lot of confusion

occurs in your unit due to some disorganization. You
THE Nursing Audit - patient focused
decided to improve work performance.
2 Types of Nursing Audit:
17. When resistance threatens needed change,
- Concurrent - present; you evaluate as the care what important measure would you use to
is given (ex. patient has fever, you provide TSB overcome the resistance?
and you check the temperature of the patient)
- Retrospective - past; discharged patient - tapos na ang a. Send a memorandum of change – memorandum is
ginawa sa kaniya (ex. bumalik siya sa hospital, iccheck yung a letter that circulates within the organization; this is
patient chart niya)
ABRUPT CHANGE not gradual
SOURCE OF EVALUATION IN RETROSPECTIVE : b. Use a problem-solving strategy – general answer
PATIENT CHART c. Gain early support from staff
d. Conduct staff re-education – will not solve
Performance Appraisal – staff focused resistance to change
- Informal appraisal – incidental; walang balak
mag-evaluate; pag may accident 18. This is a factor influencing acceptance of staff
- Formal appraisal – systematically done; for change:
scheduled for the evaluation (ex. Evaluation of CIs) it will
end in review session
a. Externally imposed
Review session - irereveal yung result ng b. Share its benefits – not all about the benefit
evaluation c. Staff participants
d. Planned ahead - initiate a group interaction - meet
3. IDENTIFY STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES with the group - plan with them
• You concentrate on both; strength and weakness,
not only on one 19. These are important qualities of a change
agent except:
4. ACT TO REINFORCE THE STRENGTHS AND a. Leadership skills
TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS TO WEAKNESS b. Sociability
• Support the strengths c. Credibility
• Go back to your 2 aspects in correcting your d. Management skills
weaknesses; technical and interpersonal
-Quality Improvement 20. Having to deal with a lot of people, the nurse
manager’s most important communication skill is
Quality assurance which of the following?
a. Questioning
a. Be contented on the result of the evaluation b. Assertiveness – a style; if you are able to talk with
b. Do something to improve the standard your staff
c. Help maintain the standard of the institution c. Affirmation
d. Publish the result to the publication d. Listening

NOTES: IF THE CHOICES HAVE THE SAME MEANING NOTES: BUDGET - systematic way of meeting
EXAM TIP expenses; involves past, present, future expenses
• Both WRONG
• Focus is revenues and expenses
15. When conducting nursing audit, the following must • Income and cost
be considered EXCEPT:
a. Outcome
4 COMMON TYPES OF BUDGET
b. Quality
c. Process
1.CAPITAL BUDGET
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• Expensive a.80% correct answer

• For long-term use; regardless of price as long as it is b.20% incorrect
for long term use
a. The budget translates operational plans into
2. OPERATIONAL BUDGET financial and statistical terms so that income can be
• Day-to-day expense projected with associated costs
• Part-time employees salary
• Salary of both part time and full time employees b. Budget serve as standards to plan, monitor,
and evaluate the performance of a health care
3. PERSONNEL BUDGET system - money is not the standard
c. Budget account for the relationship of income to the
• Salary for full-time employees expenses needed to deliver the services
• Full-time employee – working 8 hours a day, 5 days d. All of the above
a week
• Prepared ahead of time, will be prepared in the time 25. Which among the following is the purpose of
of salary monitoring a budget? – BOTH INCOME AND
EXPENSE DAPAT ANG NASA CHOICE PARA
4. CASH BUDGET MAGING TAMA

• Available all the time for emergency purpose a. Keep expenses above budget
• Cash on hand, petty cash, emergency funds b. Maintain revenue above the previous year’s budget
c. Ensure revenue is generated monthly
21. An old ventilator often malfunctions and has d. Generate revenue and control expenses within
inefficiencies resulting from the speed of the a projected framework
equipment or downtime (amount of time it is out
of service for repairs). The organization decided 26. Mr. Cabrido gives strong orders, makes
to purchase new technology because the old one decisions and thinks less of his subordinates. He
is too expensive to maintain. What type of budget is a leader who is:
is allotted for the equipment?
a. Autocratic; best in emergency
a. Operational budget b. Laissez-faire – member focused; when the
b. Capital Budget – long term members are matured enough
c. Construction budget – also taken from the capital c. Democratic – compliance; leader by the book
budget d. Bureaucratic
d. Any of the above
27. When the situation calls for compliance of the
22. Nurse Laila is the project head for a feeding followers to ensure the success of the activity, the
program; she requested extra funds in best leadership style that Nurse Beng will use is:
anticipation for fluctuations in resource needs or
meet contingency expenses. This type of budget a. Laissez-faire
is called: b. Autocratic
c. Democratic
a. Operational budget d. Authoritative
b. Capital expenditure budget
c. Cash budget 28. A leader who defers decision making to his or
d. Flexible budget – general type her followers is called what type of leader?

23. Which of the following is NOT included in the a. Laissez-faire

Operational budget? b. Democratic
a. Repairs and maintenance - operational c. Autocratic
b. Medical/surgical supplies - operational d. Employee-centered
c. Purchase of a major equipment - capital
d. Purchase of consumable materials – operational 29. What kind of communication style should a
nurse manager should possess?
24. An operational budget is a financial tool that
outlines anticipated revenue and expenses over a a. Passive
specified period. Which of the following are b. Assertive
incorrect regarding budget? c. Aggressive
d. Sarcastic
NOTES: IF YOU SEE THE ALL OF THE ABOVE
CHOICE IN THE EXAM (EXAM TIP) 30. The morning supervisor was visiting the ward
when the doctor of a patient complained to her
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about the staff nurse who failed to give the “stat” SITUATION
medication. Applying the principle of “line of As a supervisor you are confronted with several
authority”, you expected the supervisor to first: problems arising from various causes or reasons.
COMPLAINT
It ranks from Administration – clinical –
personnel, which later resulted to conflict. You
tried to find means to resolve it.
NOTES: SCALAR CHAIN 33. When conflicts arise in the unit, the best thing
• Follow the chain of command; hierarchical order that the unit manager should do is:

REPORTING a. Discuss the situation with the group and make

a move to resolve it.
• Only to immediate superior; don’t bypass the
superior b. Ignore the situation
• Nurse -> Head Nurse -> Supervisor -> Chief Nurse c. Give warning to staff
d. Recommend shifting of the staff
COMPLAINT
• Address the complaint to the immediate superior of 34. Desirable goals for a nurse manager include
the person you are complaining all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Reassure the patient that next time the nurse will
not miss the medication – lose the trust of the patient a. Select a style of leadership that works best for
to the nurse the individual and to practice it exclusively
b. Report the incident to the chief nurse b. Use a style of leadership that promotes high – level
c. Ask the staff nurse to explain the incident work performance - CONTIGENCY
d. Talk to you as the head nurse about the c. Use a style of leadership that creates the least
doctor’s complaint
amount of disruption - CONTINGENCY
d. Adopt a leadership style that best suits the task to
31. You delegate to the nursing assistant the task
be accomplished – CONTINGENCY
of taking the client’s vital signs every 2 hours and
recording the vital signs in the patient’s chart.
35. Katherine tells one of the staff, “I don’t have
Later you check the client’s chart and discover
time to discuss the matter with you now. See me
that the vital signs have not been recorded. What
in my office later” when the latter asks if they can
is your BEST action?
talk about an issue. Which of the following
conflict resolution strategies did she use?
a. Take the vital signs because it is not the nursing
assistant’s scope of practice
a. Smoothing - unacceptable appears to be
b. Speak to the nursing assistant privately to
acceptable
determine why the vital signs were not recorded
b. Compromise - meeting halfway
c. Notify the head nurse
c. Avoidance
d. Call the nursing assistant to the nurses’ station to
d. Restriction - power; kung sino may kapangyarihan
reprimand
sya ang gumagawa paraan
32. Several nurses complain to the nurse manager
Complaints – immediate report of the person who are
that one of the nursing aides constantly takes
complaining
extensive lunch breaks. The nurse manager
Dominance – Ako masusunod wala ka magagawa
should: - INTERPERSONAL PROBLEM
Majority Rule: let us divide the house
Collaboration- working hand in hand in solving the
a. Convene a group meeting of all nursing aides to
problem
review their responsibilities related to time
Brainstorming - give suggestions; #1 rule all ideas are
management.
welcome
b. Talk with nursing aide to explore the reasons
for the behavior and review expectations
36. She notes that there is an increasing unrest of
c. Arrange a meeting with the nurse so they can
the staff due to fatigue brought about by shortage
confront the nursing aide as a group
of staff. Which action is a priority? – PROBLEM
d. Document the nursing aide’s behavior and place it
SOLVING
in the aide’s personnel file

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a. Evaluate the overall result of the unrest 40. She knows that performance appraisal
b. Initiate a group interaction consists of all the following activities EXCEPT:
c. Develop a plan and implement it
d. Identify external and internal forces. a. Setting specific standards and activities for
individual performance.
37. Kathleen knows that one of her staff is b. Using agency standards as a guide.
experiencing burnout. Which of the following is c. Determine areas of strength and weaknesses
the best thing for her to do? – INTERPERSONAL d. Focusing activity on the correction of identified
PROBLEM EXCEPT behavior. – WEAKNESS LANG

a. Advise her staff to go on vacation. 41. Which of the following statements is NOT true
b. Ignore her observations; it will be resolved even about performance appraisal? - STAFF FOCUSED
without intervention
c. Remind her to show loyalty to the institution. a. Informing the staff about the specific impressions of
d. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how their work help improve their performance.
she can b. A verbal appraisal is an acceptable substitute for a
written report.
38. St. Raphael Medical Center just opened its c. Patients are the best source of information
new Performance Improvement Department. Ms. regarding personnel appraisal. – PATIENTS ARE
Valencia is appointed as the Quality Control ALSO A SOURCE OF PERSONNEL APPRAISAL,
Officer. She commits herself to her new role and BUT NOT THE
plans her strategies to realize the goals and d. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how she
objectives of the department. Which of the can BEST SOURCE (BEST SOURCE is Observation)
following is a primary task that they should
perform to have an effective control system? – 42. There are times when Katherine evaluates her
CONTROLLING staff as she makes her daily rounds. Which of the
following is NOT a benefit of conducting an
a. Make an interpretation about strengths and informal appraisal?
weaknesses a. The staff member is observed in natural setting.
b. Identify the values of the department b. Incidental confrontation and collaboration are
c. Identify structure, process, outcome standards allowed.
& criteria c. The evaluation is focused on objective data
d. Measure actual performances systematically.

39. Ms. Valencia develops the standards to be d. The evaluation may provide valid information for
followed. Among the following standards, which compilation of a formal report.
is considered as a structure standard?
43. When she presents the nursing procedures to
a. The patients verbalized satisfaction of the nursing be followed, she refers to what type of standards?
care received – OUTCOME
b. Rotation of duty will be done every four weeks a. Process
for all b. Outcome
c. All patients shall have their weights taken recorded c. Structure
- PROCESS d. Criteria
d. Patients shall answer the evaluation form before
discharge – OUTCOME 44. Ms. Valencia prepares the process standards.
Which of the following is NOT a process
standard?

a. Initial assessment shall be done to all patients

within twenty-
four hours upon admission. – DONE BY THE NURSE

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b. Informed consent shall be secured prior to any 47. When responsibilities have to be delegated to
invasive procedure – DONE BY THE DOCTOR, the member, the manager must:
SECURED BY THE NURSE
c. Patients’ reports 95% satisfaction rate prior to
discharge from the hospital. - OUTCOME NOTE: KAPAG NAGDODOBLE ISIP SA
DALAWANG CHOICES, BALIKAN MO YUNG
d. Patient education about their illness and treatment
TANONG (EXAM TIP)
shall be provided for all patients and their families. –
DONE BY THE NURSE a. Ensure that the member is capable of doing the
task
45. Nurse Mary is the head nurse and tells Nurse b. Supervise the new members all the time – absolute
Fatima her staff nurse what to do. What kind of words = WRONG
communication is this? c. Perform the task based on the acceptable standard
d. Let the member write an accident report in case of
mistakes
NOTES: KINDS OF COMMUNICATION
• Exist within the organization 48. He was asked how the staff will be evaluated.
He probably will show them the following
VERTICAL COMMUNICATION EXCEPT:
• Patay]],ll a. Performances Evaluation sheet
b. Performance Checklist
• UPWARD – from the subordinate to the superior
c. Ranking Device
(SCALAR CHAIN) d. Nursing Audit – PATIENT FOCUSED
• DOWNWARD – from the superior to the subordinate
(DELEGATION) SITUATION
Jun just received his appointment paper as
HORIZONTAL / LATERAL COMMUNICATION - ----- permanent employee. He was told by the head nurse
• Diretso that it was his loyalty, commitment, competence, and
caring attitude that contributed to his present
• Exist within the same position, same department
appointment.
a• Example: Maternal Care Department
49. Which response describes Jun as an assertive
DIAGONAL COMMUNICATION person?
• Communication Exist within different departments
a. “I am used to this. I am born a winner.” -
a. Upward communication MAYABANG
b. “I don’t know why I became permanent. Probably
b. Downward communication they like
c. Lateral communication me.” – MAYABANG
d. Diagonal communication c. “Thank you. I hope I will be able to contribute to
the goals of the department.”
46. Nurse Jane is coordinating with the OR d. “I expected this to happen. I know I did my best.” -
department for a scheduled surgery of one of her MAYABANG
patients. This kind of communication is?
50. The nurse revised the system for the delivery
of nursing care which is referred to as:
a. Upward Communication
b. Grapevine; Chismis NOTES: NURSING CARE SYSTEM
c. Diagonal Communication • A system that is used to delivery nursing care
d. Lateral Communication • Another terms: Modalities of nursing care,
Patterns of nursing care

CASE NURSING / CASE METHOD

• Oldest system
• Total care nursing – ikaw ang bahala sa lahat-
lahat sa pasyente
• 1 nurse: 1 patient
• Used by private duty nurse
• Used in ICU

FUNCTIONAL NURSING
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• Tasks are delegated among the staff – kaniya-

kaniya ng trabaho ang ginagawa

TEAM NURSING
• Group of nurses assigned to a group of patients
wherein there is a team leader
• Example: RLE duty (group of students nurses
assigned to a group of patients, the team leader is
the clinical instructor)
• Usually used in the Pedia ward

PRIMARY NURSING***
• 24-hour continuous, coordinated,
comprehensive nursing service of 5 to 6 patients
from admission to discharge
• 1:5/6 nurse-patient ratio
• Maximum of 5-6 patients, pwede 3 or 4 patients •
How is the primary nursing being done? Proto gene – e.g Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) gene
1. Primary nurse – responsible to create the NCP;
kung kanino in-endorse ang case
2. Associate primary nurse – reliever associates;
uses the NCP that the primary nurse made; except
there is the change in the patient’s condition
provided he will report into the primary
• Ideal used in the ward
ILAN ANG NURSE PER SHIFT? – 1 ILAN ANG
NURSE DITO? – Marami ILAN ANG PATIENTS? –
5-6

MODULAR NURSING
• Combination of Team and Primary
• There is geographical assignment of patients
• Take care of patient with the same disease
condition (ex.
COVID)
• Magpadala ng nurses to take care of patients
• Do case finding
• Best to use during national emergencies,
disaster or
Calamities

CASE MANAGEMENT
• Utilizing the health care delivery system wherein
the goals are to delivery quality care, to promote
the quality of life, to decrease fragmentation, and
to contain cost
• EXAMPLE: Nursing homes, Hospice, Psychiatric
facilities - Music and Art therapy, Occupational
therapy
• Focuses on long-term treatment • Case Manager
– nurse

51.-58 paper

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RESEARCH

PAR, RN 2024