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Basics of Bearings

Technical Report · December 2018

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Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari

University of Baghdad
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 ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻛﻠﻳــــﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧـــﺩﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ‬

‫‪Basics of Bearings‬‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺣﺳﻥ ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺭﻱ‬

‫‪٢٠١٨‬‬ ‫ﻙ‪١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪SKF‬‬
‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ‪Bearing Seals‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ISO‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪٦٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ً‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪٦٨‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪٧٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
‫‪٧٢‬‬ ‫ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪٧٣‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٠٣‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١١١‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬
‫‪١١٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪١١٦‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪١١٧‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬
‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٢٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﻴﺮ ‪Flaking‬‬
‫‪١٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﺮ ‪Peeling‬‬
‫‪١٣١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻈﻲ ‪Spalling‬‬
‫‪١٣٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﺦ ‪Smearing‬‬
‫‪١٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺭﺝ ‪Stepped wear‬‬
‫‪١٣٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻘﻊ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪Speckles and Discoloration‬‬
‫‪١٣٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺰﻳﺰ )ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺜﻢ ( ‪Indentation‬‬
‫‪١٣٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺘﺬﺍﺫ )ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺬﺭ( ‪Chipping‬‬
‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ ‪Cracking‬‬
‫‪١٣٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ ‪Rust and Corrosion‬‬
‫‪١٣٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺟﻨﺔ )ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ( ‪Seizing‬‬
‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻚ ‪Fretting and Fretting Corrosion‬‬
‫‪١٤١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪Electrical Pitting‬‬
‫‪١٤٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﻥ ﻣﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ‪Rolling Path Skewing‬‬
‫‪١٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺮﺭ ﻗﻔﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ‪Damage of Retainers‬‬
‫‪١٤٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ ‪Creeping‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣ ﺔ ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺧﻄﻴ ﺔ )ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳ ﺔ( ﺃﻭ‪ /‬ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳ ﺔ‬
‫)ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺴ ﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻁ ﻮﻝ ﺧ ﻂ ﻣﺴ ﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺩﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﻭﻳﻐﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤ ﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺧ ﻼﻝ ﻫﺎﻭﺯﻧ ﻚ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻫ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﺪﺣﺮﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀ ﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ ﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻟﻴ ﻖ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺍﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺗﺤﺘ ﻮﻱ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻟﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼ ﻮﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺗﺒ ﺎﻁ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﺪﻥ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻔ ﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻣﺜ ﺎﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﺣﻴ ﺚ‬

‫ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀ ﻬﺎ ﻋ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺾ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴ ﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻻﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺃﺧ ﺮﻯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ )ﻫﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ(‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻟﻴﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺟﺰء ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﻈ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﻟ ﻪ ﺍﻟ ﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻨ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛ ﻞ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻷﺟ ﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻐ ﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺼ ﻮﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺘ ﺎﻡ )‪ (Seals‬ﺍﺟ ﺰﺍء ﻣﻬﻤ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻣ ﻦ ﺃﺟ ﺰﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻷﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ً ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺎ ً ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﻁﻮﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻟﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺃﺻ ﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺧﺘ ﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﻮﺕ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤ ﺔ ﻟﺸ ﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪.SKF‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟ ﺬﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺠﺮ ﻣﺮﺗ ﺐ ﺗﺤ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺭﺥ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻹﻫﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻙ ﺩﻟﻴ ﻞ ﺃﻛﻴ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺄﺭﻳﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻔ ﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒ ﺪﺃ ﻭﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴ ﺎﻥ ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜ ﺮﺍﺕ ﺑ ﺪﻻً ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺸ ﺐ ﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿ ﺮ ﻓﻴ ﺘﻢ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤ ﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ ﺔ ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺠ ﺎﺭ ﺗ ﻢ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺼ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴ ﺐ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠ ﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﺠ ﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺨﻔ ﻴﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻌﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤ ﺔ ﻓﻜﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻞ ﻧ ﺎﻋﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ً‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ً ﻛﺰﻳﺖ ﺗﺰﻟﻴﻖ ﻭﻛﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻤﻨﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺴ ﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺃﺑﺴ ﻂ ﺍﻷﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟ ﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻫ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤ ﻲ ) ‪Sleeve‬‬
‫‪ (Bearing‬ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﻫ ﻮ ﻓﻘ ﻂ ﻋﺒ ﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ ﻦ ﺍﺳ ﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮﻋﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠ ﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫ ﺎ‪ .‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﻬ ﺎ ﻧ ﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪﺓ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟ ﺬ ﻳﺤ ﻮﻱ ﻗﻔ ﺺ ﻳﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻜ ﺮﺍﺕ ﻗ ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﻳﺴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻟﻀ ﺒﻂ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٧٦٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻗ ﺪﻡ ﻣﺜ ﺎﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺸ ﺐ ﻫ ﻮ ﻣ ﺲ ﻛ ﺮﻭﻱ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺸ ﺐ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﻳﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻀ ﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻗ ﺪ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸ ﻒ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﻳ ﺎ ﺳ ﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺼ ﻨﻮﻉ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﻗﻴ ﻞ ﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﻮﻧ ﺎﺭﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﻓﻨﺸ ﻲ ﻫ ﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺮﻉ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺣ ﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪١٥٠٠‬ﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﺍﻷﻣ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮﺩﺓ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﻫ ﻲ ﻗ ﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜ ﺎﻙ ﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻣﺴ ﺒﺒﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻜ ﺎﻙ ﺍﺿ ﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣﻨﻌ ﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﻔ ﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻷﻗﻔ ﺎﺹ ﺍﻛﺘﺸ ﻔﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣ ﺮﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻏ ﺎﻟﻴﻠﻮ ﻋ ﺎﻡ‬
‫‪١٦٠٠‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺗﻌﻠﻘﺖ ﺑﻤﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ )‪ (ball race‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﺎﺭﻣ ﺎﺭﺛﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٧٩٤‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﻓﺸﺮ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪١٨٨٣‬ﻡ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﻳ ﺰ ﺍﻟﻜ ﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﻴﻤﻬ ﺎ ﻟﺘﺼ ﻞ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺃﺣﺠ ﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺴ ﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﺎ ً ﻭﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﻜﻞ ﻛ ﺮﺓ ﺩﻗﻴ ﻖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻁﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﺗﺼ ﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ ﺷ ﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺎﺱ ﻓ ﻲ ﺧﻠ ﻖ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻄﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻔﻴﻦ ﻭﻧﻜﻮﺳ ﺖ )‪ (Sven Wingquist‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ SKF‬ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٠٧‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨ ﺮﻱ ﺗﻤﻜ ﻦ )‪(Henry Timken‬ﻫ ﻮ ﺻ ﺎﺣﺐ ﺑ ﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺘ ﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺪﻗ ﺔ )‪ (Tapered Roller Bearings‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪١٨٩٨‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻴ ﻪ‬
‫ﺃﺳ ﺲ ﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ ﻷﻧﺘ ﺎﺝ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋ ﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺧ ﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘ ﺮﻥ ﻧﻔﺴ ﻪ ﺗﻄ ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺮﻛﺔ ﻷﻧﺘ ﺎﺝ ﻛ ﻞ ﺃﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗ ﺪﻡ ﻋﻤ ﻞ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﻣ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻀ ﻐﻮﻁﺔ( ) ‪Pressurized‬‬
‫‪ (Bearings‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪١٨٧٨‬ﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣﻌ ﺮﺽ ﺑ ﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﻄ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬ ﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺣ ﺪ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺗ ﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟ ﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻀ ﻐﻮﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﺮﺽ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻝ ﻫﻴﻜ ﻞ ﺣﺪﻳ ﺪﻱ ﺑ ﺄﺭﺑﻊ ﺳ ﻴﻘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳ ﻖ ﺿ ﺦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻀ ﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻛ ﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻳﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﻚ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮﻙ ﻋﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫)‪(History of SKF‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟـ ‪SKF‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ (Swedish Aeroengine Bearings Company) SKF‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪. ١٩٠٧‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘ ﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺑ ﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﺧﺘ ﺮﺍﻉ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ﺪﻳﻞ ) ‪Self-aligning ball‬‬
‫‪ .(bearing‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩١٢‬ﻟﻠﺸ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ‪ ٣٢‬ﺩﻭﻟ ﺔ ﻭﻓ ﻲ ‪ ١٩٣٠‬ﻓﺄﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﻠ ﻚ ﻛ ﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻌ ﺪﺩ‬
‫‪ ٢١٠٠٠‬ﻣﻮﻅﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﺑﺮﻳﻠﺴﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺮﻛﺔ ﻫ ﻮ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻟﻔﻮ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ SKF‬ﻣﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭﻝ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﺳ ﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻟﻔﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٢٧‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩١٠‬ﺍﻣﺘﻠﻜﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻭ‪ ٣٢٥‬ﻣﻮﻅﻒ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ %١٥‬ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩١١‬ﺍﻣﺘﻠﻜﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩١٣‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻭﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩١٤‬ﻓ ﺘﺢ ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﺮﻭﻉ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻨ ﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜ ﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻮﻟﻨ ﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺳ ﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺘﺠ ﺮ ﺑﻴ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﻨ ﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩١٥‬ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺫﻭ ﺍﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩١٨‬ﺍﺧﺘ ﺮﻉ )ﺍﺭﻓﻴ ﺪ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﻐﺮﻥ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻜ ﺮﻭﻱ ) ‪spherical roller‬‬
‫‪(Bearing‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩١٩‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺗﻬﺎ ‪ ٦٫٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٢٦‬ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻮﻟﻔﻮ )ﺃﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ‪ (SKF‬ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٣٠‬ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻭ ‪ ٢١٠٠٠‬ﻣﻮﻅﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ %٦٦‬ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٣٤‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٣٥‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻮﻟﻔﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ‪SKF‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٣٨‬ﺍﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻭﺣ ﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻋﺠ ﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﻮﻑ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٤٠‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٤٣‬ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٤٨‬ﺍﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥٠‬ﺍﺻ ﺒﺢ ﻋ ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤ ﻞ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭﺑﻌ ﺪﺩ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻮﻅﻔﻴﻦ ﻳﺒﻠ ﻎ ‪ ٣١٠٠٠‬ﻣ ﻨﻬﻢ ‪ %٦٦‬ﻳﻌﻤﻠ ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺃﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥٧‬ﺃﻛﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﻮﺫﻧﺒﻴﺮﻍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٣‬ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٤‬ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٠‬ﺃﺻ ﺒﺢ ﻋ ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ‪ ٦٨‬ﻣﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻭ ‪ ٦٧٠٠٠‬ﻣﻮﻅ ﻒ ﻣ ﻨﻬﻢ ‪ %٧٨‬ﻳﻌﻤﻠ ﻮﻥ ﺧ ﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٢‬ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﺍﻣﺘﻠﻜﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ MRC‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﻧﺎﻟ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﺧ ﺮﻯ ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴ ﺎ‪ .‬ﺑ ﺪﺃﺕ ﻛﻠﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ SKF‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﺍﻣﺘﻠﻜ ﺖ ﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻣ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻨ ﺘﺞ ﺃﺟﻬ ﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺃﻋﻴ ﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪.SKF Condition Monitoring‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺍﻣﺘﻠﻜﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ )‪ Chicago Rawhide (CR‬ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪.Oil Seals‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ‪ SKF‬ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ SKF‬ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪ ٩٠‬ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻭ‪ ٤٤٠٠٠‬ﻣﻮﻅﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ %٨٤‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺃﺻ ﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻙ ﺃﻋﻤ ﺎﻝ ﻣﺸ ﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻴﻦ ﺃﺣ ﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺼ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﻴﻌ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺸ ﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ )‪ (Wafangdian Group‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨ ﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺒ ﺎﺭﺯ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﺎﻡ ‪ Oil Seals‬ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ ﻭ ‪.ANZAG‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻣﺘﻠﻜ ﺖ ‪ SKF‬ﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ ﺻ ﻴﺎﻥ ﺳ ﻜﻮﺗﻼﻧﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘ ﺮﺭ ﺍﻷﺷ ﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣ ﻊ ﺷ ﺮﻛﺔ ‪Brembo‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪.(electro-mechanical braking system‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ )‪(Selection of Bearings‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑ ﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻠ ﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺎ ً ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴ ﻖ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟ ﻴﺲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻌﺐ ﻭﺿ ﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋ ﺪ ﻋﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴ ﻖ ﻻﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﻧ ﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻙ ﻋﻮﺍﻣ ﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳ ﻮﻑ ﻳ ﺄﺗﻲ ﺫﻛﺮﻫ ﺎ ﻻﺣﻘ ﺎ ً ﺳ ﻮﻑ ﺗﻔﻴ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻌﻴ ﻴﻦ ﺗﻠ ﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺳ ﺘﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻً ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻙ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻷﻗ ﻞ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺃﺑﻌ ﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ )ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ﺮ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ( ﻣﺤﺴ ﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺴ ﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﺼ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻫ ﻮ ﺟ ﺰء ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴ ﻖ )‪ (Deep Groove Ball Bearings‬ﻟﻸﻋﻤ ﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻄ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺴ ﺒﻴﺎ ً ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳ ﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ) ‪Cylindrical‬‬
‫‪ (Roller Bearings‬ﻭﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ )‪(Spherical Roller Bearings‬‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (Radial Space‬ﻣﺤ ﺪﺩﺓ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ) ‪Needle‬‬
‫‪ (Roller Bearings‬ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴ ﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭﻱ )ِ‪ (Axial Space‬ﻗﻠﻴ ﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤ ﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨ ﺎ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Narrow Bearings‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﺃﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣ ﺪ ) ‪Single Row‬‬
‫‪ (Ball Bearings‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣ ﺪ ) ‪Single Row Roller‬‬
‫‪.(Bearings‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ً ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ‬
‫ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻳﺤ ﺪﺩ ﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴ ﻖ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ )‪ (Roller Bearings‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻠﻄﺔ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ )‪ ، (Ball Bearings‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤ ﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻄ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴ ﺮﺓ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ) ‪Roller‬‬
‫‪ (Bearings‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ )‪(Radial Load‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺑ ﺪﻭﻥ ﺷ ﻔﺔ ) ‪Cylindrical Roller‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪.(Bearings having one ring without flanges type N and NU‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﻳ ﺔ )‪ (Needle Roller Bearings‬ﻣﺎﻋ ﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ ﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﺮﻳﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ )‪ (Needle Roller/Ball‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ ﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴ ﺔ ) ‪Needle‬‬
‫‪.(Roller/Thrust Bearings‬‬
‫ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺑﻘﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻷﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (Radial Bearings‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺍﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‪ (Axial Load‬ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ )‪.(Radial Load‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‪(Axial Load‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ )‪ (Thrust Ball Bearings‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺇﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣ ﺪ ) ‪Single‬‬
‫‪ (Direction Thrust Ball Bearings‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ ﻓﻘ ﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ )‪ (Double Direction Thrust Ball Bearings‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨ ﺎ ﺇﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴ ﺔ )‪ (Cylindrical Thrust Bearings‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴ ﺔ )‪ (Needle Thrust Bearings‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺇﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ )ٍ‪(Spherical Roller Thrust Bearings‬‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻻﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺇﺳ ﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪﺍً( ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺇﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ )‪(Combined Load‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛ ﺐ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻌﺎﻋﻲ )‪ (Radial Load‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭﻱ ) ‪Axial‬‬
‫‪ (Load‬ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭﻱ ﻫ ﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤ ﺎﺱ ‪ α‬ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﻣﺒ ﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧ ﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻫ ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳ ﺔ ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤ ﺔ ﻹﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭﻱ ‪Y‬‬
‫)‪ (Axial Load Factor‬ﻳﻘ ﻞ ﺑﺰﻳ ﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳ ﺔ ‪ α‬ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻧ ﻪ ﻳﻌﻄ ﻲ ﻣﺆﺷ ﺮﺍ ً ﻟﻠﻘ ﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻹﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺨ ﺺ ﻋﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭﻱ ‪Axial ) Y‬‬
‫‪ (Load Factor‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻫﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺑﺘﻤ ﺎﺱ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﺑﺼ ﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺻ ﻔﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻜ ﺮﺍﺕ ) ‪Single and Double‬‬
‫‪.(Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ )‪(Taper Roller Bearings‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ )‪(Deep Groove Ball Bearings‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ )‪(Spherical Roller Bearings‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ )‪(Self-Aligning Ball Bearings‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ) ‪Cylindrical Roller Bearings type NJ, NUP,‬‬
‫‪(NJ with angle ring HJ‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ً ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺫﺍﺓ )‪( Misalignment‬‬

‫ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺤ ﺮﻑ ﻣﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻮﺩ )‪ (Shaft Axis‬ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛ ﺰﻱ ﻟﻌﻠﺒ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (Bearing Housing‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻫ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﺎﺫﺍﺓ ) ‪Self-Aligning Ball‬‬
‫‪ (Bearings‬ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴ ﺔ ) ‪Spherical Roller Thrust‬‬
‫‪.(Bearings‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺫﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺌ ﺔ ﻫ ﻮ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻮﺩ ﻧﻔﺴ ﻪ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻠﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺸ ﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻋ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ )‪(Bearing Housing Seating‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳ ﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻤﻮﺡ ﺑ ﻪ ﻟﻌ ﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﺎﺫﺍﺓ‪ .‬ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺫﺍﺗﻴ ﺎ ً ﻫ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴ ﺔ ) ‪Thrust‬‬
‫‪ (Ball Bearings‬ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻔﻠﻜ ﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﺐ )‪ (Spherical Housing Washers‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀ ﺎ ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ . (Y-Bearings) Y‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ ً ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪(Speed‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳ ﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﻬ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺝ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻣﺤ ﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜ ﺎﻙ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁﺌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴ ﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻠﻂ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪ ، (Radial Loads‬ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴ ﻖ ) ‪Deep Groove‬‬
‫‪ (Ball Bearings‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳ ﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴ ﻖ ) ‪Deep Groove‬‬
‫‪ . (Cylindrical Roller Bearings‬ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒ ﺔ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤ ﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ )‪ (Angular Contact Ball Bearings‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ ً ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪(Precision‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟ ﻚ ﻁﻠﺒ ﺎﺕ ﺻ ﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ ﺩﻗ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭﻣﺴ ﻚ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺪﺓ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜ ﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫)‪ (Machine Tool Spindles‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺴ ﺮﻉ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺪﻗ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻤ ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ ً ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ )ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ( )‪(Silent Running‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺿﻮﺿﺎء ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎ ً ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ )‪ (Deep Groove Ball Bearings‬ﻟﻬﻜﺬﺍ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ ً ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎءﺓ )‪(Stiffness‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧ ﺔ ُ‪ Elastic Deformation‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻭﻓ ﻲ ﺃﻏﻠ ﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺴﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺪﺩ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜ ﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫)‪. (Machine Tool Work Spindles‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳ ﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (Cylindrical Roller Bearing‬ﻭﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺪﻗﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Taper Roller Bearing‬ﻓﺄﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﻠ ﻚ ﺟﺴ ﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ) ‪Ball‬‬
‫‪ .(Bearing‬ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴ ﺎءﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻁﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘ ﺪﻡ‬
‫)‪.(Preloading‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ ً ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‪(Axial Displacement‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﺴ ﺐ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴ ﺎﺩﻱ ﻷﻱ ﻣﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻹﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻤ ﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺟ ﺰء ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨ ﺔ ﻳﺸ ﻤﻞ ﻣﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﺑ ﺖ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫)‪ (Fixed‬ﻭﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺣ ﺮ )‪ .(Free‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺓ ﻣﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿ ﻊ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﺗﻤﻨ ﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼ ﺎﻕ )ﺍﻟﻜﻤ ﺶ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‪ (Axial Nipping‬ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳ ﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪﺓ )‪ (Single Ring‬ﻭﺑ ﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﻓ ﺎﺕ ﻧ ﻮﻉ )‪ NU‬ﻭ ‪ (N‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀ ﺎ ً ﻣﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﻳ ﺔ‬
‫‪. Needle Roller Bearing‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺳﻌﺎ ً ‪ :‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻪ ‪Mounting and dismounting‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺣﻠﻘ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋ ﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ )ﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳ ﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ( ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ )‪ (Interference Fit‬ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴ ﺖ ﻭﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟ ﺔ ﻓﺄﻧ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻓ ﺾ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋ ﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ )ﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳ ﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴ ﻖ ﻭﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺫﺍﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻕ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ )‪ (Adapter‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ )‪. (Withdrawal Sleeves‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ‪Load Carrying Capacity and Life‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮﺏ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴ ﻖ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺃﺳ ﺎﺱ ﺳ ﻌﺔ ﺇﺳ ﻨﺎﺩﻩ ﻟﻸﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻤﺎﺓ ﺗﺨﻤ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺎﺱ‬
‫)‪ (Basic Load Rating‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ C‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ Co‬ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪Basic Load Rating‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺗﺨﻤ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻟ ﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ )ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﻲ( ‪ C‬ﻳﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺴ ﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺘﻀ ﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬ ﺪﺓ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴ ﺎ ً ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺗﺤ ﺖ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺗﻌﺒ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻ ﻔﺔ‬
‫‪ ISO 281‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ )ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ( ‪ Co‬ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺴ ﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺮﻉ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪Life‬‬
‫ﻳﻌ ﺮﻑ ﻋﻤ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﺄﻧ ﻪ ﻋ ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟ ﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ )ﺃﻭ ﻋ ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴ ﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﺴ ﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳ ﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻗﺒ ﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒ ﺪﺃ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺇﺷ ﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﺸ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻼﻝ‬
‫)‪ (Fatigue‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪The Life Equation‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤ ﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟ ﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺎﺱ ﻣﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴ ﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪L10=(C/P)P‬‬
‫‪C/P = L101/P‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ = L10‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ = C‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ )‪(N‬‬
‫‪ = P‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ )‪(N‬‬
‫‪ = p‬ﺍﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ P=3‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ )‪(Ball Bearings‬‬
‫‪ p=10/3‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ )‪(Roller Bearing‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ C/P‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴ ﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪ L10h‬ﻫ ﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺘ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒ ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻓﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺃﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ )‪(Bearing Closures‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪١٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟ ﻞ ﺍﻁﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻋﻤ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳ ﺔ )‪ (Radial Ball Bearing‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ ﻪ ﻭﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻳﻀ ﺎ ً ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻘ ﻰ ﻧﻈﻴﻔ ﺎً‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺘ ﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺷ ﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺮﻯ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺩﺍﺧ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳ ﻒ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﺑﻘ ﺎء ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺩﺍﺧ ﻞ ﺗﺠﻮﻳ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺎ ً ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﺎﻡ )‪ (Seals‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﻉ )‪ (Shields‬ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪(Radial Ball Bearing‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻟﺨﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﻴﻦ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ ﻦ ﻭﺍﺷ ﺮ ﻣﻌ ﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻜﺒ ﻮﺱ ﻛﺎﻧ ﻪ ﻗ ﺮﺹ ‪ .‬ﺃﻧ ﻪ ﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ ﺍﺳ ﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﻠ ﻖ ﺍﻷﻛﺜ ﺮ‬
‫ﺷ ﻴﻮﻋﺎ ً ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜ ﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼ ﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻟﺠﺎﻧ ﺐ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺠ ﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ) ‪Radial Ball‬‬
‫‪ .(Bearing‬ﻳﺜﺒ ﺖ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻉ ﺑﺤ ﺰ ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮﺩ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻀ ﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻀ ﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﺠ ﺎﺯ ﻭﻋ ﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻤﺴ ﻚ ﺑﺄﻗ ﻞ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨ ﺔ ﻟﺤﺠ ﺰ ﺃﻛﺒ ﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﺎﻡ )‪ (Seals‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﺎ ً ﻣ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷ ﻔﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻁﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻄ ﺎﻁ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺴ ﺒﻮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣﻠﻘ ﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺗﻌﻄ ﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ ﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺨ ﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺷ ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺴ ﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻔﺔ ﺳ ﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ ﺍﻟ ﺘﻼﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨ ﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺴ ﻠﻴﻂ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﻣﺘﺴ ﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺘﻢ ﻣﺜﺒ ﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣ ﺰ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺿﺎﻏﻄﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﻣﻮﻓﺮﺍ ً ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ – ‪ ٤٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ١٠٥‬ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠ ﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺎ ً ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎﺕ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﻜﺎﺭﺩ )‪ (Vanguard‬ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ R‬ﺻﻤﻢ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺤ ﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻤﻰ ‪ G‬ﻫ ﻮ ﺃﻳﻀ ﺎ ً ﺑﺸ ﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪﺓ ﻭﺻ ﻤﻢ ﻟﻠﻀ ﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﻀ ﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻓﻴﺮﻣ ﻮﻓﺮﺍ ً ﺣﻴ ﺰﺍ ً ﺍﺿ ﺎﻓﻴﺎ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻳﻞ )‪.(Nitrile Rubber‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺷ ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺘ ﻚ ﺗﺘﺮﻛ ﺐ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻟﺘ ﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧ ﺘﻢ ﻓ ﺎﺋﻖ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﻘ ﻮﻑ ﻭﻣﺜﺒ ﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻳ ﺔ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺼ ﺒﺢ ﻣﻠﺤﻘ ﺎ ً ﺑﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺸ ﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋ ﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﺍﻧ ﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳ ﺎ ً ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻜ ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ‪ V‬ﻣﺠﻬ ﺰ ﺑﺸ ﻔﺔ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟ ﺔ ﻭﻣﺼ ﻤﻢ ﻟﻴﻤﻠ ﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ ﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻅ ﺮﻭﻑ ﻗﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻭﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺌ ﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻟ ﻪ ﻧﻔ ﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪.G‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ‪ T‬ﻣ ﺰﻭﺩ ﺑ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺷ ﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﻣﺒ ﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳ ﻢ ﻭﺻ ﻤﻤﺖ ﻟﻠﻌﻤ ﻞ‬

‫ﺑﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻗﺴﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴ ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨ ﺎء ﻭﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁﺌ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤ ﺎﺭﺱ ﻣﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻔ ﻮﻻﺫ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ )‪(Bearing Numbering System‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺩﻟﻴﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺩﻗﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ ﻲ ﻭﺃﺑﻌ ﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄ ﺮ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤ ﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻣ ﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻬ ﺎ ﻣﺸ ﺘﻘﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳﻠﺴ ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣ ﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﺋ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺩﻗ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﻘ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻟﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٢٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٢٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬

Micro Bearing Numbering ‫ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬

‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬

1. PREFIX
No Symbol: High carbon chrome bearing steel (equivalent to AISI E52100)
F: Martensitic stainless steel (equivalent to AISI 440C)
N: Beryllium copper

2. SERIES
67, 68: Metric series
69, 60: Metric series
62, 63: Metric series
R: Inch series
W: Wider than standard width (sealed type)
WA: Non-standard sizes
RA: Wider than standard width of inch series (open and sealed types)
FL: Flanged outer ring
FLA: Flanged outer ring, provided non-standard flange dimensions

3. CAGE
No Symbol: Pressed steel cage
J1: Pressed stainless steel cage
T1: Phenolic resin cage
T2: Nylon cage

٢٨
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬
T3: Rulon machined cage
‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬
V: Cageless type

4. SEAL OR SHIELD
No symbol: Open Type
Z, ZZ: Steel shield(s)
ZA, ZZA: Removable steel shield(s)
ZA1, ZZA1: Removable stainless steel shield(s)
Z1, ZZ1: Stainless steel shield(s)
LB, LLB: Non-contact type rubber seal(s)
LF, LLF: Non-contact rubber seal(s)
LU, LLU: Contact type rubber seal(s)
SA, SSA: Non-contact nylon seal(s)

5. INTERNAL CLEARANCE
No Symbol: Normal clearance
C2: Clearance less than normal
C3: Clearance greater than normal
C4: Clearance greater than C3
C2S: Low group of C2 clearance
CNS: Low group of normal clearance
CNM: Medium group of normal clearance
CNL: High group of normal clearance
C3S: Low group of C3 clearance
C3M: Medium group of C3 clearance
C3L: High group of C3

6. TOLERANCE
No Symbol: ISO class 0 (equivalent to ABEC 1)
P6: ISO class 6 (equivalent to ABEC 3)
P5: ISO class 5 (equivalent to ABEC 5)
P4: ISO class 4 (equivalent to ABEC 7)
P2: ISO class 2 (equivalent to ABEC 9)
P5A: ISO class 5A
P4A: ISO class 4A
PS5: NTN PS class 5
PS4: NTN PS class 4
PX1: Special tolerance

7. PRELUBRICANT
1K: Kyodo Yushi Multemp PS No. 2
2A: Shell Alvania 2
1E: Exxon Andok C
3E: Exxon Beacon 325
6K: Klüber Isoflex Super LDS18
5C: Chevron SRI2
5K: Kyodo Yushi Multemp SRL
1W: Anderson Oil Winsor Lube L245X (oil)

٢٩
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬
(Radial Bearing Numbering System) ‫ﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﺎﻋﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬

1. PREFIX
TS2: Heat stabilization for up to 320° F (160° C)
TS3: Heat stabilization for up to 390° F (200° C)
TS4: Heat stabilization for up to 480° F (250° C)

2. TYPE
6: Single row deep groove ball bearings
8, WC8: Single row deep groove ball bearings
BL: Maximum capacity
DE & DF: Special double row ball bearings
SC & SX: Special single row ball bearings
R: Inch series

3. INTERNAL DESIGN
A: Internal redesign, from A onward
U: Universal seal groove for open bearings

4. CHAMFER
Xn: Special chamfer, from 1 onward (X1, X2 . . .)

5. CAGE

٣٠
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬
No Symbol: Pressed steel cage
‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬
J: Pressed steel cage
T1: Phenolic cage
T2: Nylon cage

6. SEAL OR SHIELD
No Symbol: Open Type
LB, LLB: Non-contact rubber seal
LU, LLU: Double-lip contact rubber seal
LH,LLH: Light contact rubber seal
LUA,LLUA: Polyacrylic rubber seal
LUA1,LLUA1: Fluorocarbon rubber seal
Z, ZZ: Shield
Z1, ZZ1: Stainless steel shield
ZA, ZZA: Removable shield

7. RING MODIFICATION
N: Snap ring groove on outer ring, but without snap ring
NR: Snap ring groove on outer ring, snap ring included
/X.XX: Special bore, XX.XX in mm; Ex. 5/16” bore, /7.938
/XX.X: Special O.D., size XX.X in mm

8. INTERNAL CLEARANCE
C1: Radial clearance less than C2
C2: Radial clearance less than normal
C3: Radial clearance greater than normal
C4: Radial clearance greater than C3
C5: Radial clearance greater than C4
CSXX: Special radial clearance; XX is mean value in 0.001 mm units

9. TOLERANCE
P6: ISO class 6 (equivalent to ABEC 3)
P5: ISO class 5 (equivalent to ABEC 5)
P4: ISO class 4 (equivalent to ABEC 7)
PXn: Special tolerance, from 1 onward (PX1, PX2 . . .)
Vn: Special requirement, from 1 onward (V1, V2 . . .)

٣١
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ )‪(Angular Contact Ball Bearing‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬
1. PREFIX
‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬
TS2: Heat stabilization for up to 320°F (160°C)
TS3: Heat stabilization for up to 390°F (200°C)
TS4: Heat stabilization for up to 480°F (250°C)
BNT: High speed angular contact ball bearings
HSB: High speed angular contact ball bearings
SF: Special single row angular contact ball bearings
DE & DF: Special double row angular contact ball bearings

2. TYPE
3: Double row angular contact ball bearings with filling slot
5: Double row angular contact ball bearings without filling slot
7: Angular contact ball bearings

3. CONTACT ANGLE
No Symbol: Contact Angle 30°
B: Contact angle 40°
C: Contact angle 15°

4. CHAMFER
Xn: Special chamfer, from 1 onward (X1, X2 . . .)

5. CAGE
No Symbol: Standard cage
J: Pressed steel cage
L1: Machined brass cage
T1: Phenolic cage
T2: Plastic cage, nylon or teflon

6. DUPLEX ARRANGEMENT
DB: Duplex pair, back to back mounting
DF: Duplex pair, face to face mounting
DT: Duplex pair, tandem mounting
G: Single bearings, flush ground universal mount
for DB, DF and DT arrangement
GD2: Pair of universally mountable bearings
+A: Spacer (A is nominal width of spacer in mm)

7. PRELOAD
GL: Light preload
GN: Normal preload
GM: Medium preload
GH: Heavy preload
Gn: Special preload

8. TOLERANCE
P6: ISO class 6 (equivalent to ABEC 3)
P5: ISO class 5 (equivalent to ABEC 5)
P4: ISO class 4 (equivalent to ABEC 7)

٣٣
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬

(Self Aligning Ball Bearing) ‫ﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ‬

‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬

1. TYPE
1: Standard for self-aligning ball bearings
2: Standard for self-aligning ball bearings
2. CAGE
No Symbol: Standard cage
J: Pressed steel cage
T2: Plastic cage, nylon or teflon
L1: Machined brass cage
3. RING MODIFICATION
K: 1:12 tapered bore
4. INTERNAL CLEARANCE
C1: Radial clearance less than C2
C2: Radial clearance less than normal
C3: Radial clearance greater than normal
C4: Radial clearance greater than C3
C5: Radial clearance greater than C4
CSXX: Special radial clearance;
XX is mean value in 0.001 mm units

(Tapered Roller Bearing) ‫ﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺣﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﻗﺔ‬

٣٤
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬ ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬

1. PREFIX
ET: NTN Endurance tapered roller bearings, case hardened material
4T: NTN 4-Top tapered roller bearings, case hardened material
E: Case hardened steel
T: Internationally interchangeable dimensions
2. SERIES
H: Heavy
HH: Heavier than heavy
HM: Heavy-medium
L: Light
LM: Light medium
M: Medium
ISO: Metric series 320X, 302, 322, 303 and 323
3. SUFFIX
A: Different bore, O.D., width or radius from basic part number
PK: Class K for J-Line
PXn: Special tolerance, n; from 1 onward
S: Different bore, OD, width or radius from basic part number
U: ISO series; internationally interchangeable through hardened
steel
W: Slot or keyway
X: Different bore, O.D., width or radius from basic part number
-0: AFBMA class 0
-00: AFBMA class 00
-2: AFBMA class 2

٣٥
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬
-3: AFBMA class 3
‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬
-4: AFBMA class 4

(Spherical Roller Bearing) ‫ﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺣﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻳﺔ‬

1. PREFIX
TS2: Heat stabilization for up to 320° F (160° C)
TS3: Heat stabilization for up to 390° F (200° C)
TS4: Heat stabilization for up to 480° F (250° C)
2. SERIES
21: Standard series spherical roller bearings
22: Standard series spherical roller bearings
23: Standard series spherical roller bearings
24: Standard series spherical roller bearings
3. INTERNAL DESIGN
B: One piece ribbed inner ring, asymmetrical rollers and center
guided retainer
C: Plain inner ring, center floating guide ring (smaller size bearings)
UA: Inner ring without center guide, asymmetrical rollers, and outer
ring center-guided retainer (limited thrust capabilities)
E: High capacity spherical roller bearings
4. CAGE
No Symbol: Standard cage
J: Pressed steel cage
L1: Machined brass cage
T2: Nylon cage
5. RING MODIFICATION
D1: Oil groove and holes
K: 1:12 tapered bore
6. INTERNAL CLEARANCE
C1: Radial clearance less than C2
C2: Radial clearance less than normal
No Suffix: Normal internal clearance
C3: Radial clearance greater than normal
C4: Radial clearance greater than C3
C5: Radial clearance greater than C4

٣٦
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ﺃ‬
CSXX: Special radial clearance; XX is mean value in 0.001 mm units
‫ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫أ‬
7. TOLERANCE
No Symbol: Class 0 (equivalent to ABEC 1); standard
PX1: Special tolerance, from 1 onward
V: Special requirement, from 1 onward
VS1: Special tolerance for shaker screen bearings (C3 clearance)
VS2: Special tolerance for shaker screen bearings (C4 clearance)

(Thrust Ball and Roller Bearing) ‫ﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺣﺭﺟﺔ‬

1. SERIES & SIZE

51, 53*: Single direction thrust ball bearing
52, 54*: Double direction thrust ball bearing
56: Angular contact thrust ball bearing
29: Spherical thrust roller bearing
29: Single direction thrust ball bearing
9: Single direction thrust ball bearing
* Self-aligning outside diameter
2. CAGE
No Symbol: Standard cage
J: Pressed steel cage
L1: Machined brass cage
T2: Plastic cage, nylon or Teflon

٣٧
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ‪Fits and Tolerances‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﻔ ﺲ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ﻭﻭﺿ ﻌﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ ﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﻨ ﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﺧﻠ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳ ﻢ ﻓﺄﻧﻬ ﺎ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻼءﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ً ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺇﻧﺘ ﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻘﻴ ﺎﺱ ﻣﻀ ﺒﻮﻁ ﻣﺌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺌ ﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻙ ﺍﺧ ﺘﻼﻑ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻆ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺘ ﺎﺝ ﺃﺑﻌ ﺎﺩ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻗ ﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜ ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻌ ﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀ ﺒﻮﻁﺔ ﺑﻤﻘ ﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﻴ ﻞ ﻧﺴ ﺒﻴﺎ ً ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﺇﺧ ﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻭﻅﻴﻔ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺰء‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﻥ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠ ﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﺑﻌ ﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺼ ﻤﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤ ﺪﺩ ﻣﻘ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠ ﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻤﻮﺡ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻋ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮﺩ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﺟﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺎ ً ﺃﺳ ﻬﻞ ﻳﺤ ﺪﺩ ﻣﻘ ﺎﺱ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ))ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ(( ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺧ ﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻ ﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻬ ﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪﻳﻦ ﻋ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺴ ﻤﻰ ﻣﻘ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺠ ﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﻘ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺰء ﻋ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ )‪ -: (Basic size‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ )‪ -: (Zero line‬ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺴﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ )‪ -: (Limits of size‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺼ ﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻧ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻤﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺠ ﺰء ﺍﻟﻠ ﺬﺍﻥ ﻳﻘ ﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ )‪ -: (Deviation‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ )‪ -: (Upper deviation‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒ ﺮﻱ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )‪ -: (Lower deviation‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒ ﺮﻱ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧ ﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ )‪ -: (Fundamental deviation‬ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﺗ ﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭﻩ‬

‫ﻟﻐ ﺮﺽ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣﻮﻗ ﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺧ ﻂ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻫ ﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ )‪ -: (Tolerance‬ﺍﻟﻔ ﺮﻕ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤ ﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧ ﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ )‪ -: (Tolerance zone‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ ﻤﻮﻟﺔ ‪،‬ﻟ ﺪﻯ ﺗﻤﺜﻴ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴ ﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻴﻦ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭﺑﻤﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ )‪ -: (Grade of Tolerance‬ﻫ ﻮ ﻣﻘﻴ ﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﻘ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻼﺣ ﻆ ﺇﻧﻬ ﺎ ﻣﺮﺳ ﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴ ﺎﺱ ﻛﺒﻴ ﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻘ ﻊ ﺗﺤ ﺖ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﺈﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻣ ﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺘ ﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺴ ﺎﻭﻳﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻭﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻹﺷ ﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﻄ ﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‪-:‬‬
‫‪40±0.125‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ max‬ﺃﻭ ‪ min‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪39.4 min‬‬ ‫‪40.5 max‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪62f7‬‬ ‫‪40g6‬‬ ‫‪63F8‬‬ ‫‪40H7‬‬
‫)ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ً(‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ -: ١‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪+0.073‬‬
‫‪84‬‬
‫‪-0.68‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ = ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫= ‪ ٨٤٫٠٧٣ = ٠٫٠٧٣ – ٨٤‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ = ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫= ‪ ٨٣٫٨٨٠ = (٠٫١٢٠ -)+ ٨٤‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬
‫= ‪٠٫١٩٣ = ٨٣٫٨٨٠ – ٨٤٫٠٧٣‬‬

‫‪٤٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ -: ٢‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺠﺰء ﻫﻮ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻫﻮ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴ ﺐ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻔﻠﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤ ﺖ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻘ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ ﻫ ﻮ ‪ . ٨٤µ‬ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺿ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ً ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ = ‪ ١١٩٫٩١٦ = ٠٫٠٨٤ – ١٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ = ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ً ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ – ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫= ‪ ٠٫٠٨٤ - = ١٢٠ – ١١٩٫٩١٦‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ = ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ً ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ = ‪٠ = ١٢٠ – ١٢٠‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫‪-0.084‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ )‪ -: (Fit‬ﻋﻨ ﺪﺍ ﻳ ﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺠﻤﻴ ﻊ ﺟ ﺰﺋﻴﻦ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻔ ﺮﻕ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺳ ﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ))ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ((‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻﻲ )‪ : (Clearance fit‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻠﻮﺻﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ )ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘ ﺐ ﺗﻘ ﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً◌ُ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ )‪ : (Transition fit‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗ ﺪ ﻳﻨ ﺘﺞ ﺧﻠﻮﺻ ﺎ ً ﺃﻭ ﺗ ﺪﺍﺧﻼً‪) .‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ )‪ : (Interference fit‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻼ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪) .‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺗﻘﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ً ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈ ﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘ ﺐ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺎﺱ )‪ : (Hole – basis system of fits‬ﻫ ﻮ ﻧﻈ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺼ ﻞ ﻓﻴ ﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻ ﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﺋ ﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻋﻤ ﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﺛﻘ ﺐ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺜﻘ ﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈ ﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺎﺱ )‪ : (Shaft – basis system of fits‬ﻫ ﻮ ﻧﻈ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﺋ ﺘﻼﻑ ﺛﻘ ﻮﺏ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﻋﻤ ﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪+٠٫٠٦٥‬‬ ‫‪+٠٫٢٣٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪١‬‬

‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫‪160‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪+٠٫١٢٥‬‬

‫‪٤١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‪.‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ‪ ١٦٠٫٢٣٥ = ٠٫٢٣٥ + ١٦٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ‪ ١٦٠٫١٢٠ = ٠٫١٢٠ + ١٦٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪ ١٦٠٫٠٦٥ = ٠٫٠٦٥ + ١٦٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻢ‬ ‫‪١٦٠ = ٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪+ ١٦٠‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻ ﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺧﻠﻮﺻﻲ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬
‫= ‪ ٠٫٢٣٥ = ١٦٠ – ١٦٠٫٢٣٥‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫= ‪ ٠٫٠٥٥ = ١٦٠٫٠٦٥ – ١٦٠٫١٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ٦٨‬ﻣ ﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘ ﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪-١٩٠µ‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻫﻮ ‪. -٥٥µ‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘ ﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤ ﺖ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪ +١٩٠µ‬ﻭ ‪ +١٣٠µ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ً ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ‪٦٨ = (٠٫١٩٠-) + ٦٨٫١٩٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ً ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ – ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫= ‪٠ = ٦٨ – ٦٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ً ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ‪ ٦٨٫٠٧٥ = (٠٫٠٥٥-)+ ٦٨٫١٣‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ = ‪ ٠٧٥. = ٦٨٫٠٠٠ – ٦٨٫٠٧٥‬ﻣﻢ‬

‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٤٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ISO‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺗﺒ ﻴﻦ ﻣﺴ ﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻ ﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴ ﺔ )‪ (١٢٣٣‬ﻧﻈ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘ ﺎﺕ ﻭﻫ ﻲ ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪. (ISO 276‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻ ﻔﺔ ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﺑ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﺎ ً ﻭﺗﺸ ﻤﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪ ١٨‬ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ ﻭﺗﻈ ﻢ ‪٢٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎ ً ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﻭ ‪ ٢٨‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎ ً ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ )‪(Grade of tolerance‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﻝ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘ ﺎﺝ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﻨ ﻲ ﺩﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ‪ ١٨‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٦ ، ١٥ ، ١٤ ، ١٣ ، ١٢ ، ١١ ، ١٠ ، ٩ ، ٨ ، ٧ ، ٦ ، ٥ ، ٤ ، ٣ ، ٢ ، ١ ، ٠ ، ٠١‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠١‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٥‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ١٠‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻭﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١١‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ١٦‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﻋ ﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ) ﻣ ﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﺍﻟ ﻰ ‪ .( ١٣‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟ ﺔ ‪ ٥‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ ﻭﻛﻤ ﺎ ﻣﻮﺿ ﺢ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻜﻞ ﻓ ﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ )ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺧ ﻂ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺮ ﻭﻳ ﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺧ ﻂ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻗ ﺮﺏ ﺍﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ )ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ(‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪ ٢٨‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎ ً ﺃﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺜﻘ ﺐ ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻌﻤ ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﻣ ﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻵﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ ﺑﺤ ﺮﻑ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺗﺴ ﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴ ﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺜﻘ ﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺜﻘﻮﺏ‪-:‬‬
‫‪A, B, C, CD, D, E, EF, F, FG, G, H, JS, J, K, M, N, P, R, S, T, U, V, X,‬‬
‫‪Y, Z, ZA, ZB, ZC‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪-:‬‬
‫‪a, b, c, cd, d, e, ef ,f ,fg , g, h, js, j, k, m, n, p, r, s, t, u, v, x, y, z, za, zb, zc‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ G‬ﺛﻘﻮﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ً ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎً‪ .‬ﻳﺴ ﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﻑ ‪ H‬ﻟﻠﺜﻘ ﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻜ ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ً ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻳﺼ ﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧ ﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻭﻳﺎ ً‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﺗﺒﺘﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﻭﻑ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﻑ ‪ H‬ﺗﺼ ﻐﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪-:‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤ ﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ ﺎ ً ﻣﺸ ﺎﺑﻬﺎ ً ﻟﻤ ﺎ ﺍﺳ ﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺜﻘ ﺐ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺷ ﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳ ﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﺪﻝ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﻭﻑ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ a‬ﺍﻟ ﻰ ‪ g‬ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺃﻋﻤ ﺪﺓ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﺳ ﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭﻫ ﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﻑ ‪ h‬ﻳﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻭﻳﺎ ً ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻔﺮ ﺣﻴ ﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ً ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ‪ h‬ﻓﺘ ﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪-:‬‬

‫‪٤٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻓﺄﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻭ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪١٨‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﻳﻨ ﺘﺞ ﻋ ﺪﺩ ﻫﺎﺋ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗ ﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺗ ﺐ ﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟ ﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺤﺴ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﻆ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺠ ﺰء‬
‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ – ‪ ١‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘ ﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺜﻘ ﺐ ﻭﻳﺒ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺪﻭﻝ – ‪ ٢‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪.(ISO 1829‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄ ﻲ ﻫ ﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺪﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺣ ﺪﻱ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻧ ﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ ﻟ ﺒﻌﺾ ﺭﻣ ﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٥٠٠‬ﻣﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ISO‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘ ﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻮﺩ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟ ﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗ ﺎﺕ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼ ﻮﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ً ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﻗﻄ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ً ﺃﺳﻬﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻈ ﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘ ﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘ ﺐ ﺻ ﻔﺮ ﻭﻳﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺭﻣ ﺰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ‪ ، H‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤ ﻮﺩ ﺻ ﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ‪.h‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ – ‪١‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ – ‪٢‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ – ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫‪H11/c11 H9/d9 H9/c8 H8/f7 H7/g6‬‬
‫‪H7/h6‬‬ ‫‪H7/k6 H7/n6 H7/p6 H7/s6‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ – ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫‪C11/h11 D10/h9 E9/h8 F8/h7 G7/h6‬‬
‫‪H7/h6‬‬ ‫‪K7/h6 N7/h6 P7/h6 S7/h6‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬

‫ً‬
‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﺈﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺟﺰء‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ً ﺑﺄﻥ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻭﻻً‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪45 H8/g7 :‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪45 H8 – g7‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪ ٤٥‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ – ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ )ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ‪(H‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ 45g6‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ )ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ = ‪ ٤٥‬ﻣﻢ‬

‫‪٥١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ = ‪ ٩ -‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ = ‪ ٢٥ -‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ = ‪٦‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ 120H7‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﻫﻮ ﺛﻘﺐ )ﺣﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ = ‪ ١٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ )ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ‪(H‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ = ‪٢٥ µ‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ = ‪٠‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ = ‪٧‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﻮ ‪ 80D10‬ﺟﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء = ﺛﻘﺐ )ﺣﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ = ‪+٢٢٠µ‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ = ‪+١٠٠µ‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ = ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫= ‪ ٨٠٫٢٢٠ = ٠٫٢٢٠ + ٨٠٫٠٠٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ = ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫= ‪ ٨٠٫١٠٠ = ٠٫١٠٠ + ٨٠٫٠٠٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘـــﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـــــﺎﻭﺕ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬
‫= ‪ ٠٫١٢٠ = ٨٠٫١٠٠ – ٨٠٫٢٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪80 H8/k6 -٣‬‬ ‫‪52 R7/h6 -٢‬‬ ‫‪20 H9/e8 -١‬‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺗﺐ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ (a‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫‪ (b‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻊ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫‪ (c‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫‪ (d‬ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫‪ (e‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫‪ (f‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫‪ (g‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪٥٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ (h‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪ (i‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ (j‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ ‪١‬‬
‫‪ (a‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ )ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ‪(H‬‬
‫‪ (b‬ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ ‪ ، 20H9‬ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ‪20e8‬‬
‫‪ (c‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ = ‪ ٠٫٠٥٢ +‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ = ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪ ٠٫٠٤٠ -‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪ ٠٫٠٧٣ -‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ (d‬ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ‪ ٢٠٫٠٥٢ = ٠٫٠٥٢ + ٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ‪ ٢٠٫٠٠٠ = ٠ + ٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪ ١٩٫٩٦٠ = (٠٫٠٤٠-) + ٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪ ١٩٫٩٢٧ = (٠٫٠٧٣ -) + ٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ (e‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ = ‪ ٠٫٠٥٢ = ٢٠٫٠٠٠ – ٢٠٫٠٥٢‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ (f‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪ ٠٫٠٣٣ = ١٩٫٩٢٧ – ١٩٫٩٦٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ (g‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ = ﺧﻠﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫‪ (h‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫= ‪ ٠٫١٢٥ = ١٩٫٩٢٧ – ٢٠٫٠٥٢‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ (i‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ = ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ – ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫= ‪ ٠٫٠٤٠ = ١٩٫٩٦٠ – ٢٠٫٠٠٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪ (j‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ‪µ‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ‪µ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪µ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬ ‫)ﻣﻢ(‬
‫)ﻣﻢ(‬ ‫)ﻣﻢ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬

‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪20.000‬‬ ‫‪20.052‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪+ 52‬‬ ‫‪20H9‬‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺐ‬

‫‪-----‬‬ ‫‪-----‬‬ ‫‪+40‬‬ ‫‪+125‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮﺻﻲ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪19.927‬‬ ‫‪19.960‬‬ ‫‪- 73‬‬ ‫‪- 40‬‬ ‫‪20e8‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪51.940‬‬ ‫‪51.970‬‬ ‫‪- 60‬‬ ‫‪- 30‬‬ ‫‪52R7‬‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫‪-11‬‬ ‫‪-60‬‬ ‫‪-----‬‬ ‫‪-----‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪51.981‬‬ ‫‪52.000‬‬ ‫‪- 19‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪52h6‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪80.000‬‬ ‫‪80.046‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪+ 46‬‬ ‫‪80H8‬‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺐ‬
‫‪-----‬‬ ‫‪-21‬‬ ‫‪-----‬‬ ‫‪+44‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪80.002 80.021‬‬ ‫‪+2‬‬ ‫‪+ 21‬‬ ‫‪80k6‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫‪٥٣‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (Housing‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺣﻒ( ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﻷﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ )‪ (Radial‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‪ (axial‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺣﻔﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ً ﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﻟﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻚ )‪ (Abrasive wear‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺰﻭﺯ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫ﻻﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (tight fit‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺷﻲ‬
‫)‪.(shrink fit‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺪﻭﺩ )‪ (tight fit‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻛﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎ ً ﺃﻡ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍ ً‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍ ً ﺃﻭ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻮﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻏﻄﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻏﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻏﻄﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻏﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺯﺍﻟﺘﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ ً ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ ) ‪Deep‬‬
‫‪ (Groove Ball Bearings‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺧﻠﻮﺻﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٥٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٥٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٥٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٥٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٥٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٦٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٦١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٦٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻧﻈﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻠﻒ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ(‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺼﺪﺃ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻟﻸﻭﺳﺎﺥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺎ‪ً.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺬﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪء ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻼً ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٣‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧ ﻚ ﺧﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺪﻭﺵ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺘ ﻮء ﻭﺃﻭﺳ ﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻘﺎﻳ ﺎ ﺭﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺒﺎﻛﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧ ﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﺯﺍﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺪﻭﺵ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘ ﻮءﺍﺕ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﺟ ﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﻟ ﻮ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺻ ﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺣﺠ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴ ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺗﻨﻌ ﻴﻢ ﺩﻗﻴ ﻖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﻁ ﻼء‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺧﺪﻭﺵ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧ ﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺗﺠﻨ ﺐ ﺍﺟ ﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﻜ ﺲ ﻷﻧ ﻪ ﺳ ﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﻓﺸ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻻً ﺃﻭ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ً ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻀﺮﺭ ﻣﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺟﻬ ﺔ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪﺓ ﺣﻴ ﺚ‬
‫ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﺳ ﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﺿ ﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺗﺴ ﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻮﻯ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴ ﺎ ً ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻔ ﺺ )‪ (Retainer‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺘ ﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪.(Seals‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻄ ﺮﻕ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮﺓ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﺳ ﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﺿ ﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻀ ﺮﺏ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺿﺮﺏ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ً‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮﺏ ﺗﺜﺒﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻌ ﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ ﺗ ﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ )‪(Interference Fit‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻ ﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﺗﻐﻄ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺘ ﻴﻦ ﻣﻌ ﺎ ً ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﻣﺒ ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈ ﺎﻡ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻛ ﻼ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺘ ﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ ﺃﻡ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴ ﻠﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ً ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺖ ﻣﻌ ﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺍﻟ ﻰ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺳ ﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻮﺳ ﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺴ ﺨﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﻘ ﺎ ً ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺍﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﻴ ﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺒﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺨ ﻞ )ﻣﺸ ﺒﻚ(‪ ،‬ﻻﺗﻀ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻳﻼﻣ ﺲ ﻗ ﺎﻉ ﻭﻋ ﺎء ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻝ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗ ﻞ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺜﺒ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧ ﻪ ﺑﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺳ ﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺮﺩ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﻛﺘ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺣﻴﻨﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪-5‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻲ ) ‪.(1.25x10‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ‪ ١‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ١‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪١٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻗﻄﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻏﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ )ﺍﻟﻜُﻢ(‬

‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻭﺻ ﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ُﻜ ﻢ )‪ (Adapter Sleeve‬ﻻﺗﺤﺘ ﺎﺝ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮﻝ ﻓﻘ ﻂ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺪﺃ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻗﻤ ﺎﺵ ﻧﻈﻴﻔ ﺔ ﻗﺒ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴ ﺐ‪ .‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻢ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺒﺔ( ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﻁﻼء ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ )‪ (Sleeve‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺛ ﻢ ﻳ ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓ ﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣﻔ ﻚ ﻟﺘﺴ ﻬﻴﻞ ﺩﺧﻮﻟ ﻪ‪ .‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﻗﻴ ﺎﺱ ﻣﻘ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠ ﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮﺏ ﻟﻴ ﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺪ ﻗﺒ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺻ ﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴ ﻊ ﻣ ﺮﻳﺢ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻷﻧ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌ ﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣ ﺎﻝ ﻓﻤ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺿ ﻌﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀ ﺒﻮﻁ ﺟ ﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﺝ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﻚ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺳﺘﺴ ﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﺴ ﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺯﻧ ﻖ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻣ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ ﺻ ﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺳ ﻚ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻻ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻓﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﻧﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗ ﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺯﻧ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﺘ ﺎﺡ ﺭﺑ ﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣﻄﺮﻗ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴ ﺐ ﻣ ﻊ ﻓﺤ ﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠ ﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ﺮﻱ ﺑﺘﻜ ﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣﻘﻴ ﺎﺱ ﺳ ﻤﻚ )‪ .(thickness gage‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠ ﻮﺹ ﺗﺼ ﻞ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺍﻟ ﻰ ‪%٦٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﺼ ﺒﺢ ﺃﺧ ﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﺴ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺷﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺍﺯﺍﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﺴ ﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻮﺓ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻳﺪﻭﻱ )‪(Hand Press‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻷﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻴ ﺪﻭﻱ ﻓﻌﻨ ﺪ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜ ﺒﺲ ﺑ ﺄﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻣﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜ ﺒﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄ ﺎﺑﻖ ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﺮﻛ ﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺴ ﻨﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺻ ﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﺳ ﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺗﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺳ ﻮﻑ ﺗﺴ ﻠﻂ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﻌﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ( ﻭﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﺮﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻌ ﺪﻥ ﻣ ﺮﻥ )‪ (soft metal‬ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻭﺵ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻧ ﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ )‪(Assembly Adapter‬‬

‫ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴ ﻊ ﺗﺮﻓ ﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺳ ﻜﺎﺕ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻮﺿ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺳ ﻚ ﺑﺘﻤ ﺎﺱ ﻣ ﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧ ﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻓﻴﺮﻓ ﻊ ﻟﺴ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺷ ﺮ ﻓﺘﺮﺗﺨ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﻟ ﺪﻭﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛ ﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿ ﻊ ﺣﺸ ﻮﺓ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻧ ﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑ ﻞ ﺟﺎﻧ ﺐ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﻀ ﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺸ ﻮﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ )‪ (Sleeve‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﺗﺤ ﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻢ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺳ ﻮﻑ ﻳﺨ ﺮﺝ ﺑﺴ ﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗ ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ً ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺸ ﻴﻖ ﻣ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻢ ﻓﻤ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤ ﻞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ – ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺎﻭﻳ ﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻟ ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻬ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣ ﻊ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﻫ ﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣﺸ ﺒﻚ‬
‫)ﻣﻨﺨﻞ( ﻷﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛ ﻼ ﺍﻟﺨﻄ ﻮﺗﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧ ﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟ ﻨﻔﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑ ﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻭﺳ ﺦ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻓﻤ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜ ﺎﺯﻭﻟﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳ ﺔ ﺃﺛﻨ ﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜ ﺎﺯﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺒ ﺎ ً ﻟﺤ ﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﺷ ﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻨ ﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ )‪(Rough Cleaning‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﻭﺳ ﺨﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻏﻤ ﺮﻩ ﺑﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺨﺪﺵ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭﺍ ً ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﺼ ﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺳ ﺎﺥ ﻣﻨ ﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﺴ ﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻓﺄﻧ ﻪ ﺳ ﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﻈ ﻒ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺃﻳ ﺔ ﺣ ﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﺴ ﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺃﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻦ ‪١٢٠‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ )‪(Final Cleaning‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺳ ﺨﺔ ﺑﺨﻄ ﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻟ ﻲ ﻳﻮﺿ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﺤﺎﻭﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺮ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴ ﻒ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻁﻼء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻲ ﺻﺪﺃ ﻭﻳﻠﻒ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬

‫ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﺴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺧﺸﺒﻲ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻻ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺗﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻷﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ وإزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ اﻟﻜﺮوﻳﺔ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺣ ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓ ﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻤﻨ ﻊ ﺗﻀ ﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴ ﻠﻂ ﻗ ﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴ ﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻣﺸﺪﻭﺩﺍً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ ﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺜﺒ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬ ﺎ ﻋ ﻦ ﻁﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻁ ﺮﻕ ﺟﻠﺒ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴ ﺐ‬
‫)‪ (Mounting Sleeve‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣﻄﺮﻗ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻨ ﻊ ﻗ ﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄ ﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻘ ﻞ ﺑﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟ ﻖ )‪ (Raceway‬ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿ ﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ ﺗﻀ ﻤﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘ ﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘ ﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻳﻀ ﺎ ً ﺃﺛﻨ ﺎء ﺍﺯﺍﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧ ﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗ ﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟ ﺔ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ )ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﻭﻁﻴﺔ(‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻕ )ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﻭﻁﻲ( ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺪﻭﺩ ) ‪Tight‬‬
‫‪ .(Fit‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ً ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﺯﻧﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ )‪(Shafts‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ )‪ (Adapter Sleeve‬ﻭﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ )‪ (Extraction Sleeves‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻗﻲ )‪.(Socket Wrench‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‬

‫‪Mounting Tool Set FITTING.TOOL.ALU.SET10-50 for Cylindrical Bearing‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻼً ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ً ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻻً ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٣٣‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ) ‪Mounting‬‬
‫‪ (Sleeve‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ .‬ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻁ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻳﺰﻥ ﻭﺣﺪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ٢٢٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٧٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٧٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪Mounting Tool Set FITTING.TOOL.STEEL.SET10-50 for Cylindrical Bearing‬‬
‫‪Seats‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺷﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ )‪(Rolling Bearing‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﺍﻝ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻳﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٣‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺼﻠﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ )‪(Mounting Sleeve‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﺰﻥ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ٢٢٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٧٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٧٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪socket wrenches LOCKNUT.SOCKET...‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺩﻭﻗﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﻗﺔ ) ‪Socket wrenches for tapered bearing‬‬
‫‪(seats‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺻﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻖ )‪ (Lock Nut‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫‪ KM0‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ KM20‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺷﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺧﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫)‪ (adapter sleeve‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎ ً ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﺟﺪﺍ ً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ )‪ (nut‬ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﻑ( ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﻗﻔﻞ ﻭﻭﺍﺷﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻁﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ ﻭﺍﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁﻲ‪. .‬‬

‫‪٧٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻌﺪ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪Hook Wrenches for Tapered Bearing Seats LOCKNUT.HOOK...‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺑﻮﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺍﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﺍﺝ‪.‬‬

‫‪٧٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ‬

‫‪Joined hook wrenches for tapered bearing seats LOCKNUT.FLEXI-HOOK...‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﻟﺷﺩ ﻭﺇﺭﺧﺎء ﺻﻭﺍﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ‪ KM...‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺍﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫…‪ LNPG‬ﻭ …‪ ZM‬ﻭ ‪ ZMA..‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺑﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﻭﺑﻭﺵ ﺍﻹﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺯﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺻﻭﺍﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻝ ﻷﺣﺟﺎﻡ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ordering example for FAG jointed hook wrench, suitable for‬‬
‫‪locknuts KM14 to KM24: LOCKNUT.FLEXI-HOOK.KM14-24‬‬

‫‪٨٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪Joined pin wrenches for tapered bearing seats LOCKNUT.FLEXI-PIN...‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺇﺭﺧﺎء ﺻﻮﺍﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪ AM15‬ﻭ ‪ AM90‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ordering example for FAG jointed pin wrench, suitable for‬‬
‫‪locknuts‬‬
‫‪AM35 to AM60: LOCKNUT.FLEXI-PIN.AM35-60‬‬

‫‪٨١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﻬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﻗﺔ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪Jointed Face Wrenches for tapered bearing seats‬‬
‫…‪LOCKNUT.FACE-PIN‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻓﻚ ﺻﻮﺍﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ LNP017‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ LNP170‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪face wrench, suitable for Ordering example for FAG jointed‬‬
‫‪precision‬‬
‫‪locknuts LNP017 to LPN025: LOCKNUT.FACE-PIN.LNP17-25‬‬

‫‪٨٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺩﻭﺝ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪Double Hook Wrenches for tapered bearing seats‬‬
‫‪LOCKNUT.DOUBLEHOOK...KIT‬‬

‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﻟﺷﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ‪ self aligning ball bearing‬ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺩﻕ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺗﺗﺄﻟﻑ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻭﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻭﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ‬

‫‪٨٣‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺗﺗﺄﻟﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً‪ .‬ﻛﻝ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻁﺑﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻋﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫‪Two-Arm Extractor 54 for small bearings‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻷﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺫﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﻔﻞ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺫﺭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻏﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺗﺘﻀﺮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪(Extractor 57) ٤٧‬‬

‫‪Extractor 47‬‬

‫‪٨٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ‪ ٥٢‬ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺫﺭﻉ )‪(Extractor52‬‬

‫‪Three – Arm Extractor 52‬‬

‫‪٨٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ )‪(Hydraulic Pressure tool‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٨٠‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ )‪ ،(extractor spindle‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺿﺐ ﺑﺮﻏﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪internal‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺨﺮﺝ )ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻠ ﻊ( ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜ ﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻐﻴﺮﺓ )‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪(Extractor‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻷﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴ ﻖ )‪ (Deep Groove Ball Bearings‬ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ )‪ .(Angular Contact Ball Bearings‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﺴ ﻌﺔ ﺃﺟ ﺰﺍء‬
‫ﻭﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٧٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﻄﺮﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻊ ﻣﺴ ﻠﻄﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ ﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻ ﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﺾ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻏﻲ ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺷﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻮﻙ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺧﻠ ﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٣‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪٩٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪١٠١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ ً ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ً ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ً ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ً ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺎ ً ﺑﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪(Dm . n) / 2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ Dm‬ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺳﻲ )ﻣﻢ(‬
‫‪ n‬ﻫﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ )ﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ(‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Dm . n‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﻤﻸ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺷﺤﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪٣٠٠،٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺷﺤﻢ‬
‫‪ ٣‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٦‬ﺷﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠٠،٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺸﺤﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻸ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫‪٩٠٠،٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٩٠٠،٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫‪١،٥٠٠،٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪١،٥٠٠،٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ )‪(Selection of Grease or Oil‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﻛﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺗﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣ ﻞ ﻟﻜﻨ ﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﺎ ً‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ً ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻨ ﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻭﺉ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻫ ﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨ ﺔ ﺑﻨﻈ ﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻭﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ً.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺎ ً ﻭﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ ﺬﻱ ﻳﺰﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜ ﺎﻙ ﻭﻳ ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺃﺳ ﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜ ﺎﻙ ﻭﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻧ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻳﺘﻠﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﻭﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﻟﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ً‬
‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺧﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ً‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٦٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺳﻲ )ﻛﺄﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﻣﺜﻼً( ﻓﺄﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻻ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺎ ً ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﺎءﺍ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻴﻌﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺷﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎء ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ % ٣‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٦٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺷﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺷﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻷﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻢ ﺫﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺷﺤﻢ ﺫﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻻﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﻭﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ً ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻓﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ %(٣-١‬ﻣﺎء‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪٦٠‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻳﻨﻔﺼﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ٦٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٨٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺼﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪١٢٠‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‬
‫– ‪ ٣٠‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪١٠‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪١٥٠‬‬
‫‪EP‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻻ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻭﻳﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ٣٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ )ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ( ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ . Smearing‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﻸﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‬
‫‪ Oil Path Lubrication -١‬ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻔﺎ ً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻳﻐﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ %٨٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ‪Oil Splash‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻻﻳﻐﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻙ ﻋ ﺪﺓ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧ ﺎﻩ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻮﺩﻱ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺰء ﺍﻟ ﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺪﻕ ﻣﺮﻓ ﻖ ﺍﺣ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺪﻕ ﺍﻟ ﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﻐﻤ ﻮﺭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ ﺎ ً ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻓﻴﻨ ﺪﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ‪Drip Lubrication‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪﺍ ً ﻟﻸﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺃﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧ ﻚ ﻭﻳﺴ ﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻷﺳ ﻔﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﻄﻤ ﺎ ً ﺑ ﺎﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ﺮﺍﺕ ﻫ ﻲ ﺑﻀ ﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ‪Circulating Lubrication‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳ ﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻤ ﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳ ﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻳﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳ ﺎً‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋ ﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ﺍﻧ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﻓﻠﺘﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﻷﺑﻘﺎﺋﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺎ ً ﻭﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍ ً ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬ ﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳ ﻎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮﺩ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻤ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻼﻟ ﻪ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺘ ﻲ ﺍﺩﺧ ﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺧ ﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳ ﻎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ً ﺃﻭ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻲ )‪(Disc Lubrication‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﻗﺮﺹ ﻣﻐﻤ ﻮﺭ ﺑﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺑﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺳ ﺎﺣﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻂ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄ ﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺧ ﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮﻉ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺠﺰﻉء ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﻮﻱ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟ ﻚ ﻳﻨﺤ ﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺃﺳ ﻔﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻓﻘ ﻂ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮﺟﺎﺭﺟﺮ )‪ (Supercharger‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺎﺥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺫﺍﺫ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ )‪(Oil mist lubrication‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻮﺍء ﻣﻈﻐﻮﻁ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫ ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻼﺣ ﻆ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴ ﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﻋ ﺪﺓ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻔ ﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء – ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ )‪(Air – Oil Lubrication‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺗﻤ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺗﻐ ﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐ ﺬﺍﺓ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺗﺮﺳ ﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺯﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪(Oil Jet Lubrication‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺗ ﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻐﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺟﺎﻧ ﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻫ ﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣﻌﻮﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻈ ﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ‪...‬ﺍﻟ ﺦ(‪ .‬ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳ ﺔ ﻭﻛ ﻞ ﺃﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺣﻘ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻧ ﻮﺯﻝ ﻣﺠ ﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺃﻳ ﺔ ﺣ ﺎﻝ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺰﻭﺩ ﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺜﻘ ﻮﺏ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬ ﺎ ﺣﻘ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄ ﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻼﺕ ﻟﻸﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﻄﻲء ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺎ ً ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻭﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻣﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻌﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻸﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻻﻗﻲ ﻭﺃﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻷﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺑﺄﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻮء ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﺎﺷﺮﺍ ً ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﺣﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻗﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺗﻠﻔﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺰﺍء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ )ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺻﺎﺕ( ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺴﺮ اﻟﻘﻔﺺ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻴﻮب اﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺸﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺊ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ‪ OEM‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻁﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ )‪ (EPRI‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺻﻤﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ )‪ (Overgreasing‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻝ‬
‫)‪ (EPRI‬ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﺆﻱ ﻭﻭﻗﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻋﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﺟﺰء‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﺩﻟﻴﻼً ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ً ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻛﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻏﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪(٢-‬‬
‫)‪ (same-side design‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻴﺎﺑﻲ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪flow-through ) (١-‬‬
‫‪ .(design‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ٢-‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺳﺪﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ – ‪١‬‬
‫‪Flow-Through Design‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﻭﺡ ﻓﻘﻁ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ – ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Same-Side fill and drain‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﻭﻛﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬

‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ )‪(Open Face Bearing‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺣﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ )‪(Inner & Outer Race‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻔﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺩﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )‪(Single Shielded Bearing‬‬
‫ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻳﺤﺘ ﻮﻱ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺩﺭﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﻬ ﺔ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪﺓ ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﻳﺮﻛ ﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤ ﺎ ً ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻬ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻉ ﺗﻘﺎﺑ ﻞ ﻣﻠ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﺮﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﻗﺎﺑ ﻞ ﻷﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﺤﻴﻢ ﻭﺑ ﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘ ﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﻋﻴﻦ )‪(Double Shielded Bearing‬‬
‫ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻣ ﺰﻭﺩ ﺑ ﺪﺭﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻌ ﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﻣﺼ ﻤﻢ ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﻳﺤ ﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻭﻉ ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﻳ ﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻧﻘﺎﺵ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻫ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻮﻣﺔ( )‪(Sealed Bearing‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﺑﺸﺒﻪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻋﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻊ ﻓ ﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻨﺰﻟ ﻖ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﺎﻡ )‪ (Seals‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳ ﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﻏﻴ ﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺠ ﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺘ ﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ )‪(Lubricant Starvation‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﺃﺛﻨ ﺎء ﺗﺮﻛﻴ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ ﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ )‪(Grease Incompatibility‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛ ﻞ ﺃﻧ ﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀ ﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ ﺒﻌﺾ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬ ﻢ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔ ﺲ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻮﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻁ ﻮﻝ ﺣﻴ ﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺤﻢ ﺧﺎﻁﺊ )‪(Wrong Grease‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﺼ ﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ ﺷ ﺤﻢ ﻟﻸﻏ ﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ )‪ (General Purpose‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻫ ﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ ﺷ ﺤﻢ ﺫﻭ‬
‫ﺿ ﻐﻮﻁ ﻓﺎﺋﻘ ﺔ )‪ . (Extreme Pressure‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﺤﻴﻢ ﺑﺸ ﺤﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻁﺊ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺯﻳ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻭﻉ ) ‪Overpressurization of the Bearing‬‬
‫‪(Shields‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻐﻂ ﻳ ﺰﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻀ ﺮﺭ ﻣﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤ ﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔ ﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻤ ﺖ ﺇﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﺤﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸ ﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﺮﻙ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﺳ ﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻤ ﺪﺩ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓ ﺄﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﺍﺡ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻭﻉ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳ ﺪﻓﻊ ﻗﻔ ﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪Figure 6. Overgreasing Failure‬‬

‫‪Figure 7. Shield was pressurized by‬‬

‫‪excessive grease which caused a cage failure.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ )‪(Inside of Motor full of Grease‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻣﺗﻸﺕ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻭﺃﺳﺗﺭﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺿﺭﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻭﺍﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻠﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺿﺭﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪Figure 8. Overgreasing caused inside‬‬

‫‪of motor to fill with grease.‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ) ‪Overheating due to excess‬‬

‫‪(grease‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻛﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﻟﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺩﺣﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻳﺟﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺧﺿﺧﺽ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﺷﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ‬

‫ﻫﻧﺎﻟﻙ ﺷﻲء ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﺷﺣﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻟﻛﻲ ﻳﺧﺭﺝ ﻣﻥ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﺛﺎﻟﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻝ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻣﻭﺿﺣﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻠﻳﻥ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Figure 9. The pressure cut-off-fill-plug does not allow additional grease‬‬

‫)‪to be added to a grease cavity when the pressure exceeds 20 psi. (Left‬‬
‫‪Figure 10. The plunger drain plug opens the center plunger on 1 to 5 psi‬‬
‫)‪to purge excess grease and pressure. (Right‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺳﺩﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻎ ‪ drain plug‬ﻟﻠ ﺗﺧﻠﺹ‬
‫ﻣ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺿ ﻐﻁ ﺍﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺷ ﺣﻡ ﺍﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻧ ﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷ ﺣﻳﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿ ﺣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺷ ﻛﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ )‪ (Alemite‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺳ ﺗﻌﻣﻠﺕ ﺑﻧﺟ ﺎﺡ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘ ﺎﺕ ﺻ ﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺣﻁﺎﻁ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ )‪(Grease Degradation‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻧﺧﻔ ﺎﺽ ﻛﻔ ﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺷ ﺣﻡ ﻫ ﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳ ﺔ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺟﻳ ﺔ ﻭﻟﻳﺳ ﺕ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺋ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑ ﺎ ً ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻅﻬ ﺭ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺭﻙ ﺷﻐﺎﻻً‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳ ﺔ ﺣ ﺎﻝ ﻣﻣﻛ ﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣ ﺩﺙ ﺑﻳﻧﻣ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺣ ﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻁﻝ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﺣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺗﺻ ﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺷ ﺣﻡ )‪ -: (Grease Hardening‬ﻳﺣ ﺩﺙ ﻫ ﺫﺍ ﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻧ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻣ ﺗﺹ ﺍﻟﺷ ﺣﻡ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺳﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺷ ﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳ ﺎﻭﻱ )‪ -: (Chemical Breakdown‬ﻣﻣﻛ ﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺣ ﺩﺙ ﺑﺳ ﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺳ ﺧﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﻣ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ ﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳ ﺔ )‪ -: (High Bearing Loads‬ﺍﻥ ﻣﺣﺭﻛ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻣ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺟ ﺎﻧﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﺻ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﻳ ﺕ ﻋ ﻥ ﻣ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺷ ﺣﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻳﺔ ) ‪Oil Separation from grease‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫‪ -: (Base Material‬ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻫ ﺫﺍ ﻣ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ ﻲ ﺗﺑﻘ ﻰ ﻋﺎﻁﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻔﺗ ﺭﺍﺕ ﻁﻭﻳﻠ ﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺧﺿﺧﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺕ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺷﺣﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻧﺩ )‪ -: (Rotational Speed of the Bearing‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺛﺭ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺣﻁﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ )‪ -: (Bearing Size‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺣﻁﺎﻁ ﺃﻛﺛ ﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ )‪ -: (Environment‬ﻋﻧ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻣ ﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ ﻧﺩ ﺑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣ ﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺑ ﺭ ﻣ ﻥ‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬
‫‪ ١٤٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻬﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺗﻳﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺣﻁﺎﻁ ﺃﺳﺭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ )‪(Regreasing Program‬‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻝ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺅﺧ ﺫ ﺑﻧﻅ ﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﺗﺑ ﺎﺭ ﻟﺗ ﻭﻳﺭ ﺑﺭﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺷ ﺣﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻖ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺳﻭﻑ ﻳﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ ﻧﺩ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻖ ﻣ ﻝء ﺍﻟﺷ ﺣﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟ ﻲ ﻟﺗﺟﻭﻳ ﻑ ﺍﻟﺷ ﺣﻡ ﻟﺿ ﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺭﻓ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔ ﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻣﺗ ﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﻠﺗﺷ ﺣﻳﻡ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﻳﻳ ﺯ ﻧ ﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺷ ﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ ﺗﺧﺩﻡ )‪ GP , EP‬ﺃﻭ ﺷ ﺣﻡ ﺻ ﻧﺎﻋﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻬ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺻ ﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻌﻝ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻝء ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻝء ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻳﻛﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﺎﻟﻙ ﻟﻠﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻧﺟﺎﺣﻪ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬

‫‪١١٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ )‪(Regreasing Techniques‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻛﻳﻑ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ؟‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻟﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺗﻘﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺷﺣﻳﻣﻪ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻳﻛﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺟﺏ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻭﻗﻔﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺣﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻣﻥ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﻣﻣﻠﻭءﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺷﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺻﻝ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺅﺩﻯ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺗﺎﺑﻊ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺣﻣﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻳﺩﺍ ً ﺣﻭﻝ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻝء ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺳﺩﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻣﻼء ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻓﺭﺷﺎﺓ ﺣﻠﺯﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺗﺟﻭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺳﺩﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺱ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺗﻠﻐﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺑﺑﻁء ﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺗﺟﻭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺗﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺣﺎﻟﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺳﺩﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻡ ﻳﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻧﻅﻳﻑ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺋﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻡ ﻣﺭﺓ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻧﺩ؟ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﻭﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻪ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻣﺗﻘﻁﻊ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺑﺩﻳﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺫﻭ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻔﺗﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺩﺭﻉ ﻭﺑﺩﺭﻋﻳﻥ )ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺗﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺭﻙ( ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻭﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺷﺣﻳﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ‪ ١٤٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺗﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻣﺻﻣﻡ ﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﻧﻅﻳﻔﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎً‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﻟﻸﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﺑﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺎﻣﻳﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻗﻝ‬ ‫‪- a‬‬
‫ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺭﺓ ﻭﻧﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫‪- b‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ‪ .‬ﻻﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪ ٥٨‬ﺷﻬﺭ‬ ‫‪- c‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﻳﻥ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻻﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺷﻬﺭ‬ ‫‪- d‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ ‪ .‬ﻻﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪ ٢٢‬ﺷﻬﺭ‬ ‫‪- e‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺗﻳﻥ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ ‪ .‬ﻻﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪ ١١‬ﺷﻬﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪- f‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻭﻗﺕ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻬﻡ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﻣﺗﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻳﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻧﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﺩﻳﻪ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﺑﻳﻥ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ ٣٦‬ﺷﻬﺭ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﻁﻊ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺑﻳﻥ ‪ ٤٨‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٧٢‬ﺷﻬﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻋﻳﻥ ﺣﻭﻝ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺗﻪ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺫﻛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﻉ ﻳﻭﺻﻰ ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺿﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻭﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﻧﺻﻑ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺇﻣﻼء‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺻﻣﻡ ﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻣﺣﻣﻲ )ﺳﻭﺍء ﻣﻔﺗﻭﺡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺟﻭﺓ ﻣﻣﻠﻭءﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻠﻧﺻﻑ ﻟﺗﺭﻙ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻐﻁﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻔﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻟﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺣﺻﻝ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﻣﻔﺗﻭﺡ ﺑﺄﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺳﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺗﻣﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺷﺣﻡ ﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺑﻘﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺳﺑﺑﺎ ً ﻧﻘﺻﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺑﺑﺎ ً ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﺷﻼً ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻼً ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻧﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﺗﻠﺊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺳﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺳﻳﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ‪ .‬ﻟﺳﻭء ﺍﻟﺣﻅ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﺭﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺱ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﺙ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﻪ ﺩﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﻭ ﻓﺷﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺹ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻧﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﻼء ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺿﺎﻑ؟‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻭﻥ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺣﻭﻝ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺿﺎﻑ ﻟﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﻳﺟﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺑﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻙ )ﻗﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭﺭ ‪.(Shaft Diameter‬‬

‫ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﺴﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻷﻱ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺄﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪ .‬ﺃﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ً ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺴ ﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺳ ﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻮﻗ ﻒ ﻋ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﺧ ﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺎ ً ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺍ ً ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺬﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺪﻩ ﻟﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎ ً ﻷﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻁﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟ ﻮ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒ ﻪ ﺑﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ ﺻ ﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎً‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻣﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴ ﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌ ﺮﺽ ﺃﺛﻨ ﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻋﻰ ﺍﻧ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ )ﺃﻭ ﻋ ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺸ ﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻳﺼ ﺒﺢ ﺃﻳﻀ ﺎ ً ﻏﻴ ﺮ ﻧ ﺎﻓﻊ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﺘﺼ ﺎﻕ )‪ (Seizing‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ ‪...‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺎﻁﺊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳ ﻮء ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴ ﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄ ﺄ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻫ ﻮ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ ﺗﻜ ﺮﺍﺭﺍ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺑﺴﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﺮﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ‪Inspection of Bearing‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻟﻠﺤﺆﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀ ﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ً ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻳ ﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒ ﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳ ﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺧ ﻼﻝ ﻓﺘ ﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺤ ﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺤ ﺺ ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘ ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ ‪Inspection When Machine is Running‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﺎ ً ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺴ ﺘﻘﺮ ﺧ ﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺑﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺃﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ) ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤٠ – ١٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﻧ ﻮﻉ ﻭﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻷﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺑﻀ ﻊ ﺳ ﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗ ﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﺘﺨ ﺬ ﺍﻷﺟ ﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺼ ﺤﻴﺤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﻴ ﺮ ﻣﺮﻏ ﻮﺏ ﻣﻄﻠﻘ ﺎ ً ﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺸ ﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ‪ .‬ﻋ ﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺃﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺫ‪ ٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻵﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪-:‬‬

‫‪١٢١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ً.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺷﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺼ ﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺃﺳ ﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟ ﺎء ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ ﺑ ﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﺷﻴﺊ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ )‪(Vibration of Bearing‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺿ ﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌ ﻴﻦ ﻋ ﻦ ﻁﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻗﻴ ﺎﺱ ﺍﻫﺘ ﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ ﺮﺭ ﻣﻜﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳ ﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻟﺴ ﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺘ ﺰﺍﺯ ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺃﻳ ﺔ ﺣ ﺎﻝ ‪،‬ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺄﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺠﻤﻴ ﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ )‪(Lubricant Selection‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﻫﻮ ﻁﻼء ﺍﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ ﺑﻄﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻷﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﺩﻥ )‪ .(metal-to-metal contact‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺒﻘ ﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﺴ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒ ﺔ )ﻋﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻠ ﻮﺙ( ﺑﻌﻴ ﺪﺍ ً ﻋ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ﻭﻣﻤ ﺮ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺳ ﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺑﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻨ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴ ﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﺒ ﺎﺭ ﻧ ﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺧ ﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺨﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﻧ ﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻈ ﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﻣﻘ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺳ ﻚ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ )‪ (Consistency‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪-:‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻟﺘﺴ ﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟ ﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴ ﺪ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪...‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺩﻟﻴﻼً ﻷﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺎﺱ ﺗﺘ ﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺑﻤ ﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗ ﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺎﺋﻞ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘ ﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺃﺩﻧ ﺎﻩ ﻳ ﻮﻓﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻼً ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤ ﺺ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗ ﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺿ ﻴﺎ ً ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺷ ﻲء ﻏﻴ ﺮ ﻁﺒﻴﻌ ﻲ ﻓﻴﺠ ﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺬﻭﺫ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻ ﻞ ﻭﺗﻌﻴ ﻴﻦ ﺳ ﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺬﻭﺫ ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﺳ ﻨﺄﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﺑ ﻞ ﻟﻸﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻬ ﺎء ﻋﻤ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺎﺹ ﺑ ﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣﻌ ﻪ ﺑﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺻ ﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻓﺸ ﻞ ﻣﺴ ﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻓﻤ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺒﺐ ﻫ ﻮ ﺧﻄ ﺄ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴ ﺎﻥ ﻧﺠ ﺪ ﺻ ﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺳ ﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﻨ ﺐ ﺗﻜ ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺜ ﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺬ ﺑﻨﻈ ﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﺒ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻋﺘﻤ ﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻭﻅ ﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺍﺳﺎﺳ ﻬﺎ ﻓﺸ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﻷﺧ ﺬ ﺑﻨﻈ ﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﺒ ﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻗ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼ ﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳ ﺰﻩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺻ ﻮﺭ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛ ﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺃﺳ ﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪.‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫‪١٢٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﻴﺮ)‪) (Flaking‬ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ(‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤ ﺮ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻛ ﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻈ ﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻧ ﻪ ﺣﺼ ﻞ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻘﺸﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻛﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ ﻄﺢ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸ ﻴﺮ ﺃﺻ ﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋ ﺪ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻗ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻨﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺯﻳ ﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺰﻭﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻄ ﺄ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴ ﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺧ ﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﺼ ﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻄ ﺄ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫‪١٢٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﺮ )‪) (Peeling‬ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً(‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤ ﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤ ﺪﺙ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴ ﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻴ ﻞ ﺍﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻈﺎﻳﺎ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤ ﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﺸﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ً ﺃﻭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻀ ﻤﻦ ﺷ ﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺖ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺻ ﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻄ ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻘﺸ ﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤ ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺷ ﻈﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫)‪.(Flaking‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻈﻲ )‪(Spalling‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﻁ ﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼ ﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒ ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨ ﺪﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺼ ﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺍﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼ ﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺍﻟ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻋ ﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺘﺼ ﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺪﻭﺵ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻁﺒﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺨ ﺪﻭﺵ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋ ﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻭﺟ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺝ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻜ ﺎﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺤﺼ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﺴ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒ ﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﻜﻞ ﺍﺿ ﻼﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤ ﺰﻭﺯ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺤ ﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻤ ﺮ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺤﺴ ﻦ ﻛﻔ ﺎءﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻧ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺟ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣١‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﺦ )‪(Smearing‬‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﺗﻨﺰﻟﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺸﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺪﺣﺮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻁﺒﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺖ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻟﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻳﺤﺘ ﻮﻱ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﺧ ﺬ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠ ﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻄ ﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘ ﺪﻡ ﻟﻤﻨ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٢‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺭﺝ )‪(Stepped Wear‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺂﻛ ﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺟ ﻪ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﺗﺼ ﺒﺢ ﺩﺧ ﻮﻝ ﺃﺟﺴ ﺎﻡ ﻏﺮﻳﺒ ﺔ ﺧﺸ ﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌ ﺎﺩ ﺃﻗ ﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﺔ ﺑﺒﻘﻴ ﺔ ﺻﻠﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺳ ﺎﺧﺔ ﻭﺃﺟﺴ ﺎﻡ ﻏﺮﻳﺒ ﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﻛﻔ ﺎءﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻧ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء‪ .‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﺨﺸﻦ ﺃﺧ ﺮﻯ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻧﻔﺴ ﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻌﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻣ ﻴﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺰﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٣‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻘﻊ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ )‪(Speckles and Discoloration‬‬

‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻄﻔﺎء ﻟﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺟ ﻪ ﺩﺧ ﻮﻝ ﺃﺷ ﻴﺎء ﻏﺮﻳﺒ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻘﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺣﺮﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ ﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻌﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮ ﻁﻔﻴ ﻒ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﻛﻔ ﺎءﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻧ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴ ﺮﺏ ﻭﻣﺮﺷ ﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺰﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺳ ﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺮﺳ ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻗﺎﺑ ﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺴ ﻦ ﻋ ﻦ ﻁﺮﻳ ﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺲ ﺑﻤﺤﻠ ﻮﻝ ﻋﻀ ﻮﻱ‬
‫)ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺎﻟﻴﻚ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟ ﻢ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺸ ﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻭﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﻫ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺸ ﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻫ ﻲ ﻋﺒ ﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ ﻦ ﺻ ﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﺯﻳ ﻞ ﻛﻠﻴ ﺎ ً‬
‫ﻓﺄﻧ ﻪ ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮ ﻁﻔﻴ ﻒ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺰﻳﺰ)ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻠﻢ( )ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺮﺝ( )‪(Indentation‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﺣﻔ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻤ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺩﺧ ﻮﻝ ﺃﺷ ﻴﺎء ﻏﺮﻳﺒ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺤﺼ ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺤ ﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺠ ﺖ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺟﺴ ﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻠﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺟ ﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺸ ﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺼ ﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸ ﺮ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗ ﻢ ﺍﻧﺘ ﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼ ﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤ ﺰﻭﺯ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺊ(‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٥‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺟﺘﺬﺍﺫ )ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺬﺭ( )‪(Chipping‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺸ ﺬﺭ ﺟﺰﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﺼ ﺎﺭ ﺃﺟ ﺰﺍء ﻛﺒﻴ ﺮﺓ ﺻ ﻠﺪﺓ‪ -١ .‬ﺗﺤ ﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠ ﻞ ﻭﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺼ ﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤ ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋ ﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻲء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﺧ ﻮﺍﺹ ﻣ ﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٦‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ )‪(Cracking‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒ ﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﺍﺳ ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻔﺼ ﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸ ﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﺟﺪﺍً‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺨﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ً‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬

‫‪١٣٧‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ )‪(Rust and Corrosion‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺘ ﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﺩﺧ ﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﻛﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺻ ﺪﺃ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺣﻠﻘ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫)ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ(‪.‬‬ ‫)ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜ ﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺨ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮﺩ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴ ﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻜ ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﺪﺃ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺟ ﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ ﺎﺕ ﺣ ﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬ ‫ﺳ ﻮء ﺍﻟ ﺮﺯﻡ ﻭﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺨ ﺰﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﺪﺃ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘ ﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٨‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺟﻨﺔ )ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ( )‪(Seizing‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺗﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺛ ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤ ﺪﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺼ ﺎﻕ ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻲء ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻏﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻁﺮﻳ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴ ﻞ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻳﺠ ﺎﺕ ﻣﻌ ﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘ ﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻠ ﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌ ﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﺤ ﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻨ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻴﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄ ﺄ‬ ‫ﺳ ﻄﺢ ﻣﻤ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟ ﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻈ ﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٩‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻚ )‪(Fretting and Fretting Corrosion‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻙ ﺣﻤ ﻞ ﺍﻫﺘ ﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺳ ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺂﻛﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤ ﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻼﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺻﺪﺃ ﺣﻤ ﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻠ ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘ ﻞ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟ ﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻓﺘ ﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻳ ﺔ ﻗﺼ ﻴﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﺮﺍً‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻏﻴ ﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ ﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ﺖ ﻳﻘ ﺎﺩ ﺧ ﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜ ﻮﻥ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﻄﺢ ﻣﻤ ﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺼ ﻞ ﻓﻴﺠ ﺐ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﺂﻛ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘ ﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺠ ﺎﺕ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟ ﺰﺍء ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﺤ ﻮ ﻻﻓ ﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻁﺊ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴ ﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ‬
‫ﺷ ﺤﻢ ﻋ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻓﻴ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ ﺳ ﻲء )ﻻﻭﺟ ﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻅ ﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ )ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﻏﻄ ﺎء‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺘ ﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﺒﻌ ﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻄ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼ ﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٤٠‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ )‪(Electrical Pitting‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻣ ﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺗﺠﻨ ﺐ ﻣ ﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴ ﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺘﺒﻘﻊ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺧ ﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻓﺘﺘﻜ ﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻋ ﻦ ﻁﺮﻳ ﻖ ﺗﻔ ﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘ ﻊ ﻋﺒ ﺎﺭﺓ ﻋ ﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻧﺼ ﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺟ ﻪ ﻣﻤ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺼ ﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻼﺣ ﻆ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺴ ﻨﺪ ﻣﻌ ﺰﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻄ ﻮﺭ ﻫ ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻤﻮﺝ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻼﻥ ﻣﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺣﺮﺟﺔ )‪(Rolling Path Skewing‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﺩﻗ ﺔ ﺗﺼ ﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴ ﺎﺭ ﺗﻼﻣ ﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺗﺸ ﻮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻣ ﻴﻼﻥ ﺣﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻭﺟ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤ ﺮ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻗ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﺻ ﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﻌ ﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼ ﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻀ ﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤ ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ ﺑﺴ ﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻀﺮﺭ ﻗﻔﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺣﺮﺟﺎﺕ )‪(Damage of Retainers‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺺ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴ ﺖ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟ ﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺷﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻔﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻲء‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳ ﺔ ﺻ ﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤ ﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ )‪(Creeping‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳ ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻼﺻ ﻘﺔ ﺗﺒ ﺪﺃ ﺃﻭﻻً ﺍﺭﺗﺨ ﺎء ﺗﺜﺒﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺟﺞ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﻄﻔﺊ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺨ ﻲ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠ ﺰء ﺍﻟﺨ ﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛ ﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻭﺯﻧ ﻚ ﻣﺼ ﻨﻮﻋﺎ ً ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻓ ﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺨﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬

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