REVIEWS OF LITERATURE

ISSN: 2347-2723
IMPACT FACTOR : 3.3754(UIF)
VOLUME - 5 | ISSUE - 4 | NOVEMBER - 2017

xzsl ;kaP;k dforsrhy vkbZph izfrek

izLRkkouk %
xzsl gs e<sZdjksÙkj dky[kaMkrhy vkf.k
uodforsP;k izkarkrhy ,d laosnu”khy doh gks;-
e<sZdjksÙkj uodohP;k nqlÚ;k fi<hrhy ,d egRokps
doh Eg.kwu R;kaph x.kuk gksrs- ekf.kd lhrkjke xksM?kkVs
mQZ xzsl ;kauh ejkBh lkfgR;fo”okr eksykps ;ksxnku
fnys- R;kaps ikp dkO;laxzg vkf.k lkr yfyr ys[k vkbZojps furkar izse vkf.k vukdyuh;] xw<LFk oSjHkko
izdkf”kr >kys vkgsr- ^okÚ;kus gkyrs jku^ ;k R;kaP;k fnlwu ;srks- «;a-fo- ljns”keq[k ;kauk okVrs] ^vkbZi.kkps
yfyr ys[klaxzgklkBh Ra;kauk 2012 lkypk lkfgR; HkkX; fryk vki.k cgky dsys gh izkS<h cksy.;klkBh dk
vdkneh iqjLdkj ns.;kr vkyk- ^la/;kdkGP;k dfork^] gksbZuk] R;k xHkZO;wgkrwu ;k txkr vkiY;kyk lq[k#i
^panzek/kohps izns”k^] ^lka/;iokZrhy oS’.koh^] ^jktiq= ;kos ykxrs- rlk vMok izlaxp vkyk rj cGkyk ,d
vkf.k MkfYkaZx^] ^lkaTkHk;kP;k lkt.kh^] ^ckbZ!^tksfx;k “oklkpkgh mlar feGw fnyh tkr ukgh- vkbZps izk.k
iq#’k^ gs R;kaps dkO;laxzg izfl/n vkgsr- ^ppZcsy^] okpoys tkrkr- vls vlrk] vkan.k feGkysY;k thoukyk
^ferok^] ^okÚ;kus gkyrs jku^] ^vksY;k osGqph ckljh^] rqPN fHk{kk Eg.kk;yk vkbZfouk tkxk rjh dks.krh?--- vkbZ
^e`xtGkps cka/kkdke] ^la/;keXu iq#’kkph y{k.ks^] ^dkoGs iqUgk%iqUgk gjor gksrh% ;kpk vFkZ iqUgk%iqUgk rh xolr
mMkys Lokeh^ gs R;kaps yfyrys[k laxzg vkgsr- dforsr gksrh- i.k rh vkiyh vkgsp ;kpk iMrkGk d/khp feGr
izfresyk egRokps LFkku vkgs- izfrekl`’Vh gk dforspk uOgrk-^ xzslP;k dforsr vkbZfo’k;h okV.kkÚ;k vukoj
vkRek vkgs- dforsps Lo#i Eg.kts vusd izfrekauh r;kj iszekeqGs vkf.k vR;afrd }s’kkeqGs ;k ijLijfojks/kh
>kysyh ,d izfrekp vlrs vls EgVys tkrs- HkkoukaeqGs vkbZph izfrek O;feJ]tfVy] nqcksZ/k gksrs-
izfrek Eg.kts ekuoh eukP;k iVykoj xzsleqGs vkbZyk^vkbZ^ gks.;kps HkkX; ykHkys vlys rjh
izdVysyh bafnz;laos| izfrd`rh gks;- MkW- lq/khj jlkG vkbZus ek= R;kauk okRlY; fnys ukgh- vkbZP;k
;kaP;k ers] ^dforsr vki.kkl vusdnk nksu oLrqph fdaok okRlY;koj cGhpk tUefl/n gDd vlrks ijarq rks gDd
?kVukaph lk/kE;ZoS/kE;kZpk n`’Vhus rqyuk dsysyh vk<Grs vkbZusp ukdkjyk] f>Mdkjyk !
fdaok nksu oLrawe/;s fdaok ?kVuke/;s ,dkRerk tk.kowu ^vkbZus
fnyh tkrs- mike#idknh vyadkj Eg.kwu vksG[kyk f>Mdk#u fnysY;k eqyklkj[kk vukoj
tk.kkjk tks dkO;?kVd vkgs R;kykp ^izfrek^ ;k laKsus dks l Grks ; ---- ikÅl] vukoj
lacks/k.kkjk leh{kdkapk ,d oxZ vkgs^- ;kpkp vFkZ izfrek dkslGrks; !---
Eg.kts #id ok miek vyadkjkpsp nqljs #i gks;- vkbZ xsY;kuarjpk iksjdsi.kk dho letw “kdrks]
izfrek gk ,safnz; laosnusps izdVhdj.k dj.kkjk dforspk ijarq vkbZ vlwugh rh Lor%P;k eqykyk f>Mdk#u nsrs
egRokpk ?kVd vkgs- dkO;”k;k”kh lqlaxrk gk izfrespk vkgs] gh iksjdsi.kkph Hk;kudrk vukoj dksl.kkÚ;k
fud’k vlwu izfrek dforsP;k #ik”kh lqlaxr ikolklkj[kh okVrs- xzslP;k dforsr vkbZus
jkfgY;keqGs dforspk vFkZLrj mapkor tkrks- f>MdkjY;kP;k vusd vLQwV uksanh lyr jkg.kkÚ;k
^vkMokp >ksiyks vlrks vkgsr-
ehgh xHkkZ”k;kr rj ^jaxhr [ksG.kh ek>h
;sÅ fnys vlrs dk gh ns uk et [ksGk;k
rq÷;k okV;kyk ekmyhps HkkX;i.k?^ boY;k”kk ckGeqBhrwu
xzslP;k ;k iz”ukarjp xzslP;k thoukpk vkf.k ?ks dk<quh viqyh dk;k^
lexz dforspk lkjka”k vkgs dkj.k ;k iz”ukrp xzslps ?kjdkekr O;Lr vlysyh vkbZ ckGkyk

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xzsl ;kaP;k dforsrhy vkbZph izfrek VOLUME - 5 | ISSUE - 4 |NOVEMBER - 2017

xaqro.;klkBh jaxhr [ksG.;kpk ilkjk R;kP;kleksj Bsors vkf.k R;kP;k ckGeqBhrwu Lor%yk lksMowu ?ksowu ?kjdkes
vkojrs- xzslP;k ckY;koLFksr xzslph vkbZ ek= vkiY;k ckGkP;k ckGewBhrwu vkiyh dk;k dk<wu nwj dqBsrjh fu?kwu
tkrs- ckGewBhrwu vkiyh dk;k dk<wu vkbZ ckGkP;k vklikl vlysY;k vkbZP;k vfLrRokph R;kyk tkf.ko vlrsp-
xzslph vkbZ ek= ckGewBhrwu Lor%yk lksMowu ?kjkckgsj nwj dqBsrjh fu?kwu tkrs- ^vkbZ dqBs tkrs?^ ;k iz”ukph ly
?ksowu xzslph dfork vkbZpa vkbZi.k “kks/kr jkgrs- ^iGl ;k dforsr xzsl lkaxrkr]
^R;kyk Bsowu ,dVk
v”kh mBys ?kkbZus
“ksth okGy;k nsgkps R;kP;k eukr pkan.ks
?kj jk[khy r;kps
vksoh ekxpk dsoMk
ex ukxoh eh >kys
izk.kjfrfp;k pkMk^
xzslP;k laosnufo”okoj ek;sps iak?k#u ?kkyk;ps lksMwu vkbZus lrr vLoLFk dj.kkjh vlqjf{krrsph tk.kho
xzslP;k ckythokyk fnyh- u lksl.kkÚ;k nq%[kkus dohP;k vk;q’;koj iksjdsi.kkps ika?k#u ?kkrys]
^ts lkslr ukgh vlys
rw nq%[k eyk dk |kos^
la/;kdkGh vkbZps ul.ks gs xzslP;k eukoj iksjdsi.kkps o vlqjf{krrsps vksj[kkMs meVowu tkrs-
^ek>h vkbZ
la/;kdkGh d/khgh ?kjh ulk;ph^
^okV^ ;k dforsr vkbZph okV ikg.kkjk doh Eg.krks]
^eh ikgrks >kMkadMs] igkMkadMs]
rw ;s”khy Eg.kwu vkKkrkP;k ikjkojrh
,d ulysyh i.krh ykowu nsrks----
vkf.k vkbZ ulysY;k iksjklkj[ks gs ek>s
“kgk.ks MksGs] gydsp lksMwu nsrks
unhP;k izokgkr---^
vkbZ ulysY;k iksjkps “kgk.ks MksGs ;k dkO;iaDrh vFkZiw.kZ vkgsr- vkbZ ulysY;k iksjdsi.kkus R;kyk “kgk.ks
cufoys vkgs- rs “kgk.ki.k brds vkgs dh] vkbZ ;s.kkj ukgh vk/khp Bkowd vlysys lR; mjk”kh ckGxwu rks vkbZph okV
ikgr clrks- MksGs “kgk.ks vlwugh u ;s.kkÚ;k vkbZph okV c?k.;kph fujFkZd fØ;k djrkr vkf.k vkbZ ;sbZy Eg.kwu
>kMkdMs] ikgkMkadMs ikgr n`’VhP;k ifydMs vlysY;k dkyizokgkr doh “kg.ki.k vkf.k iksjdsi.k gydsp lksMwu
nsrks-
MkW- v{k;dqekj dkGs ;kauk fnysY;k eqyk[krhr xzsl ^vkbZ^ fo’k;h Eg.krkr] ^vkbZ ,drj ltZukps izrhd-
ekr`Rokps izrhdokRlY;kps izrhd v”kk lkaLÑfrd vFkkZps vkorj.k ?ksÅup vkrki;Zar ejkBh dkO;kr vorjyh
vkgs- ek>h ^vkbZ^ r”kh ukgh- “kh LVWaMl bu ek; iks,Vªh vWt v lqfize flEckWy vkWQ ,aVk;j oqeugwM fdaok ÝbZMus tks
^enj fQDls”kupk^ fl/nkar ekaMyk vkgs- R;krgh ek÷;k vkbZph izfrek pi[kyi.ks clw “kdr ukgh--- ek>h vkbZ ek>h
izs;lh- ek>h vkbZ ek÷;k lq[k nq%[kkps fpUg] ek>h vkbZ ek÷;k oklukaps Le`fr#i tkxj.k] ek>h vkbZL=h nsgkP;k
“kDrhps vafre Hk;k.k dsanz] ek>h vkbZ ek>s ØkS;Z vkf.k ek>h vkbZek>h d#.kk---^ gs fo/kku egÙoiw.kZ okVrs-
^rs Hkjrkjkps Li”kZ
?kj /kqD;kr cqMwuh tkbZ
nsgkoj nq%[k iljrs
laHkksx lq[kkus vkbZ ---^
uj vkf.k eknh lq[kkP;k ykylsus ,d= ;sr vlys rjh {k.kHkaxwj lq[kkrwu nq%[kHkksxkpk tUe gksrks- lq[kkr
nq%[kkps cht vlrs- fufeZrhr fouk”kkps cht vlrs] thoukr ej.kkps cht vlrs] ijLijkauk Nsnwu HkkodYyksG
ekto.kkÚ;k ;k fØ;k dho tk.kwu vkgs ijarq vkbZ ek= ;k oklukHkksxkdMs ^laFk rjaxr^ tkrs-
^;k iznks’k iwtslkBh

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xzsl ;kaP;k dforsrhy vkbZph izfrek VOLUME - 5 | ISSUE - 4 |NOVEMBER - 2017

rw laFk rjaxr tk”kh

eh panz [kqMk;k xsyks
“kCnkaP;k [kksy rG”kh^
vkbZ nSfgd oklukauk Fkksiow “kdr ukgh- R;k euLohuhps Lor%P;k nsgkoj brds izse vkgs dh]
^rh v”khp HkVdr jkgs
Pkkan.ks tls osYgkG
Ikljys frP;k jks[kkus
vkHkkGp jkuksekG
pks#u vesP;k jk=h
nsoGkr vkbZ xsyh
vu~ ckyi.kkoj ek÷;k
panzkph jk[k iljyh-^
xzslP;k ckY;koLFksr vkbZP;k LoSjkpkjkps ekufld vk?kkr brds vkgsr dh] “kCnkaP;k [kksy rGk”kh rs panz
[kqMk;yk tkrkr- xk;hP;k “kks/kkr okljkus gacjr jkuksekG fgaMkos rls rs vkiY;k dforsrwu v[kaMi.ks vkbZpk “kks/k
?ksr jkgrkr-
vkbZP;k okRlY;kvHkkoh vkysys iksjdsi.k gs vkbZfo’k;hP;k dfork”k;kpk Øsanzfcanw vkgs- xzsl lkaxrkr]^ vkbZ
xsY;kiklwu tks vukFki.kk vkyk vkgs rks ek= uarj thoukrY;k dks.kR;kgh ukR;kauh eksgjh ,o<k lq/nk Hk#u
fu?kkysyk ukgh- i.k R;kpcjkscj ek÷;k vaxkoj vukFki.kkps gs yDrj T;k fcanwik”kh vkbZu fHkjdkoys] R;kp
fcanwiklwu eh iGr ulrkukgh rh ek> lkj[kk ikBykx djrs vkgs- rh lrr vorhHkksorh vkgsp-^ ;ko#u xzslP;k
Hkkofo”okrhy vkbZps LFkku Li’V gksrs-
xzslP;k Hkkofo”okrhy okjk gk vkbZP;k fiz;djkps izrhd vlkos- vk’kk<kP;k dkgh dFkk ,sdk;yk xsYksY;k
eksjkpk lkjax filkjk ?ksÅu iG.kkjk okjk dohyk oSÚ;klkj[kk okVrks- xzslP;k dforsr ^okjk^ nkjkik”kh jsaxkGrks]
nkjkoj /kMdk nsrks] nkj m?kMs vlrk csHkkui.ks vkr f”kjrks- i{;kaph ?kjVh vlysyh >kMs mUeGwu ikM.kkjk] o`{kkae/;s
lSjkoSjk lkslkV;kus /kko.kkjk okjk dohyk vlqjf{krrsph Hkkouk nsrks*-
^la/;kdkGh vkbZ
nso?kjkr jMrs
frP;k inkjkP;kekxs
dsoM;kps ikrs---
vkEgh HkkoaMsgh
Hk; MksGh okxforks
pkan.;kr vkbZlkBh
okjk nkjh ;srks---^
^ikÅlxk.ks^ dforsr dohP;k eukrhy okÚ;kps Hk; vf/kd tk.kors]
^boY;k”kk i{;kaP;k MksGh
o`{k Fkcdys lkjs
vkf.k eqGkyk R;kaP;k miVs
osMs ?ksrys okjs^
dohyk uht ;srk vkbZus toG ?ksowu FkksiVkos okVrs i.k vkbZpk fiz;dj fryk ?ksÅu tkrks- ckyeukph >ksi
mMrs- ckyeukpa nq%[k ?kjkP;k fHkarhp tk.kw “kdrkr]
^gh uht ?ksÅuh ek>h
gk okjk tkrks dksBs
nxMkP;k fHkarhukgh
gs nq%[k okVrs eksBs^
vkbZ xzslPkk }s’k djhr vlyh rjh xzslus vkbZps }s’k d/kh dsyk ukgh- iqUgk iqUgk frP;k dq”khr rs okRlY;
vkf.k ckyi.k “kks/krkr-

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xzsl ;kaP;k dforsrhy vkbZph izfrek VOLUME - 5 | ISSUE - 4 |NOVEMBER - 2017

^eh iqUgk iqUgk “kks/kkok

;k dq”khr ?kaqxjokGk^
«;a-fo-ljns”keq[k ;kauk fygysY;k i=kr vkbZfo’k;h xzsl Eg.krkr] ^eh iGr ulrkukgh ek> lrr ikBykx
dj.kkjh gh ,o<hp O;Drh ek÷;k fpewVHkj vk;q’;kr- ,o<k pjpjhr }s’k dq.kh dsyk ukgh ek>k- e`R;wP;k osGh eh
frP;k MksD;k”kh tkÅu mHkk jkfgyks- eyk okVys tkrk tkrk rh ek÷;k ckikps ukao lkaxsy- vR;ar Nn~eh glwu frus
“okl lksMyk vkf.k rsOgkiklwu ;k fojkV txkr ek>k vuqoa”kkps gjoysys ygkuls ewG eh “kks/krks;^
Okjhy lanHkkZo#u xzsl ;kaP;k dforsr ;s.kkjs d.kZdaqrh ;k feFkd izfrekapk vUo;kFkZ vf/kd usedsi.kkus y{kkr
;srks- vkbZus fnysys nq%[k vkbZpk vk”khokZn letwu xzslus vk;q’;Hkj dforsrwu vkbZpk v[kaM “kks/k ?ksryk vkgs-
^eyk osGhvosGh jMk;yk ;srs rs
rs rw>s xk.ks ukgh
vkbZP;k dq”khr vk”khokZn vkgs rks !^
xzslP;k dforsr vkbZph izfrek egRoiw.kZ vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- xzslP;k dforsryh vkbZ R;kaP;k
Hkkofo”okizek.ks dkO;fo”okrgh O;kiwu vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

1- izfrek Eg.kts ekuoh eukP;k iVykoj izdVysyh bafnz;laos| izfrd`rh gks;- xzslP;k eukP;k iVykoj meVysyh
vkbZph izfrek vFkZiw.kZ vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-
2- xzslP;k vkbZus xzslP;k laosnufo”okoj ek;sps iak?k#u ?kkyk;ps lksMwu lrr vLoLFk dj.kkjh vlqjf{krrsph
tk.kho xzslP;k ckythokyk fnyh- ,dk u lksl.kkÚ;k nq%[kkus dohP;k vk;q’;koj vkbZus iksjdsi.kkps ika?k#u
?kkrY;kps tk.kors-
3- vkbZ ulysY;k iksjkps “kgk.ks MksGs ;k dkO;iaDrh vFkZiw.kZ vkgsr- vkbZ ulysY;k iksjdsi.kkus R;kyk “kgk.ks cufoys
vkgs- rs “kgk.ki.k brds vkgs dh] vkbZ ;s.kkj ukgh vk/khp Bkowd vlysys lR; mjk”kh ckGxwu rks vkbZph okV ikgr
clrks-
4- xzsl ;kaP;k dforsr ;s.kkjs d.kZdaqrh ;k feFkd izfrekapk vUo;kFkZ vf/kd usedsi.kkus y{kkr ;srks- vkbZus fnysys
nq%[k vkbZpk vk”khokZn letwu xzslus vk;q’;Hkj dforsrwu vkbZpk v[kaM “kks/k ?ksryk vkgs-
5- xzslP;k dforsryh vkbZ R;kaP;k Hkkofo”okizek.ks dkO;fo”okrgh O;kiwu vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

1- MkW- dkGs v{k;dqekj] ^xzslfo’k;h^] fot; izdk”ku] ukxiwj] 2009

2- ljns”keq[k «;a-fo-] ^/kqds vkf.k f”kYi^] lu ifCyds”kUl] 1985]
3- xzsl] ^jktiq= vkf.k MkfyZax] ves; izdk”ku] ukxiwj i-vk-1973
4- xzsl]^la/;kdkGP;k dfork^] ikWI;qyj izdk”ku] eqacbZ i-vk-1967
5- xzsl] ^ panzek/kohps izns”k^ ikWI;qyj izdk”ku] eqacbZ i-vk-1991

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