Recombinant DNA
Technology
A PROJECT REPORT IN BIOLOGY (044)
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
COMPLETION OF
CBSE 2024-2025
BY Ashutosh Trivedi
Under the supervision
of Mr. Vijay Nishad
TGT Biology
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ASHUTOSH
TRIVEDI of class 12 has
successfully completed the project
work on Biology for class XII CBSE
practical examination of the Central
Board of Secondary Education in the
year 2024- 2025. It is further certified
that this project is the individual work
of the candidate.
Internal Examiner External
Examiner Signature Signature
Mr.A.B. Saxena
Principal
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my Biology teacher,
Mr.Vijay Nishad for guiding me
throughout this project work. I should
also thank our lab assistant who helped
me to line up the project and helped
me with practical work.
A special acknowledgement goes to our
Principal Mr. A.B. Saxena who gave me
the golden opportunity of this
wonderful project, which also helped
me in doing a lot of research and I
came to know about so many new
things.
I wish to thank my parents as well for
their support and encouragement
without which I could not have
completed this project in the limited
time frame.
In the end, I want to thank my friends
who displayed appreciation for my work
and motivated me to continue my work.
INDEX
Sr Heading Page
No. No.
1 Introduction 1
2 DNA Cloning 2
3 Tools Of 3
Recombinant
DNA
Technology
4 Process of 4
Recombinant
DNA
Technology
5 Application of 5
Recombinant
DNA
Technology
6 Applications 6
Of Gene
Cloning
7 How does rDNA 7
works
8 Products of 8
rDNA
10 Bibliography 10
Introduction
What is recombinant DNA technology?
Recombinant DNA technology is the joining
together of DNA molecules from two different
species. The recombined DNA molecule is
inserted into a host organism to produce new
genetic combinations that are of value to
science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
When was the recombinant DNA
technology was invented?
The possibility for recombinant DNA
technology emerged with the discovery of
restrictin enzymes in 1968 by Swiss
microbiologist Werner Arber.
How recombinant DNA technology is useful?
Through recombinant DNA techniques,
bacteria have been created that are capable
of synthesizing human insulin, human growth
hormone, alpha interferon, hepatitis B
vaccine, and other medically useful
substances. Recombinant DNA technology
also can be used for gene therapy, in which a
normal
gene is introduced into an individual’s genome
in order to repair a mutation that causes a
genetic disease.
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DNA Cloning
In biology a clone is a group of individual
cells or organisms descended from one
progenitor. This means that the members of
a clone are genetically identical, because cell
replication produces identical daughter cells
each time. The use of the word clone has
been extended to recombinant DNA
technology, which has provided scientists
with the ability to produce many copies of a
single fragment of DNA, such as a gene,
creating identical copies that constitute a
DNA clone.
2
Tools Of Recombinant DNA
Technology
The enzymes which include the restriction
enzymes help to cut, the polymerases- help to
synthesize and the ligases- help to bind. The
restriction enzymes used in recombinant DNA
technology play a major role in determining
the location at which the desired gene is
inserted into the vector genome. They are two
types, namely Endonucleases and
Exonucleases.
The Endonucleases cut within the DNA
strand whereas the Exonucleases remove
the nucleotides from the ends of the
strands. The restriction endonucleases are
sequence-specific which are usually
palindrome sequences and cut the DNA at
specific points.
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Process of Recombinant DNA
Technology
Step-1. Isolation of Genetic Material.
The first and the initial step in Recombinant
DNA technology is to isolate the desired DNA
in its pure form i.e. free from other
macromolecules.
Step-2.Cutting the gene at the recognition sites.
The restriction enzymes play a major role in
determining the location at which the desired
gene is inserted into the vector genome.
These reactions are called ‘restriction
enzyme digestions’.
Step-3. Amplifying the gene copies through
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
It is a process to amplify a single copy of DNA
into thousands to millions of copies once the
proper gene of interest has been cut using the
restriction enzymes.
Step-4. Ligation of DNA Molecules.
In this step of Ligation, joining of the two
pieces – a cut fragment of DNA and the vector
together with the help of the enzyme DNA
ligase.
Step-5. Insertion of Recombinant DNA Into Host.
In this step, the recombinant DNA is
introduced into a recipient host cell. This
process is termed
as Transformation. Once after the insertion of
the recombinant DNA into the host cell, it
gets multiplied and is expressed in the form of the
manufactured protein under optimal conditions.
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Application of Recombinant DNA
Technology
DNA technology is also used to detect the presence
of HIV in a person.
Gene Therapy – It is used as an attempt to
correct the gene defects which give rise to
heredity diseases.
Clinical diagnosis – ELISA is an example
where the application of recombinant
Recombinant DNA technology is widely used
in Agriculture to produce genetically-modified
organisms such as Flavr Savr tomatoes,
golden rice rich in proteins, and Bt-cotton to
protect the plant against ball worms and a lot
more.
In the field of medicines, Recombinant
DNA technology is used for the production
of Insulin.
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Applications Of Gene Cloning
Gene Cloning plays an important role in
the medicinal field. It is used in the
production of hormones, vitamins and
antibiotics.
Gene cloning finds its applications in the
agricultural field. Nitrogen fixation is carried
out by cyanobacteria wherein desired genes
can be used to enhance the productivity of
crops and improvement of health. This
practice reduces the use of fertilizers hence
chemical-free produce is generated
It can be applied to the science of identifying
and detecting a clone containing a particular
gene which can be manipulated by growing in
a controlled environment
It is used in gene therapy where a faulty gene
is replaced by the insertion of a healthy gene.
Medical ailments such as leukaemia and sickle
cell anaemia can be treated with this
principle.
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How does rDNA work?
Recombinant DNA works when the host
cell expresses protein from the
recombinant genes.
A significant amount of recombinant protein will not
be produced by the host unless expression
factors are added. Protein expression depends
upon the gene being surrounded by
a collection of signals which provide
instructions for the transcription and
translation
of the gene by the cell. These signals include
the promoter, the ribosome binding
site, and the terminator. Expression vectors, in
which the foreign DNA is inserted,
contain these signals. Signals are species
specific. In the case of E. Coli, these signals
must be E. Coli signals as E. Coli is unlikely to
understand the signals of human promoters
and terminators.
Problems are encountered if the gene
contains introns or contains signals which
act
as terminators to a bacterial host. This results
in premature termination, and the
recombinant protein may not be processed
correctly, be folded correctly, or may even be
degraded.
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Bibliography
https://www.britannica.com/science/
recombinant- DNA-technology
https://byjus.com/biology/recombinant-
dna- technology/
https://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/
Biotech-
Environ/Projects00/rdna/rdna.html
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