Name : Februsaint F Millamena
Section: BSMT1B
1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Condition: Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup.
Risk Factors: High cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history.
Clinical Manifestations: Chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, heart attack.
Pathophysiology: Plaque buildup in the coronary arteries reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to ischemia and potential
myocardial infarction.
Treatment: Lifestyle changes, medications (statins, beta-blockers, nitrates), angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
2. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Condition: Persistent elevation of blood pressure in the arteries.
Risk Factors: Age, genetics, obesity, high salt intake, alcohol consumption, stress, lack of physical activity.
Clinical Manifestations: Often asymptomatic; severe cases may cause headaches, dizziness, nosebleeds.
Pathophysiology: Increased arterial pressure damages blood vessels and organs over time, leading to complications like heart
disease, stroke, and kidney failure.
Treatment: Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise), antihypertensive medications (ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta-blockers).
3. Heart Failure
Condition: The heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.
Risk Factors: CAD, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, previous heart attacks, valvular heart disease.
Clinical Manifestations: Shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen legs, rapid heartbeat, persistent cough.
Pathophysiology: Weakened heart muscle or stiffening of the heart walls leads to inadequate blood flow and fluid buildup in the
lungs and other tissues.
Treatment: Lifestyle changes, medications (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics), devices (pacemakers, defibrillators), heart
transplant in severe cases.
4. Arrhythmia
Condition: Abnormal heart rhythm, which can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
Risk Factors: CAD, heart failure, electrolyte imbalances, drug abuse, stress, congenital heart defects.
Clinical Manifestations: Palpitations, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, chest pain.
Pathophysiology: Disruptions in the heart’s electrical signals cause irregular heartbeats, which can affect blood flow and lead to
complications like stroke or heart failure.
Treatment: Medications (antiarrhythmics, beta-blockers), lifestyle changes, catheter ablation, pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-
defibrillators (ICDs).
5. Stroke
Condition: Interruption of blood supply to the brain, leading to brain cell death.
Risk Factors: Hypertension, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation, obesity, sedentary lifestyle.
Clinical Manifestations: Sudden numbness or weakness (especially on one side of the body), confusion, trouble speaking or
understanding, vision problems, severe headache.
Pathophysiology: Blockage (ischemic stroke) or rupture (hemorrhagic stroke) of blood vessels in the brain leads to tissue damage
and loss of function in affected areas.
Treatment: Immediate medical intervention (clot-busting drugs for ischemic stroke, surgery for hemorrhagic stroke), rehabilitation
(physical, occupational, speech therapy), medications to manage risk factors.
Source:
1 bing.com
2 my.clevelandclinic.org
3 medicalnewstoday.com
4 microsoftstart.msn.com
