Assignment No.

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GIS AND RS
Drinking Water Quality in Different Districts of Pakistan

Submitted by:
Anmol Kiran 1611-FBAS/BSES/F20 (A)
Fatima Ashraf 1627-FBAS/BSES/F20 (A)
Anila Iqbal 1640 FBAS/BSES/F20 (A)
Shama Sultan 1633 FBAS/BSES/F20 (A)
Hamna Seher 1625 FBAS/BSES/F20 (A)
Submitted to: Dr. Maria Ali

Department of Environmental Science

Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
International Islamic University Islamabad
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................ 3
2. WATER POLLUTION: ........................................................................................................ 3
3. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION:.............................................................................. 4
3.1. Urbanization: ................................................................................................................... 4
3.2. Sewage and Other Oxygen Demanding Wastes: .......................................................... 4
3.3. Industrial Wastes: ............................................................................................................ 4
3.4. Thermal Pollution:........................................................................................................... 5
3.5. Oil Spillage: ...................................................................................................................... 5
3 . 6 . Acid Rain Pollution: ........................................................................................................ 5
3.7. Radioactive Waste: .......................................................................................................... 5
3.8. Agro-chemical Wastes:.................................................................................................... 5
3.9. Nutrient Enrichment: ...................................................................................................... 6
4. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION: .............................................................................. 6
4.1. Destruction of Ecosystem: ............................................................................................... 7
4.2. Eutrophication: ................................................................................................................ 7
4.3. Effects the Food Chain: ................................................................................................... 7
4.4. On An Environment: ....................................................................................................... 7
4.5. On Human Health: .......................................................................................................... 8
5. WATER POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN: ............................................................................. 9
5.1. Present Situation In Pakistan: ...................................................................................... 10
5.2. According To Present Research: .................................................................................. 11
6. ATTRIBUTES OF WATER: .............................................................................................. 12
6.1. Result: ............................................................................................................................. 12
7. WORK ON ArcGIS: ............................................................................................................ 15
8. CONTROL MESURES OF WATER POLLUTION: ...................................................... 19
8.1. National Environmental Policy: ................................................................................... 19
8.2. To Control Water Pollution These Measures Are of Main Focus: ........................... 19
9. CONCLUSION: ................................................................................................................... 20
REFERENCES: .......................................................................................................................... 20

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 1. INTRODUCTION:
Water is one of the renewable resources essential for sustaining all forms of life, food production, economic
development, and for general well-being. It is impossible to substitute for most of its uses, difficult to de pollute,
expensive to transport, and it is truly a unique gift to mankind from nature. Water is also one of the most
manageable natural resources as it is capable of diversion, transport, storage, and recycling. All these properties
impart to water its great utility for human beings. In the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase
in the demand for freshwater due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of industrialization. It is
important therefore, to not that depletion of this commodity either through contamination, or careless use results
in serious consequences.

2. WATER POLLUTION:
Water pollution is the contamination of water in water bodies such as rivers, oceans, lakes and swamps. This
means that one or more substances have built up in water to the extent of causing problems to people, animals
and plants. Addition of certain substances to the water such as organic, inorganic, biological, radiological, heat,
which degrades the quality of water so that it becomes unfit for use. Water pollution is not only confined to surface
water, but it has also spread to ground water, sea and ocean. So, whether or not water is considered to be polluted
will depend on what that water was going to be used for.

Point Sources Non-point Sources

- Wastewater effluent (municipal and - Runoff from agriculture (including return

industrial) flow from irrigated agriculture)
- Runoff and leachate from waste disposal - Runoff from pasture and range
sites - Urban runoff unsewered and sewered areas
- Runoff and infiltration from animal feedlots with a population <100,000
- Runoff from mines, oil fields, unsewered - Septic tank leachate and runoff from
industrial sites failed septic systems
- Storm sewer outfalls from cities with a - Runoff from construction sites
population >100,000 - Runoff from abandoned mines
-Overflows of combined storm and - Atmospheric deposition over a water surface
sanitary sewers - Activities on land that generate
- Runoff from construction sites >2 ha contaminants, such as logging, wetland
conversion, construction, and development
of land or waterways

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 3. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION:
Water pollution can occur from two sources.
1. Point source and
2. Non-point source
Point sources of pollution are those which have direct identifiable source.
Example includes pipe attached to a factory, oil spill from a tanker, effluents coming out from
industries. Point sources of pollution include wastewater effluent and storm sewer discharge and affect mostly
the area near it.
non-point sources of pollution are those which arrive from different sources of origin and number of ways by
which contaminants enter into groundwater or surface water and arrive in the environment from different
non identifiable sources.
Examples are runoff from agricultural fields, urban waste etc.
Some of the important sources of water pollution are discussed below:

3.1. Urbanization:
Urbanization generally leads to higher phosphorus concentrations in urban catchments. Increasing
imperviousness, increased runoff from urbanized surfaces, and increased municipal and industrial discharges all
result in increased loadings of nutrients to urban streams. This makes urbanization second only to agriculture as
the major cause of stream impairment.

3.2. Sewage and Other Oxygen Demanding Wastes:

Management of solid waste is not successful due to huge volumes of organic and non-biodegradable wastes
generated daily. As a consequence, garbage in most parts of India is unscientifically disposed and ultimately leads
to increase in the pollutant load of surface and groundwater courses. Sewage can be a fertilizer as it releases
important nutrients to the environment such as nitrogen and phosphorus which plants and animals need for
growth. Chemical fertilizers used by farmers also add nutrients to the soil, which drain into rivers and seas and
add to the fertilizing effect of the sewage. Together, sewage and fertilizers can cause a massive increase in the
growth of algae or plankton that facilitate huge areas of oceans, lakes, or rivers creating a condition known as
algal bloom thereby reducing the dissolved oxygen content of water and killing other forms of life like fish.

3.3. Industrial Wastes:

Many of the industries are situated along the banks of river such as steel and paper industries for their requirement
of huge amounts of water in manufacturing processes and finally their wastes containing acids, alkalies, dyes and
other chemicals are dumped and poured down into rivers as effluents. Chemical industries concerning with
manufacture of Aluminum release large amount of fluoride through their emissions to air and effluents to water
bodies. Fertilizer industries generate huge amount of ammonia whereas steel plants generate cyanide. Chromium
salts are used in industrial process for the production of sodium dichromate and other compounds containing

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chromium. All such discharges finally arrive at water bodies in the form of effluents affecting human health and
the organism living there.

3.4. Thermal Pollution:

Changes in water temperature adversely affect water quality and aquatic biota. Majority of the thermal pollution
in water is caused due to human activities. Some of the important sources of thermal pollution are nuclear power
and electric power plants, petroleum refineries, steel melting factories, coal fire power plant, boiler from
industries which release large amount of heat to the water bodies leading to change in the physical,
chemical and biological characteristics of the receiving water bodies. High temperature declines the oxygen
content of water; disturbs the reproductive cycles, respiratory and digestive rates and other physiological
changes causing difficulties for the aquatic life.

3.5. Oil Spillage:

Oil discharge into the surface of sea by way of accident or leakage from cargo tankers carrying petrol, diesel
and their derivatives pollute sea water to a great extent. Exploration of oil from offshore also lead to oil
pollution in water. The residual oil spreads over the water surface forming a thin layer of water-in-oil emulsion.
The disruption of sediments: Construction of dams for hydroelectric power or water reservoirs can reduce the
sediment flow affecting adversely the formation of beaches, increases coastal erosion and reduces the flow of
nutrients from rivers into seas. Increased sediment flow can also create a problem. During construction work, soil,
rock, and other fine powders sometimes enter nearby rivers in large quantities, causing water to become
turbid. The extra sediment can block the gills of fish, causing them suffocation.

3 . 6 . Acid Rain Pollution:

Water pollution that alters a plant’s surrounding pH level, such as due to acid rain, can harm or kill the plant.
Atmospheric Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emitted from natural and human-made sources like volcanic
activity and burning fossil fuels\interact with atmospheric chemicals, including hydrogen and oxygen, to form
sulfuric and nitric acids in the air. These acids fall down to earth through precipitation in the form of rain or snow.
Once acid rain reaches the ground, it flows into waterways that carry its acidic compounds into water bodies.
Acid rain that collects in aquatic environments lowers water pH levels and affects the aquatic biota.

3.7. Radioactive Waste:

Radioactive pollution is caused by the presence of radioactive materials in water. They are classified as small
doses which temporary stimulate the metabolism and large doses which gradually damage the organism causing
genetic mutation. Source may be from radioactive sediment, waters used in nuclear atomic plants, radioactive
minerals exploitation, nuclear power plants and use of radioisotopes in medical and research purposes.

3.8. Agro-chemical Wastes:

In the agricultural sector, water and electricity for irrigation are subsidized for political reasons. This leads to
wasteful flood irrigation rather than adoption of more optimal practices such as sprinkler and drip irrigation.

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Cropping patterns and farming practices also do not necessarily encourage the judicious use of water. There are
losses of water due to breaches and seepage resulting in water logging and salinity. Agro-chemical wastes include
fertilizers, pesticides which may be herbicides and insecticides widely used in crop fields to enhance productivity.
Improper disposal of pesticides from field farms and agricultural activities contributes a lot of pollutants to water
bodies and soils. Some of the pesticides are: DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Malathion, Hexachloro Benzene etc.
Pesticides reach water bodies through surface runoff from agricultural fields, drifting from spraying,
washing down of precipitation and direct dusting and spraying of pesticides in low lying areas polluting the
water quality. Most of them are non-biodegradable and persistent in the environment for long period of time.
These chemicals may reach human through food chain leading to bio-magnification.

3.9. Nutrient Enrichment:

The sources of nutrients in surface water can be divided broadly into natural and anthropogenic types.
Contribution to pollution by natural source is low due to balance established by the natural system between
the production and consumption of nutrients over the course of time. Anthropogenic sources of contaminants are
contributed from agriculture, domestic and industrial wastes. Nutrient concentrations in streams and rivers have
been strongly correlated with human land use and disturbance gradients. Both N and P enrichment have links
with the agricultural and urban land uses in the watershed. Fluxes of total N in temperate-zone rivers surrounding
the North Atlantic Ocean are highly correlated with net anthropogenic input of N in their watersheds. Total N
and nitrate fluxes and concentrations in rivers are also correlated with human population density. Nitrogen
fertilization is the main source of N in streams and rivers. Similarly, nutrient enrichment of aquatic systems
from anthropogenic sources includes point and nonpoint sources. In contrast to point sources of nutrients that are
relatively easy to monitor and regulate, nonpoint sources such as livestock, crop fertilizers, and urban runoff
exhibit more spatial and temporal variability. Following strong regulation of point source inputs in response to
the Clean Water Act, nutrients from nonpoint sources are now the major source of water pollution in the United
States.

4. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION:

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate a stream,
river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the
environment .It can cause contamination of drinking water – thereby contributing to waterborne illnesses. Water
pollution also affects the ecosystem – it can cause a phenomenon called eutrophication. This can cause fish and
other aquatic organisms to die.

 Harming Human Health.

 Harming Animals and Plants.
 Causing Acid Rain.

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  Reducing Sunlight.
 Making a Hole in the Ozone Layer.
 Adding Too Much Nitrogen to the Land.
 Effects of Greenhouse Gas Pollution.

4.1. Destruction of Ecosystem:

Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and respond to even small changes in the environment. Water pollution can
cause an entire ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked.

4.2. Eutrophication:
Chemicals in a water body, encourage the growth of algae. These algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake.
Bacteria feed on this algae and this decreases the amount of oxygen in the water body, severely affecting the
aquatic life there.

4.3. Effects the Food Chain:

Disruption in food chains happens when toxins and pollutants in the water are consumed by aquatic animals (fish,
shellfish etc.) which are then consumed by humans.

4.4. On Environment:
In order to thrive, healthy ecosystems rely on a complex web of animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi—all of which
interact, directly or indirectly, with each other. Harm to any of these organisms can create a chain effect,
imperiling entire aquatic environments.

• When water pollution causes an algal bloom in a lake or marine environment, the proliferation of newly
introduced nutrients stimulates plant and algae growth, which in turn reduces oxygen levels in the water.

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• This dearth of oxygen, known as eutrophication, suffocates plants and animals and can create “dead zones,”
where waters are essentially devoid of life. In certain cases, these harmful algal blooms can also produce
neurotoxins that affect wildlife, from whales to sea turtles.

• Chemicals and heavy metals from industrial and municipal wastewater contaminate waterways as well. These
contaminants are toxic to aquatic life—most often reducing an organism’s life span and ability to reproduce—
and make their way up the food chain as predator eats prey. That’s how tuna and other big fish accumulate high
quantities of toxins, such as mercury.

• Marine ecosystems are also threatened by marine debris, which can strangle, suffocate, and starve animals.
Much of this solid debris, such as plastic bags and soda cans, gets swept into sewers and storm drains and
eventually out to sea, turning our oceans into trash soup and sometimes consolidating to form floating garbage
patches. Discarded fishing gear and other types of debris are responsible for harming more than 200 different
species of marine life.

• Meanwhile, ocean acidification is making it tougher for shellfish and coral to survive. Though they absorb about
a quarter of the carbon pollution created each year by burning fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic. This
process makes it harder for shellfish and other species to build shells and may impact the nervous systems of
sharks, clownfish, and other marine life.

4.5. On Human Health:

To put it bluntly: Water pollution kills. In fact, it caused 1.8 million deaths in 2015, according to a study published
in The Lancet. Contaminated water can also make you ill. Every year, unsafe water sickens about 1 billion people.
And low-income communities are disproportionately at risk because their homes are often closest to the most
polluting industries.

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• Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses from human and animal waste, are a
major cause of illness from contaminated drinking water.

• Diseases spread by unsafe water include cholera, giardia, and typhoid. Even in wealthy nations, accidental or
illegal releases from sewage treatment facilities, as well as runoff from farms and urban areas, contribute harmful
pathogens to waterways.

• The problem goes far beyond Flint and involves much more than lead, as a wide range of chemical pollutants—
from heavy metals such as arsenic and mercury to pesticides and nitrate fertilizers—are getting into our water
supplies.

• Once they’re ingested, these toxins can cause a host of health issues, from cancer to hormone disruption to
altered brain function. Children and pregnant women are particularly at risk.

5. WATER POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN:

Water covers 70% of the earth’s surface and only 2.5% is fresh water. Availability of clean and fresh water is
essential for life. The water is used for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes.Globally, the discharge of
effluents in water bodies and improper water management practices contribute significantly in the water

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pollution problems.

In Pakistan, water pollution is a major issue and water quality is not assessed regularly. The untreated effluents
are indiscriminately discharged into the water bodies from industrial, municipal and agricultural sectors. The
drinking water supply systems and sewer discharge systems are inefficient in most of the cities. The untreated
effluents are directly discharged in thedrains, from where they reach to rivers, canals or the sea and deteriorate
water quality.

Water Quality Situation in Pakistan is blessed with adequate surface and groundwater resources.

The water use in different sectors of Pakistan is shown in table.

Sector Water use (%)
Agriculture (irrigation) 93
Industry 3
Domestic and Municipal 4

Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Pakistan for more than 60% of the population. Due to
over-abstraction of groundwater and high level of pollution, the quantity and quality of groundwater is
degraded and the accessibility towards good quality groundwater for drinking purpose has become a serious
problem, which results in:

• Serious health hazards, as it causes water-related diseases

• Aquatic life at risk, due to the discharge of fresh water scarcity and discharging of toxiceffluents.

• Decrease in agricultural yield due to water logging, salinity and chemical pollution

5.1. Present Situation in Pakistan:

 About 20% of the whole population of Pakistan has access to safe drinking water. The remaining 80%
of population is forced to use unsafe drinking water due to the scarcity ofthe safe and healthy drinking
water sources.
 Drinking water sources, both surface and ground water are contaminated with coliforms,toxic metals
and pesticides throughout the country.
 In Pakistan, microbial pollution has been discovered as one of the serious problems in rural as well
as urban areas. This is due to leakage of pipe, pollution from sewage linesintrusion into drinking
water supplies, and so forth.
 The water pollution levels have increased in Pakistan due to the discharge of untreated municipal and
industrial effluents. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have resultedin increased pollution loads
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 in the rivers and streams. The industrial units are establishedin and around the big cities which generate
heavy pollution loads. Consequently, the quality of both surface and groundwater is degrading.
 The water supply and sewer discharge systems are inefficient in most of the cities. The untreated
sewage directly discharges in the drains, from where it reaches to rivers, canals or the sea and
deteriorates water quality
 This polluted surface water in turn contaminates the groundwater which is a main sourceof drinking
water.
 In Pakistan, only 1% of industrial effluent is treated before being discharged into water bodies. In
Karachi, Sindh Industrial and Trading Estate (SITE) and Korangi Industrial and Trading Estate
(KITE) are the biggest industrial estates of the Country, but there is no wastewater treatment plant,
while in Lahore, out of hundred chemical manufacturingindustries, only three industries are treating
the effluents adequately.
 The shallow groundwater pollution near industrial plants is common and once the groundwater is
polluted, its remediation is a long term process as it may take hundreds oreven thousands of years.
 It is found that there is the disposal of about 2,000 million gallons of sewage daily in thesurface water
bodies and about 8% of the urban sewage is treated in municipal treatment plants. The contaminated
water is not only hazardous for human health but also poses a threat to aquatic life and wildlife of
Pakistan.
 About 48,000 tons of solid waste is produced daily in the Country and about 50% of the waste is
disposed of in low-lying areas where the leachate generation is a main causeof groundwater pollution.
 The open dumping of solid waste also pollutes the surface water bodies and is breeding grounds for
insects. About 5.6 million tons of fertilizer and 70,000 tons of pesticidesare used in the Country every
year and their runoff is a main cause of pollution in the water bodies.
 The pesticides and insecticides leached to the groundwater with the irrigation water andpollute the
groundwater aquifers.
 The major sources of water contamination in Pakistan include:
• industrial effluents
• municipal effluents
• solid waste
• agricultural runoff

5.2. According To Present Research:

 A study conducted by UNICEF found that 20-40 percent of hospital beds in Pakistan areoccupied by
patients suffering from water related diseases.
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  The United Nations has estimated that up to 3.5 million children are at high risk fromdeadly water
hygiene related diseases.
 Researchers at the Pakistan medical research council recognize that a large proportion of diseases in
Pakistan are caused by the consumption of polluted water. Even the 38 percent of the population that
receives water through pipelines runs the risk of consumingseriously contaminated water.
 According to a study of UNICEF, about 20-40% patients suffer from water-borne diseases,
which causes one third of all deaths.
 About 25% adults and 40% children suffers from water borne diseases.
 An estimated 40% of all deaths in Pakistan are caused by ingesting contaminated water filled with
industrial waste, arsenic, diseases, and sewage.
 It has been reported by the World Bank that Pakistan is spending 1.8% GDP on waterborne diseases.

6. ATTRIBUTES OF WATER:

Location Latitude Longitude PH TDS Hardness Alkalinity Conductivity

Karachi 24.86 66.99 7.1 289 123 2.1 402

Hyderabad 17.38 78.49 7.4 373 170 2.6 584

Shikarpur 27.95 68.63 7.3 695 238 8.8 2544
Jacobabad 28.28 68.43 7.8 1650 680 6.8 620

6.1. Result:
1. PH:
pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
pH = -log[H+]
p = power
H = hydrogen
[H+] = Hydrogen ion concentration
The pH of solution can be measured by pH meter. A typical pH meter consist of special measuring probes
connected to an electronic meter that measures and display the pH readings. The range of pH scale varies from 0-
14.The 7 value shows the neutral solution. pH of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7
indicates a base.

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For our work on ArcGIS we have selected Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur and Jacobabad to study the pH values
of water. The pH values of water in these cities are 7.1, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.8 respectively which shows that water of
these cities is neural. The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) is exactly equal to the concentration of hydroxide
(OH-) ions produced by dissociation of the water.

2. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):

Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of
all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized, or micro-granular (colloidal sol)
suspended form. TDS concentrations are often reported in parts per million (ppm). Water TDS concentrations can
be determined using a digital meter. Water has the ability to dissolve a large variety of materials. Solids are found
in streams in two forms, suspended and dissolved. Suspended solids include silt, stirred-up bottom sediment,
decaying plant matter, or sewage- treatment effluent. Suspended solids will not pass through a filter, whereas
dissolved solids will. Dissolved solids in freshwater samples include soluble salts that yield ions such as sodium
(Na+ ), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO3– ), sulfate (SO4 2– ), or chloride (Cl– ). Total
dissolved solids are differentiated from total suspended solids (TSS), in that the latter cannot pass through a sieve
of 2 micrometers and yet are indefinitely suspended in solution. The TDS level between 50-150 is considered as
the most suitable and acceptable. If its level is about 1000 PPM, it is unsafe and unfit for human consumption.

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TDS value in Karachi is 289,in Hyderabad is 373, 695 in Shikarpur and 1650 in Jacobabad which shows that
shows that the water quality in Jacobabad and Shikarpur is not good.

3. Hardness:
Hard water is water that has high mineral content. Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits
of limestone, chalk or gypsum, which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates
and sulfates. Hard drinking water may have moderate health benefits. It can pose critical problems in industrial
settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other
equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a lack of foam formation
when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation of lime scale in kettles and water heaters. Wherever water
hardness is a concern, water softening is commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects. It has two types,
permanent and temporary hardness. Below 75 mg/L - is generally considered soft. 76 to 150 mg/L - moderately
hard. 151 to 300 mg/L - hard. more than 300 mg/ - very hard. The hardness of water in Karachi is 123, 170 in
Hyderabad, 238 in Shikarpur and 680 in Jacobabad which shows that the water in Jacobabad, Hyderabad and
Shikarpur is hard.

4. Alkalinity:
The alkalinity refers to the measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize the acids. It can measure the
bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, hydroxide ions, and carbonate naturally present in the water. Alkalinity is the water’s
capacity to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic. It also helps protect your health and
piping when it comes to drinking water. The term “buffering capacity” usually denotes this capacity. The pH and
the alkalinity level of the well water can be affected by various factors such as acidic sanitizers, rain, fill water,
and other product applications that can change the alkalinity level over time. The majority of alkalinity in the
surface water is from calcium carbonate, CaCo3, leached from soil and rocks. The alkalinity of water In Karachi
is 2.1, 2.6 in Hyderabad, 8.8 in Shikarpur and 6.8 in Jacobabad which shows that the water in Karachi and
Hyderabad is acidic.

5. Conductivity:
The conductivity of a solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity, sound, and transmit heat. The units of
conductivity of water are Siemens per meter in SI and milliohms per centimeter in CGS. The symbol of conductivity
of water is k or s.

Types of water Conductivity Value

Pure distilled and Deionized water 0.05 µS/cm
Seawater 50 µS/cm
Drinking water 200 to 800 µS/cm.
Rain or Snow water 2 to 100 µS/cm

Pure water is not a great conductor of electricity rather it acts as an insulator. The conductivity of water enhances if
its ion concentration increases. Distilled water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide in the air can conduct electricity.
The electrical conductivity of water is a measure of the ionic activity of a solution that can transmit current. The
conductivity values of water in Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur and Jacobabad are 402, 584, 2544, 620 respectively
which shows that the water in Shikarpur has more dissolved chemicals due to high conductivity value.

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 7. WORK ON ArcGIS:
 STEPS:
1. First of all, open PC/laptop, then type in the search bar “ArcGIS”.

2. Open ArcGIS software and choose “Blank Map” and click on “OK”.

3. Set your coordinate system. For this purpose, right click on “Layer” option and go to “properties”. Select
“Coordinate System” then “Geographic Coordinate System”, then “World” after that click on
“WGS1984” and then click on “Apply” and “OK”.

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4. Now, add excel sheet (data) on ArcGIS. Accordingly, right click on “Layer” and select “Add data” and
then “Connect to folder”. Go to that file and select “New folder” then “OK” after that choose “Sheet
1$” and then click on “Add”.

5. Now, right click on “Sheet 1$” and select “Display XY Data” and then click on “OK”. Hence, the data
will be shown in the form of small dots.

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6. Furthermore, right click on “Sheet 1 Events” and select “Properties”. Go to “Categories” and in “Value
field” select any attribute such as “pH” and then click on “Add All Values”.

7. Select “Quantities” and in “Value” select “pH” here also. Now, select “Charts” and choose each and
every attribute that we want to show on pie chart.
8. Now, select “Pie” and apply. In this way our data can be displayed in the form of pie chart.

9. In order to make pie chart more precise adjust the size up to 75% and add “Outline” then select on
“Apply” and “OK”.

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10. Now, to show the pie chart on map we have to download the “Tehsil shape file” and select “Extract to
tehsil shape file\”. Go to “Add data” and add “Tehsil shape file”.

11. In addition, right click on “Tehsil shape file” and select “Properties” then labels and in “Label field”
select “Tehsil”. Adjust font and font size.

12. Lastly, right click on “Tehsil shape file” and choose “label features”.

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 8. CONTROL MESURES OF WATER POLLUTION:
In order to preserve the water resources, Pakistan should take some safety measurements. It includes Policies and
Actions.

8.1. National Environmental Policy:

The National Environment Policy, prepared under NEAP and published by the Ministry of Environment in 2005,
provides an overarching framework for addressing the environmental issues facing the pollution of fresh water
bodies and coastal waters. The Policy aims to protect, conserve and restore the country’s environment in order to
improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development.
The government aims to:
 Develop legal and policy framework for promotion of safe drinking water in Pakistan
 Increase coverage of water supply and water treatment facilities
 Establish a water quality monitoring and surveillance system
 Make installation of water treatment plants as an integral component of all drinking water supply schemes
 Promote low-cost water treatment technologies at the community and household levels

8.2. To Control Water Pollution These Measures Are of Main Focus:

 Making people aware of the problem is the first step to prevent water pollution. Hence, importance of
water and pollution prevention measures should be a part of awareness and education program.

 Identify industrial units that are the biggest polluters of river water. If NEQS regarding wastewater were
strictly enforced, these industries would have to reduce and treat their waste water before disposal.

 A regular monitoring of fresh water resources.

 Construct proper sanitary landfill sites.

 Investigate Ground water quality.

 Provide government help for waste management by industries

 Throw refuse into garbage cans.

 Dispose of unwanted paints or oils carefully. They should not be thrown into drains or sewers.

 Participate in awareness-raising activities.

 Conserve water at home and at workplace, rather than waste it.

 Boil or filter drinking water to eliminate disease-causing bacteria.

 Improper use of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides in farming should be stopped and organic methods
of farming should be adopted. Cropping practices in riparian zone should be banned to protect the riparian
vegetation growing there.

 There should be ban on washing of clothes and laundry alongside the river bank.

 Industries should install Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) to control the pollution at source.
 All towns and cities must have Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) that clean up the sewage effluents.

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  Polluter pays principle should be adopted so that the polluters will be the first people to suffer by way of
paying the cost for the pollution.
 Ultimately, the polluter pays principle should be designed to prevent people from polluting and making
them behave in an environmentally responsible manner

9. CONCLUSION:
In Pakistan, drinking water at the source, in the distribution network, and at the consumer end is mostly
contaminated with total coliforms and fecal coliforms beyond the WHO standards. Improper disposal of industrial
and municipal wastes, poor sanitary and drinking water supply systems, and lack of water filtration and
disinfection practices are the major causes of microbial contamination of drinking water in the country. Weak
implementation of environmental laws and lack of public awareness further aggravate the problem. Waterborne
diseases are very frequent in the country, but lack of proper diagnosis and maintenance of records at hospitals and
clinics is a hindrance in knowing the exact burden of water-linked diseases. There is an urgent need for emergency
steps to stop further deterioration of water quality and improve the existing quality so as to protect the public from
widespread waterborne diseases.

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