FATIMA NOMAN
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
• CKD is a condition in which the kidneys are
damaged and cannot filter blood as well as they
should.
• Because of this, excess fluid and waste from blood
remain in the body and may cause other health
problems, such as heart disease and stroke.
Chronic Kidney Disease CKD
• Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney
disease. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
• Over time, high blood sugar from diabetes can
damage blood vessels in the kidneys as well as
nephrons so they don't work as well as they should.
(Andrew S Levey et al., 2011)
Symptoms of CKD:
• Weight loss and poor
appetite
• Swollen ankles, feet or
hands - as a result of
water retention
(oedema)
• Shortness of breath
Symptoms of CKD:
• Blood in urine
• Difficulty in sleeping
• Itchy skin
• Increased need to pee
(Steven D Weisbord et
al., 2007)
Stages of CKD
• Stage 1: Minimal loss of
kidney function.
• Stage 2: Mild to moderate
loss of kidney function.
Stages of CKD
• Stage 3: Moderate to severe
loss of kidney function.
• Stage 4: Severe loss of
kidney function.
Stages of CKD
• Stage 5:
Kidney Failure.
(Mark E Williams et al., 2014)
Dietary Management in CKD:
• You may need to make changes to your diet when
you have chronic kidney disease (CKD). These
changes may include limiting fluids, eating a low-
protein diet, limiting salt, potassium, phosphorous,
and other electrolytes, and getting enough calories
if you are losing weight.
Dietary Management in CKD:
• High dietary protein intake may lead to increased
intraglomerular pressure , which in the long-term
can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD).
• Hence, a low protein diet (LPD, 0.6 to 0.8
g /kg /day) is recommended for the management of
CKD.
Dietary Management in CKD:
• Cut the Sodium
This mineral is found naturally in many foods. Itʼs
most common in table salt.Sodium affects your blood
pressure. It also helps to maintain the water balance
in your body. Healthy kidneys keep sodium levels in
check. But if you have CKD, extra sodium and fluids
build up in your body.
Dietary Management in CKD:
• Cut the Sodium
This can cause a number of problems, like swollen
ankles, high blood pressure, shortness of breath, and
fluid buildup around your heart and lungs. You
should aim for less than 2 grams of sodium in your
daily diet.
Dietary Management in CKD:
• Limit Phosphorus and Calcium
You need these minerals to keep your bones healthy
and strong. When your kidneys are healthy, they
remove the phosphorus you donʼt need. But if you
have CKD, your phosphorus levels can get too high.
This puts you at risk for heart disease.
Dietary Management in CKD:
• Reduce Your Potassium Intake
This mineral helps your nerves and muscles work
properly. But when you have CKD, your body canʼt
filter out extra potassium. When you have too much
of it in your blood, it can lead to serious heart
problems.Potassium is found in a lot of fruits and
veggies, like bananas, potatoes, avocados, oranges.
Dietary Management in CKD:
• Reduce Your Potassium Intake
These foods can affect potassium levels in your
blood.
Your doctor will let you know if you need to limit this
mineral in your diet. If so, they may recommend you
try low-potassium foods, like:
Dietary Management in CKD:
• Apple and apple juice
• Cranberries and cranberry juice
• Strawberries, blueberries, raspberries
Peaches
Cabbage
• Plums, peach , pineapple
(Holly Kramer et al.,2019)
Dietary Management in CKD:
• Eat the right proteins. When you eat protein, your
body creates waste. Your kidneys work hard to
remove the waste. Cutting back on protein makes it
easier on them.But you need protein for energy,
growth, and repair. And everyoneʼs different. Talk to
your doctor about how much you should eat.In
general, vegetable protein may be healthier for your
kidneys than animal protein.
Dietary Management in CKD:
• Talk to your doctor or dietitian about which ones are
best for you. They may include:
• Beans
• Chicken
• Dairy
• Eggs
• Fish
Dietary Management in CKD:
DASH DIET:
• DASH stands for • Talk to your doctor about it
Dietary Approaches to
if you have CKD. Theyʼll let
Stop Hypertension. Itʼs
you know if there are certai
a diet rich in fruits,
veggies, low-fat dairy reasons you shouldnʼt try
products, whole grains, the DASH diet.
fish, poultry, beans,
(Lesley A Stevens et al.,
seeds, and nuts.
2010)
Case History
• Age: 45 y/0 Gender: Female. Weight: 60kg
• Height: 5ʼ4ft. BMI: 22.9kg /m2. Diagnosis: CKD stage 3
Time: Meals:
Breakfast 8:00 AM 1 white bread+ 2 egg whites.
Snack 11:00 AM 1 small cup of green tea.
Case History
Time: Meals:
Lunch 2:00 PM 1 small bowl boiled white rice + 1
cup cooked moong daal without
salt.
Snack 4:00 PM 1 Glass Apple juice / 1 Glass pineapple
juice.
Dinner 7:00 PM 1 bowl Cauliflower curry+ 2 small
white flour roti + 1 cucumber as a
salad.
Bed time 9:00 PM 1 glass soya milk.
References:
• The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease by
(2011) Andrew S Levey, Paul E De jong & Josef coresh.
• Symptoms and their correlates in ckd by (2007) Steven D Weisbord.
• Glycemic management in ESRD and earlier stages of ckd (2014) by MarkE
Williams and Rajesh Garg.
• Diet and chronic Kidney Disease (2019) by Holly Kramer.
• Chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the elderly population
(2010) by Lesley A Stevens, Gautham Viswanathan, Daniel E Weiner
