Movies

Natalia Andrea Arizal Mendoza

Ana Camila Aruachán García

Universidad de Córdoba

Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Humanas

Licenciatura en Lenguas Extranjeras con Énfasis en Inglés

Communication VI

PhD. Jaime Nieto Caballero

September 10th, 2024

 The beginning of movies

Cinema is the art of creating and projecting a series of photographs to tell a story in a

dynamic way, but it was not always as we know it, is necessary go back a little in time and

discover how it all began.

It all starts in the Romanian theatre; the Romanian theatre was born circa 364 BC and was

the refuge for the Romans who were trying to escape from the conflict of the time. It started with

performance ceremonies for the gods and then theatrical games were included. With the time it

was getting bigger, and the actors started dancing and adding music to the performance until

finally it was considered a professional act. The Romanian theatre was characterized for the

drama and comedy as the main genre of their performance creating their own genres call the

Roman tragedy and Roman comedy.

This performance took place in several ways. First it started in wooden structures which

had to be removed if the space was needed for another spectacle. This common practice was

normalized as theatrical performances were still held in the squares of the city. However, after

time, the Romans decided to give it the importance it was due. This was the beginning of theatre

development, and the Romans built the first stone structure with theatrical purpose in 55 B.C.

Some time later the art of photography appeared, bringing with it a different perspective

on the world and which years later would end up becoming the main basis of cinema.

Photography

The word photography literally means 'drawing with light', which derives from the Greek

photo, meaning light and graph, meaning to draw. Photography is the process of recording an
image – a photograph – on light sensitive film or, in the case of digital photography, via a digital

electronic or magnetic memory.

Photography as we know it was invented in 1822 by French pioneer Nicéphore Niépce.

Niépce’s early lithographs used silver plates in conjunction with bitumen of Judea and lavender

oil to create a very primitive type of photograph.

Niépce finally reached a breakthrough in 1826/2 with the picture, “View from the

Window at Le Gras” – which many scholars suggest was the first photograph ever taken and

developed.

. First photograph (1826)

The illusion of movement by the recording and subsequent rapid projection of many still

photographic pictures on the screen is called cinematography. Unfortunately, this kind of

technology was not as automated as it is today. The progression in technology started with the

kinetoscope, the kinetoscope was kind of a small projector in which you could see moving

pictures. Eventually this device was called...

Camera Obscura

The camera obscura, the precursor of the photographic camera, is a natural optical

phenomenon named after its Latin translation, "dark room". It projects an inverted image (flipped
left to right and upside down) of a scene from the other side of a screen or wall through a small

aperture onto a surface opposite the opening. The earliest documented explanation of this

principle comes from Han Chinese philosopher Mozi (approximately 470 to 391 BC), who

correctly argued that the inversion of the camera obscura image is a result of light traveling in

straight lines from its source.

Dating back to around 1550, lenses were used in the openings of walls or closed window

shutters in dark rooms to project images, aiding in drawing. By the late 17th century, portable

camera obscura devices in tents and boxes had come into use as drawing tools.

The images produced by these early cameras could only be preserved by manually tracing

them, as no photographic processes had been invented yet. The first cameras were large enough

to accommodate one or more people, and over time they evolved into increasingly compact

models. By the time of Niépce, portable box camera obscura suitable for photography were

widely available. Johann Zahn envisioned the first camera small and portable enough for

practical photography in 1685, but it took nearly 150 years for such an application to become

possible.

Kinetoscope (1891)
 Animation

Animation refers to the process of creating the illusion of motion by displaying a series of

still images in rapid succession. It is a form of visual art that can be used to tell stories, create

character, and bring fiction ideas to life. There are many different types of animation, they are:

2D animation, 3D animation and Stop-Motion animation. But first we must talk about the

beginning of animation.

Humans have attempted to illustrate motion as early as the Paleolithic era using

techniques such as light and shadows or several slightly altered drawings in a series. In 1832, a

Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau invented the first animation device, the phenakistiscope, that

used persistence of vision representing pirouetting dancers when the device was spun. The

earliest cinematic animation began when Charles-Émile Reynaud of France invented the

praxinoscope in 1880, a device like an early filmstrip projector.

During the early 1900s, animation in the US was rapidly developing. Independent artists,

such as Winsor McCay, who created Gertie the Dinosaur in 1914, used cel animation to create

short films for children. Gradually, production studios began hiring animation artists and reaping

the rewards of the popularity of the film genre. For example, Paramount Studios produced the

first merchandised cartoon, Felix the Cat, in 1919. Felix became one of the most recognized

characters in film history. In addition, artists involved in the Absolute film movement made short,

abstract animated films in the 1920s aimed at an adult audience

 Phenakistiscope (1832) Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)

The beginning of animated movies

The animation has its roots in the early 19th century, with inventions such as Émile

Reynaud’s praxinoscope in 1888 which is an animation device, it is a spinning cylinder with

pictures on the inside. You peek through mirrors inside and when you spin it, the pictures appear

to move like a flip book. Although these early animations were rudiment, they laid the

groundwork for the development of the technique.

Walt Disney

Until 1928, soundtracks were played separately from the visual part of animated films.

Synchronized soundtracks premiered with Paul Terry's creation, Aesop's Fables. Disney Studios

(originally called Disney Brothers Studio) was formed in 1923, in Burbank, CA, by Walt Disney

and his brother Roy. The iconic Mickey Mouse was created (and initially voiced by Walt) in

1928. Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937) was the first feature-length film to be entirely

hand-drawn. Until this time, animation was viewed in the form of a short, lasting around 10–15

minutes. In the 1940s, animation was used as wartime. It also began appearing as TV series for

children, adult-oriented films, video games, and music videos.

Walt Disney was an animator and cartoonist born in Chicago, Illinois, USA. He was born

on December 5th of 1901 and died on December 15th of 1966. Throughout his life, Disney
innovated the technique of animation, and the way stories were told, creating characters such as

Mickey Mouse who would become the central icon of his entertainment empire.

In 1937, Walt Disney created the first full-length animated feature film called Snow White

and the 7 Dwarfs. This film was a box-office success and marked a milestone in history by

popularizing the genre of animation. Thanks to this, Disney marked itself as a pioneer in the field.

The Story of Snow White is based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale and remains one of Disney's

most beloved and recognizable films to this day. The film features a combination of enchanting

music, memorable and charismatic characters, and innovative animation and technique that made

it an instant classic. The influence of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs transcends generations,

and its impact can be seen even today. The film set the template for future Disney classics and the

world of entertainment.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)

Black and white films

The earliest movies were filmed in black and white, as color film technology was not yet

developed. Some of the most notable early black and white films and filmmakers include:

The Lumière Brothers (1895-1896)

The Lumière brothers, Auguste and Louis, are considered pioneers of cinema. They

produced short, simple films like Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory and Arrival of a Train at
La Ciotat. Their films depicted everyday scenes and amazed early audiences with their realistic

moving images.

Charlie Chaplin (1914-1940s)

British actor and filmmaker Charlie Chaplin became one of the most famous stars of the

silent film era. He created the iconic character "The Tramp" and starred in numerous popular

comedy shorts and feature films like The Kid, The Gold Rush, and Modern Times. Chaplin's films

blended slapstick comedy with social commentary.

Buster Keaton (1920s)

American actor and director Buster Keaton was known for his deadpan expression and

incredible physical comedy. Films like Sherlock Jr., The General, and Steamboat Bill,

Jr. showcased his acrobatic talents and innovative filmmaking techniques. Keaton is considered

one of the greatest actors and directors of the silent film era. These early black and white films

laid the foundation for the art of cinema, experimenting with storytelling, special effects, and

comedy. While they lacked sound and color, they demonstrated the power of moving images to

entertain and captivate audiences.

The introduction of color: Early film colourisation began with manual techniques such

as hand-tinting frames, exemplified by the work of visionaries like Georges Méliès. The

Kinemacolor system then provided the first step towards mechanical color reproduction,

culminating in the first full-fledged feature film with two-color Technicolor, “The Toll of the

Sea” (1922), paving the way for the later three-color Technicolor process used in “Becky Sharp”

(1935).
 Key films like “The Wizard of Oz” and “Gone with the Wind,” both released in 1939,

acted as milestone markers that showcased the full potential of color films and helped usher in a

new era of visual storytelling.

A great example of beautiful early use of color is the moment in the Wizard of Oz where

Dorthey first lands in Oz and her reality turns from black and white (well, technically sepia) into

a rich colorful world. It’s highly worth re-watching that scene if you’ve not seen it recently.

In 1936, barely 1% of films were presented in colour, and it took another 20 years before

one in five films made the leap.

The Wizard of Oz (1939)

Silent film

A silent film is a film without synchronized recorded sound (or more generally, no

audible dialogue). Though silent films convey narrative and emotion visually, various plot

elements (such as a setting or era) or key lines of dialogue may, when necessary, be conveyed by

the use of inter-title cards.

 During the silent era that existed from the mid-1890s to the late 1920s, a pianist, theater

organist—or even, in larger cities, an orchestra—would play music to accompany the films.

Pianists and organists would play either from sheet music, or improvisation. Sometimes a person

would even narrate the inter-title cards for the audience. Though at the time the technology to

synchronize sound with the film did not exist, music was seen as an essential part of the viewing

experience. "Silent film" is typically used as a historical term to describe an era of cinema prior

to the invention of synchronized sound, but it also applies to such sound-era films as City Lights,

Modern Times and Silent Movie which are accompanied by a music-only soundtrack in place of

dialogue.

The Jazz Singer, released on October 6, 1927, is often credited as the first feature-length

film to include synchronized dialogue. The film features the iconic line, "Wait a minute, wait a

minute. You ain't heard nothin' yet!" spoken by the character Jakie Rabinowitz, played by Al

Jolson. This moment was revolutionary, as it was one of the first instances where audiences

could hear a character's voice on screen, marking the transition from silent films to the "talkies"

era.

The Jazz Singer (1927)

 Short films

The earliest short films emerged in the 1890s during the silent film era. In the years before

sound, dialogue on screens was impossible. Thus, films were reliant on visual storytelling and

typically less than one reel (10-12 minutes) in length.

The Lumière brothers are often credited with pioneering the short film format. Their 50-

second reels captured moments of everyday life, like Train Pulling Into a Station (1895).

French magician turned filmmaker Georges Méliès took things a step further by pioneering

narrative film and special effects in fantastical shorts like A Trip to the Moon (1902).

As film grew in popularity in the early 1900s, short films gained distribution

in nickelodeons and evolved stylistically. The narrative structure became more common as

filmmakers creatively edited shots together using continuity techniques. Slapstick comedy shorts

starring the likes of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton gained widespread popularity.

The 1910s marked the rise of short films as a respected art form beyond just novelty

entertainment. Comedic talents like Charlie Chaplin began building their careers on the short

format. His iconic character The Tramp was established in shorts like Kid Auto Races at Venice

(1914).

During the silent era peak of the 1920s, animated shorts also emerged as Walt

Disney created his Alice Comedies series. Comedy and experimentation defined the early

decades of short film history.

 The introduction of sound with The Jazz Singer in 1927 revolutionized the possibilities

of shorts. Music shorts like cartoons synced to soundtracks became popular. Disney first

introduced Mickey Mouse with the animated short Steamboat Willie (1928).

The Golden Age of animation arrived in the 1930s and 1940s. Iconic characters

like Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, and Tom and Jerry debuted in animated shorts preceding

Disney’s Snow White feature in 1937. Studios churned out hundreds of cartoon shorts that aired

before feature presentations.

Music and experimentation defined short films in the 1980s. The launch of MTV in 1981

propelled music videos, a form of short film, into mass popularity.

The shortest film on record is “The Man”, which has a running time of only 1 second.

This film is an extreme example of brevity in cinema, showing that length is not always an

indicator of the depth or impact of a work.

Many iconic filmmakers and animators established their styles through memorable short

films:

• David Wark Griffith – Known as the father of narrative filmmaking, Griffith pushed

boundaries with shorts like The Lonely Villa (1909) which contained one of the first uses

of parallel editing to build suspense.

• Winsor McCay – This cartoonist created some of the earliest influential animated shorts

including Gertie the Dinosaur (1914), which combined live-action with animation.
 • D.W. Griffith – His Biograph shorts in the early 1900s for Biograph studios pioneered

and advanced filming techniques that became cinematic grammar.

• Chuck Jones – The iconic Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts came from his

work at Warner Bros. Cartoons. Classics like Duck Amuck (1953) and One Froggy

Evening (1955) display his comedic direction.

First movies

The first movies were short, silent films that focused on capturing movement and

everyday scenes. Some of the earliest and most significant films include:

Eadweard Muybridge's The Horse in Motion (1878)

Muybridge used a series of cameras to capture a galloping horse in motion, proving that at

one point all four hooves were off the ground. This pioneering work laid the foundation for

motion picture cameras and projectors.

Lumière Brothers' Films (1895-1896)

The Lumière brothers introduced the Cinématographe, a projector that could show 16

frames per second. Their early films depicted simple, everyday scenes like a baby eating, a hose

squirting water, and workers leaving a factory. These films spellbound early audiences with their

realistic moving images.

 Georges Méliès' A Trip to the Moon (1902)

While not the first film ever made, Méliès' A Trip to the Moon is considered a landmark in

early cinema. It was one of the first science fiction films and featured innovative special effects

and storytelling techniques for the time.

Movies Genres

Some of the most common types of movies / film genres include:

Action: This type of movie generally involves a lot of action scenes including violence,

like fighting or shoot-outs (with weapons), car chases and often lots of explosions. Some

subgenres considered action movies include: disaster films, martial arts films, spy films and

superhero films.

Examples of action movies: John Wick, Fast and Furious, The Avengers

Adventure: This is a journey that often takes place in exotic locations and can involve

exploration or a quest. While there is often action in this type of movie, it is not the main

emphasis.

Examples of adventure movies: Indiana Jones, Pirates of the Caribbean, Tomb Raider

Animated: Instead of real actors on the screen, drawn images (nowadays computer

generated ones) are used to tell the story. Real actors are used for the voices of the animated

characters.

Examples of animated movies: Toy Story, Shrek, Coco, Frozen

Comedy: The main idea of comedies is to make the audience laugh. The main characters

are involved in funny situations.

Examples of comedy movies: Monty Python, The Hangover, What men want
 Drama: These films are serious and focus on the emotions of realistic characters and the

conflicts they have.

Examples of drama movies: The Godfather, Marriage Story, The Sound of Metal

Fantasy: Situations, places and/or events that don’t comply with natural laws or settings.

They often involve some form of magic or supernatural elements. There are sometimes magical

creatures or beings too.

Examples of fantasy movies: Harry Potter, Highlander, Lord of the Rings

Historical: These films can be based on real events in the past or sometimes just the time

period is used as the setting and all events are fictitious. In both cases, the narrative takes place

inside an accurate depiction of a historical setting. Sometimes these are biographical movies, also

known as Biopics.

Examples of historical movies: Braveheart, Amadeus, Dunkirk

Horror: The objective of a horror movie is to scare the viewer and if possible, make them

scream (often done with a jump scare). Horror movies often feature a monster, some type of evil

entity or a terrible/frightening situation.

Examples of horror movies: Nightmare on Elm Street, The Exorcist, Annabelle

Musical: These are movies where songs are sung by the characters as a part of the

narrative and usually help advance the plot or develop the film’s characters. Sometimes there are

dance routines to accompany the songs.

Examples of musical films: La La Land, Grease, Mamma Mia

Romance: Romance films are love stories that focus on the romantic involvement of the

main characters and the development of their relationship.

A romantic movie that is also funny is called a Rom-Com (Romantic Comedy)

Examples of romance movies: An Officer and a Gentleman, The Notebook, The Lake House

Science fiction: Also known as Sci-Fi, these are fictional stories based on science. They

can be about the future or other worlds, and often include spaceships, extra-terrestrial beings

(aliens), and advanced technology we don’t currently have.

Examples of science fiction movies: Star Wars, Blade Runner, Avatar

Thriller: A thriller film evokes excitement and suspense in the audience. A common

theme in thrillers involves innocent people dealing with a deranged adversary.

Examples of thrillers: The Silence of the Lambs, The Sixth Sense, The Da Vinci Code, Shutter

Island

Western: These are fictional events based in the American West (also known as the Wild

West) during the 19th century. They feature cowboys, horse riding and gunfights. Commonly

these types of film are just called westerns.

Examples of westerns: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Unforgiven, The Magnificent Seven

Academy Awards

The Academy Awards of Merit, commonly known as the Oscars or Academy Awards,

are awards for artistic and technical merit given for "Excellence within the American and

International film industry". They are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts

and Sciences (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence in cinematic

achievements as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.

 The origins of the statuette’s nickname, Oscar, have been traced to three sources.

Actress Bette Davis claimed that the name derived from her observation that the backside of the

statuette looked like that of her husband Harmon Oscar Nelson. Columnist Sidney Skolsky

maintained that he gave the award its nickname to negate pretension. The name has also been

attributed to academy librarian Margaret Herrick, who declared that the statuette looked like her

Uncle Oscar. The true origin of the nickname has never been determined.

The design for the award statuette—a knight standing on a reel of film and holding a

sword—is credited to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) art director Cedric Gibbons.

Sculptor George Stanley was commissioned to create the original statuette based on Gibbons’s

design. For many years the statuettes were cast in bronze, with 24-karat gold plating.

During World War II the statuettes were made of plaster because of metal shortages. They are

now made of gold-plated britannium. The design, however, has remained unchanged, with the

exception of the pedestal base, the height of which was increased in 1945. The statuette stands

13.5 inches (34.3 cm) tall and weighs 8.5 pounds (3.8 kg).

Who has the most Oscar wins ever?

It may come as a surprise, but the person with the most Oscar awards ever is not a movie

star — it's Walt Disney. He received 26 Oscars, of which 22 were competitive awards and four

were honorary awards.

One of his special awards, granted in 1933, was for the creation of Mickey Mouse. In

1937, he received an honorary Academy Award for "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" — one

full-size statuette and seven "dwarf" statuettes.

Which actor has the most Oscar wins ever?

 Katherine Hepburn, with four Academy Awards wins, is the actress with the most

Oscars. She was nominated 12 times and won for 1933's "Morning Glory," 1967's "Guess Who's

Coming to Dinner," 1968's "The Lion in Winter" and 1981's "On Golden Pond."

Walter Brennan, Daniel Day-Lewis and Jack Nicholson, who have three Oscars apiece,

are tied as the actors with the most Academy Award wins, while three actresses (Ingrid Bergman,

Frances McDormand and Meryl Streep) have also won three Oscars.

Nicholson's three wins include two Oscars for best actor and one for best supporting

actor. He won best actor for 1975's "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" and 1997's "As Good as

it Gets," and took home a best supporting win for 1983's "Terms of Endearment."

Brennan's three Oscars are all for for best supporting actor, for 1936's "Come and Get It,"

followed by 1938's "Kentucky" and 1940's "The Westerner."

Bergman won best actress twice and best supporting actress once. She won best actress

for 1944's "Gaslight" and 1956's "Anastasia." Bergman won best supporting actress for 1974's

"Murder on the Orient Express."

McDormand won best actress three times, for 1996's "Fargo," 2017's "Three Billboards

Outside Ebbing, Missouri," and 2020's "Nomadland." She was a producer on that film, which

also won best picture.

Streep's first win came for supporting actress role in 1979's "Kramer vs. Kramer." She

won her first best actress award for 1982's Sophie's Choice. Streep's second best actress win was

for 2012's "The Iron Lady."

Robert De Niro, who was nominated this year for "Killers of the Flower Moon," and

Jodie Foster, who was nominated this year for "Nyad," did not win in their respective categories
and failed to join the small group of actors with at least three Oscar wins. Both De Niro and

Foster already each have two Oscars. De Niro lost out for the 2024 best supporting actor Oscar to

Robert Downey Jr., while the best supporting actress Oscar went to Da'Vine Joy Randolph.

Marlon Brando with two Oscars and six nominations took home the statuette in 1954

and 1972 for 'On the Waterfront' and 'The Godfather' thanks to performances that will remain in

the memory of film fans.

The most famous movie theaters in the world

Just as there are "the most famous actors" there are also the most famous movie theaters

in the world. These are Dolby Theatre, Hollywood (Home to the Academy Awards since 2002),

Olympia Theatre, Paris (A historic cinema with stunning Belle Époque décor), Electric Cinema,

London (A boutique cinema with sofas and in-seat bar service) and Kinepolis Madrid Ciudad de

la Imagen (A cinema complex with 25 screens, including an IMAX theater).

What is IMAX?

IMAX (Image Maximum) is a cinematic projection system that offers a superior

experience in terms of picture, sound, and overall experience. IMAX movies are shot with high-

resolution cameras and projected on giant screens, creating a more detailed and crisper image.

This system was first implemented in 1967 at the World's Fair in Montreal, Canada. This

technology was developed by Robert Kerr and Graeme Ferguson, two Canadian engineers who

sought to project images with greater detail and sharpness. The first film to be screened in IMAX

was In the Canadian Rockies, a documentary about the Canadian Rockies. It was projected on a

screen measuring 9 meters by 18 meters. Their tickets are much more expensive than an average
movie ticket, but it's totally worth it if you're a movie fanatic and looking for the best movie

experience.

Bollywood

Moving on to another topic, it is important to mention Bollywood. Bollywood is a term

used to refer to the Hindi-language film industry in Mumbai (India's Most Populous City). The

name comes from the union of Bombay (former name of Mumbai) and Hollywood, the American

film mecca. Bollywood is one of the largest and most influential film industries in the world,

producing around 1,000 films a year and reaching a global audience of billions of people.

Their movies are characterized by being very long, they have a durability of 2 hours to

even 4 hours. Throughout the film you can see musical scenes and dances typical of the country

combined with a bit of western pop choreography. Bollywood movies cover a wide range of

genres, from comedy and romance to action and drama, they also promote traditional values such

as family, love, and friendship.

Bollywood movies are famous for their common yet popular genres. Among the popular

genres is Masala, this is a genre that blends romance, drama, action, comedy, and musical

elements into one film. This is a combination of everything in a nutshell. On the other

hand, there is comedy, Bollywood comedies are famous for their physical humor and

slapstick, plus upbeat songs and dances.

Adult Cinema

Moving on to another film genre we find adult cinema. The term pornography or porn (in its

abbreviated form) refers to all material that represents sexual acts or erotic acts with the aim of
provoking sexual arousal in the recipient. Since the 1970s, pornographic cinema has developed to

become the most typical erotic genre.

The United States is the largest producer of adult films in the world, with its epicenter in the area

known as the San Fernando Valley , often also referred to as The Valley or Porn Valley, located in

the city of Los Angeles , California , also known as the "porn capital of the world".

The porn industry is worth around US$100 billion, according to some analysts. More than 10%

of that amount comes from the United States alone. According to Online MBA, 12% of websites

– more than 24 million – are pornographic. And every second that passes, the world spends

around 2.5 billion euros on pornography.

Another study, from the University of Navarra, claims that in the United States users pay an

average of US$60 per month for explicit sexual content. Annual revenue from porn films in the

US is estimated at between US$10 billion and US$14 billion, according to FBI data.

To be able to talk about adult cinema we must go to its origin, that is, the first adult films

in history. The first film known to be specifically for adults and feature sexually explicit content

was Le Coucher de la Mariée ("The Bride's Nude"), directed by Albert Kirchner and produced in

France in 1896. However, it is important to note that the history of adult cinema is complex and

there is debate as to which was the exact first film in this genre, as many of the first productions

were clandestine or have been lost over time.

The most famous adult film was Deep Throat, is an adult film released in 1972, directed

by Gerard Damiano and starring Linda Lovelace. It is one of the most famous and influential

adult films in the history of the genre. The film's plot revolves around a woman named Linda

Lovelace, who discovers that her clitoris is in her throat. This anatomical anomaly leads to her
ability to achieve sexual satisfaction through oral sex. The film follows her sexual adventures and

experiences as she explores this newfound ability, including her encounters with various

characters. However, the film also faced significant controversy and censorship. It was banned in

some jurisdictions and faced legal battles over obscenity charges. Despite this, it continued to be

widely screened and distributed, becoming one of the highest-grossing independent films of its

time.

Talking about how much money they make, the money that a porn actress and actor earns

depends on many factors, among these is the popularity of the same actor throughout her career.

Another important aspect to keep in mind is that the actor wins depending on what is willing to

do. Scenes of a more explicit nature or with multiple partners generally pay more money. By the

numbers, an actress who shoots a scene with only one man earns approximately $1,000. Whereas

if the sequence is with another woman, he earns between $700 and $800. The most renowned

porn actresses receive above-average earnings. That is the case of the Colombian Esperanza

Gómez, one of the most important in Latin America and who revealed on a television program

that for each scene recorded she charged between 2,000 and 5,000 dollars.

On the other hand, adult cinema also has an event that highlights the work of its actors. The AVN

Awards (AVN in English ), considered the "Oscars" of porn cinema , are awarded by the

magazine AVN ( Adult Video News) to the pornographic film industry, covering almost one

hundred categories. The first ceremony was held in 1984. The gala is usually held during the AVN

Adult Entertainment Expo which takes place in Las Vegas , Nevada in the first quarter of the year.

Talking about people who is very recognize in the porn world it´s important to mention the 3

most famous actors and actresses, they are:

• John Holmes (8 de agosto de 1944 - 13 de marzo de 1988)

He was an American pornographic film actor. He ranks among the most prolific adult film

performers, he was also one of the most famous pornographic actors of all time, appearing

in around 2,500 adult films in the 1970s and 1980s, films that included gay scenes.

• Nacho Vidal (Mataró , Barcelona , December 30, 1973)

He is a former Spanish pornographic film actor , director and producer .Throughout his

career he starred in more than 700 films, in addition to directing another 140 between

1997 and 2019.

 • Ronald Jeremy Hyatt ( born March 12, 1953)

He is an American former pornographic actor Nicknamed "The Hedgehog", Jeremy was

ranked number 1 by AVN on their list of the "50 Greatest Porn Stars of All Time".

• Stormy Daniels ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ; March 17, 1979)

Her real name is Stephanie Clifford , she is an American pornographic actress ,

screenwriter, and director. She is a member of the NightMoves, AVN Awards and XRCO

halls of fame.
 • Linda Susan Boreman (El Bronx, Nueva York; 10 de enero de 1949-Denver,

Colorado; 22 de abril de 2002) known as Linda Lovelace, was an American

pornographic actress and writer .

She became famous with the pornographic film Deep Throat (1972), directed by Gerard

Damiano . The film, in a comedic tone, focuses on a type of fellatio.

• Esperanza Gomez ( Belalcázar , May 18, 1980) is a glamour model , pornographic

actress , Colombian businesswoman and designer .

Since 2009 she began her career as a porn actress at the age of 29 with the film South

Beach Cruisin', directed by Josh Stone. She claims to be one of the first porn actresses who is

not afraid of what people say about her, and that is why she does not use a pseudonym but uses

her own name in films.

 The Future of Cinema

An array of rapidly developing technologies offer thrilling potential for the future of

motion pictures – such as the rise of AR (augmented reality), AI (artificial intelligence) and the

ever-increasing capacity for computers to power detailed digital worlds.

According to VR guru and artist Chris Milk (2016), films of the future will offer tailored

immersive experiences. They will be capable of “crafting a story in real-time, that is just for you,

that uniquely satisfies you and what your likes and dislikes are.”

Milk prefers terms like “story living” over standard nomenclature such as “storytelling."

He believes cinematic experiences will evolve to “feel as natural and as real as a day in your life,

but have the amazing characteristics of the kind of exciting stories that we are used to being

told.” He believes that advances in AI technology will allow computer-created characters to

respond to audiences in real-time. A much more advanced version of Siri – but represented as a

character inside a narrative experience.

 In the other hand, in the future, according de la Peña (2012) “flat media will still be there

with us, just like the radio will still be with us. But there's no way that filmmaking is going to

stay flat.” Instead we will have fully embodied, walk around, room-scale, volumetric experiences

because “younger audiences are coming up who are used to having embodied

experiences...They're going to want to have their views, education, and everything else in an

embodied form.

Moreover, Eugene Chung (2016) believes that in the future VR will become increasingly

blended with the AR Cloud, which is essentially a digital copy of the world. “Think of a hyper-

charged version of Google Earth,” he says, “where you're not just taking streets, you're copying the

entire world. We’ll have that mixed with really high-end VR technology, which is already very

impressive today.”

Chung says in the future there’ll be “stories all around you.” For example, “you could be

waking up and next to your bed can be a table on which you can have a character you like. There

are movies that point to this, like the movie Her.”

 Vocabulary

• Litographs: the process of printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink

except where it is required for printing.

• Silver: a precious shiny greyish-white metal

• Kinetoscope: a device for viewing through a magnifying lens a sequence of pictures

on an endless band of film moved continuously over a light source and a rapidly

rotating shutter that creates an illusion of motion.

• Shutters: each of a pair of hinged panels fixed inside or outside a window that can be

closed for security or privacy or to keep out the light.

• Aiding: help or support (someone or something) in the achievement of something.

• Widely: far apart; with a wide space or interval between.

• Attempt: make an effort to achieve or complete (something difficult).

• Phenakistiscope: The phenakistiscope was the first widespread animation device that

created a fluid illusion of motion.

• Spun: is the past tense of spin that means turn or cause to turn or whirl round quickly

• Praxinoscope: it was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was

invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Émile Reynaud.

• Merchandised: promote the sale of (goods), especially by their presentation in retail

outlets.

• Reaping: cut or gather (a crop or harvest).

• Peek: look quickly or furtively

• Rudiment: the first principles of (a subject).

• Blended: mix (a substance) with another substance so that they combine.

• Slapstick:comedy based on deliberately clumsy actions and humorously embarrassing

events.

• Kinemacolor: it was the first successful colour motion picture process.

• Fledged: it refers to something with feathers.

• Paving: a surface made up of flat stones laid in a pattern.

• Leap: jump or spring a long way, to a great height, or with great force.

• Cartoon:.a simple drawing showing the features of its subjects in a humorously

exaggerated way, especially a satirical one in a newspaper or magazine.

• Length: the measurement or extent of something from end to end; the greater of two

or the greatest of three dimensions of an object.

• Gained: obtain or secure (something wanted or desirable).

• Widespread: found or distributed over a large area or number of people.

• Boundaries: a line which marks the limits of an area; a dividing line.

• Depicted: to represent or show something in a picture or story

• Spellbound: is the past tense of spellbind, it means hold the complete attention of

(someone) as though by magic; fascinate.

• Frames: a rigid structure that surrounds something such as a picture, door, or

windowpane.

• Weapons: a thing designed or used for inflicting bodily harm or physical damage.

• Sword: a weapon with a long metal blade.

• Sought: attempt to find (something)

• Banned: officially or legally prohibit (something).

 Questions

1. What is the origin of cinema according to the text?

A.Greek theatre B. Romanian theatre C. Egyptian theatre D. Chinese theatre

2. What does the word “photography” mean and who is considered its inventor?

3. What was the first animation device invented by Joseph Plateau called?

A. Praxinoscope B. Zoetrope C. Phenakistiscope D. Kinetoscope

4. Which film is considered the first full-length animated feature film created by Walt

Disney?

A. Cinderella B. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs C. Pinocchio D. Fantasia

5. What characterized early black-and-white films and who were some of their most

prominent creators?

6. How was color introduced into film and what were some of the first color films?

7. How important was “The Jazz Singer” in the transition from silent to talkies?

8. Which film is often credited as the first feature-length film to include synchronized

dialogue?

A. Modern Times B. The Jazz Singer C. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

D. A Trip to the Moon

9. What is IMAX known for?

A. High-resolution cameras and giant screens B.First color motion picture process C.

First animation device D. First synchronized sound film

10. What is Bollywood, and what are some characteristics of Bollywood films?
11. Who are some of the most famous actors and actresses in the adult film industry, and

what are their notable achievements?

12. What are some of the future technologies that could impact the film industry,

according to the document?

 References

A brief history of short films: The evolution of an art form from the 1890s to today. (2023,

septiembre 25). Kievkelvin.com. https://kievkelvin.com/blog/history-of-short-films/

Buckmaster, L. (2019, mayo 8). What will films be like in 20 years? BBC.

https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190508-what-will-films-be-like-in-20-years

Chasan, A. (2024, marzo 10). Who has the most Oscars of all time? Academy Awards

records that made history. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/who-has-the-most-oscars/

Follows, S. (2024, marzo 18). When did colour films eclipse black-and-white

films? Stephen Follows. https://stephenfollows.com/when-did-colour-films-eclipse-black-and-

white-films/

Morbo y Economía. (2022, febrero 25). Diario La República.

https://www.larepublica.co/ocio/morbo-y-economia-cuanto-dinero-mueve-la-pornografia-en-el-

mundo

Wikipedia contributors. (s/f-a). Pornografía. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pornograf%C3%ADa&oldid=162395861

Wikipedia contributors. (s/f-b). Pornografía en Europa. Wikipedia, The Free

Encyclopedia.

https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pornograf%C3%ADa_en_Europa&oldid=159222338