PSYCHOLOGY

Paper – I
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Paper - II
 PAPER-I
Foundations of Psychology

1. Introduction :

Definition of Psychology; Historical antecedents of Psychology and trends in the 21st

centrury;

Psychology and scientific methods; Psychology in relation to other social sciences and

natural sciences;

Application of Psychology to societal problems.

2. Methods of Psychology :

Types of research : Descriptive, evaluative, diagnostic and prognostic;

Methods of Research : Survey, observation, case-study and experiments;

Characteristics of experimental design and non-experimental designs; quasi-experimental

designs;

Focussed group discussions, brain storming, grounded theory approach.

3. Research methods :

Major steps in psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis formulation,

research design, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation and report

writing);

Fundamental versus applied research;

Methods of data collection (interview, observation, questionnaire and case study).

Research Designs (Ex-post facto and experimental).

Application of statistical techniques (t-test, two-way ANOVA, correlation and regression

and factor analysis) item response theory.

4. Development of Human Behaviour :

Growth and development; Principles of development, Role of genetic and environmental

factors in determining human behaviour;

Influence of cultural factors in socialization;

Life span development—Characteristics, development tasks, promoting psychological

wellbeing across major stages of the life span.

5. Sensation, Attention and Perception :

Sensation: concepts of threshold, absolute and difference thresholds, signal-detection and

vigilance;

Factors influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus;

Definition and concept of perception, biological factors in perception;

Perceptual organization influence of past experiences, perceptual defence-factor

influencing space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual readiness;

The plasticity of perception;

Extrasensory perception; Culture and perception, Subliminal perception.

6. Learning :

Concepts and theories of learning (Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and Information processing

models).

The processes of extinction, discrimination and generalisation.

Programmed learning, probability learning, self instructional learning, concepts, types and

the schedules of reinforcement, escape, avoidance and punishment, modelling and social

learning.

7. Memory :

Encoding and remembering;

Shot-term memory, Long-term memory, Sensory memory, Iconic memory, Echoic memory:

The Multistore model, levels of processing;

Organization and Mnemonic techniques to improve memory;

Theories of forgetting: decay, interference and retrieval failure:

Metamemory;

Amnesia: Anterograde and retrograde.

8. Thinking and Problem Solving :

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development;

Concept formation processes;

Information processing, Reasoning and problem solving, Facilitating and hindering factors

in problem solving, Methods of problem solving: Creative thinking and fostering creativity;

Factors influencing decision making and judgement;

Recent trends.
9. Motivation and Emotion :

Psychological and physiological basis of motivation and emotion;

Measurement of motivation and emotion;

Effects of motivation and emotion on behaviour; Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation;

Factors influencing intrinsic motivation;

Emotional competence and the related issues.

10. Intelligence and Aptitude :

Concept of intelligence and aptitude, Nature and theories of intelligence-Spearman,

Thurstone, Gulford Vernon, Sternberg and J.P. Das;

Emotional Intelligence, Social intelligence, measurement of intelligence and aptitudes,

concept of I Q deviation I Q, constancy of I Q;

Measurement of multiple intelligence;

Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

11. Personality :

Definition and concept of personality;

Theories of personality (psychoanalytical, sociocultural, interpersonal, developmental,

humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches);

Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper test);

The Indian approach to personality;

Training for personality development;

Latest approaches like big 5 factor theory;

The notion of self in different traditions.

12. Attitudes, Values and Interests :

Definitions of attitudes, values and interests;

Components of attitudes;

Formation and maintenance of attitudes.

Measurement of attitudes, values and interests.

Theories of attitude changes, strategies for fostering values.

Formation of stereotypes and prejudices;

Changing other’s behaviour, Theories of attribution;

Recent trends.
13. Language and Communication :

Human language—Properties, structure and linguistic hierarchy, Language acquisition—

predispotion, critical period hypothesis;

Theories of Language development— Skinner and Chomsky;

Process and types of communication—effective communication training.

14.Issues and perspectives in Modern Contemporary Psychology :

Computer application in the psychological laboratory and psychological testing;

Artificial intelligence; Psychocybernetics;

Study of consciousnessleep-wak schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation, meditation,

hypnotic/drug induced states;

Extrasensory perception; Intersensory perception; Simulation studies.

 PAPER-II

Psychology : Issues and applications

1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Differences :

The nature of individual differences. Characteristics and construction of standardized

psychological tests. Types of psychological tests. Use, misuse and limitation of

psychological tests. Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.

2. Psychological well being and Mental Disorders :

Concept of health-ill health positive health, well being casual factores in Mental disorders

(Anxiety disorders, mood disorders; schizophrenia and delusional disorders; personality

disorders, substance abuse disorders). Factors influencing positive health, well being;

lifestyle and quality of life; Happiness disposition.

3. Therapeutic Approaches :

Psychodynamic therapies. Behaviour therapies. Client centered therapy. Cognitive

therapies. Indigenous therapies (Yoga, Meditation). Biofeedback therapy. Prevention and

rehabilitation of the mentally ill; Fostering mental health.

4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour :

Personnel selection and training. Use of Psychological tests in the industry. Training and

human resource development. Theories of work motivation. Herzberg, Maslow, Adam Equity

theory, Porter and Lawler, Vroom; Leadership and participatory management; Advertising

and marketing; Stress and its management; Ergonomics; consumer psychology; Managerial

effectiveness; Transformational leadersip; Senitivity training; Power and politics in

organizations.

5. Application of Psychology to Educational Field :

Psychological principles underlying effective teaching-learning process. Learning styles.

Gifted, retarded, learning disabled and their training. Training for improving memory and

better academic achievement. Personality development and value education. Educational,

vocational guidance and Career counselling. Use of Psychological tests in educational

institutions; Effective strategies in guidance programmes.

6. Community Psychology :

Definition and concept of Community Psychology. Use of small groups in social action.

Arousing Community consciousness and action for handling social problems. Group

decision making and leadership for social change. Effective strategies for social change.

7. Rehabilitation Psychology :

Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes—role of psychologists.

Organising of services for rehabilitation of physically, mentally and socially challenged

persons including old persons. Rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse,

juvenile delinquency, criminal behaviours. Rehabilitation of victims of violence.

Rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS victims, the role of social agencies.

8. Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups :

The concepts of disadvantaged, deprivation social, physical, cultural and economic

consequences of disadvantaged and deprived groups. Educating and motivating the

disadvantaged towards development; Relative and prolonged deprivation.

9. Psychological problem of social integration :

The concept of social integration. The problem of caste, class, religion and language

conflicts and
prejudice. Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the ingroup and outgroup. Casual

factors of such conflicts and prejudices. Psychological strategies for handling the conflicts

and prejudices. Measures to achieve social integration.

10. Application of Psychology in Information Technology and Mass Media :

The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom and the role of

psychologists. Selection and training of Psychology professionals to work in the field of IT

and mass media. Distance learning through IT and mass media. Entrepreneurship through

e-commerce. Multilevel marketing. Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass

media. Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information Technology.

11. Psychology and Economic development :

Achievement motivation and economic development. Characteristics of entrepreneurial

behaviour. Motivating and Training people for entrepreneurship and economic development;
Consumer rights and consumer awareness, Government policies for promotion of

entrepreneurship among youth including women entreprenures.

12. Application of Psychology to environment and related fields :

Environmental Psychology effects of noise, pollution and crowding. Population Psychology :

Psychological consequence of population explosion and high population density. Motivating

for small family norms. Impact of rapid scientific and technological growth on degradation

of environment.

13. Application of psychology in other fields :

(a) Military Psychology

Devising psycological tests for defence personnel for use in selection, Training,

counseling; training psychologists to work , with defence personnel in promoting positive

health; Human engineering in defence.

(b) Sports Psychology

Psychological interventions in improving performance of athletes and sports. Persons

participating in Individual and Team Games.

(c) Media influences on pro and anti-social behaviour.

(d) Psychology of Terrorism.

14. Psychology of Gender :

Issues of discrimination, Management of diversity; Glass ceiling effect, Self-fulfilling

prophesy, Women and Indian society.