Ivo Andrić

Ivo Andrić (Serbian Cyrillic: Иво Андрић, pronounced

[ǐːʋo ǎːndritɕ]; born Ivan Andrić; 9 October 1892 – Ivo Andrić
13 March 1975) was a Yugoslav[a] novelist, poet and
short story writer who won the Nobel Prize in
Literature in 1961. His writings dealt mainly with life
in his native Bosnia under Ottoman rule.

Born in Travnik in Austria-Hungary, modern-day

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Andrić attended high school
in Sarajevo, where he became an active member of
several South Slav national youth organizations.
Following the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand in June 1914, Andrić was arrested and
imprisoned by the Austro-Hungarian police, who
suspected his involvement in the plot. As the
authorities were unable to build a strong case against Andrić in 1961
him, he spent much of the war under house arrest, only Born Ivan Andrić
being released following a general amnesty for such 9 October 1892
cases in July 1917. After the war, he studied South Dolac, Condominium of Bosnia
Slavic history and literature at universities in Zagreb and Herzegovina, Austria-
and Graz, eventually attaining his PhD. in Graz in Hungary
1924. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Died 13 March 1975 (aged 82)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1920 to 1923 and again Belgrade, SR Serbia,
from 1924 to 1941. In 1939, he became Yugoslavia's SFR Yugoslavia
ambassador to Germany, but his tenure ended in April Resting Belgrade New Cemetery
1941 with the German-led invasion of his country. place
Shortly after the invasion, Andrić returned to German- Occupation Writer, diplomat, politician
occupied Belgrade. He lived quietly in a friend's Language Serbo-Croatian
apartment for the duration of World War II, in Nationality Yugoslav
conditions likened by some biographers to house Alma mater University of Zagreb
arrest, and wrote some of his most important works,
University of Vienna
including Na Drini ćuprija (The Bridge on the Drina).
Jagiellonian University
Following the war, Andrić was named to a number of University of Graz
ceremonial posts in Yugoslavia, which had since come Years active 1911–1974
under communist rule. In 1961, the Nobel Committee
Notable The Bridge on the Drina (1945)
awarded him the Nobel Prize in Literature, selecting work
(among other works)
him over writers such as J. R. R. Tolkien, Robert Frost,
John Steinbeck and E. M. Forster. The Committee Notable Grand Officer of the Legion of
awards Honour (1937)
cited "the epic force with which he ... traced themes
and depicted human destinies drawn from his country's
history". Afterwards, Andrić's works found an Order of the German Eagle
international audience and were translated into a (1939)
number of languages. In subsequent years, he received Nobel Prize in Literature
a number of awards in his native country. Andrić's (1961)
health declined substantially in late 1974 and he died Order of the Hero of Socialist
in Belgrade the following March. Labour (1972)
Spouse Milica Babić
In the years following Andrić's death, the Belgrade ​​(m. 1958; died 1968)​
apartment where he spent much of World War II was
Signature
converted into a museum and a nearby street corner
was named in his honour. A number of other cities in
the former Yugoslavia also have streets bearing his
name. In 2012, filmmaker Emir Kusturica began
construction of an ethno-town in eastern Bosnia that is Website
named after Andrić. As Yugoslavia's only Nobel Prize- ivoandric.org.rs (http://ivoandric.org.rs)
winning writer, Andrić was well known and respected
in his native country during his lifetime. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, beginning in the 1950s and
continuing past the breakup of Yugoslavia, his works have been disparaged by Bosniak literary critics for
their supposed anti-Muslim bias. In Croatia, his works had occasionally been blacklisted following
Yugoslavia's dissolution in the 1990s, but were rehabilitated by the literary community. He is highly
regarded in Serbia for his contributions to Serbian literature.

Early life

Family
Ivan Andrić[b] was born in the village of Dolac, near
Travnik,[6] on 9 October 1892, while his mother, Katarina
(née Pejić), was in the town visiting relatives.[5] Andrić's
parents were both Catholic Croats.[7] He was his parents' only
child.[8] His father, Antun, was a struggling silversmith who
resorted to working as a school janitor in Sarajevo,[9] where
he lived with his wife and infant son.[8] At the age of 32,
Antun died of tuberculosis, like most of his siblings.[5] Andrić
The house in Travnik in which Andrić was
was only two years old at the time.[5] Widowed and penniless,
born
Andrić's mother took him to Višegrad and placed him in the
care of her sister-in-law Ana and brother-in-law Ivan
Matković, a police officer.[8] The couple were financially stable but childless, so they agreed to look after
the infant and brought him up as their own.[9] Meanwhile, Andrić's mother returned to Sarajevo seeking
employment.[10]

Andrić was raised in a country that had changed little since the Ottoman period despite being mandated to
Austria-Hungary at the Congress of Berlin in 1878.[10] Eastern and Western culture intermingled in
Bosnia to a far greater extent than anywhere else in the Balkan peninsula.[11] Having lived there from an
early age, Andrić came to cherish Višegrad, calling it "my real home".[9] Though it was a small provincial
town (or kasaba), Višegrad proved to be an enduring source of inspiration.[10] It was a multi-ethnic and
multi-confessional town, the predominant groups being Serbs (Orthodox Christians) and Bosniaks
(Muslims).[12] From an early age, Andrić closely observed the customs of the local people.[10] These
customs, and the particularities of life in eastern Bosnia, would later be detailed in his works.[13] Andrić
made his first friends in Višegrad, playing with them along the Drina River and the town's famous
Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge.[14]

Primary and secondary education

At age six, Andrić began primary school.[14] He later
recounted that these were the happiest days of his life.[10] At
the age of ten, he received a three-year scholarship from a
Croat cultural group called Napredak (Progress) to study in
Sarajevo.[13] In the autumn of 1902,[14] he was registered at
the Great Sarajevo Gymnasium (Serbo-Croatian: Velika
Sarajevska gimnazija),[13] the oldest secondary school in The house in Višegrad where Andrić was
Bosnia. [14] While in Sarajevo, Andrić lived with his mother, raised
who worked in a rug factory. [13] At the time, the city was
overflowing with civil servants from all parts of Austria-
Hungary, and thus many languages could be heard in its restaurants, cafés and on its streets. Culturally,
the city boasted a strong Germanic element, and the curriculum in educational institutions was designed
to reflect this. From a total of 83 teachers that worked at Andrić's school over a twenty-year period, only
three were natives of Bosnia and Herzegovina. "The teaching program," biographer Celia Hawkesworth
notes, "was devoted to producing dedicated supporters of the [Habsburg] Monarchy". Andrić
disapproved. "All that came ... at secondary school and university," he wrote, "was rough, crude,
automatic, without concern, faith, humanity, warmth or love."[14]

Andrić experienced difficulty in his studies, finding mathematics particularly challenging, and had to
repeat the sixth grade. For a time, he lost his scholarship due to poor grades.[13] Hawkesworth attributes
Andrić's initial lack of academic success at least partly to his alienation from most of his teachers.[15]
Nonetheless, he excelled in languages, particularly Latin, Greek and German. Although he initially
showed substantial interest in natural sciences, he later began focusing on literature, likely under the
influence of his two Croat instructors, writer and politician Đuro Šurmin and poet Tugomir Alaupović. Of
all his teachers in Sarajevo, Andrić liked Alaupović best, and the two became lifelong friends.[13]

Andrić felt he was destined to become a writer. He began writing in secondary school, but received little
encouragement from his mother. He recalled that when he showed her one of his first works, she replied:
"Did you write this? What did you do that for?"[15] Andrić published his first two poems in 1911 in a
journal called Bosanska vila (Bosnian Fairy), which promoted Serbo-Croat unity. At the time, he was still
a secondary school student. Prior to World War I, his poems, essays, reviews, and translations appeared in
journals such as Vihor (Whirlwind), Savremenik (The Contemporary), Hrvatski pokret (The Croatian
Movement), and Književne novine (Literary News). One of Andrić's favorite literary forms was lyrical
reflective prose, and many of his essays and shorter pieces are prose poems. The historian Wayne S.
Vucinich describes Andrić's poetry from this period as "subjective and mostly melancholic". Andrić's
translations of August Strindberg, Walt Whitman, and a number of Slovene authors also appeared around
this time.[16]

Student activism
In 1908, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, to
The whole of our
the chagrin of South Slav nationalists like Andrić.[18] In late 1911, Andrić
society is snoring
was elected the first president of the Serbo-Croat Progressive Movement
ungracefully; only the
(Serbo-Croatian Latin: Srpsko-Hrvatska Napredna Organizacija; SHNO),[c]
poets and
a Sarajevo-based secret society that promoted unity and friendship between
revolutionaries are
Serb and Croat youth and opposed the Austro-Hungarian occupation. Its
awake.
members were vehemently criticized by both Serb and Croat nationalists,
who dismissed them as "traitors to their nations".[20] Unfazed, Andrić
~ Andrić's view of pre-
continued agitating against the Austro-Hungarians. On 28 February 1912,
war Sarajevo.[17]
he spoke before a crowd of 100 student protesters at Sarajevo's railway
station, urging them to continue their demonstrations. The Austro-
Hungarian police later began harassing and prosecuting SHNO members.
Ten were expelled from their schools or penalized in some other way, though Andrić himself escaped
punishment.[21] Andrić also joined the South Slav student movement known as Young Bosnia, becoming
one of its most prominent members.[22][23]

In 1912, Andrić registered at the University of Zagreb, having received a scholarship from an educational
foundation in Sarajevo.[15] He enrolled in the department of mathematics and natural sciences because
these were the only fields for which scholarships were offered, but was able to take some courses in
Croatian literature. Andrić was well received by South Slav nationalists there, and regularly participated
in on-campus demonstrations. This led to his being reprimanded by the university. In 1913, after
completing two semesters in Zagreb, Andrić transferred to the University of Vienna, where he resumed
his studies. While in Vienna, he joined South Slav students in promoting the cause of Yugoslav unity and
worked closely with two Yugoslav student societies, the Serbian cultural society Zora (Dawn) and the
Croatian student club Zvonimir, which shared his views on "integral Yugoslavism" (the eventual
assimilation of all South Slav cultures into one).[16]

Despite finding like-minded students in Vienna, the city's climate took a toll on Andrić's health.[24] He
contracted tuberculosis and became seriously ill, then asked to leave Vienna on medical grounds and
continue his studies elsewhere, though Hawkesworth believes he may actually have been taking part in a
protest of South Slav students that were boycotting German-speaking universities and transferring to
Slavic ones.[15] For a time, Andrić had considered transferring to a school in Russia but ultimately
decided to complete his fourth semester at Jagiellonian University in Kraków.[24] He transferred in early
1914.[15] Andrić started his literary career as a poet. In 1914, he was one of the contributors to Hrvatska
mlada lirika (Croatian Youth Lyrics) and continued to publish translations, poems and reviews.[24]

World War I
On 28 June 1914, Andrić learned of the assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.[25] The assassin was Gavrilo Princip,
a Young Bosnian and close friend of Andrić who had been one of
the first to join the SHNO in 1911.[20][d] Upon hearing the news,
Andrić decided to leave Kraków and return to Bosnia. He
travelled by train to Zagreb, and in mid-July, departed for the
coastal city of Split with his friend, the poet and fellow South Slav
nationalist Vladimir Čerina.[24] Andrić and Čerina spent the rest of
July at the latter's summer home. As the month progressed, the Ovčarevo monastery, Travnik
two became increasingly uneasy about the escalating political
crisis that followed the Archduke's assassination and eventually
led to the outbreak of World War I. They then went to Rijeka, where Čerina left Andrić without
explanation, only saying he urgently needed to go to Italy. Several days later, Andrić learned that Čerina
was being sought by the police.[25]

By the time war was declared, Andrić had returned to Split feeling exhausted and ill. Given that most of
his friends had already been arrested for nationalist activities, he was certain the same fate would befall
him.[25] Despite not being involved in the assassination plot,[27] in late July or early August,[e] Andrić
was arrested for "anti-state activities", and imprisoned in Split.[24] He was subsequently transferred to a
prison in Šibenik, then to Rijeka and finally to Maribor, where he arrived on 19 August.[28] Plagued by
tuberculosis, Andrić passed the time reading, talking to his cellmates and learning languages.[24]

By the following year, the case against Andrić was dropped due to lack of evidence, and he was released
from prison on 20 March 1915.[28] The authorities exiled him to the village of Ovčarevo, near Travnik.
He arrived there on 22 March and was placed under the supervision of local Franciscan friars. Andrić
soon befriended the friar Alojzije Perčinlić and began researching the history of Bosnia's Catholic and
Orthodox Christian communities under Ottoman rule.[24] Andrić lived in the parish headquarters, and the
Franciscans gave him access to the monastery chronicles. In return, he assisted the parish priest and
taught religious songs to pupils at the monastery school. Andrić's mother soon came to visit him and
offered to serve as the parish priest's housekeeper.[29] "Mother is very happy," Andrić wrote. "It has been
three whole years since she saw me. And she can't grasp all that has happened to me in that time, nor the
whole of my crazy, cursed existence. She cries, kisses me and laughs in turn. Like a mother."[28]

Andrić was later transferred to a prison in Zenica, where Perčinlić regularly visited him. The Austro-
Hungarian Army declared Andrić a political threat in March 1917 and exempted him from armed service.
He was thus registered with a non-combat unit until February of the following year. On 2 July 1917,
Emperor Charles declared a general amnesty for all of Austria-Hungary's political prisoners.[29] His
freedom of movement restored, Andrić visited Višegrad and reunited with several of his school friends.
He remained in Višegrad until late July, when he was mobilized. Because of his poor health, Andrić was
admitted to a Sarajevo hospital and thus avoided service. He was then transferred to the Reservospital in
Zenica, where he received treatment for several months before continuing to Zagreb.[29] There, Andrić
again fell seriously ill and sought treatment at the Sisters of Mercy hospital, which had become a
gathering place for dissidents and former political prisoners.[30]

In January 1918, Andrić joined several South Slav nationalists in editing a short-lived pan-Yugoslav
periodical called Književni jug (Literary South).[29] Here and in other periodicals, Andrić published book
reviews, plays, verse, and translations. Over the course of several months in early 1918, Andrić's health
began to deteriorate, and his friends believed he was nearing death.[30] However, he recovered and spent
the spring of 1918 in Krapina writing Ex ponto, a book of prose poetry that was published in July.[29] It
was his first book.[31]

Interwar period
The end of World War I saw the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, which was replaced by a newly
established South Slav state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed Yugoslavia in
1929).[30] In late 1918, Andrić re-enrolled at the University of Zagreb and resumed his studies.[29] By
January 1919, he fell ill again and was back in the hospital. Fellow writer Ivo Vojnović became worried
for his friend's life and appealed to Andrić's old schoolteacher Tugomir Alaupović (who had just been
appointed the new kingdom's Minister of Religious Affairs) to use his connections and help Andrić pay
for treatment abroad.[31] In February, Andrić wrote Alaupović and asked for help finding a government
job in Belgrade. Eventually, Andrić chose to seek treatment in Split, where he stayed for the following six
months.[32] During his time on the Mediterranean coast, Andrić completed a second volume of prose
poetry, titled Nemiri,[f] which was published the following year. By the time Andrić left, he had almost
fully recovered, and quipped that he was cured by the "air, sun and figs."[31] Troubled by news that his
uncle was seriously ill, Andrić left Split in August and went to him in Višegrad. He returned to Zagreb
two weeks later.[32]

Early diplomatic career

In the immediate aftermath of the war, Andrić's tendency to identify with
Serbdom became increasingly apparent. In a correspondence dated
December 1918, Vojnović described the young writer as "a Catholic ... a
Serb from Bosnia."[31][33] By 1919, Andrić had acquired his
undergraduate degree in South Slavic history and literature at the
University of Zagreb.[32] He was perennially impoverished, and earned a
meagre sum through his writing and editorial work. By mid-1919, he
realized that he would be unable to financially support himself and his
aging mother, aunt and uncle for much longer, and his appeals to
Alaupović for help securing a government job became more frequent. In
September 1919, Alaupović offered him a secretarial position at the
Ministry of Religion, which Andrić accepted.[32]
A bust of Andrić in Graz,
Austria
In late October, Andrić left forBelgrade.[34] He became involved in the
city's literary circles and soon acquired the distinction of being one of
Belgrade's most popular young writers. Though the Belgrade press wrote positively of him, Andrić
disliked being a public figure, and went into seclusion and distanced himself from his fellow writers.[35]
At the same time, he grew dissatisfied with his government job and wrote to Alaupović asking for a
transfer to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 20 February, Andrić's request was granted and he was
assigned to the Foreign Ministry's mission at the Vatican.[32]

Andrić left Belgrade soon after, and reported for duty in late February. At this time, he published his first
short story, Put Alije Đerzeleza (The Journey of Alija Đerzelez).[36] He complained that the consulate was
understaffed and that he did not have enough time to write. All evidence suggests he had a strong distaste
for the ceremony and pomp that accompanied his work in the diplomatic service, but according to
Hawkesworth, he endured it with "dignified good grace".[35] Around this time, he began writing in the
Ekavian dialect used in Serbia, and ceased writing in the Ijekavian dialect used in his native Bosnia.[37]
Andrić soon requested another assignment, and in November, he was transferred to Bucharest.[36] Once
again, his health deteriorated.[38] Nevertheless, Andrić found his consular duties there did not require
much effort, so he focused on writing, contributed articles to a Romanian journal and even had time to
visit his family in Bosnia. In 1922, Andrić requested another reassignment. He was transferred to the
consulate in Trieste, where he arrived on 9 December.[36] The city's damp climate only caused Andrić's
health to deteriorate further, and on his doctor's advice, he transferred to Graz in January 1923.[39] He
arrived in the city on 23 January, and was appointed vice-consul.[36] Andrić soon enrolled at the
University of Graz, resumed his schooling and began working on his doctoral dissertation in Slavic
studies.[39]

Advancement
In August 1923, Andrić experienced an unexpected career setback.
A law had been passed stipulating that all civil servants had to
have a doctoral degree. As Andrić had not completed his
dissertation, he was informed that his employment would be
terminated. Andrić's well-connected friends intervened on his
behalf and appealed to Foreign Minister Momčilo Ninčić, citing
Andrić's diplomatic and linguistic abilities. In February 1924, the
Foreign Ministry decided to retain Andrić as a day worker with the
Andrić completed his doctoral
salary of a vice-consul. This gave him the opportunity to complete dissertation at the University of
his Ph.D. Three months later, on 24 May, Andrić submitted his Graz.
dissertation to a committee of examiners at the University of Graz,
who gave it their approval.[36] This allowed Andrić to take the
examinations necessary for his Ph.D. to be confirmed. He passed both his exams, and on 13 July, received
his Ph.D. The committee of examiners recommended that Andrić's dissertation be published. Andrić
chose the title Die Entwicklung des geistigen Lebens in Bosnien unter der Einwirkung der türkischen
Herrschaft (The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia Under the Influence of Turkish Rule).[40] In it,
he characterized the Ottoman occupation as a yoke that still loomed over Bosnia.[41] "The effect of
Turkish rule was absolutely negative," he wrote. "The Turks could bring no cultural content or sense of
higher mission, even to those South Slavs who accepted Islam."[42]

Several days after receiving his Ph.D., Andrić wrote the Foreign Minister asking to be reinstated and
submitted a copy of his dissertation, university documents and a medical certification that deemed him to
be in good health. In September, the Foreign Ministry granted his request. Andrić stayed in Graz until 31
October, when he was assigned to the Foreign Ministry's Belgrade headquarters. During the two years he
was in Belgrade, Andrić spent much of his time writing.[40] His first collection of short stories was
published in 1924, and he received a prize from the Serbian Royal Academy (of which he became a full-
fledged member in February 1926). In October 1926, he was assigned to the consulate in Marseille and
again appointed vice-consul.[43] On 9 December 1926, he was transferred to the Yugoslav embassy in
Paris.[40] Andrić's time in France was marked by increasing loneliness and isolation. His uncle had died
in 1924, his mother the following year, and upon arriving in France, he was informed that his aunt had
died as well. "Apart from official contacts," he wrote Alaupović, "I have no company whatever."[43]
Andrić spent much of his time in the Paris archives poring over the reports of the French consulate in
Travnik between 1809 and 1814, material he would use in Travnička hronika,[g] one of his future
novels.[40]

In April 1928, Andrić was posted to Madrid as vice-consul. While there, he wrote essays on Simón
Bolívar and Francisco Goya, and began work on the novel Prokleta avlija (The Damned Yard). In June
1929, he was named secretary of the Yugoslav legation to Belgium and Luxembourg in Brussels.[40] On 1
January 1930, he was sent to Switzerland as part of Yugoslavia's permanent delegation to the League of
Nations in Geneva, and was named deputy delegate the following year. In 1933, Andrić returned to
Belgrade; two years later, he was named head of the political department of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. On 5 November 1937, Andrić became assistant to Milan Stojadinović, Yugoslavia's Prime
Minister and Foreign Minister.[43] That year, France decorated him with the Order of the Grand Officer of
the Legion of Honour.[46]

World War II
Andrić was appointed Yugoslavia's ambassador to Germany in late March
or early April 1939.[h] This appointment, Hawkesworth writes, shows that Composed ... of
he was highly regarded by his country's leadership.[35] Yugoslavia's King priceless elements
Alexander had been assassinated in Marseille in 1934. He was succeeded by from unknown worlds,
his ten-year-old son Peter, and a regency council led by Peter's uncle Paul a man is born ... to
was established to rule in his place until he turned 18. Paul's government become a piece of
established closer economic and political ties with Germany. In March nameless soot, and as
1941, Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact, pledging support for Germany such, to vanish. And
and Italy.[48] Though the negotiations had occurred behind Andrić's back, in we do not know for
his capacity as ambassador he was obliged to attend the document's signing whose glory he is
in Berlin.[49] Andrić had previously been instructed to delay agreeing to the born, nor for whose
Axis powers' demands for as long as possible.[50] He was highly critical of amusement he is
the move, and on 17 March, wrote to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs asking destroyed.
to be relieved of his duties. Ten days later, a group of pro-Western Royal
Yugoslav Air Force officers overthrew the regency and proclaimed Peter of ~ An excerpt from
age. This led to a breakdown in relations with Germany and prompted Adolf Andrić's only journal
Hitler to order Yugoslavia's invasion.[48] Given these circumstances, entry of 1940.[47]
Andrić's position was an extremely difficult one.[47] Nevertheless, he used
the little influence he had and attempted unsuccessfully to assist Polish
prisoners following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939.[48]

Prior to their invasion of his country, the Germans had offered Andrić the opportunity to evacuate to
neutral Switzerland. He declined on the basis that his staff would not be allowed to go with him.[44] On 6
April 1941, the Germans and their allies invaded Yugoslavia. The country capitulated on 17 April and was
subsequently partitioned between the Axis powers.[48] In early June, Andrić and his staff were taken back
to German-occupied Belgrade, where some were jailed.[44] Andrić was retired from the diplomatic
service, but refused to receive his pension or cooperate in any way with the puppet government that the
Germans had installed in Serbia.[51][52] He was spared jail, but the Germans kept him under close
surveillance throughout the occupation.[44] Because of his Croat heritage, they had offered him the
chance to settle in Zagreb, then the capital of the fascist puppet state known as the Independent State of
Croatia, but he declined.[53] Andrić spent the following three years in a friend's Belgrade apartment in
conditions that some biographers liken to house arrest.[54] In August 1941, the puppet authorities in
German-occupied Serbia issued the Appeal to the Serbian Nation, calling upon the country's inhabitants
to abstain from the communist-led rebellion against the Germans; Andrić refused to sign.[52][55] He
directed most of his energies towards writing, and during this time completed two of his best known
novels, Na Drini ćuprija (The Bridge on the Drina) and Travnička hronika.[56]

In mid-1942, Andrić sent a message of sympathy to Draža Mihailović, the leader of the royalist Chetniks,
one of two resistance movements vying for power in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia, the other being Josip
Broz Tito's communist Partisans.[53][i] In 1944, Andrić was forced to leave his friend's apartment during
the Allied bombing of Belgrade and evacuate the city. As he joined a column of refugees, he became
ashamed that he was fleeing by himself, in contrast to the masses of people accompanied by their
children, spouses and infirm parents. "I looked myself up and down," he wrote, "and saw I was saving
only myself and my overcoat." In the ensuing months, Andrić refused to leave the apartment, even during
the heaviest bombing. That October, the Red Army and the Partisans drove the Germans out of Belgrade,
and Tito proclaimed himself Yugoslavia's ruler.[51]

Later life

Political career and marriage

Andrić initially had a precarious relationship with the communists
because he had previously been an official in the royalist
government.[58][j] He returned to public life only once the
Germans had been forced out of Belgrade.[44] Na Drini ćuprija
was published in March 1945. It was followed by Travnička
hronika that September and Gospođica[k] that November. Na
Drini ćuprija came to be regarded as Andrić's magnum opus and
was proclaimed a classic of Yugoslav literature by the
communists.[56] It chronicles the history of the Mehmed Paša
Sokolović Bridge and the town of Višegrad from the bridge's
construction in the 16th century until the outbreak of World War I. Andrić signing books at the
The second novel, Travnička hronika, follows a French diplomat Belgrade Book Fair
in Bosnia during the Napoleonic Wars. The third, Gospođica,
revolves around the life of a Sarajevan woman.[44] In the post-war
period, Andrić also published several short story collections, some travel memoirs, and a number of
essays on writers such as Vuk Karadžić, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, and Petar Kočić.[59]

In November 1946, Andrić was elected vice-president of the Society for the Cultural Cooperation of
Yugoslavia with the Soviet Union. The same month, he was named president of the Yugoslav Writers'
Union.[45] The following year, he became a member of the People's Assembly of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.[45] In 1948, Andrić published a collection of short stories he had written during the war.[44]
His work came to influence writers such as Branko Ćopić, Vladan Desnica, Mihailo Lalić and Meša
Selimović.[44] In April 1950, Andrić became a deputy in the National Assembly of Yugoslavia. He was
decorated by the Presidium of the National Assembly for his services to the Yugoslav people in 1952.[45]
In 1953, his career as a parliamentary deputy came to an end.[60] The following year, Andrić published
the novella Prokleta avlija (The Damned Yard), which tells of life in an Ottoman prison in Istanbul.[60]
That December, he was admitted into the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the country's ruling
party. According to Hawkesworth, it is unlikely he joined the party out of ideological conviction, but
rather to "serve his country as fully as possible".[45]

On 27 September 1958, the 66-year-old Andrić married Milica Babić, a costume designer at the National
Theatre of Serbia who was almost twenty years his junior.[60] Earlier, he had announced it was "probably
better" that a writer never marry. "He was perpetually persecuted by a kind of fear," a close friend
recalled. "It seemed as though he had been born afraid, and that is why he married so late. He simply did
not dare enter that area of life."[61]

Nobel Prize, international recognition and death

By the late 1950s, Andrić's works had been translated into a number of
languages. In 1958 the Association of Writers of Yugoslavia nominated
Andrić as its first ever candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[62] On
26 October 1961, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature by the
Swedish Academy.[61] Documents released 50 years later revealed that
the Nobel Committee had selected Andrić over writers such as J.R.R.
Tolkien, Robert Frost, John Steinbeck and E.M. Forster.[63][64] The
Committee cited "the epic force with which he has traced themes and
depicted human destinies drawn from his country's history".[4] Once the
news was announced, Andrić's Belgrade apartment was swarmed by
reporters, and he publicly thanked the Nobel Committee for selecting
him as the winner of that year's prize.[61] Andrić donated the entirety of Andrić with his wife Milica
upon learning he had won the
his prize money, which amounted to some 30 million dinars, and
Nobel Prize in Literature
prescribed that it be used to purchase library books in Bosnia and
Herzegovina.[65]

The Nobel Prize ensured Andrić received global recognition. The following March, he fell ill while on a
trip to Cairo and had to return to Belgrade for an operation. He was obliged to cancel all promotional
events in Europe and North America, but his works continued to be reprinted and translated into
numerous languages. Judging by letters he wrote at the time, Andrić felt burdened by the attention but did
his best not to show it publicly.[66] Upon receiving the Nobel Prize, the number of awards and honours
bestowed upon him multiplied. He received the Order of the Republic in 1962, as well as 27 July Award
of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the AVNOJ Award in 1967, and the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour in
1972.[67] In addition to being a member of the Yugoslav and Serbian academies of sciences and arts, he
also became a correspondent of their Bosnian and Slovenian counterparts, and received honorary
doctorates from the universities of Belgrade, Sarajevo and Kraków.[60]

Andrić's wife died on 16 March 1968. His health deteriorated steadily and he travelled little in his final
years. He continued to write until 1974, when his health took another turn for the worse. In December
1974, he was admitted to a Belgrade hospital.[66] He soon fell into a coma, and died in the Military
Medical Academy at 1:15 a.m. on 13 March 1975, aged 82. His remains were cremated, and on 24 April,
the urn containing his ashes was buried at the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in Belgrade's New
Cemetery.[68] The ceremony was attended by about 10,000 residents of Belgrade.[66][68]

Influences, style and themes

Andrić was an avid reader in his youth. The young Andrić's
literary interests varied greatly, ranging from the Greek and Latin
Classics to the works of past and contemporary literary figures,
including German and Austrian writers such as Johann Wolfgang
von Goethe, Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Nietzsche, Franz Kafka,
Rainer Maria Rilke and Thomas Mann, the French writers Michel
de Montaigne, Blaise Pascal, Gustave Flaubert, Victor Hugo and
Guy de Maupassant, and the British writers Thomas Carlyle,
Walter Scott and Joseph Conrad. Andrić also read the works of the Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, the
Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes, the Italian poet and eponymous bridge on the Drina
philosopher Giacomo Leopardi, the Russian writer Nikolay
Chernyshevsky, the Norwegian writer Henrik Ibsen, the American
writers Walt Whitman and Henry James, and the Czechoslovak philosopher Tomáš Garrigue
Masaryk.[13] Andrić was especially fond of Polish literature, and later stated that it had greatly influenced
him. He held several Serb writers in high esteem, particularly Karadžić, Njegoš, Kočić and Aleksa
Šantić.[13] Andrić also admired the Slovene poets Fran Levstik, Josip Murn and Oton Župančič, and
translated some of their works.[69] Kafka appears to have had a significant influence on Andrić's prose,
and his philosophical outlook was informed strongly by the works of Danish philosopher Søren
Kierkegaard. At one point in his youth, Andrić even took an interest in Chinese and Japanese
literature.[70]

Much of Andrić's work was inspired by the traditions and peculiarities of life in Bosnia, and examines the
complexity and cultural contrasts of the region's Muslim, Serb and Croat inhabitants. His two best known
novels, Na Drini ćuprija and Travnička hronika, subtly contrast Ottoman Bosnia's "oriental" propensities
to the "Western atmosphere" first introduced by the French and later the Austro-Hungarians.[59] His
works contain many words of Turkish, Arabic or Persian origin that found their way into the languages of
the South Slavs during Ottoman rule. According to Vucinich, Andrić uses these words to "express oriental
nuances and subtleties that cannot be rendered as well in his own Serbo-Croatian".[13]

In the opinion of literary historian Nicholas Moravcevich, Andrić's work "frequently betrays his profound
sadness over the misery and waste inherent in the passing of time".[59] Na Drini ćuprija remains his most
famous novel and has received the most scholarly analysis of all his works. Most scholars have
interpreted the eponymous bridge as a metonym for Yugoslavia, which was itself a bridge between East
and West during the Cold War.[71] In his Nobel acceptance speech, Andrić described the country as one
"which, at break-neck speed and at the cost of great sacrifices and prodigious efforts, is trying in all
fields, including the field of culture, to make up for those things of which it has been deprived by a
singularly turbulent and hostile past."[72] In Andrić's view, the seemingly conflicting positions of
Yugoslavia's disparate ethnic groups could be overcome by knowing one's history. This, he surmised,
would help future generations avoid the mistakes of the past, and was in line with his cyclical view of
time. Andrić expressed hope that these differences could be bridged and "histories demystified".[73]

Legacy
Shortly before his death, Andrić stated that he wished for all his
possessions to be preserved as part of an endowment to be used for
"general cultural and humanitarian purposes". In March 1976, an
administrative committee decided that the purpose of the endowment
would be to promote the study of Andrić's work, as well as art and
literature in general. The Ivo Andrić Foundation[74] has since
organized a number of international conferences, made grants to
foreign scholars studying the writer's works and offered financial aid
to cover the publication costs of books relating to Andrić. An annual
yearbook, titled Sveske Zadužbine Ive Andrića (The Journals of the
Ivo Andrić Foundation), is published by the organization. Andrić's
will and testament stipulated that an award be given annually to the
author of each subsequent year's best collection of short stories,[67]
which led to the Andrić Prize's founding in 1975.[74] The street that
runs beside Belgrade's New Palace, now the seat of the President of
Serbia, was posthumously named Andrićev venac (Andrić's Crescent)
in his honour. It includes a life-sized statue of the writer. The flat in
which Andrić spent his final years has been turned into a museum.[75] Statue of Andrić adjacent to
Belgrade's New Palace
Opened over a year after Andrić's death, it houses books,
manuscripts, documents, photographs and personal belongings.[67]

Andrić remains the only writer from the former Yugoslavia to have been awarded the Nobel Prize.[59]
Given his use of the Ekavian dialect, and the fact that most of his novels and short stories were written in
Belgrade, his works have become associated almost exclusively with Serbian literature.[76] The Slavonic
studies professor Bojan Aleksov characterizes Andrić as one of Serbian literature's two central pillars, the
other being Petar II Petrović-Njegoš.[77] "The plasticity of his narrative," Moravcevich writes, "the depth
of his psychological insight, and the universality of his symbolism remain unsurpassed in all of Serbian
literature."[59] Due to his self-identification as a Serb, many in the Bosniak and Croat literary
establishments have come to "reject or limit Andrić's association with their literatures".[76] In Croatia,
Andrić was not generally seen as part of Croatian literature even in former Yugoslavia, though that started
to change in the Croatian literary circles around 1990.[78] Following Yugoslavia's disintegration in the
early 1990s, Andrić's works were among those that the Croatian Democratic Union activists had purged
from some of the city libraries and schools in Croatia.[79] Dubravka Ugrešić criticized the then-President
Franjo Tuđman for promoting the likes of Ivan Aralica over Ivo Andrić, Slobodan Šnajder, Slavenka
Drakulić and herself.[80] The Croatian historian and politician Ivo Banac characterized Andrić as a writer
who "missed the Chetnik train by a very small margin".[81] Though Andrić remains a controversial figure
in Croatia, the Croatian literary establishment largely rehabilitated his works.[78]
Bosniak scholars have objected to the ostensibly negative portrayal of Muslim characters in Andrić's
works.[82] During the 1950s, his most vocal Bosniak detractors accused him of being a plagiarist,
homosexual and Serbian nationalist. Some went so far as to call for his Nobel Prize to be taken away.
Most Bosniak criticism of his works appeared in the period immediately prior to the breakup of
Yugoslavia and in the aftermath of the Bosnian War.[83] In early 1992, a Bosniak nationalist in Višegrad
destroyed a statue of Andrić with a sledgehammer.[84] In 2009, Nezim Halilović, the imam of Sarajevo's
King Fahd Mosque, derided Andrić as a "Chetnik ideologue" during a sermon.[85] In 2012, the filmmaker
Emir Kusturica and Bosnian Serb President Milorad Dodik unveiled another statue of Andrić in Višegrad,
this time as part of the construction of an ethno-town[l] called Andrićgrad, sponsored by Kusturica and
the Government of Republika Srpska.[87] Andrićgrad was officially inaugurated in June 2014, on the
occasion of the 100th anniversary of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.[88]

Starting in the early 1990s, Andrić's likeness began to appear on the banknotes of the Yugoslav dinar.[89]
His likeness is also featured on 1KM banknotes issued in Republika Srpska and 200KM banknotes issued
at the national level in Bosnia and Herzegovina,[90] as well as 20 dinar coins minted by Serbia in 2011 to
mark the fiftieth anniversary of his being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.[91]

Works
Source: The Swedish Academy (2007, Bibliography)

Novels
1945 Na Drini ćuprija. Prosveta, Belgrade.
1945 Travnička hronika. Državni izdavački zavod
Jugoslavije, Belgrade.

Novellas
1920 Put Alije Đerzeleza. S. B. Cvijanović, Belgrade.
1945 Gospođica. Svjetlost, Belgrade. Ivo Andrić in his study

1948 Priča o vezirovom slonu. Nakladni zavod Hrvatske,

Zagreb.
1954 Devil's Yard (Prokleta avlija). Matica srpska, Novi Sad.

Short story collections

1924 Pripovetke I. Serbian Literary Guild, Belgrade.
1931 Pripovetke. Serbian Literary Guild, Belgrade.
1936 Pripovetke II. Serbian Literar, Sarajevo.
1945 Izabrane pripovetke. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.
1947 Most na Žepi: Pripovetke. Prosveta, Belgrade.
1947 Pripovijetke. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb.
1948 Nove pripovetke. Kultura, Belgrade.
1949 "Priča o kmetu Simanu". Novo pokoljenje, Zagreb. (short story)
 1952 Pod gradićem: Pripovetke o životu bosanskog sela. Seljačka knjiga, Sarajevo.
1958 "Panorama". Prosveta, Belgrade. (short story)
1960 Priča o vezirovom slonu, i druge pripovetke. Rad, Belgrade.
1966 Ljubav u kasabi: Pripovetke. Nolit, Belgrade.
1968 Aska i vuk: Pripovetke. Prosveta, Belgrade.

Poetry
1918 Ex Ponto. Književni jug, Zagreb.
1920 Nemiri. Sv. Kugli, Zagreb.

Nonfiction
1976 Eseji i kritike. Svjetlost, Sarajevo (essays; posthumous)
2000 Pisma (1912–1973): Privatna pošta. Matica srpska, Novi Sad (private
correspondence; posthumous)

Notes
a. Though of Croat origin, Andrić came to identify as a Serb upon moving to Belgrade.[1] Above
all, he is renowned for his contributions to Serbian literature. As a youth, he wrote in his
native Ijekavian dialect, but switched to Serbia's Ekavian dialect while living in the Yugoslav
capital.[2][3] The Nobel Committee lists him as a Yugoslav and identifies the language he
used as Serbo-Croatian.[4]
b. Ivo is the hypocoristic form of Andrić's birth name, Ivan. The latter was used on his birth and
marriage certificates, but all other documents read "Ivo".[5]
c. The full name of the group was The Croat-Serb or Serb-Croat or Yugoslav Progressive
Youth Movement.[19]
d. On one occasion, Princip asked Andrić to examine a poem he had written. Later, when
Andrić inquired about the poem, Princip told him that he had destroyed it.[26]
e. Disagreement exists as to the exact date. Hawkesworth writes that Andrić was arrested on
29 July,[25] while Vucinich gives the date as 4 August.[24]
f. "Unrest" is Vucinich's translation of the title.[32] Hawkesworth translates it as "Anxieties".[31]
g. Hawkesworth and Vucinich translate Travnička hronika as "Bosnian Story".[44][45]
h. Hawkesworth writes that Andrić was appointed on 1 April.[35] Vucinich gives the date as 28
March.[44]
i. In early 1944, there were rumours that Andrić and several other prominent writers from
Serbia were planning to join the Chetniks. This may have been Chetnik propaganda to
counteract the news that a number of intellectuals were swearing allegiance to the
Partisans.[57]
j. Andrić was perturbed by a billboard that the Partisans had put up in Terazije Square, a
photograph of the signing of the Tripartite Pact with his face clearly visible. The billboard
was part of a propaganda campaign against the royalists and Andrić perceived it as an
indictment of his actions while ambassador to Germany. In a subsequent conversation with
senior communist official Milovan Đilas, he requested that the billboard be removed, and
Đilas obliged.[58]
 k. "The Woman from Sarajevo" is Hawkesworth and Vucinich's translation of the title.[44][45]
l. An ethno-town or ethno-village is a tourist attraction that is designed to resemble a
traditional settlement inhabited by a particular group of people. Kusturica had previously
constructed Drvengrad, an ethno-village in Western Serbia.[86]

References

Citations
1. Lampe 2000, p. 91. 35. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 20.
2. Norris 1999, p. 60. 36. Vucinich 1995, p. 32.
3. Alexander 2006, p. 391. 37. Popović 1989, p. 36.
4. Frenz 1999, p. 561. 38. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 22.
5. Juričić 1986, p. 1. 39. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 23.
6. Norris 1999, p. 59. 40. Vucinich 1995, p. 33.
7. Lampe 2000, p. 91; Hoare 2007, p. 90; 41. Carmichael 2015, p. 62.
Binder 2013, p. 41. 42. Malcolm 1996, p. 100.
8. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 11. 43. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 24.
9. Juričić 1986, p. 2. 44. Vucinich 1995, p. 34.
10. Vucinich 1995, p. 1. 45. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 28.
11. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 3. 46. Popović 1989, p. 46.
12. Hoare 2007, p. 90. 47. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 25.
13. Vucinich 1995, p. 2. 48. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 26.
14. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 13. 49. Bazdulj 2009, p. 225.
15. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 14. 50. Lampe 2000, pp. 199–200.
16. Vucinich 1995, p. 28. 51. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 27.
17. Dedijer 1966, p. 230. 52. Popović 1989, p. 54.
18. Vucinich 1995, p. 20. 53. Pavlowitch 2008, p. 97.
19. Malcolm 1996, p. 153. 54. Juričić 1986, p. 55.
20. Dedijer 1966, p. 216. 55. Prusin 2017, p. 48.
21. Vucinich 1995, pp. 26–27. 56. Wachtel 1998, p. 156.
22. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 41. 57. Tomasevich 1975, p. 193, note 55.
23. Lampe 2000, p. 90. 58. Bazdulj 2009, p. 227.
24. Vucinich 1995, p. 29. 59. Moravcevich 1980, p. 23.
25. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 15. 60. Vucinich 1995, p. 35.
26. Dedijer 1966, p. 194. 61. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 29.
27. Dedijer 1966, p. 233. 62. Jocić 6 October 2022.
28. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 16. 63. BBC News 6 January 2012.
29. Vucinich 1995, p. 30. 64. Flood 5 January 2012.
30. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 17. 65. Lovrenović 2001, pp. 182–183.
31. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 18. 66. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 30.
32. Vucinich 1995, p. 31. 67. Vucinich 1995, p. 36.
33. Malcolm 1996, p. 304, note 52. 68. Popović 1989, p. 112.
34. Hawkesworth 1984, p. 19. 69. Vucinich 1995, pp. 2–3.
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71. Wachtel 1998, p. 161. 82. Snel 2004, p. 210.
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73. Wachtel 1998, p. 216. 84. Silber 20 September 1994.
74. "Andrić Prize" (https://www.ivoandric.org.r 85. Radio Television of Serbia 9 April 2009.
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77. Aleksov 2009, p. 273. 90. Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina
78. Primorac 6 September 2012. 15 May 2002.
79. Perica 2002, p. 188. 91. Radio Television of Serbia 20 May 2011.
80. Cornis-Pope 2010, p. 569.

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External links
Ivo Andrić (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/633) on Nobelprize.org
Encyclopædia Britannica (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivo-Andric)
Ivo Andrić Foundation (http://www.ivoandric.org.rs/english/)
Ivo Andrić Museum (http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/visit/museum-of-ivo-andric) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20190323065805/http://www.mgb.org.rs/en/visit/museum-of-ivo-andri
c) 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine

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