Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YC

NCMB210: MODULES 4 TO 5
COMPUTER SOFTWARE John Von Neumann (1903 – 1957)
From Module 4 - Proposed that both data and instructions could be stored in the
- Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs computer and that the instructions could be automatically
used to operate computers and related devices. carried out.
- Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer. - Stored program concept was subsequently implemented as a
- Software requires hardware, which is the physical substrate on major concept in the evolution of the computer.
which software exists and runs, and hardware is useless August 2, 1790
without software. - America’s founders decreed that a census be taken every 10
- The term software dates back to at least 1850. At that time, it years and the first census was done.
is referred to a type of garbage that would decompose, and 1860
hardware referred to garbage that would not decompose. The - Found out that manual method of processing census were
current usage dates back to at least 1958, when John W. Tukey, inadequate.
a highly influential statistician who held posts at both Joseph Jacquard
Princeton University and Bell Labs, used it in an article in the - A weaver from France and invented the Jacquard Loom
January 1958 issue of American Mathematical Monthly. Titled - Jacquard Loom - A device that uses blocks of wood with holes
the Teaching of Concrete Mathematics, he described software drilled in such a way that the threads to be woven into cloth
as the carefully planned interpretive routines, compilers, and could form a program to the loom.
other aspects of automotive programming. - The program varied the way the cloth was worked by the loom
- Software purposes: so that a particular design would be produces in the fabric.
• Translate instructions created in human language into Herman Hollerith (1860 – 1929)
machine language. - A weaver from France and invented the Jacquard Loom
• Packaged or stored software is needed to make the - Jacquard Loom - A device that uses blocks of wood with holes
computer an economic work tool. drilled in such a way that the threads to be woven into cloth
could form a program to the loom.
Types of Software - The program varied the way the cloth was worked by the loom
System Software so that a particular design would be produces in the fabric.
- System software is a program that manages and supports the Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper
computer resources and operations of a computer system while - Mother of Computing
it executes various tasks such as processing data and - Worked with the first digital mainframe computers (Mark I
information, controlling hardware components, and allowing and Mark II)
users to use application software. - Developed many concepts and mathematical foundations of
- That is, systems software functions as a bridge between computer programming science.
computer system hardware and the application software. - Debugging – checking the program to ensure that the
Basic Input and Output System (BIOS) computer is free of error.
- The BIOS software has a number of different roles, but its - Recognized that obscure assembly and machine-like
most important role is to load the operating system. When you programming languages limited access to the computer and
turn on your computer and the microprocessor tries to execute therefore the utility of the machines.
its first instruction, it has to get that instruction from - Her work formed the foundation for the first truly English-like
somewhere. It cannot get it from the operating system because language (COBOL)
the operating system is located on a hard disk, and the - Had an early vision of computers working independently and
microprocessor cannot get to it without some instructions that together so that more could be accomplished.
tell it how. The BIOS provides those instructions.
System software
Brief history of computer programming and software Operating Systems
Augusta Ada Byron (1815 – 1852) - Operating systems are the software component of a computer
- Countess of Lovelace system that is responsible for the management and
- Mathematician who described the concept of a stored coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of
computer program. the computer.
- Loop Concept - Use of automatic repetitious arithmetic steps - The operating system acts as a host for applications that are
that the analytical engine would follow to solve a problem. run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an
- First programmer in computer history. operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the
Charles Babbage (1792 – 1871) hardware.
- Invented (but never built) a device that he named the - This relieves application programs from having to manage
analytical machine. these details and makes it easier to write applications.
- It could perform mathematical functions and instructions - Almost all computers, including handheld computers, desktop
communicated the machine. computers, supercomputers, and even video game consoles,
use an operating system of some type.
- Common examples are Microsoft Windows and Linux / Unix.
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Disk Operating System (DOS) Data Base Software

- DOS is the medium through which the user and external - A database contains a list of information items that are similar
devices attached to the system communicate with the system. in format and/or nature. An example is a phone book that lists
- DOS translate the command issued by the user in the format a name, address, and phone number for each entry.
that is understandable by the computer and instruct computer - Once stored in a database, information can be retrieved in
to work accordingly. several ways, using reports and queries. For example, all the
- It also translates the result and any error message in the format names listed for a given area code could be printed out and
for the user to understand. used for a commercial mailing to that area.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) Desktop Publishing Software
- GUIs are computer program that enables a person to - This software permits the user to prepare documents by using
communicate with a computer through the use of symbols, both word-processing devices and graphics.
visual metaphors, and pointing devices. - Desktop publishing software uses word-processing software,
- The GUI has replaced the arcane and difficult textual with all its ease of entering and revising data, and supplements
interfaces of earlier computing with a relatively intuitive it with sophisticated visual features that stem from graphics
system that has made computer operation not only easier to software.
learn but more pleasant and natural. - For example, one can enhance a printed message with virtually
- The GUI is now the standard computer interface, and its any kind of illustration, such as drawings, paintings, and
components have themselves become unmistakable cultural photographs.
artifacts. Presentation Software
Utility Programs - A speaker may use presentation software to organize a slide
- A program that performs a specific task related to the show for an audience. Text, graphics, sound, and movies can
management of computer functions, resources, or files, as easily be included in the presentation. An added feature is that
password protection, memory management, virus protection, the slide show may be enhanced by inclusion of handouts with
and file compression. two to six slides printed on a page.
- Common examples are Disk Defragmenters, Application - The page may be organized to provide space for notes to be
Launchers and Web Browsers. written in by the audience as the presentation ensues.
Application Software - An example of this is Power Point. Preparation of the software
- Programs that specify the information processing activities is simplified by the use of 'wizards' that walk the user through
required for the completion of specific tasks of computer users. the creation of the presentation.
Examples Standard office software
- Most common software packages sold with computers
Classification of Application Software - Includes: Word processing, spreadsheet, presentation and
Word Processing Software database management system programs
- Writing tasks previously done on typewriters with - Open Office, Free Office, Microsoft Office Suites
considerable effort can now be easily completed with word- Content Access Software
processing software. • Web browsers
- Writing tasks such as keying in reports, letters, and tables, as - Software application for retrieving, presenting, and
well as merging documents, can be performed easily. traversing information resources on the Worldwide Web
- Documents can be easily edited and formatted. (www)
- Revisions can be made by deleting (cutting), inserting, moving - Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, Safari
(cutting and pasting), and copying data. • Media players
- Documents can be stored (saved) and opened again for - For playing back multimedia files (music, videos or both)
revisions and/or printing. Media Creation Software
- Many styles and sizes of fonts are available to make the • 3D Computer Graphics Software
document attractive. - Programs used to create 3D computer-generated imagery.
Spreadsheet Software - 3dsMax, Maya, SketchUp, Blender
- Spreadsheet software permits performance of an almost • Animation Software
endless variety of quantitative tasks such as budgeting, - Used for generating animated images by using computer
keeping track of inventory, preparing financial reports, or graphics
manipulating numbers in any fashion, such as averaging each • Graphic Art Software
of ten departmental monthly sales over a six-month period. - Used for graphic design, multimedia development,
- A spreadsheet contains cells, the intersection of rows and specialized image development, general image editing, or
columns. Each cell contains a value keyed in by the user. Cells simply to access graphic files
also contain formulas with many capabilities, such as adding, - Adobe Photoshop, Corel, GIMP
multiplying, dividing, subtracting, averaging, or even counting. • Sound Editing Software
An outstanding feature of the spreadsheets is its ability to - Designed solely or primarily for recording, editing and
recalculate automatically. playing back digital audio.
- If one were preparing a budget, for example, and wanted to - Finale, Sibelius, Audacity, Noteworthy Composer
change a variable such as an increase in salary or a change in
• Game Development Tool
amount of car payments, the formulas would automatically
- A specialized software application that assists or
recalculate the affected items and the totals.
facilitates the making of a computer or video game.
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- Game Maker, Unity, RPG Maker Categories of Programming Languages

Office Suite Software 1st level
- Office suite software puts together complete programs of Machine Language
software. A typical suite package might include word - Machine language belongs to low level programming
processing, spreadsheet, databases, and presentation software. languages. They are the most basic and can be understand
Depending on the jobs that need to be done, the suite provides directly by the computer and consist of binary numbers 1 and
the tools to make professional-looking documents. 0.
- Application programs are written in a particular programming Symbolic Language
language. - Symbolic language, on the other hand, use convenient symbols
or mnemonics.
Common Software/ Programs Utilized in the Nursing Practice Assembly Language
- In most hospitals, software used by nurses includes admission, - intermediate languages that are very close to machine
discharge and transfer (ADT) systems that help with patient language and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication
tracking and medication administration record (MAR) exhibited by other high-level languages but must still be
software. Increasingly, hospitals have added charting software translated into machine language.
that computerizes at least some parts of the nursing record. 2nd level
- Nurses also utilize common software for communication High Level Language
purposes. Some examples are as follows: - High level languages are programming languages that must
Chat Rooms first be translated into a machine language before they can be
- Chat rooms are like electronic conference calls. Multiple users understood and processed by a computer. They use traditional
can send and receive messages at the same time. mathematical symbols.
- Some chat rooms are public but private chat rooms require - Also called Compiler Languages, for these languages requires
password. a special program called a Compiler, which translates
- Chat room technology is synchronous, that is, users can programs written in particular languages into machine
connect in real time even at huge distances. language.
Social Network - Far more English-like language
- Social network refers to any number of web addresses - A single comma or letter out of place will cause the program
designed to create online communities. to crash.
- These communities can be focused around common interests, - The style and sequence of a language are called its SYNTAX.
goals, or simply away for people to interact. Non-procedural language
Electronic Bulletin Board - Are specialized application programs that requires more
- Electronic bulletin board is an early form of computer involvement of the user in directing the program to do the
conferencing but still popular nowadays. necessary work.
- They may be called discussion boards or electronic forums. - A user specifies what the program is to do, but not how the
Forums can be posted using administrative or user defined program is to perform the task.
categories. - The how is already programmed by the manufacturer of the
- Electronic bulletin board is asynchronous which means users language program.
can post messages at the time of their convenience. - Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) – A statistical
Listservs analysis program, the user enters a command that tells the
- Listservs are considered the least powerful version of the computer to compute a chi-square statistic on a particular
electronic bulletin board. The software functions more like an datasheet. The formula is already a part of the program; the
electronic mailing list. When a user post message to a board, it user does not have to tell SPSS how to calculate
is merely emailed to all members of the conference. High level procedural language (3rd Generation Language)
Fortran
Programming Languages - First high-level computer language and the progenitor of many
- A programming language is a means of communicating with key high-level concepts, such as variables, expressions,
the computer. The only language a CPU can understand is statements, iterative and conditional statements, separately
binary or machine language. compiled subroutines, and formatted input/output.
- A computer executes a sequence of instructions (a program) in Cobol
order to perform some task. In spite of much written about - First universal programming language. The first truly English-
computers being electronic brains or having artificial like language.
intelligence, it is still necessary for humans to convey this - A language that can be run on any computer makes and
sequence of instructions to the computer before the computer models.
can perform the task. - Designed for writing business programs with minimum of
- The set of instructions and the order in which they have to be time and effort
performed is known as an algorithm. C
- The result of expressing the algorithm in a programming - It was named after an earlier prototype program called simply
language is called a program. B.Most popular computer language for writing new OS and
- The process of writing the algorithm using a programming other system programs
language is called programming, and the person doing this is
the programmer.

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C ++ instructions and is generally written by a computer

- Used for a variety of applications, especially those that allows programmer.
users to interact with electronic companies through the - There are five major steps in writing any computer
Internet. program:
JAVA • Problem Definition – involves the identification of the
- Was developed by Sun Microsystems to be a relatively simple problem to be solved regarded as the most crucial step in
language that would provide portability across differing programming
computer platforms and the security needed for use on a huge, • Program Design – where the process designing takes
public network like the internet. place
- Critical for any serious web developers • Writing the Code and Program Documentation – includes
Visual Programming Languages structure and narrative documentation
- Developed to facilitate program development in graphics- • Alpha Testing – also known as desk checking where
based environments. components are checked based on the intended purpose
- Often taught to beginning programmers and design
Natural language • Beta Testing and Program Documentation – involves
- The user tells the machine what to do in the user’s own natural installation to actual user environment that signals
language or through use of a set of very English-like program implementation
commands.
- Any user could give understandable commands to the Terms
computer in his or her own word style and accent is being • Software - a general term for the various kinds of programs
performed. used to operate computers and related devices. Software can
- Voice recognition technology is integrated with the language be thought of as the variable part of a computer. Software
so that voice commands are recognized and executed requires hardware, which is the physical substrate on which
software exists and runs, and hardware is useless without
Common Programming Languages software.
Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)
• Programming language - a means of communicating with the
- BASIC is the first lingua franca of microcomputers, often
computer. The only language a CPU can understand is binary
taught to beginning programmers because it is easy to use and
or machine language.
understand and because it contains the same major concepts as
many other languages, it is thought to be more difficult.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) From Module 5
- It is a language that can be run on any computer makes and - Every functioning computer is a system; that is, it is a complex
models. It was designed for writing business programs with entity like the human body, consisting of an organized set of
minimum of time and effort interconnected components or functions that function together
- COBOL is a compiled language, are split into four divisions: as a unit to accomplish results that one part alone could not.
• Identification - The term computer system is used to describe the set of
• Environment peripherals, computer box, and the software that together
• Data perform computing functions to achieve common goal.
• Procedure - Health professionals use computer systems consisting of
Formula Translation (FORTRAN) multiple, interconnected computers that function to facilitate
- The first high-level computer language and the progenitor of the work of groups of providers and their support people in a
many key high-level concepts, such as variables, expressions, system called a network. The greatest range of functionality is
statements, iterative and conditional statements, separately realized when computers are connected to other computers in a
compiled sub-routines, and formatted input/output. network.
Pascal - A system by its nature is not random. It is orderly and
- Pascal is a compiled, structured language, built upon ALGOL, predictable in its functioning. The use of systems in computer
simplifies syntax while adding data types and structures such is based on systems theory.
as sub ranges, enumerated data types, files, records, and sets
C Systems Theory
- C is considered by many to be more a machine-independent - Systems theory provides the conceptual basis for
assembly language than a high-level language, its close understanding complex entities that consist of multiple
association with the UNIX operating system, its enormous interrelated parts working together to achieve a desired result.
popularity, and its standardization by the American National The key concepts of system theory are:
Standards Institute (ANSI) have made it perhaps the closest o Part
thing to a standard programming language in the o Interaction
microcomputer/workstation marketplace o Interdependency
o Input
Computer Programming o Output
- refers to the process of writing a computer program, which is a o Processing
series of instructions written in proper sequence to solve a o Feedback
specific problem. A program encompasses the program o Control

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The primary propositions of the theory are the following: - Feedback within system is typically used as part of a system’s
• A system takes an input on which to perform processes self-regulation function.
• The processes performed by a system on input result in - In computer system, feedback components are important
system output functions of the OS and utility programs.
• The processes in a system are subject to control forces
• Feedback is the key mechanism of control in a system Systems Classification
• A system’s parts interact in such a way that the parts are Closed System
interdependent with respect to the system’s process - defined as a system that exhibits several characteristics. A
• Impingement on one part in a system will produce effects closed system is clearly differentiated from all other systems
on the system’s processes and may produce distortions on and factors in its environment. Its boundaries are clearly
other parts of the system. defined and rigid. It has sealed boundaries that separate it from
the rest of the environment. Access to the closed system is
• Distortion in one part of a system may be a symptom of a
highly restricted, because the only inputs acceptable to the
problem in another component (secondary malfunction)
system are from another part of itself.
• Correlation of a malfunctioning part will correct the
- A closed system has to be self-sufficient, because any input
system functioning only if the malfunction was a primary
from the external environment is a threat to the integrity of a
malfunction and not a secondary malfunction
closed system. It does not need an internal source to help rid of
• Effects on the system’s processing function will affect the
its output or waste products.
system’s output
- An example of a closed system in nursing is the chest tube
• A system is more than the sum of its parts. If the parts of drainage system. The components of the system are dependent
the system will function independently, the system no to each other to achieve the common goal. If the integrity of
longer exists: the tubes will be compromised, air (an external factor) will
- The functioning of the system is different than the enter the system and the desirable results will not be realized.
functioning of its separate parts Open System
- The output of each separate parts, even if combined, - a system that exhibits integration, fluid or fuzzy boundaries
does not equal the output of the system and interaction with environments. They need not be self-
- When combined into a system, the component parts regulating although they might exhibit that characteristic. An
form an entirely new entity open system overlaps other systems and may be a subsystem
within a larger system. It is sometimes difficult to identify the
Elements of the System boundaries of an open system because boundaries are
Interdependent parts permeable to external influences rather than sealed against
- Without the interaction of the parts, the system process could them.
not occur. In computer systems, the process involves - Intrauterine circulation of the fetus is an example of an open
mathematical, logical or data transfer operations interacting system. Fetuses exhibit a certain degree of circulatory
among its components. independence but it needs interaction with the permeable
Input components of the maternal blood for nourishment, respiration
- Input is any feed from the system’s external environment. and excretion. Similarly, adults have basic needs (air, water,
- Input in a computer system may serve to initiate computer food, medication) coming from an outside source.
functioning, as when the machine is turned on and the OS is
loaded into RAM. Information Systems
Process - a set of people, procedures and resources that collects,
- Process is the activity of the system. A system perform transforms and disseminates information in an organization; a
process on its inputs to produce outputs or some sort of results. system that accepts data resources as input and processes them
- Process in a computer system can be seen in the example of a into information products as output; a system that uses the
presentation graphic system. resources of hardware, software and people to perform input,
Output processing, output, storage and control activities (key pieces)
- Output is any end product or waste produced as a result of the that transform data resources into information products; a
system process. purposefully designed system that brings data, computers,
- The output in a presentation graphic system, for example, procedures, and people together to manage information
might be an electronic file (softcopy) stored on D hard drive or important to an organization's mission.
removable storage.
Control Types of Information Systems
- Control refers to any component or activity that serves to Transaction Processing System (TPS)
prevent or correct problems or errors in a system’s input, - TPS records daily routine transactions such as diagnostic exam
process, or output. requests from clients. TPS are vital for the organization, as
- A system must function with rules and procedures. In they gather all the input necessary for other types of systems.
computer systems, variety of control facilities exists within the TPS provide the basic input to the company's database. A
OS. failure in the TPS often means disaster for the organization.
Feedback Knowledge Work System (KWS)
- is the output from one part of the system process that serves as - KWS supports highly skilled knowledge workers in the
input to another part of the system process. creation and integration of new knowledge into the company.

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Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems, for example, used by - Track the accuracy of is predictions and judgments and alter
product designers not only allow them to easily make its own decision-making rules, based on new knowledge it
modifications without having to redraw the entire object (just generates for itself.
like word processors for documents), but also enable them to Natural Language System
test the product without having to build physical prototypes. - Used to recognize and process human speech (voice) and/ or
Office Automation System (OAS) handwriting.
- OAS support general hospital work for handling and managing
documents and facilitating communication. Text and image Hospital Information Systems
processing systems evolved from word processors to desktop - Hospital information systems (HIS) is a computer system that
publishing, enabling the creation of professional documents is designed to manage all the hospital’s medical and
with graphics and special layout features. administrative information in order to enable health
- Spreadsheets, presentation packages like powerpoint, personal professional perform their jobs effectively and efficiently.
database systems and note-taking systems (appointment book, - Hospital information systems were first developed in the
notepad, cardfile) are part of OAS. 1960s and have been an essential part in hospital information
Management Information System (MIS) management and administration.
- MIS generates information for monitoring performance (e.g. - Early systems consisted of large central computers connected
productivity information) and maintaining coordination (e.g. to dumb terminals, which are now being replaced by
between purchasing and accounts payable). networked microcomputers. The systems were used to manage
- MIS extract process and summarize data from the TPS and patient finance and hospital inventory. An excellent example
provide periodic (weekly, monthly, quarterly) reports to of HIS is the new Microsoft Amalga.
administrators (e.g. hospital managers, nurse managers).
Decision Support System (DSS) Microsoft Amalga Hospital Information System (HIS)
- DSS supports analytical work in semi-structured or - the new version of Hospital 2000, is a state-of-the-art,
unstructured situations. They enable managers to answer integrated hospital information system designed to meet the
"What if?" questions by providing powerful models and tools needs of developing and emerging markets. Amalga HIS
(simulation, optimization) to evaluate alternatives (e.g. delivers a complete, agile hospital information system that is
evaluating alternative care plans). flexible, affordable and intuitive. This scalable, integrated
- DSS are user-friendly and highly interactive. Although they HIS:
use data from the TPS and MIS, they also allow the inclusion o Manages all hospital functions with one affordable,
of new data, often from external sources, such as current share integrated solution
prices or prices of competitors. o Helps improve operational efficiency, care quality and
Executive Support System (ESS) patient experience by providing staff with a single,
- provide a generalized computing and communication customized view of healthcare information
environment to senior managers to support strategic decisions. o Helps improve care quality and the patient experience by
- They draw data from the MIS and allow communication with providing clinicians with a single, customizable view of
external sources of information. But unlike DSS, they are not patient data across all encounters to enable more informed
designed to use analytical models for specific problem solving. decision-making and faster throughput.
- ESS is designed to facilitate senior managers' access to
information quickly and effectively. Program Modules of HIS
Bibliographic retrieval system - HIS offers variety of administrative applications. Clinical
- Retrieval system that generally refers to bibliographic data, support programs are increasingly being viewed as the
document information, or literature. critically important modules in an HIS.
Stand-alone, Dedicated, or Turnkey System - Semi clinical Modules
- A special purpose system designed for a single application or Order-Entry System
set of functions. - Its main function is to monitor and sometimes control the flow
Physiologic Monitoring System (PMS) of patients in a hospital from admission to discharge.
- monitor vital physiologic parameters so that clinicians can be Order-Entry-Results Reporting Module (OE)
informed of changes in a patient's condition. They typically - OE is almost always available in all HIS. This enables the staff
consist of several distinct components, including a central to enter laboratory, pharmacy and radiology orders, results and
station, bedside monitors, and ambulatory telemetry reports online.
transmitters and receivers.
Decision support system Clinical Modules
- Work with the user to support, but not replace, human Charting Systems
judgment in a decision-making situation. - Usually included are the medication reports, admission
Expert system assessment, shift assessment, special assessments and some
- Designed for users to stimulate cause and effect reasoning that elements of the nursing care plan. Charting systems are
an expert would use if confronted with the same situation in a variable due to lack of universally implemented standard
real live environment. nursing language.
Artificial Intelligence System Point of Service Systems (POS)
- Attempts to model human reasoning processes. - POS are special type of clinical system that uses hand-held or
bedside PC to ensure that the data are entered at the point at

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which they are collected. Placement of POS workstations is an

issue among healthcare institutions.
Laboratory, Pharmacy and Radiology Modules
- Shows laboratory, pharmacy and radiology data. Some are
equipped with warnings and standards for comparison and
critical assessment.

Network Systems
- A network is a set of interconnected computers that through
the hardware and software technology, work cooperatively for
the purpose of information and application program
interchange.
- The central concept of network science is cooperation. All
computers in a network must function in an interdependent
way. Moreover, it must have software that can interpret the
signals it receives and a set of communication rules. The rules
are written into system software programs called protocols or
networking software.
- Network systems are keys to the effective functioning of most
hospital computer systems.
- Types of Networks:
• Local Area Network (LAN) - The computers are
geographically close together (that is, in the same
building).
• Wide Area Network (WAN) - The computers are farther
apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.
• Campus Area Network (CAN) - The computers are within
a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military
base.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - A data network
designed for a town or city.
• Home Area Networks (HAN) - A network contained
within a user's home that connects a person's digital
devices.

Terms
• Computer System - is used to describe the set of peripherals,
computer box, and the software that together perform
computing functions to achieve common goal.
• Information Systems (IS) - a set of people, procedures and
resources that collects, transforms and disseminates
information in an organization; a system that accepts data
resources as input and processes them into information
products as output; a system that uses the resources of
hardware, software and people to perform input, processing,
output, storage and control activities (key pieces) that
transform data resources into information products; a
purposefully designed system that brings data, computers,
procedures, and people together to manage information
important to an organization's mission.
• Hospital information systems (HIS) - a computer system that
is designed to manage all the hospital’s medical and
administrative information in order to enable health
professional perform their jobs effectively and efficiently.
• Network - a set of interconnected computers that through the
hardware and software technology, work cooperatively for the
purpose of information and application program interchange.

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