Subject Name and Code: ENVIRONMENT STADIE(22602) Academy Year: 2023-24
Course Name: CIVIL ENGINEERING. Semester: CE4I
A STUDY ON
VISIT NEAE BY HYDROPOWER PLANT & MAKE A REPORT ON IT
SUBMITTED ON APRIL/MAY BY THE GROUP OF 03 STUDENTS
Sr. No Roll No Full Name of student Enrolment
1 DSD 13(23) KUMBHAR MANAS S 23112090238
2 DSD 14(24) BHANUSHALI ROHIT K 23112090239
3 DSD 15(25) WALIMBE PRACHI D 23112090240
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR. NISHANT DESHMUKH
`IN 3 YEARS, DIPLOMA PROGRAMME IN ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
ISO 9001:2008(ISO/IEC-27001:2013)
SHIVAJIRAO S. JONDHLE POLYTHECHNIC, ASANGAON.
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that MR. KUMBHAR MANAS S
Roll No: DSD 13(23)
Of VI semester of civil engineering diploma programme in engineering
Technology at 1647-SHIVAJORAO S. JONDHLE POLYTECHNIC
Has completed that micro project satisfactorily in subject ENROLMENT
STADIES(22602) in the academy year 2023-2024 as prescribed in the MSBTE
prescribed curriculum l Scheme.
Place: Asangaon Enrollment: 23112090238
Date / /2023 Exam Seat No:
Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal
SEAL OF INSTITUTION
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that MR. BHANUSHALI ROHIT K
Roll No: DSD 14(24)
Of VI semester of civil engineering diploma programme in engineering
Technology at 1647-SHIVAJORAO S. JONDHLE POLYTECHNIC
Has completed that micro project satisfactorily in subject ENROLMENT
STADIES(22602) in the academy year 2023-2024 as prescribed in the
MSBTE prescribed Curriculum l Scheme.
Place: Asangaon Enrollment: 23112090239
Date / /2023 Exam Seat No:
Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal
SEAL OF INSTITUTION
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that MS. WALIMBE PRACHI D
Roll No: DSD 15(25)
Of VI semester of civil engineering diploma programme in engineering
Technology at 1647-SHIVAJORAO S. JONDHLE POLYTECHNIC
Has completed that micro project satisfactorily in subject ENROLMENT
STADIES(22602) in the academy year 2023-2024 as prescribed in the
MSBTE prescribed Curriculum l Scheme.
Place: Asangaon Enrollment: 23112090340
Date / /2023 Exam Seat No:
Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal
SEAL OF INSTITUTION
Sr. Roll No Full Name of student Enrolment Mark’s
No
1 DSD 13(23) KUMBHAR MANAS S 23112090238
2 DSD 14(24) BHANUSHALI ROHIT K 23112090239
3 DSD 15(25) WALIMBE PRACHI D 23112090240
INDEX
Sr. No CONTENT PAGE NO
1 Introduction 7
Define of hydropower 8
2
plant
3 Hydropower plant 9 To 14
4 Conclusion 15
5 Reference 16
Introduction
depends on how far the water drops and how much water moves through the
system. The electricity can Hydraulic power is electricity generated using the
energy of moving water. Rain or melted snow, usually originating in hills and
mountains, create streams and rivers that eventually run to the ocean. The
energy of that moving water can be substantial, as anyone who has been
whitewater rafting knows. This energy has been exploited for centuries.
Farmers since the ancient Greeks have used water wheels to grind wheat into
flour. Placed in a river, a water wheel picks up flowing water in buckets
located around the wheel. The kinetic energy of the flowing river turns the
wheel and is converted into mechanical energy that runs the mill.
In the late 19th century, Hydraulic power became a source for generating
electricity. The first Hydraulic electric power plant was built at Niagara Falls in
1879. in 1881, street lamps in the city of Niagara Falls were powered by
Hydraulic power. In 1882 the world's first Hydraulic power plant began
operating in the United States in Appleton, Wisconsin.
A typical Hydraulic plant is a system with three parts: an electric plant where
the electricity is produced; a dam that can be opened or closed to control
water flow; and a reservoir where water can be stored. The water behind the
dam flows through an intake and pushes against blades in a turbine, causing
them to turn, The turbine spins a generator to produce electricity.
The amount of electricity that can be generated be transported over long-
distanceelecincunes to nomes, raccones, and businesses.
Hydraulic power provides almost one-fifth of the world's electricity. China,
Canada, Brazil, the United States, and Russia were the five largest producers
of Hydraulic power in 2004. One of the world's largest Hydraulic plants is at
Three Gorges on China's Yangtze River. The reservoir for this facility started
filling in 2003, but the plant is not expected to be fully operational until
2009. The dam is 1,4 miles (2.3 kilometers) wide and 607 feet (185 meters) high.
The biggest Hydraulic plant in the United States is located at the Grand Coulee
Dam on the Columbia River in northern Washington. More than 70 percent of the
electricity made in Washington State isproduced by Hydroelectric facilities
Define
A hydropower plant transforms the hydraulic energy of a watercourse,
whether it is natural or artificial, into renewable electricity. There are three
types hydropower plant: run-of-river, reservoir or storage.
What is the hydropower plant?
At hydropower plants water flows through a pipe, or penstock, then pushes
against and turns blades in a turbine that spin to power a generator to
produce electricity.
Conventional hydroelectric facilities include:
Run-of-the-river systems, where the force of the river's current applies pressure
on aturbine. 20 Apr 2023
Terms related to hydraulic power plant
1. FRL (FULL RESERVOIR LEVEL)
FRL is the Upper level of the reservoir (selected based on techno-economic
2. submergence considerations)
MDDL (MINIMUM DRAWDOWN LEVEL)
Lowest level up to which the reservoir level could be drawn down to withdraw waters for energy
generation (selected from considerations of silt & turbine operational limits) is called as
minimum drawdown level.
3. GROSS STORAGE
Total storage capacity of the reservoir is termed as gross storage.
4. DEAD STORAGE
Reservoir storage, which cannot be used for generation and is left for silt
deposition (below MDDL), is called as dead reservoir.
5. LIVE STORAGE
It is the storage in the reservoir, which is available for power generation. (between FRL &
MDDL)
6. FIRM POWER
Firm power is continuous power output in the entire period of hydrological data at 90%
dependability.
7. FIRM ENERGY
Energy generated corresponding to firm power is called as firm energy.
8. PEAK ENERGY
Peak energy is electric energy supplied during periods of relatively high system demands.
9. OFF-PEAK ENERGY
Off peak, energy is electric energy supplied during periods of relatively low system demands.
10. LOAD FACTOR
Load factor is the ratio of the average load over a designated period to the peak-load occurring
in that period.
11. DESIGN HEAD
The head at which the turbine will operate to give the best overall efficiency under various
operating conditions is called as design head.
12. GROSS HEAD
It is the difference of elevations between water surfaces of the fore bay/ dam and tailrace under
specified conditions.
13. NET HEAD
The gross head chargeable to the turbine less all hydraulic losses in water conductor system is
termed as net head.
Elements/component of hydraulic
power plant
RESERVOIR
Whole of the water available from the catchment area is collected in a reservoir behind the
dam. The purpose of the storing of water in the reservoir is to get a uniform power output
throughout the year. A reservoir can be either natural or artificial. A natural reservoir is a
lake
in hien mountains and an afflical reservoir is made by construcing a dam across the river.
DAM AND INTAKE HOUSE
A dam is built across a river for two functions: to impound the river water for storage and to
create the head of water. Dams may be classified according to their structural materials
such as: Timber, steel, earth, rock filled and masonry. Timber and steel are used for dams
of height 6 m to 12 m only. Earth dams are built for larger heights, up to about 100 m. To
protect the dam from the wave erosion, a protecting coat of rock, concrete or planking must
be laid at the water line.
The other exposed surfaces should be covered with grass or vegetation to protect the dam
from rainfall erosion. Beas dam at Pong is a 126.5 m high earth core-gravel shell dam in
earth dams, the base is quite large as compared to the height. Such dams are quite
suitable for a pervious foundation because the wide base makes a long seepage path. The
earth dams have got the following advantages.
1. Suitable for relatively pervious foundation
2. Usually less costly than a masonry dam.
3. if protected from erosion, this type of dam is the most permanent type
of construction. dit fits best in natural surround nes
The following are the disadvantages of earth dams:
1. Greater seepage loss than other dams.
2. The earth dam is not suitable for a spillway, therefore, a supplementary spillway is required.
1. Danger of possible destruction or serious damage from erosion by water either
seepingthrough or overtiowing the dam.
PENSTOCK
The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the reservoir
towards the power generation unit comprised of the turbines and venerator. The water
ir the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due
to its height.
The total amount of power generated in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the
height of the water reservoir and the amount of water flowing through the penstock. The
amount of water towing throurh the penstock as controlled oy the control rates.
PRESSURE TUNNEL
It is a passage that carries water from the reservoir to the surge tank.
SURGE TANK
It is a safety device. Whenever the electrical load on the generator drops down suddenly,
the governor partially closes the gates which admits water flow to the turbine. Due to this
sudden
decrease in the rate of water low to the turbine, there will be sudden increase of
pressore ir the penstock. This phenomenon results in hammering action called water
hammer in the penstock. When turbine gates are suddenly opened to produce more
power, there is a sudden rush of water through penstock and it might cause a vacuum
in water flow system which might collapse penstock. Penstock withstands positive
hammer and vacuum effects. Surge tank acts as a temporary reservoir. It helps in
stabilizing the velocity and pressure in penstock and thereby saves penstock from
getting damaged. To serve as supply tank to the turbine in case of increased load
conditions, and storage tank in case of low load conditions.
TURBINE
Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit, which houses
the turbine and the generator. When water fails on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and
potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine.
The rotatine bades causes the shalt of the turbine to a so rotate. The turbine chatt is
enclosed Inside the generator. The hydro project is site specific as such the use of standard
or off the shelf unit may not be possible. The selection of type of turbine is made on the basis
of "Head".The brosd elascification is riven balow
The brosd elascification is riven balow
Low head (upto60 m) - Kaplan Turbine
Medium head(30to600m)-Francis
Turbine
High head (more than300m) - Pelton Wheel
Classification of hydraulic turbine
A. BASED ON FLOW PATH
Water can pass through the Hydraulic Turbines in different flow paths. Based on the flow
path of the liquid Hydraulic Turbines can be categorized into three types.
1. Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbines
This category of Hydraulic Turbines has the flow path of the liquid mainly parallel to the
axis of rotation. Kaplan Turbines has liquid flow mainly in axial direction.
2. Radial Flow Hydraulic Turbines
Such Hydraulic Turbines has the liquid flowing mainly in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
3. Mixed Flow Hydraulic Turbines
For most of the Hydraulic Turbines used, there is a significant
component of both axial and rada iows such ivoes of Hydraulic
Turbines are called as mixed Fiow turbines
Francis Turbine ss an example of mixed tow type, in prances Turoine water enters
in wadi direction and exits in axial direction.
B. BASED ON PRESSURE CHANGE
one more important criterion for classification of Hydraulic Turbines is whether the pressure
of liquid changes or not while it flows through the rotor of the Hydraulic
Turbines, based on the pressure chance Hydraulic furbines can be
classified as of two types.
1. Impulse Turbine
The pressure of liquid does not change while flowing through the
rotor of the machine. In moulse turbines oressure chanpe occur
only in the nories o the machine. one such example of impulse
turbine is Pelton Wheel,
2. Reaction Turbine
The pressure of liquid changes while it flows through the rotor of the machine. The
change in fluid velocity and reduction in its pressure causes a reaction on the turbine
blades; this
where from the name Reaction Turoine may have been derived Francis and kaolar
In our project use the
pelton wheel or
impulse turbine
PELTON WHEEL
Pelton wheel is impulse type water turbine, which extracts energy from impulse of moving
water when the water strikes the Pelton cup at very high speed; it induces an impulsive
force, which makes the turbine rotate. In short the Pelton wheel transforms the kinetic
energy of
POWER HOUSE
A powerhouse usually contains following components:
A. Hydraulic
turbines Electric
generators
Governors
Relief valves
water circulation
pumos Air ducts
switch board and
instruments Storage
batteries
cranes
GENERATOR
Generator is a device, which is used to convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy. Main Generator components include:
Rotor
Upper
Bracket
lowpr
Bracket
Thrust Bearing & Guide
Bearings Slip Ring &
Brush Assembly
Air Coolers
Brakes &
Jacks Stator
Heaters
GOVERNOR
The hydraulic turbine governor is equipment for controlling the guide vanes by detecting
turbine speed and its guide vane opening in order to keep the turbine speed stable or to
regulate its output Governors are provided with the following features:
1. Quick Response and Stable Control
2. Guide Vane Opening Detection with High Accuracy
3. Speed Detection with High Accuracy
4. High Reliability
5. Easy Maintenance
Working principle of hydraulic power
plant
Following are the working steps of a hydraulic power plant
1. Initially the water of the river is in
Catchment Area.
2. hi. From catchments area the water
flows to the dam.
3. At the dam the water gets accumulated. Thus the potential energy of
the water increases due to the height of the dam.
4.When the gates of the dam are opened then the water moves with high Kinetic Energy Into
the penstock.
5.Through the penstock water goes to the turbine house.
6.Since the penstock makes water to flow from high altitude to
low altitude, Thus the Kinetic Energy of the water is again
raised.
7. In the turbine house the pressure of the water is controlled by
the controlling valves as per the requirements
8.the controlled pressurized water is fed to the turbine.
9.Due to the pressure of the water the light weight turbine rotates.
10.Due to the high speed rotation of the turbine the shaft connected
between the turbine and the generator rotates.
11.Due to the rotation of penerator the ac current is produced
12. From powerhouse it is supplied for the commercial purposes.
Hydro project are
developed for the
following purposes
to control the foods in the rivers
Generation of power.
Storage of irrigation water.
Storage of the drinking water supply
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER
• Water source is perennially available. No fuel is required to be burnt to generate
electricity
The running cost of hydropower installations are very low as compared to thermal or nuclear
power stations.
• There is no problem with regards to the disposal of ash as
in a thermal station. The hydraulic power plant can be
switched on and off in a very short time.
The hydraulic power plant is relatively simple in concept and self-contained in operation.
• The plant is highly reliable and its maintenance and operation
charges are very low. The plant can be run up and
synchronized in a row minutes
The load can be varied quickly and the rapidly changing load demands can be met without any
difficulty.
1. The plant has no stand by losses.
2. The efficiency of the plant does not change with age.
3. The cost of generation of electricity varies little with the passage of time.
DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER
1. Loss of large land due to reservoir.
Hydropower may become more expensive in the future. Licensing and assessing
2.
dams is a long and expensive process.
The initial cost of the power plant is very high.
. 3.Power generation by hydro power plant is only dependent on natural phenomenon of
rain. Therefore, at the time of drought or summer session the Hydro Power Plant will not
work.
b. ryder power renciation stations are to be focated in hilly
mountainous tertains where hyder power generation is not possibie.
4.Building a dam affects the environment and wildlife of adjoining areas. Nearby low
lying areas are always under the threat of floods.
Conclusion
As we all know that the use of fossil fuel is very limited. So to get our required energy,
hydraulic energy is a very good alternative. In hydraulic power plant, we can generate
electricity by the use of water force and which is also not very much costly.
In order to achieve a growth rate of 7-8 % as envisaged in National policy of India, it is also
required to tap all the small Hydro Power potential of the country. Hydro Power Project
sector, especially in view of the fact that Large Hydro power projects involve huge capital
investment and long gestation period which private partners do not afford to bear. The
utilization of small Hydro Power Potential is especially required in all states where the
utilized potential is very low like in MP and therefore optimum utilization of the same may
set up an stepping up stone for achieving self-sufficiency in power sector in country.
Reference
1. Maps of India
2. Wikipedia
3. Google Images
4. Indian Energy Portal
5. International Energy Association Data
6. http://energy.gov/
7. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-
warming/hydropowerprofile/
8. http://www.hydropower.org/
9. WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING by Dr. K.R. Arora published by Standard
PublishersDistributors.
