GINGIVITIS
A Common Oral Health Problem
Contents
Definition Risk Factors
Classification Treatment
Signs and Symptoms Prevention
Causes Consequencesof
Untreated Gingivitis
Diagnosis
Conclusion
What is Gingivitis?
Definition:
Gingivitis is defined as the inflammation of the
gingiva, which is the part of the oral mucosa that
surrounds the teeth. It is typically caused by
bacterial plaque accumulation on the tooth surface,
leading to an inflammatory response.
Classification
1. Based on Etiology:
Plaque-Induced Gingivitis
Non-Plaque-Induced Gingivitis
2. Based on Clinical Presentation:
Acute Gingivitis
Chronic Gingivitis
3. Based on Extent:
Localized Gingivitis
Generalized Gingivitis
Signs and Symptoms
• Red, swollen, or puffy gums.
• Bleeding on probing
or during brushing.
• Tender or sore gums.
• Gum recession in chronic cases.
• Bad breath (halitosis).
Causes
• Poor Oral Hygiene: Irregular brushing and flossing habits.
• Hormonal Changes: Puberty, pregnancy, menopause.
• Medications: Certain drugs that cause gingival enlargement or
dry mouth (e.g., anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers).
• Systemic Conditions: Diabetes, immunosuppression.
• Smoking and Tobacco Use.
Diagnosis
• Visual Examination: Checking for redness, swelling, and signs of
inflammation.
• Probing: Gentle probing of the gums to measure pocket depth
(≤3 mm in gingivitis, with no bone loss).
• Bleeding on Probing (BOP): A key indicator of gingival
inflammation.
• X-rays: Typically normal in gingivitis, used to differentiate from
periodontitis.
Risk Factors
• Poor Oral Hygiene: Insufficient brushing and flossing.
• Tobacco Use: Smoking or chewing tobacco suppresses the
body’s immune response.
• Systemic Conditions: Diabetes, cardiovascular disease.
• Medications: That cause dry mouth or gum enlargement.
• Genetic Predisposition: Family history of periodontal
disease.
• Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, menstruation, and
menopause can exacerbate gingivitis.
Treatment
•Professional Dental Cleaning: Scaling and root planning to
remove plaque and tartar.
•Improved Oral Hygiene: Brushing at least twice a day,
flossing, and using antibacterial mouthwashes.
•Gingival Massage: To improve circulation in the tissues.
•Treatment of Systemic Factors: Managing diabetes or
other contributing conditions.
Prevention
1. Maintaining Proper Oral Hygiene: Brushing twice daily,
flossing, and using mouthwash.
2. Regular Dental Visits: Professional cleaning and monitoring
every 6 months.
3. Balanced Diet: Adequate nutrition to maintain healthy
gums, especially Vitamin C.
4. Quitting Tobacco: Reduces the risk of gum disease
significantly.
5. Fluoride Use: Helps strengthen enamel and resist bacterial
accumulation.
Consequences of Untreated Gingivitis
If left untreated, gingivitis can lead to periodontitis,
characterized by:
Irreversible Damage: Destruction of the periodontal
ligament and bone.
Tooth Loss: Due to the progressive loss of supporting
structures.
Systemic Complications: Untreated gingivitis has been
associated with an increased risk of systemic diseases like
heart disease, stroke, and complications in diabetes.
Conclusion
• Gingivitis is a preventable and treatable condition.
• Early detection and intervention can stop it from progressing to
more severe forms of gum disease.
• Maintaining oral hygiene and attending regular dental check-
ups are key to preventing gingivitis and ensuring overall oral and
systemic health.
References
Carranza’s
Clinical Periodontology
Newman, M.G.,Takei, H.H., Klokkevold,
P.R., & Carranza, F.A.
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