Parts of Speech

Kabir Sir
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Nouns
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.

Types of Nouns
You always write a proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing. Such
as, Bangladesh, Tradition
A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense. Such as teacher, boy
A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight,
taste, hearing, or smell.
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you cannot perceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite
of a concrete noun, such as, liberty, love or justice.
A countable noun (or count noun) is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that you can
count.
A non-countable noun (or mass noun) is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you could
(or would) not usually count, such as, oxygen, furniture or gravel.
A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons, such as, flock, jury, committee or class.

Circle all the nouns in the following sentences.

1. The announcer said that the bus for Dhaka would leave in thirty minutes.
2. Mr. Hasib was in college with my father.
3. Josef wanted to change the ribbon on his typewriter, but the ribbon would not cooperate.
4. There was a scream of skidding tires and then a metallic thud, followed by the sound of broken glass.
5. Bulbul and his brother crossed the continent in their old car last summer.

Pronouns
A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences
less bulky and less dull.

Types Of pronouns
Personal Pronouns: I, We, You, He, She, They
Demonstrative Pronouns: This, These, That, Those, Such
Distributive Pronouns: Each, Everyone, Either, Neither
Reciprocal Pronouns: Each other, One another
Interrogative Pronouns: What, Who, Which, Whom, Whose, Why, When, How, Where
Reflexive Pronouns: Myself, Ourselves, Yourself, Thyself, Yourselves, Himself, Herself, Itself, Themselves
Indefinite Pronouns: One, some, any, many, none, both
Relative Pronouns: Who, Which, That, Whose, Whom, What
Underline the pronouns.
1. The doctor told the boys that they could use his boat.
2. Bulbul, your father wants you to call him.
3. Helen and Karen finished the test first; they found it easy.
4. The long run brought the crowd to its feet.
5. I phoned each of the numbers but failed to contact any of you.

Adjectives
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun
or the pronoun which it modifies. কেমন
Underline the adjectives.
1. The old house had been empty for several years.
2. The second team played during the last quarter.
3. The new coach seems pleasant and competent.
4. The old elephant was suffering from a bad toothache.
5. A magnetic field surrounds the entire earth.
Verbs
A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The
verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence.
Helping Verbs
You construct a compound verb out of a helping verb and another verb. The most common helping verbs are:
Am, is, are, was, were = to be verb
Have, has, had = to have verb
Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, need, dare, is to, am to, are to, was to, were to, used to,
Have to, has to, had to, Had better, would rather = modals

Underline the verbs in the following sentences.

1. The band uniforms finally arrived just before Christmas.
2. The trainer stepped into the cage of the wounded lion.
3. The class has a very good attendance record.
4. Jack walked unsteadily to the stage.
5. The author tells of his childhood.

Adverbs
An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or
degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much".

1. Adverb of Manner: Adjective + ly: Nicely, usually, naturally, usefully, hopefully, carelessly
2. Adverb of Time : Now, then, once, often, sometimes, never, yesterday, today, tomorrow, regularly,
always, ever, suddenly, soon
3. Adverb of Place : Here, there, up, over, above, bottom, under, down, below, beside, behind, forward, top

Underline the adverbs and identify the words they modify.

1. The bus almost always arrives late.
2. The class worked hard and successfully on the project.
3. The car usually starts on cold mornings.
4. The streets have become crowded recently.
5. The auditorium was soon filled.

Prepositions
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. Some common prepositions are: at, under, over, of,
to, in, out, beneath, beyond, for, among, after, before, within, down, up, during, without, with, outside, inside, beside, between, by,
on, out, from, until, toward, throughout, across, above, about, around.

Find the prepositions and their objects.

1. The truck was stopped at the border and searched for arms.
2. During the centuries, the continents have been drifting apart.
3. He jumped to the stage and screamed at the astonished audience.
4. By practicing writing, you can improve your writing.
5. After the game, the crowd rushed for the goal posts.

Conjunctions
You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses.
You use a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet) to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses.
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent
clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). The most common subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, because, before,
how, if, unless, once, since, than, that, though, until, when, where, whether, while.
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common
correlative conjunctions are: both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, so...as, whether...or.
Underline the conjunctions.
1. Neither the speeches nor the music was very exciting.
2. Both the Japanese and the Italian delegates opposed the attack.
3. The search party worked quickly and carefully.
4. The policeman beckoned us forward, but we could not move.
5. Although the odds were against him, Washing drove forward.

Interjection
Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence - usually at the start - to
express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement or enthusiasm.

Such as: Hurrah, Alas, Ah, Oh, Ha, Bravo, Fie, Hallo, Humph, Hess (Suspect), Hark, Hush (attention), Tut (annoyance), Wow

Mastery Test for Parts of Speech

Identify each underlined word.

1. They attended the concert last weekend.
2. Several cats ran into Rob’s garage.
3. The truck driver delivered the packages quickly.
4. Fast runners won all the awards at the track meet.
5. My friends and I walked home after school.
6. I wanted a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch yesterday.
7. She was counting the ballots during social studies class.
8. Hey! That is my seat.
9. Will they finish the test on time?
10. The diagram was pretty complicated for us.
11. He will practice his musical piece soon.
12. Reggie saw the awesome sight from the air.
13. Her sister is the oldest member of the group.
14. Check the score, Tom.
15. Will the students be able to find the answer by themselves?
16. Are you sure of yourself?
17. They slowly carried the couch down the stairs.
18. Can you see beyond the hills from the top of the tower?
19. Hurrah! Our team has finally scored a touchdown.
20. The troop had been scattered throughout the woods.
 Verbs
Kabir Sir
01922331005

Verbs are the most important component of any sentence. These words talk about the action or the state of any noun or subject.
This means that verbs show what the subject is doing or what is the state or situation of the subject.

Verbs can be classified in several ways.

Transitive verbs
These Action Verbs have a definite object on which, or for which the action is being performed. That means that the action has a
definite recipient or object. To identify them you can ask the question what is the/did the subject -verb-?
The explosion sank the ship.
Rose is painting the kitchen walls.

Intransitive verbs
These verbs also show an action but here there is no specific object on which the action is being done. To recognize these verbs, we
ask the question what is the/did the subject -verb-? If there is no answer present, then the verb in the sentence is an Intransitive
Verb.
The ship sank. (Intransitive)
Rose is painting right now. (Intransitive)

Note that most verbs can be both transitive and intransitive.

Some verbs can take a direct object and an indirect object. These verbs are sometimes called ditransitive verbs. Of course, this is
not a term you will hear every day.
‘Loud music gives me a headache.’
In the example given above, the verb gives has two objects – me and headache.

Verbs can also be classified as finite or non-finite.

Non-Finite Verbs
These verbs cannot be the main verb of a clause or sentence as they do not talk about the action that is being performed by the
subject or noun. They do not indicate any tense, mood or gender. They are used as nouns, adverbs and adjectives. They are also
used to form non-finite clauses which are simply dependent clauses that use non-finite verbs.

He loves camping in the woods. - Here the non-finite verb is camping and it is used as a noun. These kind of non-finite verbs are
called Gerunds.

I need to go to sleep. - Here the non- finite verb phrase is to sleep. it is acting as a noun. Non-finite verbs that use ‘to’ before them
are called Infinitives.

The sleeping dog caused a delay. - The nonfinite verbs that have ‘-ing’ or ‘-ed’ as suffixes and cause the verb to come an adjective
are called Participles.
 Case
Kabir
01922331005

Grammatical case pertains to nouns and pronouns. A noun's or a pronoun's case shows its relationship with the
other words in a sentence.
The main cases you will encounter in English are:
1. The Subjective Case (or Nominative Case)
2. The Possessive Case (or Genitive Case)
3. The Objective Case (or Accusative Case or Dative Case)
4. The Vocative Case
In modern English, a noun does not change its form in any of the cases other than the possessive case. A
pronoun, however, changes its form in the possessive and the objective case.

Subjective (Nominative) Case

The subjective case is for a noun or pronoun that is the subject of a verb. For example:
Anne went to the shop.
She went to the shop.

The subjective case is also used for a subject complement. For example:
Bill is a policeman.
It is he.
Possessive (Genitive) Case
The possessive case is used to show possession. With nouns, it is shown with an apostrophe. (Read the rules
about using apostrophes for possession.) For example:
This is Anne's bag.
This is her bag.
Objective Case
The objective case is for a noun or pronoun that is either the direct object or indirect object of a verb or the
object of a preposition. For example:
I visited Anne.
I visited her.
Take me to her.
Vocative Case
The vocative case is used to indicate when a person (usually) is being addressed directly. In terms of spelling, it
is identical to the subjective case. However, words in the vocative case should be offset from the remainder of the
sentence with comma(s). For example:
Paul, is this your tent peg?
You, get off my lawn.

Personal Pronoun
Subjective/Nominative Objective/Accusative Possessive/Genitive
Referring to the subject in a Referring to the object in a
The apostrophe form of the word
sentence sentence
I Me Mine
You You Yours
He Him His
She Her Hers
It It Its
We Us Ours
They Them Theirs
Who Whom Whose
 TENSE

♣ GKwU KvR msNwVZ nIqvi mgqB n‡jv Tense|

♣ eZ©gv‡b msNwVZ Kv‡Ri mgq Present Tense |
♣ AZx‡Z msNwVZ Kv‡Ri mgq Past Tense |
♣ fwel¨‡Z msNwVZ Kv‡Ri mgq Future Tense |

Present Indefinite Tense:

♣ eZ©gv‡b mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb KvR Kiv eySv‡j, Af¨vm ev wPišÍb mZ¨ n‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + g~j verb Gi present form + object.
Subject + do not/ does not + g~j verb Gi present form + object (Negative)
Do/ Does + Subject + g~j verb Gi present form + object? (Interrogative)
Subject hw` third person singular number nq Z‡e verb Gi †k‡l s ev es hy&³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
He/She/it/each/every/either/neither/one/ None/ No one/ noun (singular)
Present Continuous Tense:
♣ eZ©gv‡b ‡Kvb KvR Pj‡Q eySv‡j| (সময় উল্লেখ না থােল্লে)
♣ Structure: Subject + am, is, are + g~j verb Gi present form Gi mv‡_ ing + object.
Z‡e wKQz Verb Gi Continuous Tense nq bv| ‡hgb, feel, understand, like, love, see, wish, know, hear, think,
believe, belong, consist, notice, want, desire, recognise, smell, hate, dislike, forgive, hope, remember.
G‡¶‡Î Present Indefinite Tense Gi structure Abymib Ki‡Z nq|
Present Perfect Tense:
♣ ‡Kvb KvR GB gvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Gi djvdj GLbI we`¨gvb Giƒc eySv‡j| (ইয়াছি, ইয়াি, ইয়াল্লিন)
♣ Structure: Subject + have, has + g~j verb Gi past participle + object.
‡Kvb Sentence G just, ever, lately, yet, recently, already _vK‡jI GB Tense e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

♣ eZ©gv‡b ‡Kvb KvR GKwU wbw`©ó ev Awbw`©ó mgq a‡i Pj‡Q eySv‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + have been, has been + g~j verb Gi present form Gi mv‡_ ing +object.
wbw`©ó mgq eySv‡j since Ges Awbw`©ó mgq eySv‡j for n‡e|

Past Indefinite Tense:

♣ AZx‡Z mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb KvR n‡qwQj eySv‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + g~j verb Gi Past form + object.
Subject + did not + g~j verb Gi present form + object (Negative)
Did + Subject + g~j verb Gi present form + object? (Interrogative)
‡Kvb Sentence G It is high time, fancy, long since, wish, yesterday, last + time, ago _vK‡jI GB
Tense e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Past Continuous Tense:
♣ AZx‡Z ‡Kvb KvR PjwQj eySv‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + was, were + g~j verb Gi present form Gi mv‡_ ing + object.
Past Perfect Tense:
♣ AZx‡Z `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h KvRwU c~‡e© msNwVZ n‡qwQj †mwU Past Perfect Ges †h KvRwU c‡i msNwVZ n‡qwQj †mwU Past Indefinite nq|
♣ Structure: Subject + had + g~j verb Gi past participle + object.
Past perfect + before + past ind.
Past Ind. + after + Past perfect.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
♣ AZx‡Z msNwVZ `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ A‡c¶vK…Z c~‡e©i KvRwU GKwU wbw`©ó ev Awbw`©ó mgq a‡i PjwQj eySv‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + had been + g~j verb Gi ing +object.
wbw`©ó mgq eySv‡j since Ges Awbw`©ó mgq eySv‡j for n‡e|

Future Indefinite Tense:

♣ fwel¨‡Z mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb KvR n‡e eySv‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + shall (First Person), will + g~j verb Gi present form + object.
Future Continuous Tense:
♣ fwel¨‡Z ‡Kvb KvR Pj‡Z _vK‡e eySv‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + shall be, will be + g~j verb Gi present form Gi mv‡_ ing + object.
Future Perfect Tense:
♣ fwel¨‡Z †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kvb KvR n‡q _vK‡e Giƒc eySv‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + shall have, will have + g~j verb Gi past participle + object.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
♣ fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR GKwU wbw`©ó mgq †kl nIqvi AvM ch©ন্ত Pj‡Z _vK‡e Giƒc eySv‡j|
♣ Structure: Subject + shall have been, will have been + g~j verb Gi present form Gi mv‡_ ing +object.