CHI

CKENPRODUCTI
ON
2.
4.3.
1.1-2.
4.3.
1.2

SYSTEMSOFCHI
CKENPRODUCTI
ON
1.FREERANGESYSTEM – Thi
sist
hesy
stem t
radi
ti
onal
l
yusedi
nBot
swana.Thi
sis
wherechickensar eal l
owedt omov earoundorroam i nt hefarmf reel
ywi t
houtany
meansofr estr
icti
onofmov ement.Theymaybepr ovi
dedwi t
hwat erandfoodbutthey
normall
yfendf orthemselv es.Bi
rdsar
efreewherevertheywant ,
eatinganykindoffood
avai
labl
eandal sohav efreeaccesstogr i
t.Atni
ght,chickenssleeponpol es,tr
eesor
anyt
hingsuitablethattheycanf i
nd.I
nsomecases,someshel termaybepr ovi
dedto
prot
ectthem from predators.

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Fai
rly cheap & si
mpl
e met
hod of  Requi
resmor
eland
rai
singchickens
 Poorgr
owt
handeggpr
oduct
ion
 Ver
ylowi
nputcost
s
 Nocont
rol
overwhatchi
ckenseat
 Vi
cesar
enotcommon
 Dif
ficul
t to cont
rol di
seases &
 Nospeci
alski
l
lsr
equi
red parasit
es

 Requi
resl
i
ttl
eti
met
omanage  Uncont
rol
l
edbr
eedi
ng

 Noneedt
opr
ovi
degr
itandf
ood  Dif
fi
cul
ttokeepr
ecor
dsf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
chi
cken

 Chickens ar
e exposed t
o pr
edat
ors,
thi
evesandwi l
dbi
rds

 Chickens can cause damage t

o
people’
sgar
dens.

2.BATTERYCAGESYSTEM:-Thi
ssy
stem i
ssui
tabl
eforl
ayer
sonl
y.I
nthi
ssy
stem
chickens are conf i
rmed to cages whi ch arelarge enough to permitonl
ylimited
mov ement ,dependingont henumberofbi rdspercage.Thecagesar emadeofst rong
galvanized wirewhi ch al
l
owsdr oppingst o passthrough.Trayst o col
l
ectchicken
droppingsar eplacedbeneatht heuppercages.Fort hechickenstoeatanddr i
nk,they
havet oputt hei
rheadsbet weent hev er
ticalwi
resofthecage.Thecagesar edesi
gned
toalloweggst oslideoutforeasycollecton.
i

1
Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Hi
gherst
ocki
ngr
ate  Cage f
ati
gue and leg paral
ysi
s ar e
commonprobl
emsduetol
ackofexer
cise.
 Easytokeeppr
oduct
ionr
ecor
dsf
oreach
chi
cken  Goodmanagementski
l
lsareneededski
l
ls
ar
eneededt
orunthesyst
em pr
ofit
abl
y
 Hi
ghereggpr
oduct
ion
 Chickens become bor
ed,f
rust
rat
ed and
 Eggsar
eeasyt
ocol
l
ectandst
aycl
ean miserabl
e

 Cull
ing and handl
i
ng of chi
ckens i
s  Iti
sexpensi
vetobui
l
dthechi
ckenhouse
faci
l
itat
ed andtobuycages

 Vi
ces&br
oodi
nessar
enotcommon  Feedi
ng,wateri
ngandregul
arr
emov
alof
manurerequi
resmor
elabour
.
 Easyt
omechani
ze
 Diseases can spr ead quickl
y since
 Easyt
ocont
rol
par
asi
tes&di
seases
chickensar
ekeptcl
osetoeachother
 Chi
ckensareprotectedagai
nstpr
edat
ors,
 Onl
ysui
tabl
eforl
ayer
s
badweathercondit
ions,
thi
eves

3. DEEP- LITTERSYSTEM:-Thesyst em issui

tablef orreari
ngbot hlayersandbr oil
ers.
Thisiswher echi
ckensareputont hehousewi t
hf l
oorcov er
edwi thli
ttere.g.sawdust,
woodshav i
ngsorhusks,choppedgr assorstraw andshr eddedpaper.Thepur poseof
thelit
terist
oabsorbmoisturefr
om thebirds’droppingsandt huskeept hefloordryand
thebirdswarm.Thechicken’
shousei swellventil
atedtopr eventbui
ldupdi seases.The
chickensarekepti
nthehousethroughoutthei
rl i
ves.

Chickensareprovi
dedwithf ood,wat erandprot
ecti
onbuttheirmov ementisr
estr
icted.
Chickensarenotall
owedt ogoout si
det hepoul
tr
yhousebutatl easttheycanexercise
i
nt hehouse.I
frai
singl
ayers, nestboxesar epr
ovi
dedalongthewal loft
hehousefort he
henstolayeggsin.Aperchingar eaisprovi
dedforthechi
ckens.

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Hi
ghst
ocki
ngr
ate  Hi
gheri
nputcost
s

 Lowl
abourr
equi
rement
s  Vi
cesar
ecommon

 Chi
ckens are secur
e f
rom  Li
tt
ermat
eri
alsnotal
way
sav
ail
abl
e.
pr
edator
sandt
hiev
es
 Pr
omot
esr
api
dspr
eadofdi
seases
 Possibl
e t
o keep pr
oduct
ion
recor
ds  Goodmanagementskill
sar er
equi
red
t
orunt
hesystem pr
ofi
tably
 Fastaccumul
ati
onofmanur
e
 Noteasyt
okeepi
ndi
vi
dualpr
oduct
ion
 Hi
ghchi
ckenandeggpr
oduct
ion r
ecord

2
  Easy to cont
rol par
asi
tes &  Feed and wat er ar e easi l
y
di
seases contaminat
ed by l
i
tter and chi
cken
droppi
ngs
 Easy t
o controlwhatand how
muchchickenseat
.

4.FOLD SYSTEM:-Thi
ssy
stem i
snotcommonl
yusedi
nBot
swana.I
nthi
ssy
stem,
chi
ckensarekeptinsmal l,
mov ablehousesknownasf oldsorar
ksorchickenruns.Only
asmallnumberofchi ckensarekepti neachunit.Af olduni
tismademai nl
yofwi re
meshalthoughonet hi
rdisroofedwi t
hwoodenboar dst oprovi
deshel
terandapl ace
wherethebi r
dscanf eedonf reshpastur
egr asses.Thi shelpsprev
entbui l
d-upof
par
asit
esanddi seases.

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

 Chickens are pr
otect
ed f
rom  Itist i
me & l
abourconsumi
ng t
o
predators & poor weat her movef ol
ds f
rom one place t
o
conditi
ons. another

 Easi
erto cont
rolpar
asi
tes &  Chickensrequi
readditi
onalf
eedt
o
di
seases achievegoodproduct
ion

 Pr
operbr
eedi
ngi
spossi
ble  Itismor eexpensi
vet
hankeepi
ng
chickens under t
he fr
ee r
ange
 Chi
ckenscan eatfr
esh grass system
andthei
rdr
oppingsf
ert
il
izethe
l
and  Notmanychi ckenscanber
aised
undert
hissy
stem
 Chi
ckenseasi
lyfi
ndgr
itwhi
ch
hel
psthei
rdi
gest
ion

 Chickensareunl
ikel
ytosuf
fer
fr
om dietar
ydi
seases

2.
4.3.
1.3

BREEDSOFLAYERSANDBROI
LERS

1.BREEDSOFLAYERS:
Thesear
echi
ckenskeptspeci
fi
cal
l
yforeggpr
oduct
ion.

BREEDSOFLAYERS DESCRI
PTI
ON

3
 1.Whi
tel
eghor
n  Whi
tef
eat
her
s,

 l
i
ghti
nwei
ght
,

 l
ayswhi
teshel
l
edeggs

 or
igi
nat
esf
rom I
tal
y

2.I
sabr
own  Br
ownchi
ckens,

 Li
ghti
nwei
ght
,

 Lay
sbr
ownshel
l
edeggs

3.Bl
ackAust
ral
orp  Theyar
ebl
acki
ncol
our
,

 bi
gandheav
y,

 Lay
sbr
ownshel
l
edeggs

 I
tisahy
bri
d

 I
tor
igi
nat
esf
rom Aust
ral
i
a

4.Hy
li
ne  Br
ownwi
thwhi
tepat
ches,

 Lay
sbr
ownshel
l
edeggs

 I
tisahy
bri
d

 I
tisagoodeggpr
oducer

5.RhodeI
slandRed  Reddi
shbr
own,

 t
heyar
eheav
ybr
eed

 l
aysbr
ownshel
l
edeggs

6.Li
ghtSussex  Theyar
ewhi
tewi
thbl
ackt
ail
,wi
ngsandneck.

 Theyl
aywhi
teshel
l
edeggs

2.BREEDSOFBROI
LERS:
Thesear
echi
ckenskeptmai
nlyf
ormeatpr
oduct
ion.

BREEDSOFBROI
LERS DESCRI
PTI
ON

1.Pl
ymout
hRock  I
thasst
ri
pesofbl
ackandwhi
tef
eat
her
sthoughsomear
e
whi
te

4
  Hasmedi
um si
zedbody

 Or
igi
nat
esf
rom Amer
ica

2.Cor
nishGame  I
tisahy
bri
d

 I
thasdar
kbl
uet
ogr
eenf
eat
her
swi
thbr
ownpat
ter
nson
t
hehens

 I
tisal
argeandpr
oducesgoodqual
i
tymeat

 I
tcomesf
rom Br
it
ain

3.Li
ghtSussex  I
thaswhi
teski
n,l
egs,
feetandbeak.

 I
thaswhi
tef
eat
her
sbutwi
thbl
ackst
ri
pesar
oundt
heneck
&t
ail

 I
tisal
argechi
ckenwhi
chgr
owsf
ast

 I
tor
igi
nat
esf
rom Br
it
ain

2.
4.3.
1.4

GeneralChar act
eri
sticsofaGoodl
ayer
.
Agoodl
ayerhast hef ol
lowingchar acter
ist
ics:
o Earl
ymat ur
ityandf astgrowt h.
o Large,ovalandmoi stvent
o Bri
ghtey esandal way sact i
ve.
o Li
ghtbodywi thlessf l
eshoni t
.
o Largeabdomencav it
y.
o Bri
ghtredcombandwat tle.
o Hasl i
tt
leornobr oodinesstendencies.
o Highresistancet odiseasesandpar asites.

GeneralChar act
eristi
csofaGoodBr
oil
er
Agoodbr
oilerhast hefollowingchar acter
isti
cs:
o Rapidgr owthandgoodf eedconv erteri
ntomeat
.
o Largebodywi t
hahi ghwei ghtofabout3- 5kgatmat
uri
ty.
o Resistancet odiseasesandpar asit
es
o Lowmor tali
tyrateatbr ooding.
o Goodcar cassquality

5
 o Skinandfl
eshcolourat
tract
ivet
oconsumer
s.
o Bigheadandbroadback.
o Goodplumagecov er

2.
4.3.
2.1-
2.4.
3.2.
2

Repr
oduct
ivesy
stem ofahen

REPRODUCTI
VEPARTS DESCRI
PTI
ONOFTHEPART FUNCTI
ONSOFTHEPART

1.Ov
ary  I
thol
dst
heov
um  Produces ov
a and egg
yolk

2.I
nfundi
bul
um (
Funnel
)  I
st he upper end of t
he  Recei
vesov
afr
om t
he
ovi
duct ovar
y

 Iti
sfunnel
-shapedsoast
o  Stor
essper
msf
rom t
he
cat
chtheeggy ol
k cock

 Actsasasitef
or
fer
ti
li
zat
ion

3.Magnum  I
st hel
ongestport
ionoft bumen (
he  al egg whi
te) i
s
ovi
ductly
ingjustbel
ow t
he addedt
otheegg(ov
um)
i
nfundi
bul
um

 Theeggy
olkspendsabout

6
 3hour
sher
e.

4.I
sthmus  Itcomesaf terthemagnum  Wat er,miner
alsal
tsand
anditi
smadeupofgl ands. vi
taminsareaddedtothe
devel
opingegg.
 Theeggcel lspendsanhour
i
nthisregi
on  Shell
membr anesisadded
ar
oundt
heal
bumen

 Det
ermi
neseggshape

5.Ut
erusorShel
lgl
ands  Thi
sist
heshel
lgl
ands  The egg shel
lis added
aroundt
hemembrane
 The process t
akes 18-
20
hour
s.  Shel
lpi
gment
ati
on occur
s
here

6.Vagi
na  Itis a musculartube that  Shinnycuti
cleisaddedt
o
comesi mmediatel
yaf t
erthe theegg
uter
us
 Storeseggtempor
ari
ly
 Theeggst ay
sher eforoneto
tenminutesbef
orebeinglai
d

7.Cl
oaca  Thi
si s an openi
ng t
othe  Sit
eforsperm deposi
ti
on
out
side
 Passage forfull
yf or
med
egg

2.
4.3.
2.3-
2.4.
3.2.
4

THEEGGSTRUCTURE

7
PARTSOFTHEEGG DESCRI
PTI
ON FUNCTI
ONS

1.Eggshel
l  Har
dout
ercov
eroft
heegg  Prot
ectthei
nnerpar
tsof
theegg
 I
s made of cal cium &
phosphorus (butl
argelymade  Act as a bar ri
er that
upofCalcium) prevents some mi cro-
organisms enteri
ng t he
 I
tscolourdependsont hebr
eed egg
ofhene.g.brownorwhite
 All
owsai rtoflow inand
 Theeggshell i
spor
ous out of the egg so t he
developi
ng chi ck can
breathedur
ingi
ncubati
on

2.Shel
l  Theretwomembr anesoneont he  Stops bact eri
a f rom
membrane i
nnersidearoundtheal bumenand enteri
ngtheegg
theotherj
ustimmediatelyaft
erthe
shel
l  Serves as a br eathing
surfacefort
hedeveloping
 Thesemembr anessepar at
eatt he embr yoi
ntheegg.
l
argerendoftheeggt of or
m anair
space  Helps t o create and
maintaintheai
rspacei n
 At hi
nf il
m insi
de the shellthat theegg.

8
 l
ooksl
i
ket
issuepaper  Maint
ainstheshapeoft
he
f
lui
dpar t
softheegg.

3.Al
bumen (
Egg  I
sashi nyli
quidorclearli
qui
d  Provide t
he embr yo with
whi
te) thati
salsocall
edthewhite water, pr otei
ns and
carbohydr
atesf orgr
owth.
 I
tsurroundstheeggyolk
 Itprevent
st he egg f
rom
 Formslargestpar
tofaneggby dryi
ngout
volumeorweight.
 It al so pr ot
ects t he
growingchick.

4.Chal
azae  Itl ooks l
ike a twist
ed rubber  Suspend the y ol
k i n
band f ound on t he opposite posi
ti
on
sidesofthey ol
k.
 Prot
ect the devel
oping
 Made f rom pr otei
ns thatar e embryo by act
ing as a
attached t o t he y ol
k and shockabsor
ber.
suspendi tinthecent reoft he
egg.

5.Yol
k  Theyel
l
ow cent
ralpar
toft
he  Providet heembryo with
egg essent i
al nutri
ents
(Vit
ami ns&mi ner
als)for
 Looksl
ikeasol
i
dbal
lofy
ell
ow growt h.
l
iqui
d.

6.Germinal disc  Asmall

whit
edotonthey
olk.  Devel
ops i
ntoanembr
yo
orgerm discor whenfer
ti
li
sed
bl
astodisc  I
tist
henucl
eusoft
heeggcell

7.Ai
rspace  Aclearspacef
oundatt
hebl
unt  Pr
ovi
de t
he devel
opi
ng
endofendofanegg embr
yowi
thoxy
gen

 I
ncr
easesinsizeoverti
meas  Keeptheeggfreshori
n
wat
erescapesf
rom t
heegg goodcondi
ti
on.

2.
4.3.
3.1

FACTORSTOBECONSI
DEREDWHENDECI
DINGONTHETYPEOFCHI
KENTORAI
SE

1.Avai
labi
l
ityofthechi
ckens:Youmustfindoutwhet
hert
hety
pesorbr
eedsof
chi
ckens you wantt
or aise ar
e av
ail
abl
e,and i
fso,wher
etheycoul
d be
9
 pur
chased,
andatwhatpr
ice.

2.Costofr
aisi
ngthechi
cken:I
tcost
smor etorai
sel
ayer
sfr
om day
-ol
dunt
ilpoi
nt
ofl
aycomparedtobuy
ingandrai
singpul
l
ets.

3.Thepur poseofraisi
ngt
hechi
cken:Youmustconsi
derwhyyouwanttorai
sethe
chickens.E.
g.ifyouwantt
oraisechickenst
osel
leggsormeat,checkwhet
her
theyisamar ketandhowbi
giti
s.

4.Av
ail
abil
it
yofcapit
al:Beforer
aisi
nganyt
ypeofchickens,
youmustf
indouthow
muchitwil
lcosty
out oraiset
hem,andwhet
heryoucanaffor
dtodosoornot.

5.Avai
l
abi
l
ityofhousi
ngforthechickens:Chickensneedpr
operhousinginorder
togr
owwellandal
sotoprotectt
hem from pr
edator
sandbadweathercondi
ti
ons.

6.Avai
l
abil
ityoffeedsfort
hechickens:Ar
eli
abl
esuppl
i
eroff
reshchi
ckenf
eedsi
s
i
mportantforchickenpr
oduct
ion

7.Avail
abi
li
tyofwater:Cl
eanandf
reshwat
ersuppl
yisi
mpor
tantsoar
eli
abl
e
supplyi
sessent
ial
.

8.Av
ail
abil
i
ty ofskil
l
ed labour
: A skill
ed manageri
simpor
tantf
orpr
oper
managementofdi
ff
erentt
ypesofchi
ckens.

9.The demand (
mar ket
)forthe product
:Itisimport
antto know whatt
he
cust
omerswanti.
e.eggsormeatandthepri
cet
heycanaff
ord.

2.
4.3.
3.2

FARM RECORDS

FARM RECORDS:Recordedinf
ormati
onaboutthebusi
nessacti
v i
ti
est
hattakeplacei
n
far
m.Themainrecordskeptwhenrai
singchi
ckensareproduct
ionandfi
nancialr
ecor
ds.

Fi
nanci
alandpr
oduct
ionr
ecor
dsf
orachi
ckenpr
oduct
ion

1.Producti
on r
ecords:I
st he wr
it
ten orrecorded i
nfor
mat
ion showi
ng whatt
he
businessi
sproduci
nge.
g.Eggproduct
ionrecord

Dat
e Number of Number of Number of Tot
al number
l
ayer
s eggs col
l
ected eggs coll
ect
ed of eggs
i
nt hemor
ning int heaf
ter
noon coll
ect
ed per
400
day

19/
06/
2017 195 190 385

10
20/
06/
2017 400 196 194 390

21/
06/
2017 400 198 193 391

22/
06/
2017 399 195 192 387

23/
06/
2017 399 194 190 384

24/
06/
2017 399 196 189 385

25/
06/
2017 399 190 190 380

Tot
alnumberofeggscol
l
ect
edperweek 2702

2.Fi
nanci
alr
ecor
ds:
Thesear
erecor
dsofexpensesandi
ncomei
naf
arm busi
ness.

ENTERPRI
SE:
EGGPRODUCTI
ON

I
NCOME/
RETURNS COSTS/EXPENDI
TURE

DATE I
TEMS AMOUNT DATE I
TEMS AMOUNT

25/
06/
201 30 Dozen eggs P240.00 10 bags of
7 @ P8perdozen l
ayer
smash@
01/
06/
20 P50perbag P500.00
17

26/
06/
201 20 Dozen eggs P160.50
7 @ P8perdozen
07/
06/
20 Medi
cine and P200.
00
27/
06/
201 35 Dozen eggs P283.50 17 dr
ugs
7 @ P8. 10 per
dozen

28/
06/
201 61 Dozen eggs P494.10
7 @ P8.10 per
dozen 30/
06/
20 Sal
ary for 1 P600.
00
17 employ
ee
29/
06/
201 38 Dozen eggs P309.70
7 @ P8.15 per
dozen

Tot
alr
etur
ns P1487.30 Tot
alcost
s P1300.00

11
Pr
ofi
t/l
ossf
ort
hemont
h= Tot
alr
etur
ns–Tot
alcost
s

=P1487.30–P1300.00

=P187.30

 Apr
ofi
tofP187.30wasmadedur
ingt
hemont
hofJune2017

2.
4.3.
3.3

QUALI
TIESOFAGOODCHI
CKENHOUSE

 Shoul
dhavegoodvent
il
ati
on–t hehouseshouldal
low easymovementofai
rI
andoutsot
hatf
reshai
rcanrepl
aceai
rinsi
dethehousetoprev
entbui
l
dupsmell.

 Shoul
dbeeasyt
ocl
ean–concr
etef
loor
sar
eeasyt
ocl
eananddi
sinf
ect

 Shouldprot
ectchi
ckensfr
om predat
ors–thehouseshouldnotal
lowdogs,cat
s,
snakesandwildbi
rdstoentert
hehouse,
thati
s,itshoul
dbepredatorpr
oof
.

 Shoul
d protectchi
ckens fr
om harsh weather– the house shoul
d protect
chi
ckensfrom temper
atur
eswhi charetoocoldortoohotanddi r
ectsunli
ght.
Thehouseshouldhaveanorthandsouthori
ent
ati
on.

 Shoul
dhavenol
eakagesontheroofandcracksonthewall
sandfl
oor–t he
cr
ackspr
ovi
deahi
dingpl
acef
orparasi
tesandl
eaksonther
oofwi
ll
wetli
tt
er.

 Hasenoughspaceforallt
hechickenskeptonit
-toavoi
dheatst
ress,ski
n
2
i
rr
it
ati
ons,
ger
m creat
ion,
andcanni
bali
sm.(
50cm perchi
ck)

 I
tisst
rongenought
owi
thst
andst
rongwi
nds

2.
4.3.
3.4

MATERI
ALSUSEDI
NTHECONSTRUCTI
ONOFACHI
CKENHOUSE

Mat
eri
alsused Descr
ipt
ion/uses

1.Br
icksorcementbl
ocks  Usedforbui
ldingthecoopwal lbecauseitl
ast
l
ongandprotectthechi
ckensf
rom predat
orsand
badweat
herconditi
ons.

2.Cement,concret
e st
one,  Fl
oormadeofconcr
etef
loori
seasi
ert
ocl
ean&
ri
versand,pitsand and di
sinf
ect
grav
el

12
  I
tiseasi
ert
omanagel
i
tteront
heconcr
etef
loor

3.Tr
eat
edgum pol
es  Ar
eusedt osuppor
ttheroofi
ncaseswherethe
br
ickshav
enotbeenuseduptother
oof
ingl
evel

4.Wi
re mesh or chi
cken  Is used t
o pr
eventbi
rds and ot
herclasses of
mesh animalsfl
yi
ngorent
eri
ngi
nsidethehouse

 Hel
pint
hev
ent
il
ati
onoft
hechi
ckenhouse.

5.Galvani
zed cor r
ugat
ed  Used to prov
idestrong r
oofwhich wi
l
lpr
otect
i
ron sheets,t
imberand chi
ckensfrom thesun’
sheatandr
ain
raf
ters,
scr
ewsandnail
s
 Topr
ovi
deshadef
ort
hechi
ckens.

6.Window anddoorf
rames  Toprov
ideanentr
ancet othechickenhouseand
ordoor al
sohel
pinthev
enti
lat
ionofthechi
ckenhouse.

2.
4.3.
3.6

SOURCESOFLI
VECHI
CKENS

2.
4.3.
3.7

13
2.
4.3.
4.1

14
 TYPESOFFEEDFORCHI
CKENS

Ty
pesoff
eedsf
orbr
oil
ers

i
. Br
oil
erStart
erMash
 I ti
sgiventobroi
lersfr
om 1dayoldto3-5weeks
 I tisri
chinv i
tamins,miner
alsandprotei
ns(
22-24%)whi
char
eneededbyy oung
chi
ckst ogr
owv eryfastandheal
thy.
 Thi sfeedalsocont ains cocci
di at(
ost adrugthathel
psi
nt hepr
event
ionof
cocci
diosi
sdisease)

i
i
. Br
oil
erFi
nisherMash
 Iti
sgi v
ent obroi
lersfrom 3-5weeksuntil
ageofsl er(
aught 8–10weeks)
 Itcontainslessprotei
ns(18-20%)t hanbr
oil
erst
artermashisgi
vent
ochi
ckenso
thattheycanputmor eweightandlessfat
.

i
i
i. Postbr
oil
erfi
nishermash
 Iti
sveryr ichinenergyfoodsandprot
einst
ogivefi
nalboosti
nor
dert
opr
oduce
subst
antial t
abl
eorkillweight
.
 Thisi
sgiv entobroi
lersjustaweekbef
oresl
aught
erorsal
e

Ty
pesoff
eedsf
orl
ayer
s

I
. Chi
ckStar
terMash
 Iti
sgi ventobr oi
ler
sf r
om 1dayoldto3-5weeks
 Iti
srichi nv i
tamins,miner
alsandprotei
ns(
18%)thatar
eneededbyy
oungchi
cks
togrowv eryfastandhealt
hy.
 Thisf eedal socont ai
ns coccidi
ostat(adrugthathel
psintheprev
ent
ionof
coccidiosisdisease)

I
I. Gr
ower’
sMash
 Itcont
ainsal otofcarbohydr
atesandlessprotei
n(15%)t
opr ov
idethepull
ets
withalotofenergyforf
eedingmore.
 Iti
sgiventochickensfrom 5weekstopoi ay(
ntofl 18–21weeks).Thechi
ckens
arenowcalledPullet
satthi
sstage.

I
II
. Lay
er’
sMash
 Iti
sfedt opull
etsfr
om poi ay(
ntofl 18–21weeks)onwar dsunt
ilt
hechi
ckens
areof
f -
lay
ers(ol
d).
 Thisf
eedi sri
chincal
cium f
orstr
ongeggshel
ldevelopment
.
 Iti
salsolessincar
bohydrat
estoavoi
dhensbeingfat.

2.
4.3.
4.2

15
 APPROPRI
ATEAMOUNTSOFFEEDGI
VENTOBROI
LERSANDLAYERS

Broi
lersandlayer
sofal
lagesar
ef edadli
bit
um.Thismeansthattheyar
egivenas
muchf oodastheywant
.Theamountoff
oodt heyar
egi
venist
heref
orenotli
mit
edor
rest
rict
edinanyway.

Theamountoff
eedbr
oil
ersandl
ayer
swi
l
lact
ual
l
yeatatanyt
imev
ari
esdependi
ngon

 Thei
ragesi
.e.Day
-ol
dchi
ckseatl
essf
oodt
hanol
derchi
ckens

 Typeoff
eedi
.e.chi
ckenswi
l
leatmor
eofonet
ypeoff
oodt
hanot
her
sforoner
easonor
anot
her.

 Ty
peofbr
eedand

 Weathercondi
ti
onsi
.e.wheni
tiscol
d,chi
ckenst
endt
oeatmor
efoodt
hanwhen
i
tishot.

2.
4.3.
4.3

I
MPORTANCEOFKEEPI
NGTHECHI
CKENHOUSECLEAN

 Topr
eventdi
seasesandpar
asi
tes

 Topr
eventt
hebui
l
d-upofunpl
easantsmel
l
s

 Topr
ovi
deagoodheal
thywor
kingenv
ironment

 Topr
omot
epr
oduct
ionofhi
ghqual
i
tychi
ckenpr
oduct
s

2.
4.3.
4.5

2.
4.3.
5.1

16
Broodi ng
I
ti st hecaringandmanagementofchi cksf r
om 1dayol dto3-5weeks( whentheyhave
developedtheirownfeat
hers.I
tincl
udesprovi
dingthechickswi
thwat
er,f
eed,warmt
h,li
ghtas
wellaspr ot
ecti
ngthem f
rom pr
edator
sandt hi
eves.
TypesofBrooding

a)NaturalBrooding–i tisatypewhereabroodyhentakescareofit
schicksbyprotect
ingt
hem
fr
om pr edators,provi
dingthem withadr
ynest,helpinfi
ndingfeedforthem,keepi
ngthem
warm wheni ti
scol detc.
b)Art
ifi
cialBrooding–t hisiswhenamot herheni snotusedbuti nst
ead,allt
henecessar
y
conditi
onsthatar enatural
lypr
ovidedbyt
hemot herhennowpr ovi
dedbythefar
mer .

2.
4.3.
5.2

CONSTRUCTI
ONOFABROODER(
BROODI
NGUNI
T)

BROODI
NGUNI
T

Iti
sast ructur
ei nsidethechi
ckenhousewher echicksarerearedandmanagedf rom onedayol
d
to3–5weeks.Themai npurposeofthebroodi
ngunitistopr ov
idechickswithwarmt hunt
il
theyhav edevelopedenoughf eat
herstopr
otectthemselvesagainstcold.I
tisusual
lymade
roundt oavoidcor nerswherechickswil
lcl
usterandchokeot herstodeathwhenheati snot
suffi
cient.

Or
I
saplacewher
eyoungchi
cksar
erai
sedf
rom t
imet
heyhat
chunt
ilt
heydev
elopt
hei
rown
f
eat
her
s.

Maki
ngasi
mpl
ebr
ooder

a.Lookf
orbi
gempt
ycar
dboar
dboxesofabout1m x1m each

b.Cutt
hem anduset
hem t
omakeabi
groundencl
osur
ewi
thadi
amet
erofal
east

17
 1m

c.Ensur
ethatt
hehei
ghtoft
hesi
desoft
heencl
osur
eisnotmor
ethan60cm

d.Youcanputwi
rear
oundt
heencl
osur
esot
hati
tremai
nsst
rongandi
nposi
ti
on

e. Makeopeni
ngsont
hesi
desoft
heencl
osur
esot
hatchi
ckscangetoutwheni
tishot
i
nsi
de

f
. Pl
acesawdustont
hef
looroft
heencl
osur
e

g.Suspend an i
nfr
ared l
amp oranysui
tabl
e heat
erabov
ethe cent
re oft
he
encl
osure

h.I
nst
all
feederanddr
inker
sint
heencl
osur
e

2.
4.3.
5.3

METHODSOFHEATI
NGABROODI
NGUNI
T

a)Thedrum system:Adr um i
sf i
tt
edintothewallofthehousecontai
ningthebroodi
ngunit
.
Theopenendoft hedr um i
sont heoutsideoft
hewal landasmuchoft hedrum as
possi
bleisi
nsidethehouse.Thedr um mayneedt obesupportedtomakesur eitdoesnot
fal
ldown.Af i
reisl
itinsi
dethedr um andasthedrum becomeshotitheatsinsi
deofthe
house.I
fthehousei slar
ge,thenmor ethanonedrum canbeused.Nosmokegoesi ntot
he
house.

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

Nodangerofcar
bonmonoxi
de Di
ff
icul
ttocont
rol
temper
atur
e

Ver
yeasyt
ouse Needsr
efuel
i
ng

18
 I
tischeapbecausei
tusesl
ocal
mat
eri
als Dr
um needst
ober
epl
aced

b)Thetunnelsyst
em:Apipeisfi
ttedt
ot hewallofthehousethatcontai
nsthebr
oodi
nguni t
.
Thepipeortunnel
,goesf r
om onesideoft hehousetot heother,andi
sconnectedtoa
chimneyatoneend.Af i
reismadeatt heopeningofthet unnelandtheheatspreads
thr
oughthetunnel
andmakest hewholehousewar m.Thesmokel eavest
hehousethrough
thechi
mneyandsot her
eisnodangerf r
om carbonmonoxide.

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

Nodangerofcar
bonmonoxi
de Di
ff
icul
ttocont
rol
temper
atur
e

Cheapt
omai
ntai
n Fi
rewoodneedt
obeaddedr
egul
arl
y

Cheapasi
tusesl
ocal
mat
eri
als Tunnelsneedstober epl
acedf
requent
ly
becausethefi
redamagest
hem.

c) Mba wul
asy st
em: i
st hemostcommonmet hodofbr oodingchicksinrural ar
eas.Thisisa
cheapmethodofwarmi ngchi
ckenhouse.Anolddr um orbucketisused.I
tisperforatedt
hatis
madesomeholesont hesides;thefi
rei
smadei nsidethebucketwhilesti
ll
outsidethehouse.After
thesmokehasescapedi ti
stakenint
othehouset owar m chi
cks.Toavoidchi
cksbur ning
themsel
vesawirenet
tingismadear oundt
hebuckett okeepchi ckssomedistancef r
om thef
ire.

19
 Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

I
tischeap Di
ff
icul
ttocont
rol
temper
atur
e

Easyt
osetup Ther
eisdangerofcar
bonmonoxi
de

I
tusesl
ocal
l
yav
ail
abl
emat
eri
als Needsr
efuel
i
ngr
egul
arl
y

d)Thegasbr oodersyst
em: Agasbrooderhasaheatert
hatusesgasfr
om cyli
nder
s.Ithasa
fi
lamentanditisli
tusi
ngmat ches.Theheati
ngf
il
amentglowsonceithasbeenli
tand
gradual
l
yheat supthewholebroodinguni
t.Thet
emperatur
eoftheheatercanbechanged
tomakei thott
erorcolder
.

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

Nodangerofcar
bonmonoxi
de Gasi
sver
yexpensi
ve

Easyt
ocont
rol
temper
atur
e Notv
eryeasyt
ogetgasi
nrur
alar
eas

Easyt
ouse Gasleakagescancauseanuncont
rol
l
ed
fi
re

2.
4.3.
5.4

REASONSFORWARMI
NGABROODI
NGUNI
T

 I
fchicksareprovi
dedwithadequat
ewar mththeywil
lmoveaboutfr
eely
.Ther
ewillbe
noovercr
owdinginonepartoftheunit
 Whenchicksfeelcol
dtheyhuddlet
ogetherandstopeat
ingandtheycaneasi
l
ydieof
hunger
 Whenchickshatchtheyhavenofeather
stokeepthem warm,t
heyshouldbeprov
ided
wit
henoughwar mth

20
  Topr
ovi
deaconduci
vet
emper
atur
etochi
cks

2.
4.3.
5.5

CAREGI
VENTOCHI
CKSI
NABROODI
NGUNI
T

 Shouldbepr ov i
dedwi t
hcl eanwat er
 Theroom shoul dbewel l venti
lated
 Shouldbepr ov i
dedwi t
henoughl i
ghtatni
ghtsothatcancontinueeati
ng
 Shouldbev accinatedagai nstNewcast l
eandgi v
encocci di
ost
at
 Shouldbepr ov i
dedwi t
hchi ckstar t
ermash
 Shouldbepr ov i
dedwi t
henoughwar mthunti
ltheirf
eathersar
ewelldeveloped
 Shouldbepl acedi ntheuni tcoveredwithl
it
tertohelpabsorbanydroppingsandwat
er
topreventbuild-upofdi seases.
 Avoi
dov ercrowdi ng

2.
4.3.
6.1
I
NCUBATI
ON

Itr
eferstotheprovisi
onofnecessar ycondi
ti
onst
oaf
ert
il
izedegg(
s)i
nor
dert
ohat
chi
ntoa
chi
ck(s).Thesecondit
ionsar e:
 War mt h(about37°
C)
 Moi sture
 Oxy gen
 Fertil
i
zedegg

Ty
pesofI
ncubat
ion

a)Naturali
ncubati
on–itiswhenabr oodyhensi
tsontopofeggsforabout21days(
3weeks)
unti
ltheyhatchint
ochicks.Thehenwarmstheeggswarmst heeggsbyherbodyanduses
thebeaktoregular
lyt
urnthem.

b)Artif
ici
alincubat
ion–itiswhenf er
ti
lizedeggsar eputinani ncubatorfor20daysand
necessarycondit
ionsf
orincubat
ionsar esetfortheeggstohatchint
ochicks.Theeggsar
e
turnedtimeandagai ntoav oi
dt hey olkfrom sti
ckingtooneoft heegg.Theeggsar e
providedwithenoughai
randkeptapar tfrom eachotherf
oreasyventi
lati
on.

2.
4.3.
6.2-2.
4.3.
6.4

MANAGEMENTPRACTI
CESWHENRAI
SINGCHI
CKENS

1.Cul
l
ing:
Iti
sther
emov
alofnon-
product
ivechi
cken(
s)f
rom t
hef
lock.

Ty
pesofcul
l
ing

21
a)Sel
ect
ivecul
li
ng–i
swhenaf
armerr
emov
esundesi
rabl
echi
cken(
s)f
rom t
hef
lockand
l
eavi
ngother
s.

b)Masscul
l
ing–i
tiswhent
heent
ir
efl
ocki
sremov
edandr
epl
aced.

Cr
it
eri
aforCull
ing
 Lowpr oduct
ion
 Il
lhealt
h
 Vices(badhabi
tse.
g.f
eatherpecki
ng,
canni
bal
i
sm,
eggeat
inget
c)
 Poorgrowth
 Weaknessanddeformi
ty

2.Debeaki
ng:I
tisthecut
ti
ngandremovalofshar
ppartoft
hebeakofachi
ckent
ost
opi
t
fr
om canni
bal
ism,eggeati
ngandfeat
herpecki
ng.

HowDebeaki
ngI
sDone

TOOLSUSED

I
.Cl
i
pper
s

i
i
.Kni
ves

i
i
i.Pl
i
ers

3.Vacci
nat
ion:I
tist
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofadr
ugi
ntot
hebodyofachi
ckent
ocont
rol
orcur
e
di
sease(
s).

Vacci
nat
ionschedul
eforchi
ckens

Chi
ckendi
sease Vacci
nat
ionordi
seasecont
rol
schedul
e

22
New cast
le  Vacci
nat
ewhenonedayol
d

 Rev
acci
nat
eat4weeksofage

 Rev
acci
nat
eat16weeksofage

Cocci
diosi
s  Provi
de them wi th f
eed contai
ning
cocci
diost
atsunt
il20weeksofage

Fowl
pox  Vacci
nat
eone-
dayol
d

 Rev
acci
nat
eat12weeksofage

Mar
ek,
s  Vacci
nate when one day ol
d or at
hat
chery
.

I
nfect
iousBr
onchi
ti
s  Vacci
nat
eathat
cher
y

 Rev
acci
nat
eat16weeksofage

2.
4.3.
7.1

I
nter
nalandext
ernalpar
asi
tesofchi
ckens

Par
asi
tes:
isanyor
gani
sm t
hatdependsonanot
heror
gani
sm (
host
)forsur
viv
al.

I
nter
nal
par
asi
tes(
Endopar
asi
tes) Ext
ernal
par
asi
tes(
Ect
opar
asi
tes)

 Thesear
eorgani
smst hatli
veinsi
dethe  Theseareorgani
smsthatl
iveoutsi
de
bodyoft
heani
malthattheydependon. thebodyoft
heanimal
theydependon

 They f
eed while compl
etel
yinsi
de t
he  Theyf
eedwhil
epartofort
hei
rwhole
bodyofthehostanimal
. bodyi
soutsi
dethebodyofthehost
ani
mal

 At
tacki
nter
nal
organsoft
hehostani
mal  Att
acktheoutsi
deor gansoft
hehost
ani
malcausi
ngvisi
blewounds

2.
4.3.
7.2

Commonchi
ckenpar
asi
tes

I
nter
nal
par
asi
tes(
Endopar
asi
tes) Ext
ernal
par
asi
tes(
Ect
opar
asi
tes)

23
  Roundwor
ms  Li
ce

 Tapewor
ms  Tampans(
fowl
ticks)

 Gapewor
ms  Redmi
tes

 Caecal
wor
ms  Fl
eas

 Thr
eadwor
ms  Ti
cks

2.
4.3.
7.3-2.
4.3.
7.5

Mi
tes

Ty
pesofmi
tes

 Redmi
tes

 Nor
ther
nfowl
mit
es

 Bur
rowi
ngmi
tes

Redmit
esar
elar
gemitest
hatli
vei
ncracksofchi
ckenhouseandfeedonchi
ckensat
ni
ght
.Redmit
escant
ransmitf
owlchol
eradi
seasesandsalmonel
l
a.

Har
m causedbymi
test
ochi
ckens/ef
fect
sofmi
tesonchi
ckens

 Reducedpr
oduct
ion

 Poorgr
owt
h

 Theysuckbl
oodcausi
nganaemi
a

 Bi
techi
ckenscausi
ngpai
n,ski
nir
ri
tat
ionanddi
scomf
ort

 Ani
ncr
easei
nventpecki
ngandcanni
bal
i
sm

 Theyt
ransmi
tdi
seasese.
g.sal
monel
l
a

 Maycausel
ossoff
eat
her
s

24
 Maycausedeat
hifsev
erel
yinf
ect
ed

 Causeweaknessofbody

 Eggscov
eredi
nredspot
sorr
edmi
tef
aeces

 Thechi
ckenkeepermaybecomei
tchyaf
terhandl
i
ngt
hechi
ckens

Cont
rol
measur
esagai
nstmi
tes

 Useapoul
tr
yshi
eldt
opr
essur
e-washwal
l
sandspr
ayi
ntocr
ackst
owashout
mit
es

 Cl
eani
nganddi
si
nfect
ingt
hepoul
tr
yhousebef
orebr
ingi
ngi
nnewchi
ckens.

 I
sol
ati
onofi
nfect
edbi
rds

 Cont
rol
l
ingwi
l
dbi
rds

 Av
oidi
ngov
er-
crowdi
ng

 Smearamixtur
eofparaf
fi
noilandVasel i
nei
ntocr
acksandappl
yVasel
i
ne
di
rect
lyt
oaf
fect
edar
eastogetr
idofscal
ylegmi
tes

 Addi
ngdust
ingpowder
stodustbat
hs.

 Dustt
hehousewi
thMal
athi
on5%orKar
badust5%

 Washt
hechi
ckenswi
thasol
uti
onofMal
athi
onandwat
er

 Crushgar
li
cclovesintothechickens’
wat
er.Redmi
tesdonotl
i
ket
hesmel
landi
t
actsasanatur
alinsecti
cide.

 Coveral
lthecrackswithusedengi
neoil
,pai
ntort
arandpai
ntwoodenst
ruct
ures
wit
hcarboli
neum, acoalt
arwoodpreser
vati
ve.

 Repl
acel
i
tterwi
thcl
eanmat
eri
al

 Bur
nal
lsoi
l
ednest
inggr
assandl
i
tter
.

 Keepi
ngt
hechi
ckenhousecl
ean

 Dust
ingt
hef
loororl
i
tterwi
thCar
bar
yl

 Dust
ingaf
fect
edchi
ckenswi
thCar
bar
yldust

2.
4.3.
8.1-
2.4.
3.8.
5
25
 Di
seasesofchi
ckens

Adiseaseisadev
iat
ionfr
om nor
mal st
ateofheal
thwher
ebynor
mal
li
fepr
ocessesar
e
di
sturbed.Ori
sahealt
hcondi
ti
onthati
snotnormal.

Exampl
esofchi
ckendi
seases

 Newcast
ledi
sease

 Fowl
pox

 Fowl
typhoi
d

 Gumbor
o

 Sal
monel
l
osi
s

 Cocci
diosi
s

 Mar
ek’
sdi
sease

 I
nfect
iousbr
onchi
ti
s

 Chr
oni
crespi
rat
orydi
sease(
CRD)

 Bi
rdf
lu

 Cr
azychi
ckdi
sease

Newcast
leandcocci
diosi
sdi
seases

1.NewCast
leDi
sease

CAUSE SYMPTOMS TREATMENT CONTROL&PREVENTI

ON
Vi
rus Di ff
icultyinbr eathing (gaspi
ngfor ThereisNO Regularv acci
nati
onwit
ht hefoll
owing
breath) treat
mentfor NewCast leVacci
nes.
Coughi ngandsneezi ng thisdi
sease. i
.Hi t chnerat1dayoldthroughthe
Par alysisofl egsandwi ngs ey es.
Twi stingoft heneck i
i.Lasot aat3-4weeksofaget hrough
Hi ghmor tali
tyratedur i
ngt heweek drinkingwateroreyes.
ofinfection. i
ii
.Komar ovat4–20weeksofage
Lossofappet i
te throughdr i
nkingwateror
Lower edeggpr oduct i
on intramuscularl
y.
Enl argedcr op
Wat erygr eenishdiarrheawi t
hbad Incaseofoutbr
eak,ALLchi
ckensshoul
d
smel l bekil
ledandburnt
.
St i
ckymucusdi schargef r
om the Usefootbath
mout h Limit
ingmovementofwildbi
rdsand

26
 str
anger
sintothechickenhouse.
Keepthehygi
enelevelofthechicken
housever
yhigh.

2.COCCI
DIOSI
SDI
SEASE

CAUSE SYMPTOMS TREATMENT CONTROL&PREVENTI

ON
Pr
otozoa  Chickenwi l
l l
ookdul l,
weak,  Givi
ng chi ckensdr ugsthat  Useofcocci diostat
sl
eepyanddepr essed. ki
llthepr otozoacoccidi
an,  Keept helit
terdr yandcl ean
 Ruffl
edf eathersanddr opping suchas: atal lt i
mes.
wings i
.Ampr ol  Keept hehygienel evelofthe
 Lossofappet i
te i
i.Sulphamezat hine chickenhousev eryhigh.
 Highmor t
ali
tyr ate i
ii
.Embazi ne  Isolateaffectedchi ckens.
 Thechi ckenwi lldri
nkmor e i
v.Sulphamer azine  Changi nglit
terof ten
waterandeatl essfeed. v.Sulfazine33. 5%  Regul arcleaningorr emov al
 Yell
owi shandsmel li
ngdi arrhea vi
.Nitr
of urazone ofchi ckendr oppings
withbloodst ai
ns  Givi
ng chi ckens f eed t
hat  Notal l
owingwi ldbi r
dsinto
 Palecombandwat tl
e contai
nscocci diost
as thechi ckenhouse
 Swelli
ngori nfl
ammat ionoft he  Ensur ethattheequi pmentis
i
ntestines. clean

2.
4.3.
9.1

SLAUGHTERI
NGORPROCESSI
NGCHI
CKENS

 Starv et hechi ckensf orabout24hourt oreducet heamountofwast eduri

ngsl aught
eri
ng.
 Catcht hechi cken
 Stunni ng-Gi veachi ckenanel ect
ri
cshookwi thast unnertomakei tunconscious.
 Cutt heheadof fwithashar pknif
e
 Placet hechickenup- side-downhangingwi t
hislegsi nabl eedi
ngconet odr ai
nand
collectbl ood.
 Scal ding-Soakorscal dthedeadchi ckeninwarm wat er(60° C)
 Plucki ng-Thenpl aceitinapl ucki
ngmachi ne
 Remov eremai ningfeatherwi t
hhandsaf t
erthemachi ne.
 Trim of fthecr opandl egs
 Eviscer ation-( cutopen)t oremovetheov als(i
nternalpartsegintesti
ne,gizzardetc)
 Washt hechi ckenwi t
hwar m water(60°C)
 Packaget hemeatei t
heraswhol echickenorchickenpi eces.
 Chillthemeatf orabout15mi nat5°Ctoar r
estbacteria
 Freezet hemeatatabout- 30°C

2.
4.3.
9.2-
2.4.
3.9.
3

27
 Eggcandl
i
ngandi
tspur
pose

I
tisthepassi
ngofaneggunderapower
full
i
ghtr
ayt
odet
ermi
nei
tscont
ent
s.Thi
sisdone
usi
nganeggCandl
er.

Reasons
 Todetectanycr acks
 Tosee, assessorexami neiftheeggisf ert
il
eornot
 Toobser ve,studyandl ear
naboutt hegr owthanddev el
opmentoft heembryoi
nsi
det
he
egg
 Todetermi neorexami netheeggqual i
ty
 Helpsthechi ckenbreedertoseparateferti
l
eeggsf rom infer
ti
leeggs
 Isdoneaspar tofgradi
ngtheeggsf orqualitybefor
et heyaresold
 Tocheckf oranyabnor malit
iesoftheegge. g.presenceofmeat ,bl
oodspots

2.
9.3.
9.4

EggGr
adi
ng

Gr
adi
ng–i
sawayofdet
ermi
ningt
hequal
i
tyandsi
zeofeggs.

a)Gr
adi
ngeggsaccor
dingt
oqual
i
ty

Thequal
i
tyofeggsi
sdet
erminedbytheir
 Cleanl
iness
 Freshness
 Presenceorabsenceofabnor
mal
i
ties
 Conditi
onoftheeggshell

Eggqual
i
ty(
grades) Descr
ipt
ion

28
 Gr
ade1 Bestqual
i
ty:cl
ean,f
resh,hav
enoabnor
mal
i
ties,andnocr
acksont
he
shel
l

Gr
ade2 Secondbestqual
i
ty:notv
erycl
ean,
thi
nshel
l
swi
thf
ewcr
acks,
notv
ery
fr
esh

Gr
ade3 Poor
estqual
i
ty:
hav
ecr
acks,
dir
ty,
hav
eabnor
mal
i
tiesandar
enotf
resh

b)Gr
adi
ngeggsaccor
dingt
osi
ze

Si
zeisdeterminedbyweightoftheeggs.Thesi zeofaneggl ai
dbyachickenis
i
nfl
uencedby :
 Theageoft hehen(olderhenlaybiggereggs)
 Howmuchpr ot
einthehenf eedcontains(
thehigherthepr
otei
ninthefeedt
he
bi
ggertheeggpr oduced)
 Theweat herconditi
ons(thehigherthetemperatur
e,t
hesmal l
ert
hesizeoft
he
eggproduced)

Eggsizes Weight
Jumbo 70g&above
Ext
ralarge 62-69g
Lar
ge 52-61g
Medium 43-51g
Small 42g&below

2.
4.3.
9.5

EggPackagi
ng

Eggseasil
ybreakther
eforetheyshoul
dbehandl edwi
thcar
eandplacedi
neggt
ray
sand
packagedi
neggboxeswiththepoi
ntedendofeacheggf
aci
ngdownwar
ds.

Eggsshouldbecleanedbefor
ebeingpackaged.Weuseacl eanclot
handoi lt
ocleant heegg.
Donotusewat erasi tmaygeti
nsidetheeggandspoili
tsquali
ty,t
heeggshellisporousand
watercangeti
nsideitascompar
edt ooil
whichi
sdensersoi
tcanent ert
hroughtheshel
l por
es.

29