INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Prepared by:

Icon C. Obmerga
Instructor I
OVERVIEW
▪ Computing is the ultimate mental amplifier—
computers can mechanize any intellectual activity
we can imagine. Automatic computing radically
changes how humans solve problems, and even
the kinds of problems we can imagine solving.
Computing has changed the world more than any
other invention of the past hundred years, and has
come to pervade nearly all human endeavours.
Yet, we are just at the beginning of the computing
revolution; today’s computing offers just a
glimpse of the potential impact of computing.
WHY DO WE NEED
COMPUTERS?
1. Nearly all of the most exciting and
important technologies, arts, and sciences
of today and tomorrow are driven by
computing.

2. Understanding computing illuminates deep

insights and questions into the nature of our
minds, our culture, and our universe.
 3 MEASUREMENTS TO ASSESS THE LEVEL
OF COMUTER LITERACY.
1. Awareness. When you begin to study computers,
you will be aware of their importance, versatility
and pervasiveness in our society.
2. Knowledge. You will learn what computers are
and how they function. This requires knowing
some technical jargons in order to understand the
computer language.
3. Interaction. The best way to understand
computers is to use it directly for some simple
applications like doing research via the internet,
mailing and chatting electronically.
 "INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES."

ICT is the technology required for information

processing, in particular, the use of electronic
computers, communication devices and software
applications to convert, store, protect, process,
transmit and retrieve information from anywhere,
anytime.
INFORMATION

Information refers to the knowledge

obtained from reading, investigation, study
or research.
Information technology has great influence
on all aspects of life. Almost all work places
and living environment are being
computerized. In order to prepare diploma
holders to work in these environments, it is
essential that they are exposed to various
aspects of information technology such as
understanding the concept of information
technology such as a computer; used of
various tools of MS office, using internet etc.
form the board competency profile of
diploma holders.
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 It is the application of computers

and telecommunications
equipment to store, retrieve,
transmit and manipulate data often
in the context of a business or
other enterprise.
It refers to an entire industry and in
actuality, information technology is the use
of computers and software to manage
information. In some companies, this is
referred to as Management Information
Services (or MIS) or Simply as Information
Services (or IS). The information technology
department of a large company would be
responsible for storing information,
protecting information, processing the
information, transmitting the information as
necessary, and later retrieving information
as necessary.
The term computer is derived from
the word compute. The word compute
means to calculate. A computer is an
electronic machine that accepts data
from the user, processes the data by
performing calculations and
operations on it, and generates the
desired output results. Computer
performs both simple and complex
operations, with speed and accuracy.
▪ A computer is an electronic hardware device.
It operates and functions under the control of
instructions in its memory called programs.
▪ A computer is an electronic device,
operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory that can accept data
(input), process the data according to
specified rules, produce information (output),
and store the information for future use.
➢ Peopleware – are the most important elements of a
computer system. They use and operate the
computer. People use computers for a variety of
applications.
➢ Software – are programs or instructions that a
computer must follow to do its task. The purpose of
software is to process data into useful information for
people. Software gives flexibility to computers.
➢ Hardware – represents the physical and tangible
components of a computer.
1. Speed: – As you know computer can work very fast.
It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take
hours to complete. You will be surprised to know
that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of
instructions and even more per second.
▪ Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in
terms of microsecond (10-6 part of a second) or
nanosecond (10 to the power -9 part of a second).
From this you can imagine how fast your computer
performs work.
2. Accuracy: Accuracy plays a major
role in adapting computers as they are
highly accurate and can perform the
calculator with extreme precision. They
do not mistake like humans due to
distraction, or forgetfulness. They will
follow the programmed instructions
resulting in accurate results.
3. Diligence: – A computer is free from
tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue,
etc. It can work for hours without
creating any error. If millions of
calculations are to be performed, a
computer will perform every calculation
with the same accuracy. Due to this
capability it overpowers human being in
routine type of work.
4. Versatility: – It means the capacity to
perform completely different type of
work. You may use your computer to
prepare payroll slips. Next moment you
may use it for inventory management or
to prepare electric bills.
5. Power of Remembering: –
Computer has the power of storing any
amount of information or data.
Any information can be stored and
recalled as long as you require it, for any
numbers of years. It depends entirely
upon you how much data you want to
store in a computer and when to lose or
retrieve these data.
6. No IQ: – Computer is a dumb
machine and it cannot do any work
without instruction from the user. It
performs the instructions at tremendous
speed and with accuracy. It is you to
decide what you want to do and in what
sequence. So a computer cannot take its
own decision as you can.
7. No Feeling: – It does not have
feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge
and experience. Thus it does not get
tired even after long hours of work. It
does not distinguish between users.
8. Storage: – The Computer has an in-
built memory where it can store a large
amount of data. You can also store data in
secondary storage devices such as
floppies, which can be kept outside your
computer and can be carried to other
computers.
▪ Versatility: Computers are versatile machines
that can perform a wide range of tasks, from
simple calculations to complex simulations. They
can be used in various fields such as business,
education, healthcare, engineering, and
entertainment.
▪ Automation: Computers can automate
repetitive tasks, which can save time and
improve efficiency. Automation can be achieved
through software programs or hardware devices,
such as robots and sensors.
▪ Remembrance power: Computers have the
ability to store and retrieve large amounts of
data quickly and efficiently. This enables them to
remember and recall information, which is
important for many applications such as data
analysis, research, and decision-making.
▪ Reliability: We can rely on computers for our
work as they can perform tasks without breaking
down or malfunctioning. They work on the
specified instructions without involving in
emotions or feelings like humans do.
▪ Scalability: The computers can be scaled
according to the need of the user we can either
increase the capacity or decrease the capacity.
We can add additional hardware and software
that makes them perform complex tasks and can
handle more amount of data. With the help of
scalability, the user can mold the computer
according to its need.
▪ Multitasking: The computers are able to
perform various tasks simultaneously which
makes the user work on various projects at once.
This characteristic of computers is helpful in
tasks like data analysis, video editing, etc.
 According on Principles of
Operation

There are three different types of computers

according to the principles of operation.
Those three types of computers are:

✓ Analog Computers
✓ Digital Computers
✓ Hybrid Computers
Analog Computers

Analog Computer is a computing

device that works on continuous
range of values. The results given
by the analog computers will only
be approximate since they deal
with quantities that vary
continuously. It generally deals with
physical variables such as voltage,
pressure, temperature, speed, etc
Example of Analog Devices:
 Digital Computer

On the other hand a digital computer operates on digital data

such as numbers. It uses binary number system in which
there are only two digits 0 and 1. Each one is called a bit. The
digital computer is designed using digital circuits in which
there are two levels for an input or output signal. These two
levels are known as logic 0 and logic 1. Digital Computers can
give more accurate and faster results.

Digital computer is well suited for solving complex problems in

engineering and technology. Hence digital computers have an
increasing use in the field of design, research and data
processing.
Example of Digital Devices:
 Hybrid Computer

A hybrid computer combines the desirable

features of analog and digital computers. It is
mostly used for automatic operations of
complicated physical processes and
machines. Now-adays analog-to-digital and
digital-to-analog converters are used for
transforming the data into suitable form for
either type of computation.
 For example, in a hospital’s ICU, analog
devices might measure the patients
temperature, blood pressure and other vital
signs. These measurements which are in
analog might then be converted into Numbers
and supplied to digital components in the
system.
 These components are used to monitor the
patient’s vital sign and send signal if any
abnormal readings are detected. Hybrid
computers are mainly used for specialized
tasks.
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
BASED ON CONFIGURATION, SPEED
AND COMPUTING POWER
SUPER COMPUTER

Super computers are used for solving

complex application such as Global
Weather Forecasting. Creating graphic
images, engineering design and testing,
space exploration and other problems
where it is necessary to process huge
quantities of data quickly.
SUPER COMPUTER
✓ Largest
✓ Fastest
✓ Expensive
✓ Can handle over 10,000 users
✓ Parallel Processing
Cost:
 Several million dollars.

Speed:
 60 billion instructions per second.

Size:
 Automobile Sized.
MAINFRAME

Cost: Several hundred thousands

dollars.
Speed: 250 million instructions per
second.
Size: Refrigerator Sized.
 MAINFRAME
 Mainframe is very large in
size and is an expensive
computer capable of
supporting hundreds or
even thousands of users
simultaneously. Mainframe
executes many programs
concurrently and supports
many users simultaneously
execution of programs such
as banks, airlines, railways
and etc. execution of
programs.
MINICOMPUTER

USE OF MINI COMPUTER:

Tele communications.

Cost: 25,000 Dollars to Over 150,000

Dollars.
Speed: 150 million instruction per
second
Size: Filling Cabinet size.
MICRO COMPUTER

The invention of microprocessor (single

chip CPU) gave birth to the much
cheaper micro computers. They are
further classified into:
✓Personal Computers
✓Laptop Computers
✓Handheld Computers(PDAs)
1. Personal Computer
They are usually easier to use and more
affordable. They are normally intended for
individual users for their word processing
and other small application Requirements.
✓Desktop
✓Tower.
Although personal
computers are designed as
single-user systems, these
systems are normally linked
together to form a network.
In terms of power, now-a-
days High-end models of
the Macintosh and PC offer
the same computing power
and graphics capability as
low-end workstations by Sun
Microsystems, Hewlett-
Packard, and Dell.
PERSONAL COMPUTER

A PC can be defined as a small, relatively

inexpensive computer designed for an individual
user. PCs are based on the microprocessor
technology that enables manufacturers to put an
entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal
computers for word processing, accounting,
desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet
and database management applications. At home,
the most popular use for personal computers is
playing games and surfing Internet.
2. LAPTOP

 Laptop computers are portable

computers. They are lightweight
computers with a thin screen.
They are also called as notebook
computers because of their small
size. They can operate on
batteries and hence are very
popular with travelers. The
screen folds down onto the
keyboard when not in use.
3. HANDHELD

 Handheld computers or Personal

Digital Assistants (PDAs) are pen-
based and also battery powered.
They are small and can be carried
anywhere. They use a pen like
stylus and accept handwritten input
directly on the screen. They are not
as powerful as desktops or laptops
but they are used for scheduling
appointments, storing addresses
and playing games. They have
touch screens which we use with a
finger or a stylus.
PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT
Instruction: Answer the following questions briefly in
a short bond paper hard copy.
▪ The future of Computing.
▪ Address the following points
▪ How has the role of computers changed overtime?
▪ What ethical considerations should be taken into account as technology
evolves.
▪ How can individuals prepare for the changes that will come with new
technology.

▪ Current Trends in Technology.

▪ Identify and explain at least three current trends in technology.
▪ For each trend, discuss its potential impact on society and industries.
▪ Provide real-world examples of how these technologies are being
applied today.
The architecture of a house defines its structure. Similarly,
we use the term computer architecture to describe how
the hardware components of a computer are put together.

Almost all devices in a computer system other than the

CPU and main memory are called peripherals; they
operate at the periphery, or outer edges, of the system
(although they may be in the same box). Users don’t
interact directly with the CPU or main memory. Although
they form the essence of the machine, the CPU and main
memory would not be useful without peripheral devices.
 Controllers are devices that coordinate the
activities of specific peripherals. Every
device has its own particular way of
formatting and communicating data, and part
of the controller’s role is to handle these
idiosyncrasies and isolate them from the rest
of the computer hardware. Furthermore, the
controller often handles much of the actual
transmission of information, allowing the CPU
to focus on other activities.
External Input/Output Ports or Rear
Connectors Of A Motherboard
Computer systems provide many advantages to
its users, such as speed, storage, hardware
reliability, accuracy and communication. However,
there are also some disadvantages of computer
use such as information overload, the expense of
computer equipment, data inaccuracy and an
increasing dependence on unreliable software. As
you can see, computer technology is growing at
such an incredible rate that we are spending more
time to keep up with the changes.
BUSINESS
 A computer has high speed Computer is used in business
of calculation, diligence, organizations for:
accuracy, reliability, or
versatility which made it an Payroll calculations
integrated part in all Budgeting
business organizations. Sales analysis
Financial forecasting
Managing employees
database
Maintenance of stocks etc.
BANKING
Banks provide following
 Today banking is almost facilities:
totally dependent on
computer  Banks provide online
accounting facility, which
includes current balances,
deposits, overdrafts, interest
charges, shares,
and trustee records.
 ATM machines are making it
even easier for customers to
deal with banks.
INSURANCE
 Insurance companies
are keeping all records
up-to-date with the help Insurance companies are
of computers. The maintaining a database of
all clients with information
insurance companies, showing :
finance houses and
procedure to continue with policies
stock broking firms are starting date of the policies
widely using computers next due installment of a policy
for their concerns. maturity date
interests due
survival benefits
 bonus
EDUCATION
The computer has
 The computer has provided a lot of facilities
provided a lot of in the education system. :
facilities in the The computer provides
education system a tool in the education
system known as CBE
(Computer Based
Education). CBE
involves control,
delivery,
and evaluation of
learning.
Teachers use
computer aided
instruction (cai) to
better help the students
learning.
EDUCATION
 The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph
of number of computer students.
 There are number of methods in which educational
institutions can use computer to educate the students.
 It is used to prepare a database about performance of
a student and analysis is carried out on this basis.
MARKETING

In marketing, uses of  Advertising - With computers,

computer are advertising professionals create art
and graphics, write and revise copy,
following: and print and disseminate ads with
the goal of selling more products.
 At Home Shopping - Home shopping
has been made possible through use
of computerized catalogues
that provide access to product
information and permit direct entry of
orders to be filled by the customers.
HEALTHCARE
 Computers have become
important part in hospitals, labs, Some major fields of health
and dispensaries. The care in which computers
computers are being used in are used are: :
hospitals to keep the record of
patients and medicines. It is also  Diagnostic System -
used in scanning and
diagnosing different diseases. Computers are used to
ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT collect data and identify
Scans etc. are also done by cause of illness.
computerized machines.  Lab-diagnostic System -
All tests can be done and
reports are prepared by
computer.
 HEALTH CARE

 Surgeons - Nowadays, computers are also used in

performing surgery in surgical operations which make it
faster and less painful for the patients this is called laser
operation.

 Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check

patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac
Arrest, ECG etc.
 Pharma Information System - Computer checks Drug-
Labels, Expiry dates, harmful drug’s side effects
etc
ENGINEERING DESIGN
One of major areas is CAD (Computer
 Computers are aided design). that provides creation and
widely used in modification of images. Some fields are:
Engineering purpose.
Structural Engineering -
Requires stress and strain
analysis for design of Ships,
Buildings, Budgets,
Airplanes etc.
 ENGINEERING DESIGN

Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with

design, implementation and improvement of
integrated systems of people, materials and
equipment's.
Engineers and Architect – use computer program
called computer aided design (cad) to easily drawn
and create their plans and designs and help in
planning towns, designing buildings, determining a
range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D
drawings.
MILITARY
Some military areas where a
 Computers are largely computer has been used are: are:
used in defense.
modern tanks, missiles, Missile Control
weapons etc. Military Military Communication
also employs Military Operation and
computerized control Planning
systems. Smart Weapons.
COMMUNICATION
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or
speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the :

E-mail
Chatting
Usenet
FTP (File Transfer
Protocol)
Telnet
Video-
conferencing
GOVERNMENT
Computers play an important role in government. Some
major fields in this category are:
Budgets
Sales tax department
Income tax department
Male/Female ratio
Computerization of voters lists
Computerization of driving
licensing system
Computerization of card
Weather forecasting
▪ In Game and Movie Animation, cartoon animators
use computer to create excellent animation
games, cartoons and animated films is because
computers are capable of producing realistic
visual and sound effects that excite the children
and movie watchers.