21.02.2022 to 25.02.

2022 Training on “Next Generation Distribution Systems:

Transition Towards Smart Grids”, NPTI Faridabad.

Presented by:
Dr. J. Raja, Assistant Director, NPTI(SR), Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, India
 Content
 Conventional Electric Grid
 Structure of SMART Grid
 Renewable Energy Sources and its Characteristics
 Paris climate Agreement
 Advantages of renewable Energy
 Challenges of renewable energy
 Possible solutions
 Recommendations
 What is Electrical Grid:
An electric grid is a network of synchronized power producer and
consumer by transmission and distribution lines and operated by one
or more control canters.
Conventional Power System
 Conventional Power System
 The traditional grid system only provides a one-way control over
electricity power supply and consumption.
 It does not allow communication between electricity suppliers
and customers for efficient and effective power management.
This creates lots of inconveniences and economic losses.
Conventional Power System
Smart Power Grid
 It provides Two Way Power and Information Flow, Its Bi-
directional
What is Smart Grid?

 The electric grid which is smart compare to traditional grid is known

as smart grid.

 It detects local changes in power usage and react automatically without

the need of human intervention.

 It allows two way communication between grid and consumers.

 It allows real time communication between consumer and utility so

that consumers can tailor their energy consumption based on individual
preferences such as price and/or environmental concerns.

 Smart grid is developed using modern digital communication

technologies.
Smart Grid Definition
 A smart grid generates and distributes electricity more
Effectively, Economically, Securely and Sustainably

 It integrates innovative tools and technologies, products and

service, from generation, transmission and distribution all the
way to consumer appliances and equipment using advanced
sensing, communication, and control technologies

 It provides consumers with great information and choice,

including power export to the network, demand participation
and energy efficiency
 Benefits or advantages of Smart Grid
 It reduces electricity theft.
 It reduces electricity losses (transmission, distribution etc.)
 It reduces electricity cost, meter reading cost, operations and
maintenance costs etc.
 It reduces equipment failures due to automatic operation based
on varying load conditions. Demand-Response reduces stress on
assets of smart grid system during peak conditions which
reduces their probability of failure.
 It reduces sustained outages and reduces consecutively
associated restoration cost.
 Smart grid is capable of meeting increased consumer demand
without adding infrastructure.
Drawbacks or disadvantages of Smart Grid
 Continuous communication network should be available.

 During emergency situation, network congestion or performance

are big challenges in smart grid system.

 Cellular network providers do not provide guaranteed service in

abnormal situations such as wind storm, heavy rain and
lightening conditions.

 Some smart meters can be hacked which can be used to increase

or decrease the demand for power.

 It is expensive to install smart meter compare to traditional old

electricity meter.
Smart Grid Framework
Power Generation Domain
Energy Markets, Operation & Service Providers Domains
The Sun – The Yellow Coal–The Infinite Source of Energy
A large number of RE technologies are currently available for bulk
generation of power, but predominantly:
 Wind turbines (WT)
 Solar photovoltaic (PV), considered
 Wind Turbines:
 Converts kinetic energy of wind into electric power.
 VAWT & HAWT.
 Modern large capacity WTGs use horizontal-axis design.
 The maximum power (Pm) extracted from the WTG is:

where,
ρ: air density, A: rotor sweep area, Uw: wind speed, Cp: power
coefficient, λ: tip speed ratio, β: pitch angle.
 WTGs can be of fixed speed (FS) type or variable speed (VS)
type. VS-WTGs are more efficient than FS-WTGs
 FS-WTGs use cage induction generators
 VS,WTs are coupled with Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG) (or) multi-pole Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator (PMSG)

DFIG based Wind Turbine

  DFIG is a wound rotor induction generator
 It has three-phase stator winding is directly connected to grid
 Three-phase rotor winding is fed from the grid through
sliprings, linking the rotor and grid through a bi-directional ac-
dc-ac converter.
PMSG based Wind Turbine

 A PMSG wind turbine uses full scale power electronics converters

in their stator circuit for grid connection.
 Permanent magnets are used in the rotor for providing excitation.
Solar PV are very dump Why?
 A photovoltaic cell is a semiconductor device that converts
visible light into electricity.
 PV cells are made up of one or many p-n junctions.
 When light falls on the PV cell, it produces a voltage as a
function of the light intensity.
 The cell is the basic building block of a PV power system with
an output voltage of around 0.5V at a current level of 8A to 9A.
The output electrical varies with the weather
changes
Large Solar – PV output power variations on a
cloudy day
What is the problem with the Roof top-PV
The old way and the problem
The old way and the problem
The new way and what’s happening : Voltage
fluctuations
The new way and what’s happening : Voltage
fluctuations
 Energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as
wind or solar power. (or) Renewable energy comes from natural
sources that are constantly and sustainably replenished

Methods of Power Generation Using RES

 Solar
 Wind
 Hydro
 Fuel Cell
 Tidal
 Bio Energy
 As of January 2021, India’s renewable energy already has
93GW of on-grid variable renewable energy. CEA projects
that RE will form more than 50% of total installed capacity by
2030 (450GW). Recent India Energy outlook 2021 predicts
India;s RE capacity to reach 900GW by 2040.

 The deflationary momentum in India’s RE tariffs continues!

Solar energy tariff saw historic low at the end of 2020.

Solar power tariff dips to all time low of Rs. 1.99/unit. (Solar
power tariff had dropped to record low of Rs.2 per unit in an
auction for 1,070 MW projects conducted by the Solar Energy
Corporation of India )
 Grid – Integration of Large –Scale Variable
Renewable:
 As Solar generation is only available during the day and wind
pattern are highly seasonal and intermittent, the power system
needs to evolve and modernise to respond to grid stability
challenges as the share of Variable Renewable Energy continues
to increase.

 CEA predicts RE could contribute 32% of the total generation by

2030
Country % of RE Generation
Germany 46%
South Australia 60%
California 36%
India 10%
 SOLAR ENERGY
Basic Characteristics:
 Solar energy is the perturbation emitted by the sun following the
thermonuclear reactions that occur in its interior (the resultant power
having an effect on the earth is estimated at 1.8×1017 W).

 Outside the earth's atmosphere, radiation is practically constant over

time, but on the earth it is highly variable. The reason for this is:
 The position of the earth's axis with respect to the sun;
 The latitude of the receiving surface;
 The time of day
Measurement and Evaluation Methods:

 The term solar radiation can represent both the thermal power
supplied by the sun and the energy made available to one m2 of
surface area during relatively long periods of time (day, month or
year).
 Total radiation is measured by pyranometers.

Availability
 Outside the earth's atmosphere, the power of radiation is 1.35kW/m2 .
 Seasonal variations are limited.
 On the earth's surface, its power varies from 0 to 1 kW/m2.
 The energy produced by radiation is influenced by the latitude, the
local climatic conditions and the position of the receiving surface
SOLAR ENERGY
Operative Very Poor
flexibility
Availability Generally Good At Sites - Latitude Is Between
35°N & 35°S
Essential Data Average Monthly Radiation Values On A
For Preliminary Horizontal Surface
Evaluation
Typical Energy Maximum Power: 1 kW/m2
Intensity Values Maximum Daily Radiation: 25–30 MJ/m2
Average Annual
17–22 MJ/(m2.day)
Radiation in the Tropics:
Basic Characteristics

 Solar energy absorbed by the earth produces the upward

motion and expansion of air which create areas of high and
low pressure.

 The latter contain air currents (winds) whose direction is

influenced by the earth's rotation and the force of gravity.
The kinetic energy in these currents is called wind energy.

 The horizontal component of wind speed is generally larger

than the vertical component.
Measurement and Evaluation Methods

 Wind energy is calculated on the basis of knowledge of the

wind speed, V.

 Anemometers placed at a height of 10 m are normally used to

obtain this value. These instruments provide a signal (usually
an impulse) which is proportional to the number of rotations.

 Readings should be taken continuously so that fluctuations in

wind speed and direction (which have a significant impact on,
processing efficiency and the machine's endurance strength)
can be evaluated
Operative flexibility Average only in “windy” places
Essential Data For Average annual speed; information about the
Preliminary Evaluation duration of periods in which there is no wind
Typical Energy Intensity Annual energy available at an
5 m/s
Values average speed of
Surface perpendicular to the wind 490
flux MJ/m2
 HYDRO ENERGY
Basic Characteristics
 Hydropower, also known as water power, is the use of falling or
fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines.
This is achieved by converting the gravitational potential or
kinetic energy of a water source to produce power.

The following aspects are important for the utilization of this source:
 The water's flow rate and how it changes over time
 The usable head.

The flow rate of natural streams generally depends on:

 The surface of the catchment basin (i.e., of the entire area
from which water flows as a result of a natural slope);
 HYDRO ENERGY
 Soil permeability;
 Existing vegetation;
 Extent of rain and snow

Operative flexibility Generally Very High

Areas Of Acceptable Anywhere that a head with the required characteristics
Use is available near a processing center (preferable
distance < 500 m)
Essential Data For changes in the water's flow rate over the course of the
Preliminary year
Evaluation
Typical Energy power generated by 1 l/s that falls from 1
9.8 W
Intensity Values m:
energy generated annually by 1 l/s that falls
309 MJ
from 1 m:
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 The term geothermal energy is generally used to indicate the thermal
energy available at a depth of less than 6 km
 It is estimated that the earth's geothermal resources are theoretically
more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, although only a
very small fraction is currently being profitably exploited, often in
areas near tectonic plate boundaries.
 In the innermost parts of the earth, temperatures of 4,000°C are
reached and maintained by nuclear reactions. This produces a gradient
of less than 30°C/km (e.g., at a depth of 35 km, it is normal to observe
a temperature equal to 500°C) and a thermal energy flux, calculated on
the earth's surface, of 0.06 W/m2

 At some sites, however, 10–20 W/m2 are reached at a depth of 5 km

for sufficiently long periods of time (over 20 years).
Measurement and Evaluation Methods
Two kinds of analyses are required:
 Hydro-geological, for a determination of the flow rates of the available fluids,
their operating temperature (i.e., in case of extraction) and any side effects
(possible lowering of the aquifer, etc.);
 Chemical-physical, of the geothermal fluid for design of the user plant.

Operative flexibility High where available

Areas of acceptable use anywhere geothermal fluids are available with a

temperature of approximately 80°C

Typical Energy Intensity power generated by 1 l/s extracted

170 W
Values at 80°C
BIOMASS
Basic Characteristics:
 The term biomass is used to describe organic substances that are
directly (vegetable) or indirectly (animal) derived from photosynthetic
activity.
 The two types of biomass generally considered for energy purposes are
vegetable substances and animal waste.
Measurement and Evaluation Methods:
 The quantity of product that may be collected from a unit of surface
area (vegetable) or per animal (waste);

 The most important physical characteristics as a function of the

transformation process in which the product is to be used;

 The costs of collection and possible transport to a user point

 Basics of the Power System

The power grid is a Network which deals with Generation, Transmission

an Distribution

Indian power grid was built more than 100 years ago. At that time, the
electricity needs were simple, power generation (synchronous
technology) was firm, localised and built around communities
 Basics of the Power System
 The main role of the grid is to generate electricity and transmit it to
the consumers and bill them once every month or so.
 The limited one-way interaction makes it difficult for the grid to
respond to changes in the network.
 The smart grid introduces a two-way communication between the
utility and its consumers. That’s required developing the network
automation, control and different tools which will work together to
make the grid more reliable and greener.
The Paris Agreement

 175 countries signed the Paris

Agreement when it opened for
signature on 22nd April 2016

 Start of 5-year cycles of updating

emission reduction goals and
progress reporting

 This Agreement contains a mix of

mandatory and non-mandatory
provisions relating to parties
emission reductions, climate
adaption and finance
 Clean energy
 Cheap (natural energy source)
 Sustainable (won’t run out)
 Maintenance requirements are lower
 No pollutants into the air (health benefits)
 No greenhouse gases (environmental benefits), and others
 Power System is a network of electrical components comprising
of generators, transformers, feeders, protection devices and loads;
used to generate, transmit, protect and use electric power.
 PS is designed in such a way that both active power (P) and
reactive power (Q) flows from the higher to the lower voltage
levels.
 The conventional radial system, represented by a single voltage
source on each distribution feeder.
 Depending up on the generation capacity, grid integration of
renewable systems can be done at the transmission level (large
capacity) or at the distribution level (small capacity).
 At present, majority of the RE systems are connected at LV
distribution level.
The technical issues that need to be addressed while integrating RE
resources on the distribution system are:
1. Point of common coupling (PCC) and Voltage level
2. Voltage variations & Power quality
3. Voltage ride-through capability
4. Reactive power compensation capability
5. Frequency regulation capability
6. Protection issues
1. Point of common coupling (PCC) and Voltage level
 The PCC is a point in the grid where multiple generators and
loads are connected.
 It is the point on the network at which the generator will cause
most disturbances.
 It is accessible to both utility and customer for direct
measurement
 The variations in RE results in voltage variations at the PCC.
 A basic requirement for connecting a generator to the power
grid is that during faults, it should not adversely affect the
quality of power supplied to the customers.

 The strength of a grid is measured at the PCC by the short

circuit faults that it can absorb without disturbing the rest of the
system.
 The strength of the grid characterized by its short circuit ratio (SCR)

 A network may be considered strong with respect to the

RE integration, if SCR is above 10 and weak if SCR is below 10.
 Network will be strong if the operating voltage is higher and the effective
impedance is smaller.
 From a stability point of view, a new generator connected to a strong point
in the grid will have less trouble exporting power, than the connection of
the generator to a weak point in the network
 SCR value of a bus is less than 5, it is usually not recommended to connect
RE to that system
 Network Voltage Variations

 In conventional distribution system, the bus voltage is so set that during

load variations, voltage along the feeder will be usually maintained
within an acceptable range around the nominal value.

 The rise in feeder voltage is a function of X/R ratio of the line

 The rise in feeder voltage is a function of X/R ratio of the line

 X/R ratio is higher for HV & low for LV

 Distribution feeder characterized by low X/R

 RE integration affects the system voltage balance
 The quality of electric power may be described as a set of values of
parameters, such as continuity of service, variation in voltage amplitude
and frequency, transient voltages and currents, and harmonic content
 The power quality problem is defined as any deviation in magnitude,
frequency, or waveform shape of the voltage and current that results in
failure or malfunctioning of customer equipment
 The increased share of WTGs and PV systems in the power grid results
in many power quality issues.
 For PV : Problems arise due to variations in solar radiation, cloud
shadow, power electronic modules such as inverter and filters due to
their non-linear mode of operation.

 For Wind: PQ problems arise due to variations in wind speed, tower

shadow, yaw error due to the misalignment between wind direction and
turbine facing direction and power electronics devices.
PQ issues for RE integration divided into two main groups:

a) PQ issues caused by the fluctuating nature of energy resource and

b) The power electronic interface with the power system

PQ issues due to fluctuating resources PQ issues due to the power electronics

are interface
Over voltages during feed-in Harmonic injection
Long and short time voltage fluctuations Resonance phenomena
Unbalance Inrush currents
Frequency deviations Decreased damping of the grid due to
nonlinearities
c) PQ problem an be mitigated two ways:
a) From customer side : Load Conditioning (Connect the equipment
less sensitive to power disturbance )
b) Utility side : Line Conditioning System (installation of Energy
storage system, constant voltage transformer, harmonic filters,
FACTS, DVR, STATCOM, DSTATCOM,UPFC are used to
improve PQ).
Not “Dispatchable:”
 We can NOT turn them ON when we need them. We can NOT turn
them OFF when we don’t need them.

 The wind blows and the sun shines at their schedule and not
necessarily the schedule that we need.
Intermittent and not well-timed with demand:
 Supply and demand need to be instantaneously balanced
 If the wind blows or the sun shines when we need electricity, then
we are lucky and otherwise we are not.
 Variability and uncertainty of renewable sources impact the ability
to effectively balance supply and demand
Is supply where we need it?

 Unlike traditional generation plants that can be built where the

demand exists, RE projects can be built only on a specific
location depending on the climate conditions and geographical
locations

Higher initial cost:

 The transmission network needs to be built to transfer the

generated power from the generation locations to the load
centers
 4. Challenges of RE : Increasing penetration of intermittent
renewable energy generation brings more challenges and
introduces additional uncertainties in power system
System Inertia:
 The system inertia is in decline as more renewable Asynchronous
generation comes online by wind turbines (has a small amount of
inertia due to its mechanical parts) and solar photovoltaic (PV).
 PV has no rotating mass hence there is no stored energy
 The less system inertia we get, the rate of change of frequency
(ROCOF, Hz/s) increases and Hence, we need to act in faster time.
System frequency:
 Frequency is a very critical number in the power system. It tell us
how much the system is synchronized and the status of
supply/demand balance in real time

 As a penetration of solar and wind increases the conventional

synchronous generations will be displaced. Hence, controlling system
frequency may become a challenge
Wind and Solar generation characteristics:
 Modern wind and solar generation projects generally
include electrical systems with power electronics
interfacing (i.e converters/inverters) with the grid.

 These converters/inverters typically include fast active

current and reactive controls and require
synchronization with the grid voltage.

 Current controlled power electronics sources require a

grid strength to operate reliably and stably.
Integration of Wind and Solar power plants in to Week Grid:

Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) is an index used to assess the system

strength for the connection of Power Electronic (PE) sources.

System strength indicates the ability of the power system to maintain

the voltage during normal and abnormal operating conditions.

SCR at connection point (CP) = fault level MVAs @ CP / Plant MW

rating.
 The lower the SCR is decreases, the weaker the system is decreases.

 PE sources manufacturer (OEM) should provide a statement

regarding the minimum SCR level in which their PE sources can
reliably operate.

 For the low SCR network conditions, it becomes more challenging

hence detailed power system studies (EMT) are required.
Quality of Supply:
 Non Linear loads are source of Harmonics
 Harmonics is considered as serious issue in the power system which
causes many related problem such as:
 Over heating
 Voltage stresses
 Poor power factor
 Possibility of system resonance
 The main challenge is to maintain IHD and THD level below
standard limits
Grid Connectivity Procedure

General Requirements (IEEE 1547 / CEA Regulation 2013)

Monitoring Provision

Synchronization
Voltage Regulations Each distributed
resource of 250 kVA or
The distributed more at a single point
The distributed resource synchronized of interconnection shall
resources shall not with electric system have provisions for
actively regulate the shall not cause a voltage monitoring its
voltage at the point of fluctuation at the point connections status, real
interconnection of interconnection power output, reactive
greater than ±5% power output and
voltages at the point of
interconnection
 General Requirements (IEEE 1547 / CEA Regulation 2013)

Isolation Device :

There should be a manually operating isolating switch between distributed

generation resource and electric system, which meets the following requirements:

 Allow visible verification that separation has been established

 Indicators to show clearly closed and open position
 Be readily accessible and be capable of being locked in open position
 May not be rated for load-break
 Be located at height of 2.44 m above ground level
Interconnection Voltages

 Depends on state grid code / SERC regulation

 Normal capacities and voltages:

 Capacity < 4 kW (or 5 / 6 / 7 / 10 kW in some states) connected at

240 VAC, 1φ, 50 Hz
 Capacity > 4kW (or 5 / 6 / 7 / 10 kW in some states) but < 50 kW
(or 75 / 100 / 112 kW in some states) connected at 415 VAC, 3φ, 50 Hz
 Capacity > 50 kW (or 75 / 100 / 112 kW in some states) < 1 MW
(or 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 MW in some states) connected at 11 kVAC, 3φ, 50 Hz
*The above mentioned ranges normally fall under grid codes for respective
states
 Parameters Reference Requirement

Overall Grid Central Electricity Authority (Grid Standard)

Compliance
Standards regulations 2010

Equipment BIS / IEEE / IEC Compliance

Central Electricity Authority (Installation and

Operation of Meters) Regulation 2006 &
Meters Compliance
Amendments thereof, OERC Generic Tariff Order
2013

Safety and Central Electricity Authority (Measures of Safety

Compliance
Supply and Electricity Supply) Regulation 2010

IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical Standards for shall not exceed the
Harmonic
Connectivity of the Distributed Generation limits specified in
Current
Resources) Regulations 2013 IEEE 519
 Parameters Reference Requirement
IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical Every time the generating station must
Standards for Connectivity of the be synchronized to the grid. Voltage
Synchronization
Distributed Generation fluctuation < ± 5% at point of inter
Resources) Regulations 2013 connection
IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical Voltage-operating window should be
Standards for Connectivity of the under operating range of 80% to 110%
Distributed Generation of the nominal connected voltage.
Voltage
Resources) Regulations 2013 Beyond a clearing time of 2 second,
the photovoltaic system must isolate
itself from the grid
IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical Should not cause voltage flicker in
Standards for Connectivity of the excess of the limits stated in IEC
Flicker Distributed Generation 61000
Resources) Regulations 2013
 Parameters Reference Requirement
IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical When the Distribution system frequency
Standards for Connectivity of the deviates outside the specified conditions
Distributed Generation Resources) (50.5 Hz on upper side and 47.5 Hz on
Frequency Regulations 2013 lower side), there should be over and
under frequency trip functions with a
clearing time of 0.2 seconds.

IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical Should not inject DC power more than
Standards for Connectivity of the 0.5% of full rated output at the
DC injection Distributed Generation Resources) interconnection point
Regulations 2013

IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical While the output of the inverter is greater
Standards for Connectivity of the than 50%, a lagging power factor of
Power Factor Distributed Generation Resources) greater than 0.9 should operate
Regulations 2013
 Parameters Reference Requirement
IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical In the event of fault, voltage or
Islanding and Standards for Connectivity of the frequency variations the PV system
Distributed Generation Resources) must island / disconnect itself within
Disconnection
Regulations 2013 IEC standard on stipulated period

IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical The inverter should have the facility
Standards for Connectivity of the to automatically switch off in case of
Overload and Distributed Generation Resources) overload or overheating and should
Overheat Regulations 2013 restart when normal conditions are
restored

IEEE 519 and CEA (Technical Paralleling device of photovoltaic

Standards for Connectivity of the system shall be capable of
Paralleling Device Distributed Generation Resources) withstanding 220% of the normal
Regulations 2013 voltage at the interconnection point.
How to intermittent renewable and assure supply?

 Choosing anti – coincident sites – larger area grid

interconnections
 Balance anti-coincident renewable – Wind and Solar
 Balance storage systems – Pumped Hydro, battery
 Balance with dispatchable renewable – Hydro and Geothermal
 Balance with dispatchable generation plants –Natural gas and
Combined cycle
Mitigation measures of low system strength issue “week Grid”:

 Building new transmission lines / transformers (low impedance)

 Reconfiguration of existing networks
 Installation of synchronous condensers (system strength, inertia,
dynamic VARs)
 Installation of SVC and STATCOM (dynamic VARs, Control
challenges)
 Reduction in the registered plant capacity
Managing Frequency:

 Provision of network band frequency response from all

generators to manage the risk of the system over the coming
years

 Develop frequency control work plans

Harmonic distortion:

 Installing harmonic filters

 Recommendations:

 SCR estimation is an initial step to evaluate the connection

application

 Power system modeling and studies are mandatory to early

identify the risk and mitigate it

 Modifying and or adding control features to improve the

generator performance

 Collaboration between system planners, operators, developers

and OEM is required
 Recommendations:

 More investment in R&D in renewable energy and energy

stored technology to allow us to store more electricity

 Importantly, that public policy provides the necessary support

and gives more incentives for the utilities and NSPs to invest
in renewable energy
Make in India
Reducing Carbon Footprints
Energy Efficiency & Energy Economics
Electricity consumption on the rise
 Electrification of everything
 Moving towards electricity as the primary source of power
 Economic and population growth will lead to increasing demand for
power

Coal plant retirements

 Reducing base load power capacity
 Limited resources for ancillary services on the utility grid

Growth in renewables
 Governments and industry moving towards solar and wind
 Intermittent generation sources can reduce reliability on the electrical
grid
Electrification of transportation
 More users of EVs can increase peak loads placing more strain on the
electrical grid
 Increase in high speed rail

Proliferation of smart grid technology

 Bi-directional flow of power requires additional coordination
between power supply and demand

Tax and regulatory incentives

 Renewable mandates and incentives increasing demand for clean
grid technologies
 Potential tax benefits for storage systems (residential, commercial
and utility)
Energy, Managed Better
Evolving ecosystem due to growth in distributed capabilities and EV
Socio-economic and Environmental drivers

 Make in India
 Reducing Carbon Footprints
 Energy Efficiency & Energy Economics
 Integrating Large & Distributed Renewables
Renewables in the System: Integrating with Interfaces
 Long-term drivers for RE, DER & Microgrids
Electricity consumption on the rise :
 Electrification of everything – moving towards electricity as
the primary source of power
 Economic and population growth will lead to increasing
demand for power

Coal plant retirements:

 Reducing baseload power capacity
 Limited resources for ancillary services on the utility grid

Growth in renewables
 Governments and industry moving towards solar and wind
 Intermittent generation sources can reduce reliability on
the electrical grid
Electrification of transportation
 More users of EVs can increase peak loads placing more strain on
the electrical grid
 Increase in high speed rail

Proliferation of smart grid technology

 Bi-directional flow of power requires additional coordination
between power supply and demand

Tax and regulatory incentives

 Renewable mandates and incentives increasing demand for clean
grid technologies
 Potential tax benefits for storage systems (residential, commercial
and utility)
Managing power output fluctuations

 Inherent volatility of renewable energy

(RE) can compromise grid stability

 The renewable energy integration

solution must address requirements
traditionally fulfilled by diesel
generation (base load)
– Frequency and voltage control
– Sufficient spinning reserve
– Sufficient active & reactive power supply
– Peak shaving and load levelling
– Load sharing between generators
– Fault current provision

 Renewable energy (RE) generation

capacity should be sized to maximize
ROI and fuel savings
Generation expansion: new challenges
Grid Impact Due to Renewable Integration
Harmonics
Microgrid Concept
 Generation at the point of consumption and always available

Microgrid definition

Distributed energy resources and

loads that can be operated in a
controlled, coordinated way either
connected to the main power grid or
in “islanded”* mode.

Microgrids are low or medium

voltage grids without power
transmission capabilities and are
typically not geographically spread
out.
THANK YOU