PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS ● If the fear, anxiety is
Musophobia - mice and rats
(Anxiety Disorders, Trauma and limited to one of the
Stressor-Related Disorders, agoraphobic situations, the
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Specific Phobia must be SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
Disorders, Somatic Symptom and diagnosed. (SOCIAL PHOBIA)
Related Disorders, and Dissociative ● Human beings are also
Disorders) SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER prepared to fear angry,
● Predominantly concerns critical, or rejecting people.
ANXIETY DISORDERS real or imagined separation ● Fearful of scrutiny by
from attachment figures. others.
ANXIETY - negative mood state ● Onset: early as preschool ● Panic attacks are always
characterized by body symptoms of age and may occur some cued by social situations
physical tension and apprehension time during childhood and and do not occur “out of
about the future. adolescence. the blue”.
● FEAR - immediate alarm ● Concern about the ● Typically have adequate
reaction to danger proximity and safety of key age-appropriate social
● PANIC - sudden attachment relationships and social.
overwhelming reaction
● PANIC ATTACK - abrupt SPECIFIC PHOBIA SELECTIVE MUTISM
experience of intense fear ● Simple Phobia – more ● Rare childhood disorder
or acute discomfort serious agoraphobia. characterized by a lack of
accompanied by physical ● Usually develops in early speech in one or more
symptoms childhood. settings in which speaking
(CUED/UNCUED). ● Situational phobias tend to is socially expected (before
have a later age at onset. age 5).
BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS: ● Treatment: Exposure –
● Low Serotonin and low based exercises TRAUMA AND STRESSOR -
GABA - increased anxiety RELATED DISORDERS
● Fight or Flight System
Blood injections - injury phobia
REACTIVE ATTACHMENT
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
Nosocomephobia - hospitals
CONTRIBUTIONS:
● Freud ● Less is known about the
Hemophobia - blood
clinical presentation of
GENERALIZED ANXIETY reactive attachment
Trypanophobia - needles
DISORDERS disorder in children, and
diagnosis should be made
Dentophobia - dentists
● Intense worrying may act with caution in children
as avoidance. older than 5 yrs.
Situational phobia
● Rarely occur prior to ● Experienced history of
adolescence; may occur severe social neglect.
Aerophobia - flying
early in life but manifested ● Show lack of preferred
as anxious temperament. attachment despite having
Claustrophobia - tight or
● May worry about attained a developmental
crowded places
separation but could also age of at least 9 months.
worry about other things
Glossophobia - public speaking
● Women: Men 2:1 DISINHIBITED SOCIAL
ENGAGEMENT DISORDER
Sociophobia - social judgment
PANIC DISORDER
● Mean age at onset is 34.7 ● Described from the second
Nature environment phobia
yrs. year of life through
● Very rare in childhood. adolescence among
Acrophobia - heights
● PD shouldn’t be diagnosed children raised in
if full-symptom panic institutional settings, and
Entomophobia - insects
attacks were never even into young adulthood.
experienced. ● Can be distinguished from
Mysophobia - dirt and germs
● PD is not diagnosed with ADHD by not showing
panic attacks that are a difficulties in attention or
Escalaphobia - escalators
direct physiological hyperactivity.
consequence of another
Animal phobia
medical condition or POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS
substance. DISORDER
Zoophobia - animals
AGORAPHOBIA ● Someone experiences
Arachnophobia - spiders
● Termed by Karl Westphal. trauma and develops
● Initial Onset: before 35 yrs disorder.
Cynophobia - dogs
old, with 21 yrs the mean
age.
1
● The greater the OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE AND of neurodevelopmental or
vulnerability, the more RELATED DISORDERS neurocognitive disorders.
likely we are to develop
PTSD. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE TRICHOTILLOMANIA
● Higher intelligence DISORDER
predicted decreased ● May be seen in infants,
exposure to these types of ● Obsessions – intrusive and resolved during early
traumatic events. mostly nonsensical development.
● If you have a strong thoughts, images, or urges ● Onset commonly coincides
supportive group of people that the individual tries to with or follows the onset of
around you, it is much less resist or eliminate. puberty.
likely you develop PTSD ● Compulsions – thoughts or ● Should not be diagnosed
after trauma. actions used to suppress when hair removal is
the obsessions and provide performed solely for
ACUTE STRESS DISORDER relief. cosmetic reasons.
● In individuals with OCD
● Cannot be diagnosed until 3 4 Major Types of Obsessions: that have an obsession with
days after a traumatic a. Symmetry symmetry, diagnosis of
event. b. Forbidden Thoughts or hair-pulling must not be
● PD will only be diagnosed if actions given.
panic attacks are (Aggressive/Sexual/Religio
unexpected and there is us). EXCORIATION DISORDER
anxiety about the future c. cleaning/contamination.
attacks. d. hoarding ● Most often has onset
● If the symptoms persist for during adolescence, usually
more than 1 month and BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER beginning as with
meet the criteria for PTSD, dermatological conditions.
then diagnosis will be ● Preoccupation with some ● In absence of deception,
changed to PTSD. imagined defect in excoriation disorder can be
● Psychological Debriefing – appearance by someone diagnosed if there are
a form of crisis who actually looks repeated attempts to
intervention that has reasonably normal or decrease or stop skin
victims of trauma talk “imagined ugliness.” picking.
extensively about their ● Formerly known as
feelings and reactions “Dysmorphophobia”.
within the days of a critical ● Most of them go to medical SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER
incident. doctors to correct their
deficits. SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER
ADJUSTMENT DISORDER ● Mean age onset: 16-17 yrs
old. ● Likely to be chronic and
● Begins within 3 months of ● Most common age onset: fluctuating and influenced
onset of a stressor. 12-13 yrs old. by the number of
● If symptoms persist beyond ● Excessive appearance symptoms, individual’s
6 months after the stressor related preoccupations and age, level of impairment,
or its consequences have repetitive behaviors that and any comorbidity .
ceased, the diagnosis will are time consuming. ● The focus is on the distress
no longer apply. ● Eating disorders and BDD of particular symptoms.
● May sometimes be can be co-morbid. ● The individual’s belief that
diagnosed instead of somatic symptoms might
bereavement if HOARDING DISORDER reflect serious underlying
bereavement is judged to be physical illness are not held
out of proportion to what ● May first emerge around with delusional intensity.
would be expected or ages 15-19 yrs old, start
significantly impairs interfering with the ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER
self-care and interpersonal individual’s everyday
relations. functioning by mid-20s, ● Chronic, episodic, and
and cause clinically relapsing.
PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER significant impairment by ● Rare in children although
the mid-30s. onset can occur in
● Focused on feelings of loss ● Often chronic or Possible childhood or adolescence.
and separation from a intervention by third ● Peaks in middle age.
loved one rather than parties in children must be ● People with somatic
reflecting generalized low considered when making a symptom disorders have
Mood. diagnosis. enhanced perceptual
● Involves distress from a ● Prader-Willi Syndrome sensitivity to illness cues.
deceased person. must be crossed out. ● They also tend to interpret
● Not diagnosed if it is judged ambiguous stimuli as
to be a direct consequence threatening.
2
● Psychogenic Amnesia –
CONVERSION DISORDER memory loss due to
(Functional Neurological Symptom psychological causes.
Disorder. ● Biogenic Amnesia – due to
biological factors (tumors,
● Mean onset of nonepileptic accidents, etc.).
attacks peaks at ages 20-29 ● Dissociative Fugue –
years, and motor memory loss revolves
symptoms have their mean around a specific incident,
onset at ages 30-39 years. an unexpected trip;
● Prognosis may be better in individuals just take off and
younger children than in later find themselves in a
adolescents. new place, unable to
● Conversion Disorder can be remember why or how they
diagnosed along with SSD. got there.
FACTITIOUS DISORDER DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY
DISORDER
● Onset: early adulthood,
often after hospitalization. ● Host Identity – the person
● When imposed on another, who becomes the patient
the disorder may begin and asks for treatment;
after hospitalization of the usually developed later.
dependent. ● Switch – transition from
● Individuals provide false one personality to another
information. ● Most surveys report a high
● Requires illness rate of childhood trauma in
falsification is not fully cases of DID.
accounted for by external
rewards.
● Malingering – refers to
producing false medical
symptoms or exaggerating
existing symptoms in
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZA
TION
● Depersonalization – your
perception alters so that
you temporarily lose the
sense of your own reality,
as if you are in a dream
watching yourself.
● Derealization – your sense
of the external world is
lost; things may seem to
change shape or size;
people may seem dead or
mechanical.
● Onset: 16 yrs old, although
it can
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
● Generalized Amnesia –
unable to remember
anything lifelong or may
extend from a period in a
more recent past.
● Localized or Selective
Amnesia – failure to recall
specific events, usually
traumatic, that occur
during a specific period.
