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Macroeconomics builds on the strengths that have underlined the text’s enduring appeal over
                                                                                                                                    Macroeconomics
         the years. The eleventh edition features updated content, including new research and data,
         with a focus on the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
            The text is divided into five parts, each charting a different core topic. It begins with a focus
         on productivity and savings, moves on to short-run economic fluctuations, and finally delves
                                                                                                                                                      Macroeconomics
         into the issues and institutions of policymaking. It also includes review questions and problem
         sets that allow students to apply their knowledge and test their understanding.
                                                                                                                                     ELEVENTH
                                                                                                                                      EDITION
         • The discussion of the COVID-19 pandemic covers its impact on savings, labor supply,
           unemployment rates, and consumption spending.
         • The end-of-chapter Working with Macroeconomic Data questions give students
           hands-on experience in engaging with data to help them understand macroeconomic theory.
         Available separately for purchase is MyLab™ Economics for Macroeconomics, the teaching
         and learning platform that empowers instructors to personalize learning for every student.
                                                                                                                                   Croushore
                                                                                                                                   Bernanke
                                                                                                                                   Abel
         When combined with Pearson’s trusted educational content, this optional suite helps deliver
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                                            Andrew B. Abel
                                            The Wharton School of the
                                            University of Pennsylvania
                                            Ben S. Bernanke
                                            Brookings Institution
                                            Dean Croushore
                                            Robins School of Business
                                            University of Richmond
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The rights of Andrew B. Abel, Ben S. Bernanke, and Dean Croushore to be identified as the authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Macroeconomics , 11th Edition, ISBN 978-0-13-787603-7 by
Andrew B. Abel, Ben S. Bernanke, and Dean Croushore, published by Pearson Education © 2024.
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                                        Ben S. Bernanke
                                        Brookings Institution
                                        Ben Bernanke is currently Distinguished Fellow in Residence with the Economic Studies
                                        Program at the Brookings Institution. From February 2006 to January 2014, he was
                                        Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Before that, he served
                                        as Chair of the President’s Council of Economic Advisors from June 2005 to January 2006
                                        and was a Governor of the Federal Reserve System from August 2002 to June 2005. Prior to
                                        his work in public service, he was the Howard Harrison and Gabrielle Snyder Beck
                                        Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University. He received his B.A. in
                                        economics from Harvard University summa cum laude—capturing both the Allyn Young
                  Prize for best Harvard undergraduate economics thesis and the John H. Williams prize for outstanding senior in
                  the Economics Department. Like coauthor Abel, he holds a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
                     Bernanke began his career at the Stanford Graduate School of Business in 1979. In 1985, he moved to
                  Princeton University, where he served as chair of the Economics Department from 1995 to 2002. He has twice
                  been visiting professor at MIT and once at New York University, and has taught in undergraduate, M.B.A.,
                  M.P.A., and Ph.D. programs. He has authored more than 60 publications in macroeconomics, macroeconomic
                  history, and finance.
                     Bernanke has served as a visiting scholar and advisor to the Federal Reserve System. He is a Guggenheim
                  Fellow and a Fellow of the Econometric Society. He has also been variously honored as an Alfred P. Sloan Research
                  Fellow, a Hoover Institution National Fellow, a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellow, and a Research
                  Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. In 2022, he was one of the winners of the Nobel Prize in
                  Economics for his research on banks and financial crises, which helped lay the foundations for financial market
                  regulation. He has served as editor of the American Economic Review.
                                Dean Croushore
                                Robins School of Business, University of Richmond
                              Dean Croushore is professor of economics and Rigsby Fellow at the University of Richmond.
                              He received his A.B. from Ohio University and his Ph.D. from Ohio State University.
                                  Croushore began his career at Pennsylvania State University in 1984. After teaching for
                              5 years, he moved to the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, where he was vice president
                              and economist. His duties during his 14 years at the Philadelphia Fed included heading the
                              macroeconomics section, briefing the bank’s president and board of directors on the state of the
                              economy and advising them about formulating monetary policy, writing articles about the
                              economy, administering two national surveys of forecasters, and researching current issues in
       monetary policy. In his role at the Fed, he created the Survey of Professional Forecasters (taking over the defunct
       ASA/NBER survey and revitalizing it) and developed the Real-Time Data Set for Macroeconomists.
          Croushore returned to academia at the University of Richmond in 2003. The focus of his research in recent years
       has been on forecasting and how data revisions affect monetary policy, forecasting, and macroeconomic research.
       Croushore’s publications include articles in many leading economics journals and a textbook on money and banking.
       He is associate editor of several journals and a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia and an
       adjunct associate professor in the business school at Columbia University.
                              PART 1    Introduction
                                    1   Introduction to Macroeconomics   31
                                    2   The Measurement and Structure of the National Economy   52
                              Glossary  661
                              Name Index  673
                              Subject Index  675
              Application: The Gig Economy in the ASEAN                  Application: Measuring the Effects of Taxes on
              Nations  114                                               Investment  164
              The Labor Supply Curve   115                               From the Desired Capital Stock to Investment   166
              Aggregate Labor Supply   116                               Investment in Inventories and Housing   168
                                                                         In Touch with Data and Research: Investment and the
       3.4    Labor Market Equilibrium  117
                                                                         Stock Market  169
              Full-Employment Output   119
              Application: Output, Employment, and the Real Wage   4.3   Goods Market Equilibrium  171
              During Oil Price Shocks   119                              The Saving–Investment Diagram   172
                                                                         Application: Macroeconomic Consequences of the
       3.5    Unemployment  121
                                                                         Boom and Bust in Stock Prices   176
              Measuring Unemployment   121
              Changes in Employment Status   122                         CHAPTER SUMMARY AND PROBLEMS   180
              In Touch with Data and Research: Labor Market Data   Appendix 4.A: A Formal Model of Consumption and
              in Kazakhstan  122                                   Saving  188
              How Long Are People Unemployed?   123
                                                                    5
              Application: Unemployment During the European
              Debt Crisis  125                                           Saving and Investment in the Open
              Why There Always Are Unemployed People   126               Economy  205
              In Touch with Data and Research: Alternative         5.1   Balance of Payments Accounting  206
              Measures of the Unemployment Rate   128
                                                                         The Current Account   206
              Application: Recent Trends in Labor Supply   129
                                                                         In Touch with Data and Research: The Balance of
       3.6    Relating Output and Unemployment: Okun’s                   Payments Accounts in Malaysia   208
              Law  130                                                   The Financial Account   209
              CHAPTER SUMMARY AND PROBLEMS   133                         The Relationship Between the Current Account and
                                                                         the Financial Account   210
       Appendix 3.A: The Growth Rate Form of Okun’s                      Net Foreign Assets and the Balance of Payments
       Law  141                                                          Accounts  212
                                                                         Application: The United States as International
         4
                                                                         Debtor  213
              Consumption, Saving, and
                                                                   5.2   Goods Market Equilibrium in an Open
              Investment  142
                                                                         Economy  215
       4.1    Consumption and Saving  143
                                                                   5.3   Saving and Investment in a Small Open
              The Consumption and Saving Decision of an
                                                                         Economy  217
              Individual  144
                                                                         The Effects of Economic Shocks in a Small Open
              Effect of Changes in Current Income   145
                                                                         Economy  220
              Effect of Changes in Expected Future
              Income  146                                          5.4   Saving and Investment in Large Open
              Application: The Impact of the Pandemic Recession          Economies  221
              of 2020 on Consumption   147                               Application: The Impact of Globalization on the U.S.
              Effect of Changes in Wealth   148                          Economy  223
              Effect of Changes in the Real Interest Rate   149          Application: Recent Trends in the U.S. Current
              Fiscal Policy   151                                        Account Deficit  225
              In Touch with Data and Research: Interest            5.5   Fiscal Policy and the Current Account  227
              Rates  152                                                 The Critical Factor: The Response of National
              Application: How Investors Respond to Tax                  Saving  227
              Incentives  156                                            The Government Budget Deficit and National
       4.2    Investment  158                                            Saving  228
              The Desired Capital Stock   158                            Application: The Twin Deficits   229
              Changes in the Desired Capital Stock   161                 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND PROBLEMS   232
                  12 Unemployment and Inflation  487                         13.3 The IS–LM Model for an Open Economy  537
                                                                                  The Open-Economy IS Curve   537
                  12.1 Unemployment and Inflation: Is There a                     Factors That Shift the Open-Economy IS
                       Trade-Off?  487                                            Curve  540
                       The Expectations-Augmented Phillips Curve   490            The International Transmission of Business
                       The Shifting Phillips Curve   493                          Cycles  542
                  12.2 Macroeconomic Policy and the Phillips                 13.4 Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy with
                       Curve  498                                                 Flexible Exchange Rates  543
                         In Touch with Data and Research: The Lucas               A Fiscal Expansion   543
                         Critique  499                                            A Monetary Contraction   546
                         The Long-Run Phillips Curve   500
                                                                             13.5 Fixed Exchange Rates  549
                  12.3 The Problem of Unemployment  501                           Fixing the Exchange Rate   549
                       The Costs of Unemployment   501                            Monetary Policy and the Fixed Exchange
                       The Long-Term Behavior of the Unemployment                 Rate  552
                       Rate  502                                                  Fixed Versus Flexible Exchange Rates   555
                  12.4 The Problem of Inflation  504                              Currency Unions   555
                       The Costs of Inflation   505                               Application: Is Either the United States or Europe an
                                                                                  Optimum Currency Area?   557
                         In Touch with Data and Research: Indexed
                         Contracts  507                                           Application: European Monetary Unification   558
                                                                                  CHAPTER SUMMARY AND PROBLEMS   561
                  12.5 Fighting Inflation: The Role of Inflationary
                       Expectations  509                                     Appendix 13.A: Worked-Out Numerical Exercise for
                         In Touch with Data and Research: The Sacrifice      the Open-Economy IS–LM Model  567
                         Ratio  511
                                                                             Appendix 13.B: An Algebraic Version of the
                         The U.S. Disinflation of the 1980s and 1990s  513
                                                                             Open-Economy IS–LM Model  570
                         CHAPTER SUMMARY AND PROBLEMS   515
       14.2 Monetary Control in the United States  578                 15.3 Government Deficits and Debt  629
            The Federal Reserve System   578                                The Growth of the Government Debt   629
            The Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet   579                       Application: Social Security in the United Kingdom:
            Open-Market Operations   580                                    How Can It Be Fixed?   631
            Reserve Requirements   580                                      The Burden of the Government Debt on Future
            Discount Window Lending   581                                   Generations  633
              Application: The Lender of Last Resort   582                  Budget Deficits and National Saving: Ricardian
              Interest Rate on Reserves   583                               Equivalence Revisited   634
              New Monetary Policy Tools Developed in the Great              Departures from Ricardian Equivalence   637
              Recession  583                                                In Touch with Data and Research: Measuring the
                                                                            Impact of Government Purchases on the
              Application: Is There Really a Zero Lower Bound?   584
                                                                            Economy  638
              Application: The Financial Crisis of 2008: Some
              Implications for the Global Economy   588                15.4 Deficits and Inflation  640
              Monetary Policy in Response to the Pandemic of                The Deficit and the Money Supply   640
              2020  589                                                     Real Seignorage Collection and Inflation   642
       14.3 Setting Monetary Policy Targets  590                            CHAPTER SUMMARY AND PROBLEMS   646
            Targeting the Federal Funds Rate   590
                                                                       Appendix 15.A: The Debt–GDP Ratio  651
            Monetary Policy with Abundant Reserves   594
       14.4 Making Monetary Policy in Practice  596
            Lags in the Effects of Monetary Policy   596               Appendix A:
            Conducting Monetary Policy Under Uncertainty   598
                                                                       Some Useful Analytical Tools  653
       14.5 The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Rules Versus
                                                                       A.1 Functions and Graphs  653
            Discretion  600
            The Monetarist Case for Rules   601                        A.2 Slopes of Functions  654
            Rules and Central Bank Credibility   603                   A.3 Elasticities  655
            The Taylor Rule   604                                      A.4 Functions of Several Variables  656
            Other Ways to Achieve Central Bank Credibility   607       A.5 Shifts of a Curve  656
              Application: Inflation Targeting  607
                                                                       A.6 Exponents  657
              CHAPTER SUMMARY AND PROBLEMS   609                       A.7 Growth Rate Formulas  657
                                                                       Problems  658
  "Kaiketi nyt ensin tuonne mäelle, kun eivät onkeni vielä ole
kunnossa."
   Sen sijaan Katri jo oli käynyt talosta tinkimässä minkä mitäkin illan
tarpeiksi. Muhkealta kanalta oli hän sitte armotta kaulan katkaissut ja
istui nyt puuliiterissä saalistansa höyhentämässä ja kynimässä.
   "Mitä minä huolin kellosta. Miina, vie pois lapset!" Miina tietysti
totteli eikä lehtori lasten tähden ruvennut peruuttamaan rouvansa
käskyä.
  Mari kantoi ulos kaksi tuolia ja ilmoitti samalla, että aamiainen oli
valmis.
  Rouva Lajunen joutui hämilleen. Kuinka nyt selvitä vieraista?
  Väittelyä kesti vielä kauankin ja siinä tuli ilmi, että rehtori ei ollut
ikänänsä vielä pitänyt kädessään kirvestä, eipä edes
partaveistäkään, jonka tähden hän nytkin aikoi antaa partansa
kasvaa syksyyn asti, ja että rouva Lajunen ompelutti Miinalla kiinni
kaikki ratkenneet hakasensa, puhumattakaan lasten napeista, joiden
kunnossa pito tietysti oli Miinan asia; mutta tuota työttömyyttään
rouva sentään tuntui vähän ikään kuin häpeävän, kun näet oli
lueskellessaan huomannut nykyajan vaativan työtä ja tointa
jokaiselta, ken tahtoi pystyssä pysyä. Rehtori sitä vastoin aivan
kerskailemalla julisteli suoraan kaiken muun työn halveksimistansa
kuin opin taonnan poikain päähän.
   Rehtori oli aivan sulaa kiittelemisiinsä ja söi kuin aika mies. Sen
sijaan lehtori näytti vähän neuvottomalta, ja rouva Streng, mitään
virkkamatta, ainoastaan vähän maistoi kutakin lajia.
  "Et siis aio joskus tarjota parempaakin kuin eilen, jos minä
tahdon."
III.
  Sen sijaan rouva Lajunen aivan oli ikävään menehtyä. Ensi päivät
hän koetti makaella — tekeehän kostea ilma ihmisen uneliaammaksi
— mutta eipä se sekään ajan pitkään oikein sujunut.
  Rouva nyt ensin ihastui, että sai niin hyvän tilaisuuden uudistaa
vanhoja tuttavuuksia ässäin, kuningasten ja rouvain kanssa. Kauan
näet oli hän niitä saanut kaivata, hänen miehensä kun ei kärsinyt
kortteja talossaan, eikä niitä myöskään naisien seuroissa näkynyt
siinä piirissä, jossa he nyt eleskelivät.
  Tällä välin oli rouva Streng kaatanut kahvia ja rouva Lajunen purki
koristansa kaikenlaista kahvileipää, huulet omituisessa hymyssä.
   Kaloja oli kertynyt siksi paljo, että niistä riitti jakaakin. Rouva
Streng itse kantoi osansa kotiin, jota vastoin rouva Lajunen vasta
pitkän lunastuksen jälkeen jätti saman sopimattoman työn miehensä
tehtäväksi sitte, kuin hän ensin ripusti verkot haarukkeihinsa.
  "Mikäs vaara siinä olisi ollut, kun minä ammensin pois veden",
kehui rehtori urhotyötään. "Ja muuten siinä oli odottamaton
hauskuutensakin. Aamiainen ei ole pitkään aikaan maistunut niin
hyvin kuin nyt, vaikka olikin aikainen."