Mekelle University

Ethiopian Institute of Technology-Mekelle (EiT-M)

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Stream of Industrial Control
Internship Report and Project
Project Title; Programmable Logic Control Based
Automatic Fire Detection and Control System Mesfin
Industrial Engineering P.L.C

Prepared By: Id number

1. Hermon Tesfalem..............................................................Eitm/Ur 129255/10
2. Samuel kassa...................................................................Eitm/Ur 129295/10
3. Michiele Nguse.................................................................Eitm/Ur 134502/10

Advisor: Ins Mahder

2016 EC

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DECLERATION

We are fifth year industrial control engineering student of Mekelle University (Eit-M) we
declare that the final internship program in the hosting company report describes in three
month stay in Mesfin industrial engineering PLC from april to june stay in MIE PLC and all
source materials and pictures used in compiling this report get fully acknowledged and all
writing in this document things that are done by our effort under the guidance of the company
supervisor Mr Yemane and our advisor Mahder.

Name signature date

Hermon Tesfalem …………………….. ………………………
Samuel kassa ………………………. …………………………
Michiele nguse ……………………….. …………………………..

Approved by :Ins mahder Signature Date

………………………. …………

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Acknowledgement
First of all, we have the pleasure to express our gratitude to almighty God for giving us the
opportunity to complete our internship program and finally to prepare this paper. And we would
like to express our great gratitude to Mesfin Industrial Engineering PLC (MIE) who allowed us
to get a chance of 3 month intern period and for gaining much more practical knowledge related
to our education.
It is also our pleasure to give our special thanks to our supervisors Mr kiflom and and other
employers for their help and guidance and also for supporting us throughout the preparation of
our project. And we would like to give our special thanks to our advisor ins Mahder for
advising and guiding us through our internship.
This internship paper might have never been complete without the necessary practical
knowledge, assistance of many books, articles and websites. we would like to thank all
engineers, employees and operators of each section who played a great role and supported
us from the first arrival date until the end of our internship program.

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Abstract
This paper contains both report and project of the company Mesfin industrial engineering(MIE)
P.L.C manufactures different types of liquid and dry cargo bodies and trailers, semi trailers, low
beds, fuel storage tanks, automobiles and tractors. And also it provide services such as;
electomechanical erection and installation works. This report contains the vision, mission,
values, main products, over all organization structure and work flow of the company. The main
aim of this internship program develops over all experience such as technical, management, and
time management skills.
This project mainly deals with automatic fire detection in mesfin industrial engineering. this
automatic fire detection uses for saving human live, animals, forests and property. The desire
process have three main stages. The fire detection, notification and fire protection system. First
of all since, the main goal of the system is to identify the fire accident, so we can detect the fire in
three different forms. There are; heat, flame and smoke. The next step after installing the
detection system is to install fire notification system and we can notify the workers the existance
of fire using horns, bells and LEDs. But notification only might not be enough and there should
be remote announiciation system to be direct the responding emergency department to the fire
location. The last and most determinant part of the system is the automatic fire preventation
system used fire extingusher and sprinkler.

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Contents
DECLERATION..............................................................................................................................i

Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................II

Abstract..........................................................................................................................................III

List of figure...............................................................................................................................VIII

List of tables................................................................................................................................VIII

List of abrivation...........................................................................................................................IX

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY.........................................................................................1

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY..................................................................................................................1

1.2 VISION, MISSSION AND VALUES OF THE COMPANY...............................................2

1.3 COMPEITIVE ADVATANGES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY.....................3

1.4 MAIN PRODUCTS AND SECTORS..................................................................................4

1.5 MAJOR PRODUCTION OF THE COMPANY...................................................................4

1.6 SECTORS..............................................................................................................................4

1.6.1 TRANSPORT SECTOR.................................................................................................4

1.6.2 ENERGY SECTOR........................................................................................................5

1.6.3 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR................................................................................................5

1.7 MAIN SUPPLIERS OF THE COMPANY...........................................................................5

1.8 MAIN CUSTOMERS AND END USERS...........................................................................6

1.9 OVER ALL ORGNIZATION OF THE COMPANY...........................................................7

1.10 WORK FLOW IN MIE.......................................................................................................7

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................9

OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE.....................................................................................9

2.1 GOALS WE PLANNED TO ACHIEVE IN OUR INTERNSHIP.....................................9

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2.2 SECTION OF THE COMPANY WE HAVE BEEN WORKING......................................9

2.2.1 INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE CENTER.................................................................9

2.2.2 RE WINDING THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR............................................10

2.2.3 HOW AIR COMPRESSOR WORKS..........................................................................12

2.2.4 POWER HOUSE..........................................................................................................13

2.3 THE WORK TASKS WE HAVE BEEN EXECUTING....................................................14

2.4 PROCEDURES THAT SHOULD BE USED WHILE PERFORMING A WORK TASK

..............................................................................................................................................15

2.5 CHALLENGES WE HAVE BEEN FACING..................................................................15

2.6 ACTIONS WE HAVE BEEN TAKING/ SOLUTIONS...................................................15

CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................16

PLC BASED AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM........................16

3.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................16

3.2 Background..........................................................................................................................17

3.3 Problem statement (motivation)..........................................................................................18

3.4 Objective..............................................................................................................................18

3.4.1 Main objective..............................................................................................................18

3.4.2 Specific objective..........................................................................................................18

3.5 Significance of the project...................................................................................................19

3.6 Scope of the project.............................................................................................................19

3.7 Literature review..................................................................................................................19

3.8 Devices used for Fire Detection..........................................................................................19

3.8.1 Smoke detectors............................................................................................................19

3.8.2 Flame detector..............................................................................................................25

3.8.3 Heat detectors...............................................................................................................27

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3.9 Devices used for Fire Notification.......................................................................................31

3.9.1 LIGHT EMITING DIODES (LEDs)............................................................................31

3.9.2 Horns.............................................................................................................................33

3.9.3 Electric Bell..................................................................................................................33

3.9.4 GSM System.................................................................................................................33

3.10 Devices used for Fire prevention.......................................................................................34

3.10.1 Fire sprinkler system...................................................................................................35

3.10.2 Fire extinguisher.........................................................................................................37

3.11 What is PLC?.....................................................................................................................38

3.11.1 Input modules.............................................................................................................40

3.11.2 The power supply.......................................................................................................40

3.11.3 Central processing unit (CPU)....................................................................................40

3.11.4 Memory.......................................................................................................................40

3.11.5 Processor.....................................................................................................................41

3.11.6 Output module............................................................................................................41

3.11.7 Communications in PLC.............................................................................................41

3.11.8 PLC advantages..........................................................................................................41

3.11.9 PLC disadvantages......................................................................................................42

3.11.10 Programming in PLC................................................................................................42

3.11.11 Ladder logic diagram................................................................................................42

3.12 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................42

3.13 General block diagram of the system................................................................................43

3.14 General flow chart of our project......................................................................................44

3.15 System design....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.15.1 Heat Detection Ladder Diagram..............................................................................45

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3.15.2 Smoke Detection Ladder Diagram.............................................................................46

3.15.3 Flame Detection Lader Diagram.............................................................................46

3.15.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT ADDRESS...........................................................................49

3.16 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................50

3.16.1 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................50

3.16.2 RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................51

CHAPTER FOUR OVERALL BENEFIT GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP.......................52

4.1 What is an internship?.........................................................................................................52

4.2 UPGRADING PRACTICAL SKILLS................................................................................52

4.3 UPGRADING THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE...............................................................52

4.4 IMPROVING INTERPERSONAL SKILLS.......................................................................53

4.5 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILLS.........................................................................53

4.6 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILLS...............................................................................53

4.7 WORK ETHICS.................................................................................................................54

4.8 ENTREPRENEURSHIP.....................................................................................................54

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................55

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION............................................................................55

5.1 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................55

5.2 RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................................55

Reference.......................................................................................................................................57

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List of figure
Figure 1 partial view of MIE in mekelle.........................................................................................2
Figure 2 overall organization of MIE..............................................................................................7
Figure 3 General work flow.............................................................................................................8
Figure 4 Three phase induction motor...........................................................................................11
Figure 5 Overall flow of air in air compressor..............................................................................12
Figure 6 Power flow in MIE..........................................................................................................14
Figure 7 Fire accident Company overview....................................................................................17
Figure 8 Ionization smoke detector...............................................................................................21
Figure 9 0ptical smoke detector.....................................................................................................22
Figure 10 Light scattering smoke detector....................................................................................22
Figure 11 Light obscuring smoke detector....................................................................................23
Figure 12 Aspirating smoke detector.............................................................................................24
Figure 13 Thermocouple................................................................................................................28
Figure 14 types of Different RTDs................................................................................................30
Figure 15 LED...............................................................................................................................32
Figure 16 Basic parts of the PLC...................................................................................................39
Figure 17 Shorthand representation for block diagram.................................................................43
Figure 18 General block diagram of the system............................................................................43
Figure 20 ladder diagram of heat detecting system with operating coil........................................45
Figure 21 Ladder diagram of smoke detect system.......................................................................46
Figure 22 Ladder diagram of flame detecting system...................................................................47
Figure 23 Simulation.....................................................................................................................49

List of tables

Table 1 Input module addressing and their comment of automatic FIRE CONTROL System....49
Table 2 output module addressing and their function of automatic fire control System...............50

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List of abrivation
AC Alternative Curent
MIE Mesfin industrial engineering
CPU Centeral Processing Unit
CCD Charged Coupled Devices
DC Direct Curent
EFFORT Endowment Fund for Rehabilitation of Tigray
USD United states dollar
BSI British standards institution
TDA Tigray development association
ODA Oromya development association
ADA Amhara davelopment association
GERD Grand ethiopian renaissance dam
EPPRM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
FAAST Fire Alarm Aspiration Sensing Technology
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
HBLED High Brightnes Light Emiting Diode
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
ISO International Standard Organaization
LED Light Emitting Diode
LDPE Low Density Polyethylene

LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene

MSIR Multi Spectrem Infrared

PLC Programable Logic Controller

RTD Resistance Temprature Detecter

UV Ultra Vilot

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CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE
COMPANY
1.1 BRIEF HISTORY
Mesfin Industrial Engineering PLC (MIE) was established in 1993 as the engineering wing of
EFFORT (Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of at Tigray) With Its Head quarter in the city
of Mekelle, Northern part of Ethiopia, MIE has branches for assembl of automobiles in Wukro
town, 45 kilometers from the head office and manufacturing plant in Gelan, 25kilometers from
Addis Ababa. During its establishment MIE’s capital was about USD 358 thousand. Currently
the company’s capital is more than USD 25 million.
Similarly, the number of employees during its establishment was about 30 people. MIE
currently employs more than 1600 permanent and temporary workers.
MIE started its activities by manufacturing of metal windows, doors maintenance of vehicles
and the like. Currently MIE’s products include liquid and dry cargo bodies and trailers, semi
trailers,low beds, fuel storage tanks, equipment for sugar, cement, hydropower industries,
assembly of automobiles and tractors. MIE is also active in electromechanical erection and
installation works which include construction of pre-engineered buildings, erection of machinery
and equipment for various industrial projects, fuel storage facilities, and civic buildings.
As a company which believes in a corporate social responsibility, MIE is also active in various
social endeavors such as working with small and micro enterprises, sponsoring various social
events, supporting of orphans, supporting of the Tigray Disabled Veterans Association, Regional
Development Associations such as TDA, ODA, and ADA. MIE has also established a team of
athletes that are participating in National and International matches with some of them gold
medalists MIE also has women bicycle club to contribute its part in this sport type. Support of
football clubs, Marshal Arts and contributions to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
(GERD) are also mentioned as the company’s social activities.

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Figure 1 partial view of MIE in mekelle

MIE is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company from the British Standards Institution (BSI) and
aproud member of Addis Ababa and Mekelle Chambers of Commerce and Sectorial
Associations,Ethiopian Society of Mechanical Engineers,Electromechanical Contractors
Association. This company is certified on the following scopes:
 Design, manufacture, supply and service of Low Bed/High Bed Dry/liquid trailer
 Design, manufacture, supply and erection of petroleum liquid
reserviors(including electrical /instrumentation system)
 Supply and erection of HVAC (heat and ventilated air conditioner) systems
 Manufacture and supply of steel fabricated products for industrial application
 Vehicle equipment maintenance and renting

1.2 VISION, MISSSION AND VALUES OF THE COMPANY

i. VISION OF THE COMPANY
Become a leading engineering company in automotive industry, power,
heavy duty vehicles,electromechanical and manufacturing sectors in East Africa.

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ii. MISSION OF THE COMPANY

To provide competitive engineering products, electromechanical and industrial
construction services to customers, create maximum wealth to EFFORT, provide
development opportunity to employs, bring a positive impact on society and play a
leading role in the industrialization of the country.
iii. VALUES
 Integrity, accountability and transparency
 Full Customer satisfaction and strive to exceed their expectations
Always add value, handle properties with care and ensure efficient utilization of
resources.
 Work hard to be best in class and lead the way for quality.
 Technical excellence with professional ethics
 Organizational and individual development
 Ensure safe working conditions to all employees
 Build sustainable, closer and long-lasting relationship with customers and partners.
 Provide necessary support to our employees as much as possible.
 Social responsibility
1.3 COMPEITIVE ADVATANGES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY
i. COMPETITVE ADVANTAGES:
 Professional, highly skilled, and committed workforce
 Excellent reputation
 Being partner of first choice
 Investment in employees
 up-to-date equipment and technology
ii. OBJECTIVE:
 To increase the profitability
 To satisfy customers
 To be competitive in the market
 To minimize cost of product
 To minimize foreign currency

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 To create employ
 To transfer technology etc.

1.4 MAIN PRODUCTS AND SECTORS

Mesfin industrial engineering produces different products such as:
 Sugar plate components
 Liquid trailers
 Solid trailers
 Semitrailers
 Cement plant components
 Hydraulic components and others.
 Track mounted dry cargo body
 Mechanical hand break
 And so on

1.5 MAJOR PRODUCTION OF THE COMPANY

 Erection of 5.6 million liters’ capacity storage tanker
 Antenna towers up to 60 meters’ high
 Various dry products storage tank, portable water storage tank.
 Fabrication cement factory equipment
 Agricultural trailer and Sugar component
 penstock element and intake liners for hydro power project
 Low bed trailers for equipment transport
 Civil buildings and Renting and maintenance of heavy duty light vehicles
1.6 SECTORS
 Below the sectors are listed individually
1.6.1 TRANSPORT SECTOR
MIE is the biggest single trailer manufacturing factory in Ethiopia. It designs and manufactures
vehicle bodies, trailers, high and low bed semi-trailer as well. MIE has a capacity of
manufacturing over 1500 trailers and semi-trailers per annual. It produces truck bodies, 2 axle, 3
axle trailers & semi-trailers for dry and fuel cargo transport low beds for transporting heavy duty
equipment, bus body, and tipper bodies. Some of the products under the transport sector are;

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 Bus body
 Tipper bodies
 3-axle draw bar fuel trailer
 cargo body mounted on truck
 low bed semi-trailer
1.6.2 ENERGY SECTOR
With the help of a radiographic, ultrasonic and other testing services provided in its testing
laboratory, MIE has a full capacity of manufacturing and erecting hydroelectric components such
as penstocks, steel liners, gates and reservoirs. Furthermore, it has a unique rolling machine in
east Africa that produces very large fuel storage tanks. The Mega Rolling Plant has a total annual
design capacity of producing storage tank of one billion liters.
1.6.3 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
With the support of CAD and CAM software MIE designs, manufactures and erects industrial
components for cement, textile, brewery, and food and sugar industry. Moreover, MIE
manufactures multi-purpose industrial cranes and boilers. In addition to the aforementioned tasks
MIE renders renting services of light and heavy-duty vehicles, 50 tone mobile cranes, 3-5 tone
forklifts and 15 meter cube dump trucks. It also gives maintenance service to light & heavy duty
vehicles in its well organized Garages in Mekelle and Addis Ababa.
1.7 MAIN SUPPLIERS OF THE COMPANY
Mesfin industrial engineering PLC uses different source material inputs from different countries
of manufacturing company. Those main suppliers of the company are listed below.
 Mesfin industrial engineering PLC is used different source material input from different
countries of manufacturing company. The main supplier of the company is listed
below.
 Turkey metal market PLC Different pipes steel
 Turkey tufan trading PLC
 Turkey metal trading center PLC
 Ukraine
 Germen –Axle
 China habit uxuage PLC
 Italy normal trading PLC Grind machine& electrical system

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 U.S.A –Bronze
 China chufa steel manufacturing PLC
 china sty steel manufacturing PLC raw material
 France --breaking system
1.8 MAIN CUSTOMERS AND END USERS
The production capacity of this company and its customers are increasing from time to time.
The main customers or end users of its products are;
 Trance Ethiopia
 Tikurabay
 United alpha
 Shebelle
 Ministry of national defense
 Messobo building material
 Ethio-Djibouti Railway corporation
 Ethiopia Airports Enterprise and others
 Other governance and non-governance PLC.

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1.9 OVER ALL ORGNIZATION OF THE COMPANY

Figure 2 overall organization of MIE

1.10 WORK FLOW IN MIE

 The supply system includes components and accessories store, raw material store,
consumable and gas store, spare parts stores and oxyacetylene preparation section.
 The manufacturing system consists of three major processes. These are
material preparation process, fabrication process, finishing and painting
processes.
 The distribution system comprises different distribution channels. These are central
full stores, branch warehouses, dealers and end users
 Generally, the workflow can be summarized as below:

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Supply system

Figure 3 General work flow

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CHAPTER TWO
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 GOALS WE PLANNED TO ACHIEVE IN OUR INTERNSHIP
 Be familiarize with the company
 Understand the work flow of the company
 Use theoretical knowledge in practice
 Know the overall process such as time taken, cost required and method of
manufacturing of a product
 Identify problems available in the company
2.2 SECTION OF THE COMPANY WE HAVE BEEN WORKING
Most of our works on our internship took place in the IMC (Industrial Maintenance center)
department.
2.2.1 INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE CENTER
Industrial maintenance refers to the repair and upkeep/maintenance of the different types of
equipment and machines used in an industrial setting. Most machines found in the company are
aged. Hence maintenance is an urgent. Need to keep the machines functioning.
In IMC department maintenance is carried out in two ways. Those are:
 Maintaining inside the center: machines and equipment that can move from place to
place such as electrical cards, motors and other small electrical equipment are
maintained within the center itself.
 Maintaining outside the center: machines and equipment that can’t move from place to
place such as overhead cranes, lathe, CNC cutters rolling etc. are maintained outside
the center.
MAINTENANCE TYPES
i. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
Maintenance performed while a machine is still working order to keep it from breaking down. It
includes lubricating, tightening and replacing worn parts.
ii. CORRECTIVE/BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE

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This can be defined as the maintenance which is required when an item has failed or worn out, to
bring it back to working order. It is carried out on all items where the consequences of failure or
wearing out are not significant and the cost of this maintenance is much greater than the
preventive maintenance.
iii. CONDITION-BASED MAINTENANCE
This maintenance is performed after one or more indicators show that the equipment is going to
fail or that equipment performance is deteriorating.
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
 Receiving work order
 Troubleshooting
 Identify the problem
 Repair
2.2.2 RE WINDING THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
PROCEDURES TO REWIND A MOTOR:
 Clean work surface to make sure it is free of dirt.
 Remove the motor housing to reveal the rotor, stator, and the winding.
 Document or record the present configuration by taking the note.
 Concentric winding
 Number of slots(s)
 Number of phase(k)
 Pitch(YS)
 Group(q)
 Pole
 Number of turns
 Wire size
 Remove the wire from the stator
 Rewind the stator wire using the different or the same size and type of wire that was on the
original motor using the rewinder. Insulate the slots with insulation paper.

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 Recreate the exact winding pattern and number of coils around each winding. Any slot can be
chosen as the beginning of the first phase. The distance between the beginning of the phase and
the distance between the ends of the phase must be equal to 120 degrees.
 Cover the slot over the inserted coil with the same paper insulator.
 Bind the winding with binding ropes.
 Insert the terminals into an insulation tube and bring them out to the terminating block on the
motor.
 Use a sharp knife to remove the insulation from the wire at the point where it makes contact
with the tab.
 Check to make sure the winding is continuous and that none of the wires connecting to the
tabs are touching and using insulation tester.
 Fix back the motor to test if it is working properly.
 After making sure that the motor is working properly, remove the rotor from the stator.
 Pour varnish on the winding to bind it allow drying.
 Reassemble the motor housing.
 Checking and testing the re winded motor.

Figure 4 Three phase induction motor

CHECKING AND TESTING MOTOR AFTER REWINDING

Rewinding procedure is the most time consuming part of the whole process of redesigning failed
motor back to functional as it was original. Every part of the motor especially turns and coils
should to insert with insulation paper carefully to the slot as we discussed above on the
procedure.
During and after the rewinding procedure we use different kinds of checking and testing methods
to avoid short circuit, open line and grounding coils of the motor using continuity testing light,
Multi meter and Meager. In addition, after rewinding three phase motor, we always check if the

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three phases have approximately the same resistance values using those materials. We also use
Tachometer to measure the speed of the motor.
Generally, we check continuity and short circuit during each of inserting the coil groups to make
simple and accurate when the finished rewinding since the coils are inserted with their hand and
sometimes hammer to make level the peak of the coil so that the cover and rotor can fit freely.
STAR DELTA (Υ-Δ)
The star delta starting is a very common type of starter and extensively used, compared to the
other types of the starters. This method used reduced supply voltage in starting. The method
achieved low starting current by first connecting the stator winding in star configuration, and
then after the motor reaches a certain speed, throw switch changes the winding arrangements
from star to delta configuration.
By connecting the stator windings, first in star and then in delta, the line current drawn by the
motor at starting is reduced to one-third as compared to starting current with the windings
connected in delta. At the time of starting when the stator windings are start connected, each
stator phase gets voltageVL/ √3 ; where VL is the line voltage. Since the torque developed by an
induction motor is proportional to the square of the applied voltage, star- delta starting reduced
the starting torque to one – third that obtainable by direct delta starting. So this can prevent the
motor from being damaged.
2.2.3 HOW AIR COMPRESSOR WORKS
The overall flow of air compressor from atmospheric air to consumer goes as:

Screw Condensor
Atmospher Sparator Tanker
ic air +
oil

Consumer Filter
Dryer Filter

Figure 5 Overall flow of air in air compressor

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As we have stated on chapter one there are two types of air compressor, called piston and screw
compressor. In MIE screw compressor is used.
Atmospheric air is main input or resource
Oil used as coolant agent, high pressure and lubrication purpose.
Screw compresses air and oil to create pressure.
Separator separates the compressed air and oil due to their density. Oil is the denser one that’s
why it dumps down and air with smaller density floats. Both air and oil here are very hot so they
need to cool down in condenser.
Condenser- uses to condense or cool down air.
Tanker-reserved air and uses to-to have constant flow and uses for
 to separate air from its own moisture
 and uses to cool down air which doesn’t cool down will in the radiator
Filter - use to filter out the moisture and dust particles from air.
Dryer-it dries out the filtered air by sucking moisture from it. Finally, i get the desire pressured
air. The maximum capacity of this air compressor is 10 bars and minimum 8bar.the off time
between max and min (10&8) is called ideal bar time.
2.2.4 POWER HOUSE
Power from ALPA which is three phase Enters to bus bar then passes to oil type breaker, and the
other breaker takes current from generator. If the power from ALPA is off the UPS charging
current is used to energize ATS which starts the generator automatically.

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Figure 6 Power flow in MIE

Bas bar - used to tap voltages

Transformer – step up & step down voltages
ATS – automatic transfer switch, when ALPA shutdown it is used to start the generator
automatically.
UPS- stores energy used to energize the ATS during the time of changing from generator to
ALPA and it is also used as: -
 Voltages regulator
 Full wave rectification.
 Full wave ratification and Dc to Ac convertor
2.3 THE WORK TASKS WE HAVE BEEN EXECUTING
Generally, through our stay in MIE we have gained knowledge of maintenance, problem
identifications and the methods performed to avail the detected component, testing and checking
electrical components, motor rewinding and a lot more.
Besides of this knowledge of maintenance we have been trying to know the short coming of the
machines in MIE. To bring better quality of working operation by adding some modifications we
have been searching for a good solution from our deepest understandings of the working
environment.

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2.4 PROCEDURES THAT SHOULD BE USED WHILE PERFORMING A

WORK TASK
The procedures of our task were going as follows:
 Before starting any practical work, we have to get full information about the
device by asking the personnel/operator or reading manual and searching
from books. Then we can continue doing our task surely.
2.5 CHALLENGES WE HAVE BEEN FACING
Through our stay in MIE there were some challenges we have been facing. Such as:
 we had a problem in reading the manuals
 It was a difficult to know the work flow of the shops.
 we were not familiar with the software PLC.
2.6 ACTIONS WE HAVE BEEN TAKING/ SOLUTIONS
The solutions we took to overcome our challenges:
 Asking the engineers and personnel
 searching and reading books and internet
 Working close with the technicians of the maintenance department.

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CHAPTER THREE
PLC BASED AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Fire accident is the occurrence of uncontrollable burning. It is one of the most harmful accidents
which lead to the destruction of human life, animals, forests, and property. As an engineer’s we
all believe that it might be easy as the great effort of one person or groups to establish
accompany but a little hard to keep it safe if no pre protection system is used. And most of world
companies lose their foundation and get in to bunckrapcey due to fire accident. And we all
loved and decided to work on one automatic fire control and detection system which can save
the companies from been ash. So we have made our focus to design the automatic fire control
system at desire local industry using a programmable logic controller (PLC). The desire
processes have three main stages. The fire detection, notification, and fire protection system.
First of all since, the main goal of the system is to identify the fire accident, so we can detect the
fire in three different forms. These are: heat, flame and smoke. The programmable logic
controller which used in the system identifies the occurrence of fire if one of the three form is
occurred (Heat, smoke, and flame) Before the System analyzes the logical probability we need a
detection system of each three characteristics.The smoke can be detected by different types of
detectors with different characteristics but choose the photo electric beam type smoke detector
for its celling efficiency, reduced number of sensor due to its wide coverage area which in turn
minimize cost. For the heat detector system we choose the rate-of –rise heat detector type
because it is sensitive for rapid change in to and good compensator for normal changes in
ambient temperature that are expected under non fire conditions.The next step after installing the
detection system is to install fire notification system and we can notify the workers the existence
of fire using horns, bells, and LEDs. But notification only might not be enough and there should
be remote annunciation system to be direct the responding emergency department to the fire
location. The last and most determinant part of the system is the automatic fire preventation
system used. While the existence of fire is identified and notified to the workers i do not have to
wait until the emergency workers came and stop the fire. And we can use the deluge fire
sprinkler system for this purpose.

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Figure 7 Fire accident Company overview

3.2 Background
Fire alarm systems have come a long way over time, and they have quite a history in United
State of America. The fire alarm dates back to1658, when New York`s finest deployed to men to
walk around the streets looking for fires, with buckets on ladders and ringing bells to warn the
community. In the 1800s, fire alarm systems became a little more advanced with the placement
of bell toirs around the cities to warn off people about the fire. The fire alarm system progressed
yet again, in 1852 where it reached a new level of technology. Using the telegraph system, two
alarm boxes with telegraphic key are used to report neighbourhood fires. One man would crank
the handle that was attached to the box, releasing the key to send out a message to the central
alarm station. The telegrapher at the central station would then send out the address of the
location to the fire department or to other responsible organizations. By the late 1800s, the
electric fire alarm system was invented. This was the first time a thermostat could detect heat and
trigger the sprinkler system to displace a fire. This was also the birth of fire protection services.
As the protection system grew, so did the technology of fire alarm and detection system. Today,
the neist development of the fire alarm and detection system has been the addressable head.
Before the addressable head, there was an alphanumeric display at the control panel that

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indicated what zone was being affected. With the addressable head, the location can be pin
pointed directly. Plus, it has enhanced diagnostic capabilities as its advantage. If the system gone
down, time is key to restoring fire protection to the building, so the addressable head system is
quicker and more accurate. Science and technology behind fire detection and alarm continues to
improve. The primary purpose for fire detection and alarm is the reduction of loss of life and
property from fire. The modern fire alarm is constantly evolving as the technology around
detection and notification expands. Hoiver, the basic functions of the fire alarm system remain
unchanged. we value the history of fire protection, and we continue to gain knowledge about
these systems to educate and protect others from fire. We are pretty happy that we don’t have to
depend on a few guys with buckets or a bell toir to warn us about fires. We are excited to pave
the way in fire protection, giving you a better, safer option.
3.3 Problem statement (motivation)
At this time the world is facing many killer and danger accidents. Fire accident is one of these
dangerous accidents which have a major contribution of life loss and property damage.
Fires can cause major disasters and loss of lives in buildings such as offices, hotels, shopping
centres, hospitals, schools and homes. Also fires result in property and machine damages in
factories and industries. Such disasters can be avoided if proper fire safety is practiced.
The best prevention is to eliminate fire hazards. But people do not understand or realize the true
nature of fire and what it can do.so many people loss their life and a lot of injured due to fires.
To solve such problem fire detection has a very importance.
3.4 Objective
3.4.1 Main objective
The main objective of this project is to design automatic fire detection system purposely using
PLC (programmable logic controller) as a main processing and controlling unit.
3.4.2 Specific objective
To design automatic heat detection system. This detection system is slower for detection. But it
is useful to inform that the fire is somewhat at serious condition.
 To design automatic smoke detection system that detects the occurrence of smoke
and warns by alerting an alarm signal using a low sensitive smoke sensor. It also takes
an automatic control action to eliminate it.

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To design automatic flame detection system. It is used to sense the existence of flame to
notify by alarming and to take an automatic action such as extinguishing the fire. It has GSM
system which will call to emergency numbers and ambulance if necessary.
3.5 Significance of the project
It has number of significances such as help save lives, protect people and can stop costly
business assets from being destroyed. It automatically calls to the emergency services to
minimize the time it takes for the fire brigade to attend site. Detection of fire at incipient stage
plays very important role as it enables in suppressing the fire by means of the fire fighting
equipments and prevent it from developing in to a major fire. Detectors are arranged in zones so
that the area of fire can be easily identified and can tell you exactly where the problem is. Used
for early warning .This early warning is important to life safety due to an increase evacuation
time for building occupants before a fire spreads out of control, emergency medical help can be
immediately sent out to these in need, and fire department personnel can help people exit the
building safety.
3.6 Scope of the project
This project encompasses developing a ladder diagram based on the input and output of the
project, designing the system to be turned ON and OFF manually and then designing of the fire
detection system. It has three sub detection systems which are designing heat detector, smoke
detector and flame detector using heat sensor, smoke sensor and flame sensor respectively.

3.7 Literature review

The literature review has summerarized a number of studies related to planning and dessign for
fire incidents in underground passenger rail system. The studies focousing on planing and design
for fire and smoke incidents in rail tunnels are asmall subset of the literature on tunnel fire.

3.8 Devices used for Fire Detection

3.8.1 Smoke detectors
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial
security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while
household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or
visual alarm from the detector itself or from a number of detectors if there are multiple smoke

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detectors interlinked.Smoke is produced in the early stages of fire development, often long
before the initiation of rapid flame spread. Smoke detector is a device that detects visible or
invisible particles of combustion. Smoke detection is often considered as a reliable option for
early warning fire detection. Smoke is released from the source of ignition and can travel through
heat-induced buoyancy or forced air flow. Two basic types of smoke detectors are used today:
ionization and photoelectric. The sensing chambers of these detectors use different principles of
operation to sense the visible or invisible particles of combustion given off in developing fires.

3.8.1.1 Ionization smoke detector operation

This type of smoke detector consists of two electrically charged plates and a radioactive source
(typically Americium 241) to ionize the air between the plates. The radioactive source emits
particles that collide with the air molecules and dislodge their electrons. As the molecules lose
electrons, they become positively charged ions. As other molecules gain electrons, they become
negatively charged ions. Equal numbers of positive and negative ions are created. The positively
charged ions are attracted to the negatively charged electrical plate, while the negatively charged
ions are attracted to the positively charged plate. This creates a small ionization current that can
be measured by electronic circuitry connected to the plates (“normal” condition in the detector).
Particles of combustion are much larger than the ionized air molecules. As particles of
combustion enter an ionization chamber, ionized air molecules collide and combine with them.
Some particles become positively charged and some become negatively charged. As these
relatively large particles continue to combine with many other ions, they become recombination
centers, and the total number of ionized particles in the chamber is reduced. This reduction in the
ionized particles results in a decrease in the chamber current that is sensed by electronic circuitry
monitoring the chamber. When the current reduced by a predetermined amount, a threshold is
crossed and an “alarm” condition is established.
Note
 Ionization smoke detectors are usually cheaper to manufacture than optical detectors.
 They may be more prone to false alarms triggered by non-hazardous events than
photoelectric detectors, and have been found to be much slower to respond to typical
house fires.

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Ionization smoke detectors consists of two electrodes and an ionization chamber filled with ions.
When there is no smoke, the ions move freely and the electrodes conduct normally. In the
presence of smoke, the chamber is filled with smoke and interrupts the movement of ions. The
electrodes do not conduct anymore. Depending on the type of sensor and manufacturer, the
conductivity conditions may change but the idea remains the same. Based on the output of the
smoke detector, an alarm system can be implemented.

Limitation
Changes in humidity and atmospheric pressure can affect the chamber current and create an
effect similar to the effect of particles of combustion entering the sensing chamber. To
compensate for the possible effects of humidity and pressure changes, dual ionization chamber
which utilizes two ionization-chambers is used. PLC Based Automatic Fire Detection and
Control System.

Figure 8 Ionization smoke detector

3.8.1.2 Photoelectric smoke detector

Smoke produced by a fire affects the intensity of a light beam passing through air. The smoke
can block or obscure the beam. It can also cause the light to scatter due to reflection off the
smoke particles. Photoelectric smoke detectors are designed to sense smoke by utilizing these
effects of smoke on light.

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.
Figure 9 0ptical smoke detector

Optical smoke detector

1: Optical chamber
2: Cover
3: Case molding
4: Photodiode (transducer)
5: Infrared LED

3.8.1.3 Photoelectric light scattering smoke detector

Most photoelectric smoke detectors operate on the light scattering principle. A light-emitting
diode (LED) is beamed into an area not normally “seen” by a photosensitive element, generally a
photodiode. When smoke particles enter the light path, light strikes the particles and is reflected
onto the photosensitive device causing the detector to respond.

Figure 10 Light scattering smoke detector

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3.8.1.4 Photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector

Another type of photoelectric detector, the light obscuration detector, employs a light source and
a photosensitive receiving device, such as a photodiode. When smoke particles partially block
the light beam, the reduction in light reaching the photosensitive device alters its output. The
change in output is sensed by the detector’s circuitry, and when the threshold is crossed, an
alarm is initiated. Obscuration type detectors are usually of the Light scattering smoke detector
type.

Figure 11 Light obscuring smoke detector

3.8.1.5 Aspiration smoke detector

Fire Alarm Aspiration Sensing Technology ( FAAST) from system sensors – the world leader in
smoke detection technology – is a very sensitive, highly effective aspirating smoke detector
which provides very early Warning type smoke detection in diverse applications. It works as the
same principle as photo-electric smoke detectors.
FAAST aspirating smoke detectors use a pipe network and a fan to draw air from a protected
space in to the detection chamber. It has highly specialized chamber and uses Dual Vision
technology to detect extremely low concentrations of smoke while maintaining a high level of
immunity to non-smoke particulate – enabling Very Early Warning type smoke detection in
harsh and difficult environments. “For early warning detection, there is nothing comparable to
an aspirating system because it actually samples the air continuously. It’s an active system
rather than passively waiting for smoke to arrive.

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Figure 12 Aspirating smoke detector

Performance differences
the ionization detector as best at detecting incipient-stage fires with invisibly small particles,
fast-flaming fires with smaller 0.01-0.4 micron particles, and dark or black smoke, while more
modern photoelectric detectors are best at detecting slow-smoldering fires with larger 0.4–10.0
micron particles, and light-colored white/grey smoke.Photoelectric smoke detectors respond
faster to fire in its early, smouldering stage (before it breaks into flame). The smoke from the
smouldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large combustion particles—between 0.3 and
10.0 µm. Ionization smoke detectors respond faster (typically 30–60 seconds) in the flaming
stage of a fire. The smoke from the flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic
combustion particles between 0.01 and 0.3 µm. Also, ionization detectors are weaker in high air-
flow environments, and because of this, the photoelectric smoke detector is more reliable for
detecting smoke in both the smoldering and flaming stages of a fire.

Obscuration
Obscuration is a unit of measurement that has become the standard way of specifying smoke
detector sensitivity. Obscuration is the effect that smoke has on reducing light intensity,
expressed in percent absorption per unit length; higher concentrations of smoke result in higher
obscuration levels.

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Typical smoke detector obscuration ratings

Detector type Obscuration
Ionization 2.6–5.0% obs/m (0.8–1.5% obs/ft)
Photoelectric 0.70–13.0% obs/m (0.2–4.0% obs/ft)
Aspirating 0.005–20.5% obs/m (0.0015–6.25% obs/ft)

Notes:

To detect the occurrence of smoke, different types of smoke detectors can be used. But themost sensitive
and effective detector should be used. So ionizetion type of smoke detector isused because: it has low
sensitivity.

3.8.2 Flame detector

A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire,
allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can
include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and
activating a fire suppression system. When used in applications such as industrial furnaces, their
role is to provide confirmation that the furnace is working properly; in these cases they take no
direct action beyond notifying the operator or control system. A flame detector can often respond
faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms it uses to detect
the flame.The characteristics of a flame, most useful for its detection, are the electromagnetic
radiation produced by it. Most flame detectors identify flames by so-called optical methods like
ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy and visual flame imaging. They are designed to
detect the absorption of light at specific wavelengths, allowing them to discriminate betien
flames and false alarm sources. There are four primary optical flame sensing technologies in use
today: ultraviolet (UV), ultraviolet/infrared (UV/IR), and multi-spectrum infrared (MSIR), and

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visual flame imaging. They are all based on line-of-sight detection of radiation emitted in the
UV, visible, and IR spectral bands by flames. Technologies may be selected to suit the
requirements of flame monitoring applications, including detection range, response time, and
particular immunity against certain false alarm sources.

3.8.2.1 UV flame detectors

UV detectors respond to radiation in the spectral range of approximately 180-260 nanometers
wave length. They offer quick response and good sensitivity at comparatively short ranges (0 –
50 ft.). Because they are susceptible to arc welding, halogen lamps, and electrical discharges
like lightning, they tend to be sited indoors. Thick, sooty smoke can also cause failures due to
the lowering of the incident UV radiation.
Advantages of UV flame detector

 It has good sensitivity

 It has very quick response.

Limitation of UV flame detector

 Only flames which have UV radiation are detected.

 It has short range of detection i.e. less than 50ft.
 They are susceptible to arc wilding, halogen lamps, and electrical discharges like
lightning.
 Thick, sooty smoke can cause failures due to the lowering of the incident UV radiation.

3.8.2.2 UV/IR flame detectors

When a UV optical sensor is integrated with an IR sensor, a dual band detector is created that is
sensitive to the UV and IR radiation emitted by a flame. The combined UV/IR flame detector
offers increased immunity over the UV detector, operates at moderate speeds of response, and is
suited for both indoor and outdoor use. As with UV detectors, however, the detection range of
these instruments may be reduced by heavy smoke.

3.8.2.3 Multi-spectrum infrared flame detectors (MSIR)

Multi-Spectrum IR flame detectors use multiple infrared spectral regions to further improve
differentiation of flame sources from non-flame background radiation. These flame detectors are
well suited to locations where combustion sources produce smoky fires. They operate at

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moderate speed with a range of up to 200 feet from the flame source both for indoors and
outdoors. These instruments exhibit relatively high immunity to infrared radiation produced by
arc welding, lightning, sunlight, and other hot objects that might be encountered in industrial
backgrounds.

3.8.2.4 Visual flame imaging flame detectors

Visual flame detectors employ standard charged couple device (CCD) image sensors, commonly
used in closed circuit television cameras, and flame detection algorithms to detect the presence
of fires .It uses imaging algorithm process (video imaging) from the CCD array and analyze the
shape and progression to discriminate between flame and non-flame sources. Unlike IR or UV
flame detectors, CCTV visual flame detectors do not depend on emission of products of
combustion to detect fires, and they do not influenced by fire’s radiant intensity. As a result,
they are commonly found in installations where flame detectors are required to discriminate
between process fires and fires resulting from an accidental release of combustible material.
Despite their advantages, visual flame detectors cannot detect flames that are invisible to the
naked eye such as hydrogen flames. Heavy smoke also impairs the detector’s capacity to detect
fire, since visible radiation from the fire is one of the technology’s fundamental parameters.

3.8.3 Heat detectors

Heat detector is a device that detects temperature or rate of temperature rise. They respond when
the detecting element reaches either a predetermined fixed temperature or a specified rate of
temperature rise occurs. There are many different types of sensors available to measure
temperature. The three most common are resistance temperature detectors (RTDs),
thermocouples (TCs), and thermistors. Each of them has specific operating parameters that may
make it a better choice for some applications than other.

3.8.3.1 Thermocouple
Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. It consists of two wire legs made from
different metals. The wires legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. This
junction is where the temperature is measured. When this junction experiences change in
temperature, a voltage is created. The voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple
reference tables to calculate the temperature. So thermocouple is the most commonly used
temperature sensor is the thermocouple. Thermocouples are typically selected because of their

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low cost, high temperature limits, wide temperature ranges, and durable nature. Accuracies are
typically in the range of 1-3% depending on wire alloy consistency and cold junction
accuracies.

Figure 13 Thermocouple

Advantages
 Are self-poired
 Require no external poir supply
 Are extremely rugged
 Can withstand harsh environments.
 Inexpensive compared to RTDs and thermistors and Come in a wide variety of
types with wide temperature ranges
 can have a range from -300 to 2000 Co.

Disadvantages
 They are nonlinear
 Require cold-junction compensation (CJC) for linearization
 The voltage signals are low, typically in the tens to hundreds of microvolts, so
amplifier is needed Require careful techniques to eliminate noise and drift in low-
voltage environments

Types of Thermocouples
There are many types of thermocouples each with its own unique characteristics in terms of
temperature range, durability, variation resistance, and chemical resistance. Type J, K, T, and E

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are “Base metal” thermocouples. Type R, S, and B are “Noble metal” thermocouples which are
used in high temperature applications.

 Type K (Nickel-Chromium/ Nickel-Alumel): Is the most common type of thermo

couple which is inexpensive, accurate, and has wide temperature range.
Temperature range is from -270 to 1260 with accuracy of ±0.75%.
 Type J (Iron /Constantan) thermocouple: It has smaller temperature range and
shorter lifespan at higher temperatures than the type k. Temperature range is from
210 to 760 with accuracy of ±0.75%.
 Type T (Copper/Constantan) Thermocouple: Is very stable thermocouple and is
often used in extremely low temperature applications. Temperature range is from
-270 to 370 with accuracy of ±0.75%.
 Type S (Platinum RHODIUM-10%/Platinum) Thermocouple: Is used in high
temperature applications. Sometimes it is used in low temperature applications
because of its high accuracy and stability. Temperature range is from -50 to 1480
with accuracy of ±0.25%.
 Type R (Platinum rhodium-13%/Platinum) Thermocouple: Is used in higher
temperature applications. It has higher percentage of rhodium than type S making
it more expensive. Temperature range is from -50 to 1480℃ with accuracy
of
±0.25%.
 Type B (Platinum Rhodium-30% /platinum Rhodium-6%) Thermocouple: Type B
thermocouple is used in extremely high temperatures. It maintains a high level of
accuracy and stability at very high temperatures. Temperature range is from 0 to
1800℃ with accuracy of ±0.5%.

3.8.3.2 RTD (RESISTANCE-TEMPRATURE DETECTOR)

One of the most accurate temperature sensors is a resistance temperature detector, or RTD. In
an RTD, the resistance of the device is proportional to temperature. The most common material
for RTDs is platinum. RTDs require an external stimulus, usually a current source, to function
properly.
Advantages

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 They are the most stable

 They are most accurate below 660 °C .
 Have repeatable measurement.

Disadvantage

 They require an external stimulus, usually a current source.

 RTDs in industrial applications are rarely used above 660 °C.
 Compared to thermistors, platinum RTDs are less sensitive to small
temperature changes
 Sloir response time c omparing to thermistors.
 They are expensive.
 A current source is required

Figure 14 types of Different RTDs

3.8.3.3 Thermistors
Thermistor is a semi-conductor device. It is a type of resistor whose resistance varies
significantly with temperature. Thermistors are of two opposite fundamental types. These are:
 Negative temperature coefficient thermistor: In which resistance decreases with
increasing temperature.
 Positive temperature coefficient thermistor: In which resistance increases with
increasing temperature.

Thermistor offers higher sensitivity than RTDs, meaning that the thermistor resistance will
change much more in response to temperature changes than an RTD. Most thermistors have a

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negative temperature coefficient, meaning that the resistance decreases when the temperature
increases. The materials in thermistors are ceramic or polymers.
Advantages
 They have fast response time.
 They can respond to temperature changes quickly.
 Have greater precision with in a limited temperature range, typically from -90 to
130 celcious.
 More sensitive than RTDs and Thermocouple

Disadvantages

 They have a limited temperature range.

 They are non -linear.
 They are not as rugged as TCs and RTDs.

3.9 Devices used for Fire Notification

The main aim of automatic fire and smoke alarm system is to save workers life, so the first
action taken by the system should be notify workers that fire is exist around there. There are
many types of fire notification methods.

3.9.1 LIGHT EMITING DIODES (LEDs)

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit visible light when an electric
current passes through them. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are
increasingly used for other lighting. The first visible-light LEDs ware of low intensity, and
limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wave
lengths, with high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. The color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including

 lower energy consumption

 longer lifetime
 improved physical robustness

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 smaller size, and faster switching

Figure 15 LED

Types of LEDs
There are a number of major types of LEDS which are available and being developed.
I. Traditional Inorganic LEDs
These types of LEDs are the traditional form of diodes that have been available since 1960s.
These are manufactured from inorganic materials. Some of the widely used are compound
semiconductors such as Aluminum gallium arsenide, Gallium arsenide phosphide, and many
more.

ii. Organic LEDs

Organic LEDs (OLEDs) are a development of the basic idea for the light emitting diode. These
types of LEDs use organic materials which are manufactured in sheets and provide diffuse area
of light. OLEDs are being used in many applications from television set screens, and computer
monitors, along with other small, portable system screens such as mobile smartphones to

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watches, advertising information, and indication. Currently OLEDs emit less light than
inorganic LEDs, but their flexibility made them to be used in a much greater number of
applications.

iii. High brightness LEDs

High brightness LEDs (HBLEDs) are type of inorganic LEDs that are starting to be used for
lighting application. These types of LEDs are essentially the same as the basic inorganic LEDs,
but have a much greater light output. To generate the higher light output, they require to be able
to handle much higher current levels and power dissipation.

There are many applications of the LED and some of them are explained below.
 LED is used as a bulb in the homes and industries
 The light emitting diodes are used in the motorcycles and cars
 These are used in the mobile phones to display the message
 At the traffic light signals led’s are used

3.9.2 Horns
Horns are provided for applications that require louder or more distinctive signals, or both. Horns
are usually of the continuous vibrating or electronic type and may be used to provide either
coded of non-coded audible alarm signals. we have used 7 horns at workshop to notify the
workers as there is fire in side.

3.9.3 Electric Bell

Electric bell is a small electrical device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy in
the form of sound. It is typically designed on low voltages of from10v to 24v AC or DC. It
functions by the means of an electromagnet. When an electric current is applied, it produces a
repetitive buzzing or clanging sound. Bells may be used for fire alarm signals where their sound
is distinctive and will not be confused with similar audible signals used for other purposes.

3.9.4 GSM System

GSM stands for global system for mobile communications. It’s a set of standards specifying the
infrastructure for a digital cellular service. This GSM system has so many applications. It is used

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for automatic calling system during accidents like fire accident; car accident etc.it is very helpful
to notify the fire department during fire hazards and calling ambulance. It has two modules.
 GPS (global positioning system) module.
 GSM module.

The GPS module provides the location of the accident (latitude and longitude) and gives the
information to GSM module. The GSM module receives message signal from the GPS module
and sends this information to the control unit whose GSM number is already there in the module
as emergency number.

3.10 Devices used for Fire prevention

Fire is a chemical reaction that requires three elements to be present for the reaction to take
place and continue. The three elements are: Heat, or an ignition source, Fuel and Oxygen These
three elements typically are referred to as the “fire triangle.” Fire is the result of the reaction
between the fuel and oxygen in the air. Scientists developed the concept of a fire triangle to aid
in understanding of the cause of fires and how they can be prevented and extinguished. Heat,
fuel and oxygen must combine in a precise way for a fire to start andcontinue to burn. If one
element of the fire triangle is not present or removed, fire will nostart or, if already burning, will
extinguish. Ignition sources can include anymaterial,equipment or operation that emits a spark
or flame. including obvious items, such as torches, as well as less obvious items, such as static
electricity and grinding operations. Equipment or components that radiate heat, such
askettles,catalytic converters and mufflers,also can be ignition sources. Fuel sources include
combustible materials, such as wood, paper, trash and clothing; flammable liquids, such as
gasoline or solvents; and flammable gases, such as propane or natural gas. Oxygen in the fire
triangle comes from the air in the atmosphere. fuel to The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) requires employers to implement fire protection and prevention
programs in the workplace.The regulations that apply to fire protection and prevention can be
found mainly in the construction standards, though the requirement for a fire prevention
program. there is a list of fire safety work practices addressing many fire hazards found in the
roofing workplace, including field operations and shop activities. Contractors should review the
elements of the list most applicable to their companies’ operations and consider including them
in their companies’ health and safety program. When we are thinking about automatic fire

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prevention system the first thing that will come to mind is sprinkler. A fire sprinkler system is
an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate
pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are
connected.
Other prevention methods are dry chemical and carbon dioxide but they are expensive and non-
reliable we will focus on sprinkler system.When we are thinking about automatic fire prevention
system the first thing that will come to mind is sprinkler. A fire sprinkler system is an active fire
protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow
rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Other
prevention methods are dry chemical and carbon dioxide but they are expensive and non-reliable
we will focus on sprinkler system.

3.10.1 Fire sprinkler system

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply
system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto
which fire sprinklers are connected. Foam systems uses a mixture of water and a low expansion
foam concentrate to extinguish fires in buildings. The fire pump distributes the water & foam
mixture via the pipe-system and discharges the foam spray via the foam sprinkler heads. The
foam systems are connected to a water supply through a valve that is opened by the operation
of a smoke or heat detection system. The foam is injected in the pipe, after the fire-pump, from
a foam bladder tank to allow it to be mixed with the water. Very efficient for high profile fire in
factories, and big industries.
How they work
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or a two-part
metal link held together with fusible alloy. The glass bulb or link applies pressure to a pipe cap
which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient temperature around the
sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the individual sprinkler head. In a standard
wet-pipe sprinkler system, each sprinkler activates independently when the predetermined heat
level is reached. Thus, only sprinklers near the fire will operate, normally just one or two. This
maximizes water pressure over the point of fire origin, and minimizes water damage to the
building.

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Types of sprinklers

I. wet pipe systems

By a wide margin, it pipes sprinkler systems are installed more often than all other types of fire
sprinkler systems. They also are the most reliable, because they are simple, with the only
operating components being the automatic sprinklers and (commonly, but not always) the
automatic alarm check valve. An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to the
system piping. This type of system is the most common and is typically the easiest to design,
install, and maintain. Wet-pipe systems contain water under pressure in the overhead piping at all
times and utilize a series of closed sprinklers. When a fire occurs and produces a sufficient
amount of heat to activate one or more sprinkler heads, water immediately discharges from the
affected sprinkler(s). Wet-pipe systems should always be the first choice because they are more
inherently reliable and less costly to maintain. However, wet-pipe systems should never be
considered for installation when temperatures to which the system could be exposed fall below
40 degrees F.

ii. Dry pipe systems

Dry pipe systems are installed in spaces in which the ambient temperature may be cold enough to
freeze the water in its pipe system. Water is not present in the piping until the system operates.
The piping is filled with air below the water supply pressure. When one or more of the automatic
sprinklers is exposed, for a sufficient time, to a temperature at or above the temperature rating, it
opens, allowing the air in the piping to vent from that sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates
individually. These systems should be used only when the piping network will be exposed to
temperatures below 40 degrees F.The sprinkler system piping does not contain any water. It is
charged with air (and occasionally nitrogen) under pressure. These systems use a dry-pipe valve
that holds back the water supply and serves as the water/air interface. Most listed/approved dry-
pipe valves act on a pressure differential principle, in which the surface area of the valve face on
the airside is greater than the surface area on the waterside. When a fire occurs and a sufficient
amount of heat is generated, one or more sprinklers operate, causing the air in the piping to

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escape, causing the system air pressure to drop. Once the air pressure falls below a
predetermined level, the dry-pipe valve opens, allowing water to flow through the system to the
open sprinkler(s).

iii. Deluge systems

"Deluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are
open, in that the heat sensing operating element is removed, or specifically designed as such.
These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a
simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard. Water is not present in the piping until
the system operates. Because the sprinkler orifices are open, the piping is at atmospheric
pressure. To prevent the water supply pressure from forcing water in to the piping. A deluge
valve is used in the water supply connection, which is a mechanically latched valve. Because the
heat sensing elements present in the automatic sprinklers have been removed (resulting in open
sprinklers), the deluge valve must be opened as signaled by a fire alarm system. The type of fire
alarm initiating device is selected mainly based on the hazard (e.g., smoke detectors, heat
detectors, or optical flame detectors). The initiation device signals the fire alarm panel, which in
turn signals the deluge valve to open. Note- The reason why i choose deluge sprinkler over the
other sprinklers is that, the other sprinklers are highly heat sensitive and can operate by
themselves by considering only the heat possibility out of the controller decision. But deluge
sprinkler operates only under the decision of the controller. Operation - Activation of a fire alarm
initiating device, signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open,
allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flows from all sprinklers simultaneously.
3.10.2 Fire extinguisher
Fire extinguisher is used to extinguish the burning fire. The type of extinguisher must be
chosen correctly based on the type of fire that can be arising. If flame is detected by the flame
detector an automatic action is taken to stop the fire using the extinguisher. The extinguisher
automatically on after the flame detector activated.
Class of Fires

 Class A: Ordinary combustibles, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, many plastics, and
other common materials that burn easily.

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 Class B: Flammable liquids. Includes gasoline, oil, grease, tar, oil-based paint, lacquer,
and flammable gas.
 Class C: Electrical equipment, such as wiring, fuse boxes, circuit breakers, machinery
and appliances.
 Class D: Combustible metals. Includes magnesium, aluminum, lithium, and other
combustible metals or metal dust.

Types of Fire Extinguishers

 Water extinguisher: The cheapest and most widely used fire extinguisher. This
extinguisher is suitable for use on Class A fires only (ordinary combustibles).Not used for
the other class of fires.
 Foam fire extinguisher: More expensive than water extinguisher, but more versatile.
Used for class A and B fires. Foam spray extinguisher is not recommended for fires
involving electricity, but is safer than water if sprayed.
 Dray powder fire extinguisher: Often termed the multi-purpose extinguisher, as it can
be used on classes A, B, and C fires.
 CO2 extinguisher: Carbon dioxide is an ideal for fires involving electrical apparatus
and for class B liquid fires.
 Extinguisher for metal fires: Is a special extinguisher used for class D fires

3.11 What is PLC?

PLC is an industrial computer used to monitor inputs and the decisions are made based on its
program or logic, to control (turn on/off) its outputs to automate a machine or a process. PLC is a
digital operating electronics system, designed for use in an industrial environment, which use
programmable memory for the internal storage of user oriented instruction for implementing
specific functions. Both the PC and its associated peripherals are designed so that they can be
easily integrated into an industrial control system and easily used in all their intended functions."
The first Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was developed to replace complex relay control
systems. PLC is the replacement of conventional control system such as electromagnetic relay,
timer, counter etc. basically a PLC operates by examining the input signals connected from the
process and carried out logical instruction on this input signal and then it produces output to a

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drive process, equipment or machinery. Standard interface uses in PLC, allow them to directly
connect to the process transducers or actuator without intermediate circuitry or relay.In
traditional industrial control system, control devices are wired directly to each other according
how the system is supposed to operate. In a PLC system, hoiver the PLC replaces the wiring
betien the devices these instead of being wired directly to each other, all equipment is wired to
the PLC then the control program inside the PLC provides the wring connection betien the
devices.A computer used to control equipment in industrial facility the kind of equipment that
PLC can control are as varied as industrial facility they Conveyor system, food processing
machinery, auto assembly lines you name it and there is probably a PLC out there controlling it
A programmable logic controller (PLC) ,also referred to as a programmable controller, is the
name given to a type computer commonly used in commercial and industrial control applications
.PLC differs from office computers in the types of tasks that they perform and the hard ware and
software they require performing these tasks .

Basic parts of the PLC

Basic components (part) of PLC are as follows:
 Processor (CPU)
 Memory
 Input/output module
 Programming Devices
 Power supply

Figure 16 Basic parts of the PLC

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3.11.1 Input modules

Accepts a variety of digital or analog signals from various field devices (sensors) and converts
them into a logic signal that can be used by the CPU. Switches or sensor are connected to an
input module that provides the interface betien the switches or sensors and the PLC. Input
module circuits have opto-isolators to protect the internal PLC.

3.11.2 The power supply

The poir supply is the section that provides the PLC with the voltage and current it needs to
operate. Poir supply module converts available poir to dc poir at the level(s) required by the CPU
and I/O module internal circuitry. Some PLC controllers have electrical supply as a separate
module, while small and medium series already contain the supply module, depending on models
of PLC. Poir supply modules may be connected to the bus or may have to be wired to the CPU
module in modular PLC systems.

3.11.3 Central processing unit (CPU)

The function of the CPU is to control the operation of memory and I/O devices and to process
data according to the program or in other words, makes decisions and executes control
instructions based on program instructions in memory. It is responsible for reading inputs,
executing the control program, and updating outputs. It is always referred to as the processor
consists of the arithmetic logic unit, timing, program counter, address stack, and instruction
registers.

3.11.4 Memory
The memory of a PLC basically consists of Read Only Memory (ROM) ; Permanent storage for
the operating system and the fixed data used by the CPU and Random Access Memory (RAM);
stores data/information on the status of input and output devices and the values of timers and
counters and other internal devices. The PLC program is a high-level program which is written in
Ladder Diagram. Then, the Ladder Diagram is converted into binary instruction codes so that
they can be stored in RAM or Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM). Each
successive instruction is decoded and executed by the CPU. The PLC memory is organized into
three regions: input image memory (I), output image memory (Q), and internal memory (M). The
PLC program uses a cyclic scan in the main program loop such that periodic checks are made to
the input variables. The program loop starts by scanning the inputs to the system and storing

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their states in fixed memory locations (I). The PLC program is then executed rung-by-rung.
Scanning the program and solving the logic of the various rungs determine the output states. The
updated output states are stored in fixed memory locations (Q).

3.11.5 Processor
 The principle function of the processor is to command and govern the activities of
the entire system. It performs this function by interpreting and executing a
collection of system programs known as executive.
 By executing the executive, the processor can perform all of its control,
processing, communication, and other housekeeping function.
 Executive performs the communications betien the PLC system and the user via
the programming device.
 It also supports other peripheral communications, such as:
 Monitoring field devices
 Reading diagnostic data form, the poir supply, I/O modules and the memory and
 Communicating with operator interface.

3.11.6 Output module

Convert control instructions from the CPU into a digital or analog signal that can be used to
control various field devices (actuators). Output module forms the interface by which output
field devices are connected to the PLC. Output modules can be used for devices such as
solenoids, relays, contactors, pilot lamps and led readouts. Output cards usually have 6 to 32
output points on a single module. Output cards, like input cards, have electrically isolation betien
the load being connected and the PLC.

3.11.7 Communications in PLC

There are several methods how a PLC can communicate with the programmer, or even with
another PLC. PLCs usually built in communication ports for at least RS232, and optionally for
RS 485, and Ethernet.

3.11.8 PLC advantages

 less wiring
 Increased Reliability
 Flexible

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 Solide state-no moving part

 Sophisticated instruction set available
 Faster Response
 easily programmed
 Have an easily understood programming language
 Remote control capability
 Communication Capability

3.11.9 PLC disadvantages

 When a problem occurs, hold-up time is long.
 In contrast to microcontroller systems that have what is called an open architecture, Most
PLCs manufacturers offer only closed architectures for their products.
 PLC devices are proprietary, which means that parts and software from one manufacturer
can’t easily be used in combination with parts of another manufacturer, which limits the
design and cost options.

3.11.10 Programming in PLC

A program consists of one more instructions that accomplish a task. Programming a PLC is
simply constructing a set of instructions. There are several ways of programming for PLC.
 Ladder logic diagram
 Functional block diagram
 Boolean logic diagram
 Statement list etc.

3.11.11 Ladder logic diagram

Ladder logic diagram is one programming language used with PLC. And also graphical language
derived from the circuitry diagram of directly wired relay controls. Ladder diagram contains
contact rails are connected to switching elements (NO, NC) via current path and coil elements.

3.12 METHODOLOGY
The following steps are mainly followed during doing our project:
 Read and study literature review related to our project
 Information gathering and organization

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 Proper selection of materials and sensors to our project

 Designing PLC based controller for the system
 sitimulate the results

PLC
INPUT OUT PUT

Figure 17 Shorthand representation for block diagram

3.13 General block diagram of the system
Buzzer

LED(yellow)
HEAT detector

LED

PLC
Fire
Bel
SMOKE DETECTORE

LED(red)

Faom extinguie

FLAM
DETECTORE Horn

GSM system

Fire extinguishr

Figure 18 General block diagram of the system

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3.14 General flow chart of our project

Figure 19 General flow chart of our project

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3.15 System design

In this section we are going to see the ladder diagram PLC (v8 logo) based on authomatic fire
control. In addition we will discuss about all inputs and outputs with their explanation.
Ladder diagram of authomatic fire control.
3.15.1 Heat Detection Ladder Diagram
One heat sensor (thermocouple) is used to detect heat. If heat is detected, then we have sound
signal output through the buzzer and light output from the LED which emits yellow color. The
sprinkler is also activated to spray the pressurized chemical stored inside it so as to cool down
the heated machine or object.

Figure 19 ladder diagram of heat detecting system with operating

coil

I1 is a start button that is used for switching on the supply. I2 is stop button used for stopping
the overall system. when I1 is pressed it becomes on. Q1 is operator coil that is used to keep
power to the three sensors even if I1 is off. I5 is the heat sensor and if it detects heat then, Q2
Q3 and Q4 are activated.

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3.15.2 Smoke Detection Ladder Diagram

In our smoke detector design, we have used one smoke sensor (FAAST). The function of this
sensor is to detect smoke and to inform people by providing sound signal through the bell. the
LED which emits red color is used as indication of smoke detection. The foam extinguisher is
also activated to suppress arising of fire if the control action in heat detection is unsuccessful.

Figure 20 Ladder diagram of smoke detect system

Q1 is an energized. I6 is stop button used for stopping the system. When the start buttom of the
system is pressed it becomes on. Q1 is operator coil that is used to keep power to the three
sensors if I1 is on. I7 is the smoke sensor and detects smoke then, Q5 Q6 and Q7 are activated.

3.15.3 Flame Detection Lader Diagram

One flame sensor is used for the detection of flame. When flame is detected, then there is louder
sound output signal through the horn. Our main supply system will be turned off by the means of
relay or contactor. Using the GSM system information about the fire will be sent to the
firefighting department and other responsible organizations. Automatic fire extinguisher is also
activated to put off the fire.

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Figure 21 Ladder diagram of flame detecting system

Q1 is an energized. I8 is stop button used for stopping the system. When the start buttom is
pressed it becomes on. Q1 is operator coil that is used to keep power to the three sensors. I9 is
flame sensor. Then if I9 detects flame then, Q8 Q9 and Q10 are activated .
We have programmed our system using ladder PLC programing by combining the three ladder
diagrams discussed above simulate the program. After simulating it we make sure that the
system works and the result was as shown in the figure below

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Figure 22 Simulation
3.15.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT ADDRESS
Table 1 Input module addressing and their comment of automatic FIRE CONTROL
System.

Name Address Comment

Start I1
Start push button for starting
the

whole system

Stop I2 Stop push button for stopping the whole

system
Heat detector 1 I5 This detector uses to detect heat and
activate fire notification and prevention
system.
Smoke detector 1 I7 This detector uses to detect smoke and
activate fire notification and prevention
system.
Flame Detector 1 I9 This detector uses to detect flame and to
activate fire notification and prevention
system.

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Table 2 output module addressing and their function of automatic

fire control System

Name Address Comment

System operator coil Q1 This coil controls the whole system when it is
activated.

Buzer on Q2 Provides sound signal as heat is detected

indicates that heat has been detected
Led(yellow) on Q3
Indicates that heat has been detected

Sprinkler on Q4 Sprays chemical to cool the system when heat is

detected
Bell on Q5
Provides louder sound after smoke is

detected

Led(red) on Q6 Indicates the presence of smoke

Foam extingush Q7 Used to suppress the arising of fire
Horn on Q8 Provides a high power sound signal to inform the
Occurrence of flame or fire accident
GSM activated Q9 Used as automatic dialler to send information to
the fire fighting department
Fair Extingushier Q10 Used to put out the fire as flame is detected

3.16 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3.16.1 CONCLUSION
From our project we can conclude that an automatic fire control system has a vital role to reduce
fire destruction and to save the great human life in industries like mesfin industrial engineering.
We have discussed automatic fire, heat and smoke alarm system and its components including

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detection devices, notification devices and preventation devices. We also discussed about
application of detectors and we explain how each detector works and where it is use. As we
have seen when fire is detected in the sections the PLC will get input, and it make decision
(activate the outputs) to prevent fire accident. And it is better that local industries should use
this technology to allow the workers to perform their job safely without any fire accident.

3.16.2 RECOMMENDATION
 The sound from the alarm signals (buzzer, bell and horn) will continue until the sensors
are deactivated. So timers are required to limit for how long the alarm outputs are on
based on the need of users. and we will recomonded to do the automatic fire detection.

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CHAPTER FOUR
OVERALL BENEFIT GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP
4.1 What is an internship?
An internship is an opportunity to apply the knowledge you’ve gained from your academic
studies in a practical, workplace setting. Internships may be part of a formal internship program,
but many students create their own internships. All internship experiences should provide
exposure to an occupation, industry or career field, have a clear purpose/focus, and a specific
project for you to complete.
4.2 UPGRADING PRACTICAL SKILLS
During the intern the most beneficiary thing is that upgrading of practical knowledge that we
earned their theoretical in the class. Most of the courses that we had earned theoretically are
highly applicable in what we have been working in, and so we have got a chance to relate the
theory with practical knowledge. we almost saw the practical aspects of the courses and their
application in real work. The practical skills that we gained during the intern are maintaining and
operate the machines, rewind motor coil etc.
4.3 UPGRADING THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
The contribution of the internship program is not only for practical also it upgrades our
theoretical knowledge. And it increases the ability to apply systematic design procedure to open
ended problem. And how to analyses something technically. So it upgrades our theoretical
knowledge the same as the practical one. Also Internship memorizes the important conceptual
theoretical parts that have learned. Among the important ones that the internship upgrades our
theoretical parts includes:
 Understanding the wiring diagram of machines.
 The power distribution of the company.
 The operation of different electric devices.
INDUSTRIAL PROBLEM SOLVING
CAPABILITY
This capability is very important for us to have good knowledge about the organization
situation, used to know where and when the problem is happened and how it can be solved with
in short time. So we develop such skills in a good manner.

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4.4 IMPROVING INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

This skill is very important for every person to smooth the relation between the co-workers. Due
to this reason we develop such skills in a good manner like: -
 The ability to speak clearly and confidentially.
 The ability to listen and understand others (co-workers).
 The ability giving a solution for a problem.
So as exact implementation of this skill it will provide the worker to have good interpersonal
skill and resulting good output in the experience of technical job.
4.5 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILLS
Among the most important skills that we developed during the intern are our communication
and working together /team sprit/ skill. In the company all of the workers’ are sociable. Most of
the time we discussed about the works and other related issues wisely. During the internship
there were many job responsibilities that we have been done with the worker’s. So we have
learned the following points from them: -
 Listening the idea of others whatever it is.
 Be patient and wise and respect fullness of the voice of others.
 Open minded to other point of view.
 Able to share information freely.
 Able to be an optimistic and attractive person.
 Able to celebrate the successes and learn the setbacks.
 Focus on the positive and take the negative in stride not let them down.
 Understand complain of others and make sure that the
communication channel flow is free.
4.6 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILLS
As we are being a trainer the tasks assigned to us are not much leadership. We are at the bottom
or near the bottom of the organizational ladder being a trainer especially at the time when we
enter to the company. But we have learnt that the way how the planers lead the respective teams,
for men leads its co-workers and the like at work place.
Generally, we have noticed the following important points from the leaders
 Ability to encourage and motivate workers to do their best

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 The ability to communicate with all workers without any force

 The ability to listen problems and focus on its solution
 As leader to have clear and defined goals missions and vision.
 Be willing to admit and learn from failures and weaknesses.
4.7 WORK ETHICS
The benefit of the internship program was interesting in improving ethical work habit. Although
it is difficult to memorize all benefits that are gained about work ethics, it is important to
mention the following:
 Learning and respecting of any work tasks that were important in order to do those
tasks effectively & efficiently.
 Be on time at work and leave work by the right time (punctuality)
 Be responsible in analyzing and interpreting gathering of data
 Being loyal and honest when doing judgments on the issues of: -
 Cost vs. benefit analyzing
 Safety
 Quality and Quantity when doing any proje
4.8 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
It is clear that all graduates cannot be employed in government and nongovernmental company
(organization). Hence it is very important to be a job creator to reduce unemployment. Internship
plays a great role for improving our entrepreneurship skills in multidirectional ways.
Among these ways some of that we have gained benefits includes: -
 Increases our attitude to be creative and innovative through practical knowledge
 How to organize and control resources to ensure the profit for our business
 The way how to manage and own our business
 How to identify new products (services) opportunities
 Allows too willing to take calculated risks is risk eliminates
 Desire for immediate feed back

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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
This internship was more than we expected it was successful and we got what we have to get
from our internship. It was full of practical work tasks with experienced Engineers and
Technicians of Mesfin Industrial engineering (MIE) employers.
Generally, we can observe that practical work is more simple and interesting than theoretical and
if we can relate them together the result will be perfect. The newly implanted internship program
visualize real work after graduation for the student and for the company staffs to check their
company’s status regarding human resource management, productivity, interaction with the other
companies etc. This is very useful in terms of improving our practical skills, theoretical
knowledge, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills, work
ethics, and entrepreneurship skills.
This internship program is very useful for us, because during our previous semesters in the
university we were more focused on theory area than practical area; the program helped us to
see what is look like our department/focus area on the practical job area.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
We have some suggestions to recommend the company which we think the basic things that it
should give cares are listed as follows.
 The power distribution is not clear, its right path and its follows therefore this should
be corrected.
 Load calculation and selection of protective devices (breakers and fuses) are not proper.
 The manuals of the machines should be kept properly and at the appropriate place.
 The company should provide enough safety materials and computers to the trainers.
 The company should give skill gap training to the operators.
 The company has low power factor. So power factor correction has to be done in order
to eliminate voltage drop and penalty fee.
 It is better to produce CO2 for welding in the company so as to be more profitable
and for easy access.

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 The coil rewinding process in the IMC department is manual. This should be
replaced with automatic winding machine.
 The control pendants of overhead cranes hang from the hoist. Operators are often in
the wrong place to safely and efficiently operate the crane. This control pendant can be
replaced by remote controlled pendants. As a result, it could help the crane operator to
avoid obstacles or untangle cords.
 Most of lathe machines are manually operated due to that there will be: wastage of time,
problem on the efficiency of the product, error and high human power is needed. In
order to reduce these problems, the machineries should be changed by automatic
machineries.

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Reference
1. Mesfin industrial engineering manuals
2. Allen. And Molina, R., “Warehouse Sprinkler Design Configurations not covered by
NFPA 13, Fire Protection Engineering, 29, 2006, pp.16-18
3. Beyler, C., “A Design Method for Flaming Fire Detection,” Fire Technology, 20 (4),
1984, pp. 9–16.
4. Fang J. et al., “An Experimental Evaluation about Multiple Fire Detectors in a High
Large Volume Space,” 14th International Conference on Automatic Fire Detection,
2009.pp 45-98
5. Fire Detection Sensors and Alarm Systems, Handbook of Utilities and Services for
Buildings. C. Harris, Editor. New York: McGraw-Hill, Chapter 38. (1990). Pp. 44-52.
6. Fire Protection Research Foundation, “Storage Fixed Fire Protection and Final
Extinguishment,” Core Planning Meeting, Sheraton Braintree, MA, USA, January 2009.
pp. 273-290.
7. Guide for Application of System Smoke Detectors, National Electrical Manufacturers
Association (NEMA), 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209 (1997).
Pp. 25-34.
8. NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, 2010 Edition, National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, MA. Pp. 403-411.
9. Zalosh, R.G., Industrial Fire Protection Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex,
England, 2003. pp. 43-58.

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