DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING

ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES

Cefuroxime Therapeutic: Antibiotics Parenteral: Cefuroxime is used to treat  Blistering, peeling  Shake suspension well
 Lower respiratory a wide variety of bacterial or loosening of the before each use.
Pharmacotherapeutic: infections caused by S. infections. It works by skin.  Give tablets without
pneumoniae, S. aureus,
Belongs to the class of E. coli, Klebsiella, H.
stopping the growth of  Bloody or black regard for meals, give
second-generation influenzae, S. bacteria. This antibiotic tarry stools. oral suspension with
cephalosporins. pyogenes treats only bacterial  Cough or food.
 Dermatologic infections. hoarseness.  Patients who can’t
infections caused by S.
aureus, S. pyogenes, E.
 Coughing up swallow the tablet
coli, Klebsiella, blood. whole should receive
Enterobacter  Decrease in urine the oral suspension.
 UTIs caused by E. coli, output or decrease Don’t crush tablets due
Klebsiella in urine to bitter taste.
 Uncomplicated and
disseminated
concentrating  Store suspension at
gonorrhea caused by ability. room temperature
N. gonorrhoeae  Feeling of before reconstruction or
 Septicemia caused by discomfort. under refrigerator after
S. pneumoniae, S.  Fever with or reconstruction. Discard
aureus, E. coli,
Klebsiella, H. without chills. reconstituted
influenzae  General feeling of suspension after 10
 Meningitis caused by tiredness or days.
S. pneumoniae, H. weakness.
influenzae, S. aureus,
N. meningitidis
 Bone and joint
infections caused by S.
aureus
 Perioperative
prophylaxis
 Treatment of acute
bacterial maxillary
sinusitis in patients 3
mo–12 yr
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Salbutamol Neb Therapeutic:  Relief and It relaxes the smooth  Nervousness  Check and verify with
Bronchodilators & prevention of muscles for the bronchioles  Restlessness doctors order and
Adrenergic bronchospasm in allowing maximum passage  Tremor kardex.
patients with of air. It decreases  Headache  Administer accurately
Pharmacotherapeutic: reversible intracellular calcium which  Insomnia because adverse and
Belongs to the class of obstructive airway will relax the smooth  Chest pain reactions and tolerance
adrenergic inhalants, disease muscles of the lungs by might occur.
 Palpitations
selective beta-2-  Inhalation: mobilizing kinase through
 Angina  Provide oral care or let
adrenoreceptor agonists. Treatment of acute activation of cyclic – 3’s’- patient gurgle after
 Arrhythmias
attacks of adenosine monophosphate inhalation to get rid the
bronchospasm  Hypertension
unpleasant after taste of
 Prevention of the inhalation.
exercise-induced
bronchospasm
 Unlabeled use:
Adjunct in treating
serious
hyperkalemia in
dialysis patients;
seems to lower
potassium
concentrations
when inhaled by
patients on
hemodialysis
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Paracetamol Therapeutic: Analgesics  Analgesic- Inhibits the cyclooxygenase Serious side effects are:  Check doctors order
& Antipyretics antipyretic in and actions of its  Be cautious in
patients with aspirin metabolite and actions of CNS: prescribing, preparing
Pharmacotherapeutic: allergy, hemostatic its metabolite called N-  Agitation and administering IV
Belongs to the class of disturbances, arachidonoylaminopherol.  Anxiety acetaminophen to avoid
anilide preparations. bleeding diatheses, By inhibiting the  Fatigue dosing errors leading to
upper GI disease, prostaglandin synthesis. It  Headache accidental overdose and
gouty arthritis produces analgesia by  Insomnia death.
 Arthritis and elevating the pain threshold CV:  Routinely monitor the
rheumatic disorders and antipyresis through  HTN effectiveness of
involving action on the hypothalamic  Hypotension acetaminophen by
musculoskeletal heat-regulating center. assessing pain levels
 Peripheral
pain (but lacks and fever reduction.
 Edema
clinically
 Periorbital edema  IV acetaminophen
significant should be infused over
 Tachycardia
antirheumatic and 15 minutes.
anti-inflammatory
effects)
 Common cold, flu,
other viral and
bacterial infections
with pain and fever
 Unlabeled use:
Prophylactic for
children receiving
DPT vaccination to
reduce incidence of
fever and pain.
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Metoclopramide Therapeutic:  Relief of symptoms Metoclopramide is a  Visual disturbance  Monitor BP carefully
Antiemetics/GIT of acute and substituted benzamide with  Diarrhoea during IV
regulators, Antiflatulents recurrent diabetic prokinetic and antiemetic  Nausea administration.
& Anti-Inflammatories gastroparesis properties. It accelerates  Dysgeusia  Monitor for
 Short-term therapy gastric emptying and  Fatigue extrapyramidal
Pharmacotherapeutic: (4–12 wk) for intestinal transit time by  Hypersensitivity reactions, and consult
Belongs to the class of adults with stimulating the motility of reactions including physician if they occur.
propulsives. symptomatic the upper gastrointestinal bronchospasm  Monitor diabetic
gastroesophageal tract and increasing gastric urticarial, patients, arrange for
reflux who fail to peristalsis without rash,angioedema alteration in insulin
respond to stimulating gastric, biliary  Seizures dose or timing if
conventional or pancreatic secretions.
 Restlessness diabetic control is
therapy Additionally, it blocks
 Hypotension compromised by
 Parenteral: dopamine receptors and alterations in timing of
Prevention of serotonin receptors in the
food absorption.
nausea and chemoreceptor trigger zone
vomiting associated of the CNS.
with emetogenic
cancer
chemotherapy
DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Metformin Therapeutic:  Adjunct to diet to Metformin is a biguanide  Nausea  Monitor urine or serum
Antidiabetic agents lower blood glucose antihyperglycaemic agent  Vomiting glucose levels
with type 2 diabetes which improves glucose  Abdominal pain frequently to determine
Pharmacotherapeutic: mellitus in patients tolerance by lowering both  Diarrhoea effectiveness of drug
Belongs to the class of > 10 yr; extended- basal and postprandial  Taste disturbance and dosage.
biguanides. release in patients > plasma glucose. It exerts its  Dyspepsia
17 yr effect by decreasing hepatic  Loss of appetite
 As part of glucose production through
 Asthenia
combination inhibition of
therapy with a gluconeogenesis and
sulfonylurea or glycogenolysis, delaying
insulin when either intestinal absorption of
drug alone cannot glucose, and improving
control glucose insulin sensitivity by
levels in patients increasing peripheral
with type 2 diabetes glucose uptake and
mellitus utilisation.
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Atorvastatin Therapeutic:  Adjunct to diet in Atorvastatin selectively and  Diarrhoea  Obtain LFTs as a baseline
Dyslipidaemic Agents treatment of elevated competitively inhibits 3-  Constipation and periodically during
total cholesterol, hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl  Flatulence therapy; discontinue drug
serum triglycerides,
Pharmacotherapeutic:
and LDL cholesterol
coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)  Dyspepsia if AST or ALT levels
Belongs to the class of reductase, the rate-limiting  Nausea increase to 3 times normal
in patients with
HMG CoA reductase enzyme in cholesterol  Malaise levels.
primary
inhibitors. synthesis. This action  Ensure that patient has
hypercholesterolemia  Fatigue
results in a compensatory tried cholesterol-lowering
(types IIa and IIb)  Hepatitis
increase in the expression diet regimen for 3–6 mo
and mixed  Allergic reactions
dyslipidemia, primary of LDL receptors on before beginning therapy.
hepatocyte membranes and,  Muscle spasms  Administer drug without
dysbetalipoproteinem
ia, and homozygous subsequently, increased  Back pain regard to food, but at same
familial hepatic uptake and  Joint swelling time each day.
hypercholesterolemia clearance of LDL-C from  Headache  Atorvastatin may be
whose response to the blood.  Dizziness combined with a bile acid–
dietary restriction of  Insomnia binding agent. Do not
saturated fat and
 Rash combine with other HMG-
cholesterol and other
nonpharmacologic  Pruritus CoA reductase inhibitors
measures has not  Urticaria or fibrates.
been adequate  Alopecia  Consult dietitian about
 To increase HDL-C low-cholesterol diets.
in patients with
primary
hypercholesterolemia
and mixed
dyslipidemia
 Adjunct to diet to
treat elevated serum
triglyceride levels
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Ferrous sulfate Therapeutic: Oral Ferrous sulfate facilitates  Gastrointestinal  Confirm that patient
Antiemetics Iron-deficiency anaemia oxygen transport via Hb. It irritation does have iron
Adult: As elemental iron: is used as iron source as it  Nausea deficiency anemia
Pharmacotherapeutic: Treatment: 65-200 mg replaces iron found in Hb,  Vomiting before treatment.
Belongs to the class of daily, in 2-3 divided doses. myoglobin and other  Epigastric pain  Warn patient that stool
oral iron bivalent Prevention: 65 mg daily. enzymes.  Diarrhoea maybe dark or green
preparations. Elderly: As elemental iron:  Constipation  Arrange for periodic
15-50 mg daily.  Blackening of monitoring of Hct and
Child: As elemental iron: Hgb levels
stool
Treatment: 3-6 mg/kg daily
 Tooth
in 3 divided doses. Max:
discolouration
200 mg daily.
 Abdominal
Prevention: ≥4
discomfort
months Solely breastfed
infants: 1 mg/kg daily; ≥6  Hypersensitivity
months to <2 years 10-12.5
mg daily for 3 consecutive
months; 2-<5 years 30 mg
daily for 3 consecutive
months; ≥5 years 30-60 mg
daily for 3 consecutive
months.
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Candesartan Therapeutic: May be used as a first line Candesartan is an  Nausea  Monitor BP as
Angiotensin II agent to treat angiotensin receptor  Hepatitis therapeutic
Antagonists uncomplicated antagonist which binds to  Urtcaaria effectiveness is
hypertension, isolated AT1 angiotensin II receptor  Respiratory indicated by decreases
Pharmacotherapeutic: systolic hypertension and in many tissues (e.g. infection in systolic and diastolic
Belongs to the class of left ventricular vascular smooth muscle,  Increased liver BP within 2 wk with
angiotensin II receptor hypertrophy. May be used adrenal gland), thereby enzymes maximal effect at 4–6
blockers as a first line agent to delay inhibiting angiotensin II  Back pain wk.
progression of diabetic from binding to the  Headache  Monitor for transient
nephropathy. Candesartan receptor which leads to hypotension in
 Vertigo
may be also used as a blocking of volume/salt-depleted
 Cough
second line agent in the vasoconstriction and patients; if hypotension
treatment of congestive aldosterone release.  Rash
occurs, place in supine
heart failure, systolic  Pruritus
position and notify
dysfunction, myocardial physician.
infarction and coronary  Monitor BP
artery disease in those periodically; trough
intolerant of ACE readings, just prior to
inhibitors. the next scheduled
dose, should be made
when possible.
 Lab tests: Periodically
monitor BUN and
creatinine, serum
potassium, liver
enzymes, and CBC with
differential.
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Pioglitazone Therapeutic: Oral Pioglitazone, a  Anemia  Monitor for S&S
Antidiabetic Agents Type 2 diabetes mellitus thiazolidinedione, is a  Visual disturbance hypoglycemia (possible
Adult: As an adjunct to potent and highly selective  Flatulence when
Pharmacotherapeutic: diet and exercise to agonist for the peroxisome  Edema insulin/sulfonylureas
Belongs to the class of improve glycaemic control: proliferator activated  Headache are coadministered).
thiazolidinediones Monotherapy or in receptor-γ (PPAR-γ).  Dizziness  Monitor closely for
combination with other Activation of these S&S of CHF or
 Hematuria
antidiabetic agents: 15-30 receptors promotes the exacerbation of
 Erectile
mg once daily. May production of gene symptoms with
dysfunction
increase dose in 15 mg products involved in lipid preexisting CHF.
 Upper respiratory
daily increments every 4- and glucose metabolism. It  Lab tests: Baseline
tract infection
12 weeks, as needed. Max: also improves insulin serum ALT, then q2mo
45 mg daily. response to target cells  Dyspnea for first y, then
without increasing the  Bronchitis periodically (more often
pancreatic secretion of  if elevated); periodic
insulin. HbA1c, Hgb and Hct,
and lipid profile.
 Discontinue drug if
ALT >3 times ULN or
patient has jaundice.
 Monitor weight and
notify physician of
development of edema.
DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Losartan Therapeutic: Losartan is indicated to Losartan is a competitive  Dizziness  Give drugs without
Angiotensin II treat hypertension in angiotensin II receptor  Asthenia regard for meals
Antagonists patients older than 6 years, antagonist. It selectively  Headache  If made into
reduce the risk of stroke in blocks AT1 receptors found  Insomnia
Pharmacotherapeutic: patients with hypertension in many tissues (e.g. suspension by
 Hypotension
Belongs to the class of and left ventricular vascular smooth muscle,  Abdominal pain pharmacist, store in
angiotensin II receptor hypertrophy (though this adrenal gland), thereby refrigerator for up to
 Nausea
blockers benefit may not extend to blocking the 4 weeks and shake
 Dyspepsia
patients with African vasoconstricting and
 Chest pain well before each
heritage), and to treat aldosterone-secreting
diabetic nephropathy with effects of angiotensin II. use.
elevated serum creatinine Additionally, losartan does
and proteinuria in patients not affect the response to
with type 2 diabetes and bradykinin and is less
hypertension.3 Losartan likely to be associated with
with hydrochlorothiazide is non-renin-angiotensin
indicated to treat effects (e.g. cough,
hypertension and to reduce angioedema).
the risk of stroke in patients
with hypertension and left
ventricular hypertrophy.
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Betahistine Therapeutic: Betahistine is indicated for Betahistine is a histamine  Diarrhoea  Check doctors order
Antivertigo Drugs the reduction of recurrent analogue that is claimed to  Dry mouth  Check allergies to
Pharmacotherapeutic: vertigo episodes associated improve the  Dyspepsia medicine
Belongs to the class of with Ménière's disease in microcirculation of the  Nausea
antivertigo preparations. patients 18 years old and labyrinth resulting in  Hypersensitivity
 Monitor patient for
above. decreased endolymphatic reactions bronchial asthma
pressure. The exact  Headache
mechanism is not yet fully  Rash
determined; however, it is
 Urticarial
known to act as both a
partial histamine H1-
receptor agonist and
histamine H3-receptor
antagonist in neuronal
tissue, with negligible
histamine H2-receptor
activity. It inhibits
presynaptic histamine H3-
receptors and induces H3-
receptor downregulation,
thus increasing the
histamine turnover and
release
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Omeprazole Therapeutic: Antacids, GERD/maintenance of Omeprazole is a substituted  Asthenia  Secure doctors order
Antireflux Agents & healing in erosive benzimidazole gastric  Dizziness  In cases of NSAID-
Antilcerants esophagitis. Duodenal antisecretory agent and is  Headache induced gastritis,
implement appropriate
ulcers (with or without also known as proton pump  Abdominal pain
Pharmacotherapeutic: anti-infectives for inhibitor (PPI). It blocks manual therapy
 Constipation techniques, physical
Belongs to the class of Helicobacter pylori). Short- the final step in gastric acid  Diarrhoea agents, and therapeutic
proton pump inhibitors term treatment of active production by specific  Flatulence exercises to reduce pain
benign gastric ulcer. inhibition of
 Nausea and decrease the need for
Pathologic hypersecretory H+/K+ adenosine
 Vomiting aspirin and other
conditions, including triphosphatase (ATPase) NSAIDs.
 Acid regurgitation
Zollinger-Ellison enzyme system present on  Monitor other CNS side
syndrome. Reduction of the secretory surface of the  Back pain effects (drowsiness,
risk of GI bleeding in gastric parietal cell, thereby  Weakness fatigue, weakness,
critically ill patients. OTC: suppressing gastric acid  Cough headache), and report
Heartburn occurring ≥ secretion.  URI severe or prolonged
twice/wk.  Rash effects.
 Monitor any chest pain
and attempt to determine
if pain is drug induced or
caused by cardiovascular
dysfunction (e.g., angina
that occurs during
exercise).
 Monitor improvements in
GI symptoms (gastritis,
heartburn, and so forth) to
help determine if drug
therapy is successful.
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Adalat gits Therapeutic: Calcium Treatment of coronary Nifedipine reduces the Peripheral edema,  Monitor patient carefully
Antagonists/ Anti- heart disease: Chronic smooth muscle tone of the hypotension, palpitations, (BP, cardiac rhythm, and
Anginal Drugs/ Cardiac stable angina pectoris arterioles, thus lowering the tachycardia, flushing, output) while drug is being
Drugs (angina of effort). increased peripheral dizziness, headache, adjusted to therapeutic
Treatment of hypertension. resistance and nausea, increased dose; the dosage may be
Pharmacotherapeutic: consequently, the blood micturition frequency, increased more rapidly in
Belongs to the class of pressure. At the beginning lethargy, eye pain, mental hospitalized patients under
dihydropyridine of the nifedipine treatment, depression, visual close supervision. Do not
derivative selective there may be a transient disturbances, gingival exceed 30 mg/dose
calcium-channel reflex increase in heart rate, hyperplasia, myalgia, increases.
blockers with mainly and thus in the cardiac tremor, impotence, fever,  Ensure that patients do not
vascular effects. output. However, this paradoxical increase in chew or divide sustained-
increase is not enough to ischemic chest pain during release tablets.
compensate for the initiation of treatment,  Taper dosage of beta-
vasodilation. In addition, rashes, abnormalities in blockers before nifedipine
nifedipine increases sodium liver function (including therapy.
and water excretion both in cholestasis), GI  Protect drug from light
the short- and long-term obstruction in some and moisture.
use. The blood pressure- tablets covered in
lowering effect of indigestable membrane.
nifedipine is particularly
pronounced in hypertensive
patients.
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Clopidogrel Therapeutic: Reduction of Clopidogrel selectively and  depression,  Use caution with any
Anticoagulants, atherosclerotic events (MI, irreversibly inhibits  dizziness
physical interventions that
Antiplatelets & stroke, vascular death) in adenosine diphosphate  fatigue
Fibrinolytics patients at risk for such (ADP) from binding to its  headache could increase bleeding,
events, including recent platelet P2Y12 receptor and  cough including wound
Pharmacotherapeutic: MI, acute coronary subsequent ADP-mediated  dyspnea débridement, chest
Belongs to the class of syndrome (unstable activation of glycoprotein  chest pain percussion, joint
platelet aggregation angina/non–Q-wave MI), IIb/IIIa complex, thus
 edema
inhibitors excluding stroke, or peripheral reducing platelet mobilization, and
 hypertension
heparin. vascular disease. aggregation.
 GI BLEEDING application of local heat.
 abdominal pain
 diarrhea
 dyspepsia
 gastritis
 pruritus
 purpura
 rash
 DRUG CLASS INDICATION ACTION SIDE EFFECT/ NURSING
ADVERSE EFFECT RESPONSIBILITIES
Atorvastatin Therapeutic:  Adjunct to diet in Atorvastatin selectively and  Diarrhoea  Obtain LFTs as a baseline
Dyslipidaemic Agents treatment of elevated competitively inhibits 3-  Constipation and periodically during
total cholesterol, hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl  Flatulence therapy; discontinue drug
serum triglycerides,
Pharmacotherapeutic:
and LDL cholesterol
coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)  Dyspepsia if AST or ALT levels
Belongs to the class of reductase, the rate-limiting  Nausea increase to 3 times normal
in patients with
HMG CoA reductase enzyme in cholesterol  Malaise levels.
primary
inhibitors. synthesis. This action  Ensure that patient has
hypercholesterolemia  Fatigue
results in a compensatory tried cholesterol-lowering
(types IIa and IIb)  Hepatitis
increase in the expression diet regimen for 3–6 mo
and mixed  Allergic reactions
dyslipidemia, primary of LDL receptors on before beginning therapy.
hepatocyte membranes and,  Muscle spasms  Administer drug without
dysbetalipoproteinem
ia, and homozygous subsequently, increased  Back pain regard to food, but at same
familial hepatic uptake and  Joint swelling time each day.
hypercholesterolemia clearance of LDL-C from  Headache  Atorvastatin may be
whose response to the blood.  Dizziness combined with a bile acid–
dietary restriction of  Insomnia binding agent. Do not
saturated fat and
 Rash combine with other HMG-
cholesterol and other
nonpharmacologic  Pruritus CoA reductase inhibitors
measures has not  Urticaria or fibrates.
been adequate  Alopecia  Consult dietitian about
 To increase HDL-C low-cholesterol diets.
in patients with
primary
hypercholesterolemia
and mixed
dyslipidemia
 Adjunct to diet to
treat elevated serum
triglyceride levels